The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation
Open accessAbstract
There is strong evidence that people exploit their bargaining power in competitive markets but not in bilateral bargaining situations. There is also strong evidence that people exploit free-riding opportunities in voluntary cooperation games. Yet, when they are given the opportunity to punish free riders, stable cooperation is maintained, although punishment is costly for those who punish. This paper asks whether there is a simple common principle that can explain this puzzling evidence. We show that if some people care about equity the puzzles can be resolved. It turns out that the economic environment determines whether the fair types or the selfish types dominate equilibrium behavior.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“would be consistent with evidence and theorizing that people are concerned with increasing social welfare (Charness and Rabin 2002;Fehr and Schmidt 1999).”
From Do Investors Value Sustainability? A Natural Experiment Examining Ranking and Fund Flows (2019) · cites this paper as Fehr and Schmidt 1999
In the citing paper
“Research on human social preferences provides behavioral (Bolton and Ockenfels, 2000;Charness and Rabin, 2002;Fehr and Schmidt, 1999) and neural (Tricomi et al., 2010) evidence that other-regarding behaviors and motives depend on the initial payoff allocation between the subject and the subject's partner.”
From Linking Brain Structure and Activation in Temporoparietal Junction to Explain the Neurobiology of Human Altruism (2012) · cites this paper as Fehr and Schmidt, 1999
In the citing paper
“since it has been shown that the inclination to altruistically punish uncooperative behavior with no egoistic material benefits is a crucial factor for the sustainability of cooperation (Fehr and Schmidt, 1999; Fehr and Gächter, 2002; Fehr and Fischbacher, 2004).”
From Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment (2017) · cites this paper as Fehr and Schmidt, 1999
In the citing paper
“We therefore conclude that participants treated with OT show a higher inclination to deter uncooperative behavior, which transforms the cooperation incentives from a classical prisoner’s dilemma into a coordination game (Fehr and Schmidt, 1999; Fehr and Gächter, 2000, 2002; Fehr and Fischbacher, 2004).”
From Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment (2017) · cites this paper as Fehr and Schmidt, 1999
In the citing paper
“These theories4,7 suggest that people value the gains of others positively if they are perceived to behave fairly, but value others' gains negatively if they behave unfairly.”
From Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
Citations
Cites
A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926
Filders, R. (1992) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(92)90130-2 · Cited by 16,765
Journal of personality and social psychology
Armstrong, J. (1988) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(88)90126-4 · Cited by 10,544
The Quarterly Journal of Economics
Kuznets, S. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003549741-8 · Cited by 7,177
Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1991) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2937956 · Cited by 6,432
Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History
Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., & McCabe, K. (1995) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1006/game.1995.1027 · Cited by 5,548
Towards an understanding of inequity
Adams, J. S. (1963) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040968 · Cited by 5,146
An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining
Güth, W., Schmittberger, R., & Schwarze, B. (1982) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/0167-2681(82)90011-7 · Cited by 4,868
Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms
Hollander, E. P., & Homans, G. C. (1963) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419191 · Cited by 4,708
Incorporating Fairness into Game Theory and Economics
Rabin, M. (2011) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvcm4j8j.15 · Cited by 4,614
Research works printed but not linked: 33
- Simon, 1997, University of Virginia, Working Paper No., 304
- 1995, American Economic Review, 891
- Wang Xianghong, 1996, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1
- 1995, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 250
- Alan, 1990, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1003
- 1995, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Procesess, 131
- Andrew, 1996, Journal of Public Economics, 359
- 1996, Economics Letters, 25
- Davis, Douglas, and Charles Holt, Experimental Economics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1993).
- J., 1959, Sociometry, 280
- Gachter Simon, 1996, Econometrica, 833
- Kirchsteiger Georg, 1993, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 437
- L., 1954, Human Relations, 117
- Kujal Praveen, 1995, Economic Journal, 938
- Schmittberger Rolf, 1982, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 367
- Waldman Michael, 1985, American Economic Review, 326
- Mark, 1988, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 179
- Isaac, Mark R., and James M. Walker, ``Costly Communication: An Experiment in a Nested Public Goods Problem,'' in Thomas R. Palfrey, ed., Laboratory Research in Political Economy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991).
