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A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis
Open accessAbstract
Over the last few decades, studies on the oral microbiome have increased awareness that the balance between the host and the microbial species that coexist in it is essential for oral health at all stages of life. However, this balance is extremely difficult to maintain, and many factors can disrupt it: general eating habits, sugar consumption, tobacco smoking, oral hygiene, and use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. It is now known that alterations in the oral microbiota are responsible for developing and promoting many oral diseases, including periodontal disease. In this context, diet is an area for further investigation as it has been observed that the intake of particular foods, such as farmed animal meat, dairy products, refined vegetable oils, and processed cereals, affects the composition of the microbiota, leading to an increased representation of acid-producing and acid-tolerant organisms and periodontal pathogens. However, little is known about the influence of diet on the oral microbiome and the creation of a suitable microenvironment for the development of periodontal disease. The aim of the present study is to evaluate current knowledge on the role of diet in the oral dysbiosis underlying periodontal disease.
Overview
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TL;DR
This narrative review synthesizes evidence that diet shapes the oral microbiome and periodontal inflammation, with Westernized/high-refined-carbohydrate, saturated-fat, and animal-protein patterns promoting dysbiosis and periodontitis, while fruits, vegetables, complex carbohydrates, certain vitamins, and probiotics/prebiotics may support periodontal health. Evidence remains limited by few interventional and mechanistic studies, especially on micronutrient–oral microbiome interactions.
Key findings
- Diet is proposed to drive oral dysbiosis: Westernized patterns rich in farmed animal meat, sugary dairy, refined vegetable oils, and processed grains increase acid-producing/acid-tolerant organisms and periodontal pathogens; archaeological dental calculus shows agricultural/Neolithic onward plaque dominated by caries-associated Veillonellaceae and periodontal taxa *P. gingivalis*, *T. forsythia*, and *T. denticola*.
- Macronutrient effects include refined/high-glycemic carbohydrates promoting saccharolytic microbes and acidification, protein-rich neutral-alkaline environments favoring periodontal pathogens, and saturated fatty acids positively associated with periodontal lesions in 264 Japanese participants; a vegetarian group (100) had significantly less pocket depth, less bleeding on probing, and better oral hygiene than 100 nonvegetarians.
- Micronutrient findings include low vitamin C, B12, and D linked to periodontitis; beta-carotene intake ≥7.07 mg/d associated with a lower percentage of sites with probing depth >3 mm after nonsurgical periodontal treatment in nonsmokers; higher vitamin E intake inversely associated with periodontal disease progression over 2 years in 264 patients; and vitamin K supplementation unable to reduce pro-inflammatory factors in periodontal tissue.
- Probiotic/prebiotic evidence is mixed: *L. rhamnosus* SP1 (2 × 10⁷ CFU daily for 3 months) in 28 patients gave improvements similar to scaling and root planing alone; heat-killed *L. plantarum* L-137 (10 mg daily for 12 weeks) reduced probing depth; a Bacillus probiotic in 40 gingivitis patients reduced plaque and gingivitis after 8 weeks but not significantly versus placebo; no direct evidence exists for micronutrient–oral microbiome interactions.
Methods
- Narrative review aiming to evaluate current knowledge on the role of diet in oral dysbiosis underlying periodontal disease.
- Evidence is drawn from cited literature including historical/archaeological dental calculus studies, cross-sectional and cohort studies, clinical trials, and animal/in vitro studies; no systematic search strategy, databases, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or risk-of-bias assessment is reported.
- Main analysis is a qualitative/narrative synthesis organized by oral microbiome, food texture and diet, macronutrients, micronutrients, and probiotics/prebiotics.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: little is known about the influence of diet on the oral microbiome and creation of a suitable microenvironment for periodontal disease; few studies exist on vitamin A in periodontal therapy; further randomized controlled interventional studies are needed for vitamin D; interventional studies on prebiotics in periodontal disease are lacking; and there is no direct evidence of interactions between micronutrient intake and the oral microbiome.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks a systematic protocol or quantitative synthesis, so conclusions rely on heterogeneous observational, animal, and in vitro evidence and cannot establish causality or precise effect sizes.
- Evident from the text: several cited associations come from small or selected samples (e.g., 28 patients in a probiotic trial, 40 gingivitis patients, 100 vegetarians vs 100 nonvegetarians), and some findings conflict (e.g., no diet-related differences in oral bacterial communities in some studies versus small salivary metabolomic differences in others).
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In the paper
“It is now known that alterations in the oral microbiota are responsible for developing and promoting many oral diseases, including periodontal disease.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
“The induction and progression of the disease are promoted by a dysbiosis of the oral commensal microbiota, which may affect the host’s immune defenses, causing an inflammatory response that ultimately leads to irredeemable destruction of the periodontium (i.e., alveolar bone and periodontal ligament) in a susceptible host [7,8,9].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Avila, 2009, The oral microbiota: Living with a permanent guest, DNA Cell Biol. source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Aas, 2005, Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity, J. Clin. Microbiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Jakubovics, N.S., and Palmer, R.J. (2013). Detection and culture of novel oral Bacteria. Oral Microbial Ecology—Current Research and New Perspectives, Caister Academic Press.
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- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it has been observed that the intake of particular foods, such as farmed animal meat, dairy products, refined vegetable oils, and processed cereals, affects the composition of the microbiota, leading to an increased representation of acid-producing and acid-tolerant organisms and periodontal pathogens.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“The influence of diet on the oral microbiome has become more evident over the last decades while observing a shift toward a “Westernized” dietary pattern characterized by staple foods, such as farmed animal meats, high-sugary dairy products, refined vegetable oils, and processed grains that were accompanied by pathological changes in the oral microbiota, including increased representation of acid-”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Baker, 2019, Exploiting the oral microbiome to prevent tooth decay: Has evolution already provided the best tools?, Front. Microbiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Alhassani, A.A., Hu, F.B., Rimm, E.B., Li, Y., Rosner, B.A., Willett, W.C., and Joshipura, K.J. (2020). Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of periodontitis. J. Periodontol., Online ahead of print. source
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- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Evidence indicates that macronutrients and micronutrients can modulate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cascades, influencing a person’s baseline inflammatory status [19].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Grosso, G., Laudisio, D., Frias-Toral, E., Barrea, L., Muscogiuri, G., Savastano, S., and Colao, A. (2022). Anti-inflammatory nutrients and obesity-associated metabolic-inflammation: State of the art and future direction. Nutrients, 14. source
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In the paper
“Several nutrients have an important impact on periodontal health [18].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Rosan, 2000, Dental plaque formation, Microbes Infect. source
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In the paper
“The rationale for this hypothesis relies on historical observation of two key periods in human history: the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions. These periods represented two critical junctures in our history with repercussions beyond economic, cultural, and social matters. Indeed, the foods and processing techniques that arose in these two historical periods significantly altered the central”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Periodontal disease severity is related to both modifiable (smoking, diet) and non-modifiable host risk factors (genetic susceptibility) as well as environmental factors [10,11,12].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Krom, 2014, Candida and other fungal species: Forgotten players of healthy oral microbiota, J. Dent. Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Ghannoum, M.A., Jurevic, R.J., Mukherjee, P.K., Cui, F., Sikaroodi, M., Naqvi, A., and Gillevet, P.M. (2010). Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals. PLoS Pathog., 6. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Dridi, 2011, Archaea as emerging organisms in complex human microbiomes, Anaerobe source
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In the paper
“The pre-agricultural diet consisted mainly of unprocessed wild fruits and vegetables, tubers, nuts and wild animals [52].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Cordain, 2000, Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The persistence of periodontal inflammation can result in residual pockets and the persistent of periodontal bacteria, leading to new tissue destruction [16,17].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
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In the paper
“The transition from hunter-gatherer to agrarian lifestyles introduced cereals, pulses, dairy products and meat into the human diet [53].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Zhang, 2021, Extending the vitamin D pathway to vitamin D3 and CYP27A1 in periodontal ligament cells. 2021;9:44-53, J. Periodontol.