- Mark, 1994, Journal of Public Economics, 1
- Steven, 1992, Journal of Economic Organization and Behavior, 145
- Knetsch Jack L., 1986, American Economic Review, 728
- Richard, 1995, Games and Economic Behavior, 6
- Ostrom, Elinor, and James M. Walker, ``Cooperation without External Enforcement,'' in Thomas R. Palfrey, ed., Laboratory Research in Political Economy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991).
- 1990, Business Horizons (, 87
- Erev Ido, 1995, Games and Economic Behavior, 164
- Alvin, 1991, American Economic Review, 1068
- Thaler Richard, 1985, American Economic Review, 1071
- Slemrod Joel, 1985, National Tax Journal, 345
- Roth Alvin E., 1997, Econometrica, 569
- 1982, American Economic Review, 923
- Richard, 1988, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 195
- Kahneman D., 1991, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1039
- Terai M., S., 1996, Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 183
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2000) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.90.4.980 · Cited by 4,547
Self-citationCollective action and the evolution of social norms.
Ostrom, E. (2000) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.14.3.137 · Cited by 4,195
Oxytocin increases trust in humans
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03701 · Cited by 3,690
Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02043 · Cited by 3,475
Self-citationThe neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game.
Sanfey, A. G., Rilling, J. K., Aronson, J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1082976 · Cited by 3,375
Are people conditionally cooperative? Evidence from a public goods experiment
Fischbacher, U., Gächter, S., & Fehr, E. (2001) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/s0165-1765(01)00394-9 · Cited by 2,780
Self-citationFalk, A., & Fischbacher, U. (2006) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2005.03.001 · Cited by 2,416
Third-party punishment and social norms
Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2004) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1090-5138(04)00005-4 · Cited by 2,417
Self-citationOpen source software and the “private-collective” innovation model: Issues for organization science
Hippel, E. V., & Krogh, G. V. (2003) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.14.2.209.14992 · Cited by 2,145
“Economic man” in cross-cultural perspective: behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies
Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., McElreath, R., Alvard, M., Barr, A., Ensminger, J., et al. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000142 · Cited by 1,898
Self-citationHomo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences
Gigerenzer, G., & Brighton, H. (2009) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x · Cited by 1,801
The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment
de Quervain, D. J.-F., Fischbacher, U., Treyer, V., Schellhammer, M., Schnyder, U., Buck, A., & Fehr, E. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1100735 · Cited by 1,768
Self-citationThe evolution of altruistic punishment
Boyd, R., Gintis, H., Bowles, S., & Richerson, P. J. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0630443100 · Cited by 1,748
Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J. P., Stephan, K. E., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04271 · Cited by 1,726
Do Investors Value Sustainability? A Natural Experiment Examining Ranking and Fund Flows
HARTZMARK, S. M., & SUSSMAN, A. B. (2019) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.12841 · Cited by 1,711
Sustaining cooperation in laboratory public goods experiments: a selective survey of the literature
Chaudhuri, A. (2011) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-010-9257-1 · Cited by 1,445
Why Do Investors Hold Socially Responsible Mutual Funds?