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In the paper
“This change was associated with the appearance of dental and periodontal diseases as a result of changes in the oral microbiota [54].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Aufderheide, A.C., Rodriguez-Martin, C., and Langsjoen, O. (1998). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology, Cambridge University Press.
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In the paper
“The advent of agriculture about 10,000 years ago, during the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic, drastically changed the composition of the diet [51].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Lycett, 2015, Cultural evolutionary approaches to artifact variation over time and space: Basis, progress, and prospects, J. Archaeol. Sci. source
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In the paper
“The reduction in pathogenic periodontal bacteria in biofilms by mechanical instrumentation [13] through nonsurgical periodontal treatment has been shown to have limited long-term benefits [14,15].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Sedghi, 2021, The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease, Periodontology 2000 source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Costalonga, 2014, The oral microbiome and the immunobiology of periodontal disease and caries, Immunol. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Keijser, 2008, Pyrosequencing analysis of the oral microflora of healthy adults, J. Dent. Res. source
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In the paper
“Changes in the oral microbiota during the Mesolithic−Neolithic transition can be observed in preserved dental calculus samples from the Mesolithic period, indicating a distinct microbial profile from dental calculus samples collected in the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Medieval and modern times.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Adler, 2013, Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions, Nat. Genet. source
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In the paper
“Changes in the pre-neolithic oral microbiota were further exacerbated by the evolution of food manufacturing techniques as a result of industrial revolution about 200 years ago [57].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Stark, 1986, The effect of physical damage on large and small barley starch granules, Starch-Stärke source
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In the paper
“This would be due to the influence that diet has on the gut microbiota, which in turn influences the oral microbiota [63].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Wade, 2021, Resilience of the oral microbiome, Periodontol 2000 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“That study found that a dietary pattern rich in fruits, vegetables, salad, water, and tea and with limited intake of fermentable carbohydrates, fatty acids, protein, and sugar-rich beverages had a lower extent of periodontal disease.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Wright, 2020, Association between diet and periodontitis: A cross-sectional study of 10,000 NHANES participants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
plaincorrelationaln = 10,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Oral bacteria find their nutrient sources in these body fluids and work to break down the substrates they contain to obtain nutrition sources [37].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Adler, 2013, Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions, Nat. Genet. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The processing of cereals has influenced different added features of the diet, such as total nutrient content, starch bioavailability, and texture.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Li, 2014, Effects of grain milling on starch structures and flour/starch properties, Starch-Stärke source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The results validated the hypothesis that agricultural societies show worse dental health than hunter-gatherer societies: women living in a village and consuming a predominantly agricultural diet had a significantly higher incidence of caried lesions and periodontal disease compared to those living in a bush environment and eating a diet of wild foods, including pulses, game, berries and uncult”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] 2004, Dietary fiber intake and dental health status in urban-marginal, and rural communities in central Mexico, J. Nutr. Health Aging
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It has been observed that the microbial profiles of plaque samples from the Neolithic period are similar in terms of proportions and species of microbes present, despite dietary changes over time [37].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Adler, 2013, Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions, Nat. Genet. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Complex, low-glycemic, non-processed, and typically fiber-rich carbohydrates (such as fruits, whole grains, vegetables, and legumes) are usually healthy, while fermentable, high-glycemic, processed, and usually fiber-poor carbohydrates (such as refined sugar, white wheat flour, and sugar-sweetened beverages) have the potential to contribute to chronic inflammation [66,67,68].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Woelber, 2020, Chapter 13: Diet and periodontal diseases, Monogr. Oral Sci. source
- Not checked yetcites [67] Gheewala, 2008, Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [68] Mitrou, 2007, Mediterranean dietary pattern and prediction of all-cause mortality in a US population: Results from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, Arch. Intern Med. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Complex, low-glycemic, non-processed, and typically fiber-rich carbohydrates (such as fruits, whole grains, vegetables, and legumes) are usually healthy, while fermentable, high-glycemic, processed, and usually fiber-poor carbohydrates (such as refined sugar, white wheat flour, and sugar-sweetened beverages) have the potential to contribute to chronic inflammation [66,67,68].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Woelber, 2020, Chapter 13: Diet and periodontal diseases, Monogr. Oral Sci. source