RIEDL, A., & SMEETS, P. (2017) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.12547 · Cited by 1,378
Spontaneous giving and calculated greed
Rand, D. G., Greene, J. D., & Nowak, M. A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11467 · Cited by 1,334
Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans
Baumgartner, T., Heinrichs, M., Vonlanthen, A., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009 · Cited by 1,258
Self-citationPsychological foundations of incentives
Fehr, E., & Falk, A. (2002) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/s0014-2921(01)00208-2 · Cited by 1,240
Self-citationSocial Comparisons and Pro-social Behavior: Testing “Conditional Cooperation” in a Field Experiment
Frey, B. S., & Meier, S. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/0002828043052187 · Cited by 1,184
Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data
Schultz, W. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 · Cited by 1,126
Social Image and the 50-50 Norm: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Audience Effects
(2009) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta7384 · Cited by 1,081
Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2002) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00027 · Cited by 1,061
Self-citationDiminishing reciprocal fairness by disrupting the right prefrontal cortex
Knoch, D., Pascual-Leone, A., Meyer, K., Treyer, V., & Fehr, E. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1129156 · Cited by 1,024
Self-citationMontague, P. R., Dolan, R. J., Friston, K. J., & Dayan, P. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.018 · Cited by 809
Oxytocin increases generosity in humans
Zak, P. J., Stanton, A. A., & Ahmadi, S. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001128 · Cited by 831
Conditional Cooperation and Voluntary Contributions to Public Goods
Keser, C., & Van Winden, F. (2000) · The Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/1467-9442.00182 · Cited by 800
Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, and Future
Thaler, R. H. (2016) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.106.7.1577 · Cited by 799
Social neuroeconomics: the neural circuitry of social preferences
Fehr, E., & Camerer, C. F. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.002 · Cited by 779
Self-citationPunishment and counter-punishment in public good games: Can we really govern ourselves?
Nikiforakis, N. (2008) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.04.008 · Cited by 711
The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making
Ruff, C. C., & Fehr, E. (2014) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3776 · Cited by 716
Self-citationOn The Economics and Biology of Trust
Fehr, E. (2009) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/jeea.2009.7.2-3.235 · Cited by 680
Self-citationPositive reciprocity and intentions in trust games
McCabe, K. A., Rigdon, M. L., & Smith, V. L. (2003) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/s0167-2681(03)00003-9 · Cited by 659
A survey of experimental research on contests, all-pay auctions and tournaments
Dechenaux, E., Kovenock, D., & Sheremeta, R. M. (2015) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-014-9421-0 · Cited by 706
To give and to give not: the behavioral ecology of human food transfers
Gurven, M. (2004) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x04000123 · Cited by 582
Lodge, M., & Taber, C. S. (2005) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00426.x · Cited by 588
Tabibnia, G., Satpute, A. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02091.x · Cited by 552
Is Volunteering Rewarding in Itself?
MEIER, S., & STUTZER, A. (2008) · Economica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2007.00597.x · Cited by 551
Get Real! Individuals Prefer More Sustainable Investments
Bauer, R., Ruof, T., & Smeets, P. (2021) · The Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhab037 · Cited by 552
Hare, T. A., Camerer, C. F., Knoepfle, D. T., O'Doherty, J. P., & Rangel, A. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4089-09.2010 · Cited by 527
The ontogeny of fairness in seven societies
Blake, P. R., McAuliffe, K., Corbit, J., Callaghan, T. C., Barry, O., Bowie, A., Kleutsch, L., Kramer, K. L., Ross, E., Vongsachang, H., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15703 · Cited by 534
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16822 · Cited by 540
Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Increases Envy and Schadenfreude (Gloating)
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., & Levkovitz, Y. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.009 · Cited by 542
Betrayal Aversion: Evidence from Brazil, China, Oman, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States
Bohnet, I., Greig, F., Herrmann, B., & Zeckhauser, R. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.1.294 · Cited by 481
Inequality, communication, and the avoidance of disastrous climate change in a public goods game
Tavoni, A., Dannenberg, A., Kallis, G., & Löschel, A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102493108 · Cited by 497
A framework for mapping and comparing behavioural theories in models of social-ecological systems
Schlüter, M., Baeza, A., Dressler, G., Frank, K., Groeneveld, J., Jager, W., Janssen, M. A., McAllister, R. R. J., Müller, B., Orach, K., et al. (2017) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.08.008 · Cited by 475
Neural evidence for inequality-averse social preferences
Tricomi, E., Rangel, A., Camerer, C. F., & O’Doherty, J. P. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08785 · Cited by 462
Normative foundations of human cooperation
Fehr, E., & Schurtenberger, I. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0385-5 · Cited by 434
Self-citationMore order with less law: On contract enforcement, trust and crowding
Bohnet, I., Frey, B. S., & Huck, S. (2001) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055401000211 · Cited by 391
The evolution of antisocial punishment in optional public goods games
Rand, D. G., & Nowak, M. A. (2011) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1442 · Cited by 350
McKay, R., & Whitehouse, H. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038455 · Cited by 353
Religion and trust: An experimental study
Tan, J. H. W., & Vogel, C. (2008) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2008.03.002 · Cited by 342
Social status and group norms: Indirect reciprocity in a repeated helping experiment
Seinen, I., & Schram, A. (2006) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2004.10.005 · Cited by 350
A Simple Mechanism for the Efficient Provision of Public Goods: Experimental Evidence
Falkinger, J., Fehr, E., Gächter, S., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2000) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.90.1.247 · Cited by 338
Self-citationHow Much (More) Should CEOs Make? A Universal Desire for More Equal Pay
Kiatpongsan, S., & Norton, M. I. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614549773 · Cited by 337
Seo, H., & Lee, D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2369-07.2007 · Cited by 324
A Neurocomputational Model of Altruistic Choice and Its Implications
Hutcherson, C. A., Bushong, B., & Rangel, A. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.031 · Cited by 299
The essential role of ritual in the transmission and reinforcement of social norms.
Rossano, M. J. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027038 · Cited by 315
The role of the striatum in social behavior
Báez-Mendoza, R., & Schultz, W. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00233 · Cited by 312
Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005775196750 · Cited by 304
Cooperation among strangers with limited information about reputation
Bolton, G. E., Katok, E., & Ockenfels, A. (2005) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.03.008 · Cited by 305
Morishima, Y., Schunk, D., Bruhin, A., Ruff, C. C., & Fehr, E. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.021 · Cited by 296
Self-citationFalk, A., & Fischbacher, U. (2000) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.203115 · Cited by 293
Triangulating the Neural, Psychological, and Economic Bases of Guilt Aversion
Chang, L. J., Smith, A., Dufwenberg, M., & Sanfey, A. G. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.056 · Cited by 260
Risk averse behavior in generalized matching pennies games
Goeree, J. K., Holt, C. A., & Palfrey, T. R. (2003) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0899-8256(03)00052-6 · Cited by 258
Prosociality predicts health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic
Campos-Mercade, P., Meier, A. N., Schneider, F. H., & Wengström, E. (2021) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104367 · Cited by 242
Waste prevention and social preferences: the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations
Cecere, G., Mancinelli, S., & Mazzanti, M. (2014) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.007 · Cited by 242
The Two Facets of Social Policy Preferences
Cavaillé, C., & Trump, K.-S. (2015) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/678312 · Cited by 241
Anti-social punishment can prevent the co-evolution of punishment and cooperation
Rand, D. G., Armao IV, J. J., Nakamaru, M., & Ohtsuki, H. (2010) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.06.010 · Cited by 233
Changing Brains, Changing Perspectives: The Neurocognitive Development of Reciprocity
van den Bos, W., van Dijk, E., Westenberg, M., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Crone, E. A. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610391102 · Cited by 229
Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? An Experimental Comparison of Observation and Cheap Talk
Duffy, J., & Feltovich, N. (2002) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1006/game.2001.0892 · Cited by 218
Fairness and Cooperation Are Rewarding: Evidence from Social Cognitive Neuroscience
TABIBNIA, G., & LIEBERMAN, M. D. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1412.001 · Cited by 211
The Power of Reciprocity: Fairness, Reciprocity, and Stakes in Variants of the Dictator Game
Diekmann, A. (2004) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002704265948 · Cited by 211
Resisting the Power of Temptations: The Right Prefrontal Cortex and Self‐Control
KNOCH, D., & FEHR, E. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1390.004 · Cited by 208
Self-citationMotivated Bayesians: Feeling Moral While Acting Egoistically
Gino, F., Norton, M. I., & Weber, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.30.3.189 · Cited by 208
Computational substrates of norms and their violations during social exchange
Xiang, T., Lohrenz, T., & Montague, P. R. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1642-12.2013 · Cited by 197
Digital social norm enforcement: Online firestorms in social media
Rost, K., Stahel, L., & Frey, B. S. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155923 · Cited by 190
MICHELITCH, K. (2015) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055414000628 · Cited by 186
Observing the observer (I): meta-bayesian models of learning and decision-making
Daunizeau, J., den Ouden, H. E. M., Pessiglione, M., Kiebel, S. J., Stephan, K. E., & Friston, K. J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015554 · Cited by 167
Güroğlu, B., van den Bos, W., van Dijk, E., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Crone, E. A. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.04.032 · Cited by 158
Empathy, gender, and prosocial behavior
Kamas, L., & Preston, A. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2020.101654 · Cited by 139
A hypothesis of the co-evolution of cooperation and responses to inequity
Brosnan, S. F. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2011.00043 · Cited by 134
Cooperation in the Climate Commons
Carattini, S., Levin, S., & Tavoni, A. (2019) · Review of Environmental Economics and Policy · doi:10.1093/reep/rez009 · Cited by 134
Serotonin Modulates Striatal Responses to Fairness and Retaliation in Humans
Crockett, M. J., Apergis-Schoute, A., Herrmann, B., Lieberman, M. D., Müller, U., Robbins, T. W., & Clark, L. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2761-12.2013 · Cited by 134
Increasing altruistic and cooperative behaviour with simple moral nudges
Capraro, V., Jagfeld, G., Klein, R., Mul, M., & de Pol, I. V. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48094-4 · Cited by 135
The envious brain: The neural basis of social comparison
Dvash, J., Gilam, G., Ben‐Ze'ev, A., Hendler, T., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. G. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20972 · Cited by 132
Kogut, T. (2012) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.10.003 · Cited by 132
Altruistic behavior as a costly signal of general intelligence
Millet, K., & Dewitte, S. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.04.002 · Cited by 121
Heo, C. Y., & Lee, S. (2011) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.07.002 · Cited by 121
Neurobiological mechanisms of responding to injustice
Stallen, M., Rossi, F., Heijne, A., Smidts, A., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Sanfey, A. G. (2018) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1242-17.2018 · Cited by 102
Fairness violations elicit greater punishment on behalf of another than for oneself
FeldmanHall, O., Sokol-Hessner, P., Van Bavel, J. J., & Phelps, E. A. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6306 · Cited by 106
Haruno, M., Kimura, M., & Frith, C. D. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00589 · Cited by 102
Maintaining cooperation in complex social dilemmas using deep reinforcement learning
Lerer, A., & Peysakhovich, A. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1707.01068 · Cited by 101
Slow to Anger and Fast to Forgive: Cooperation in an Uncertain World
Fudenberg, D., Rand, D. G., & Dreber, A. (2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.2.720 · Cited by 97
Personalized pricing and price fairness
Richards, T. J., Liaukonyte, J., & Streletskaya, N. A. (2016) · International Journal of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1016/j.ijindorg.2015.11.004 · Cited by 99
Singer, T., & Steinbeis, N. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04733.x · Cited by 86
Fletcher, G. E. (2008) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20576 · Cited by 87
Neural Correlates of Reinforcement Learning and Social Preferences in Competitive Bidding
van den Bos, W., Talwar, A., & McClure, S. M. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3095-12.2013 · Cited by 80
Algorithm exploitation: Humans are keen to exploit benevolent AI
Karpus, J., Krüger, A., Verba, J. T., Bahrami, B., & Deroy, O. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102679 · Cited by 76
Metadata
- Authors
- Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Venue
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-08-01
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 817-868
- ISSN
- 0033-5533 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-4650
- OpenAlex
- W3022808291
- Cited by
- 11,264
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 384 · 2025: 565 · 2024: 457 · 2023: 431 · 2022: 477 · 2021: 610 · 2020: 569 · 2019: 586 · 2018: 549 · 2017: 485 · 2016: 495 · 2015: 558 · 2014: 537 · 2013: 583 · 2012: 585
- FWCI
- 445.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (119614)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Game Theory and Voting Systems
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Keywords
- fairness, equity, competition, cooperation, free-riding, punishment, bargaining power, voluntary cooperation, equilibrium selection, costly punishment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