- Not checked yetcites [67] Gheewala, 2008, Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [68] Mitrou, 2007, Mediterranean dietary pattern and prediction of all-cause mortality in a US population: Results from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, Arch. Intern Med. source
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In the paper
“Therefore, the main sources of nutrition for oral micro-organisms come from saliva and crevicular fluid [49].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Loesche, W., and Gibbons, R. (1966). Influence of nutrition on the ecology and cariogenicity of the oral microflora. The Science of Nutrition and its Application in Clinical Dentistry, Saunders.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“women living in a village and consuming a predominantly agricultural diet had a significantly higher incidence of caried lesions and periodontal disease compared to those living in a bush environment and eating a diet of wild foods, including pulses, game, berries and uncultivated tubers.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] 2004, Dietary fiber intake and dental health status in urban-marginal, and rural communities in central Mexico, J. Nutr. Health Aging
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast, another study observed small differences in salivary metabolomic profiles in relation to the diet practiced: omnivorous, ovo-lacto-vegetarian, or vegetarians.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Wade, 2021, Resilience of the oral microbiome, Periodontol 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The invention of mechanical mills allowed for the refining of carbohydrates, changing the nutritional properties of cereals, which were significantly impaired by the isolation of starch-rich constituents (flour) and the elimination of the outer bran layer [58].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Li, 2014, Effects of grain milling on starch structures and flour/starch properties, Starch-Stärke source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This is attributable to reduced expression of periodontal bacteria in the oral microenvironment [56].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Wright, 2020, Association between diet and periodontitis: A cross-sectional study of 10,000 NHANES participants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
plaindirectn = 10,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Therefore, high intake of high-calorie carbohydrates induces systemic and oral pro-inflammatory actions [69].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Theofylaktopoulou, 2013, Adapted dietary inflammatory index and its association with a summary score for low-grade inflammation and markers of glucose metabolism: The Cohort study on Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Maastricht (CODAM) and the Hoorn study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
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In the paper
“Glucose concentration is an environmental factor that may or may not favor the virulence of oral bacteria.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Saito, 2001, Effects of glucose on formation of cytotoxic end-products and proteolytic activity of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Porphyromonas gingivalis, J. Periodontal Res. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They are the substrate of several micro-organisms of the oral microbiota and some periodontal pathogens [80].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Suisse, C. (2013). Sugar Consumption at a Crossroads, Credit Suisse.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent evidence suggests that consumption of high-glycemic foods alone might increase gingival and periodontal inflammation and bleeding as well, while a diet abundant in complex carbohydrates, with no increase in total energy intake, may lower the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis [72,73,74,75,76,77].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Baumgartner, 2009, The impact of the stone age diet on gingival conditions in the absence of oral hygiene, J. Periodontol. source
- Not checked yetcites [73] Woelber, J.P., Bremer, K., Vach, K., König, D., Hellwig, E., Ratka-Krüger, P., Al-Ahmad, A., and Tennert, C. (2017). An oral health optimized diet can reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation in humans-a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Oral Health, 17. source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Hujoel, 2009, Dietary carbohydrates and dental-systemic diseases, J. Dent. Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Lula, 2014, Added sugars and periodontal disease in young adults: An analysis of NHANES III data, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Jenzsch, 2009, Nutritional intervention in patients with periodontal disease: Clinical, immunological and microbiological variables during 12 months, Br. J. Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [77] Merchant, 2006, Whole-grain and fiber intakes and periodontitis risk in men, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent evidence suggests that consumption of high-glycemic foods alone might increase gingival and periodontal inflammation and bleeding as well, while a diet abundant in complex carbohydrates, with no increase in total energy intake, may lower the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis [72,73,74,75,76,77].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Baumgartner, 2009, The impact of the stone age diet on gingival conditions in the absence of oral hygiene, J. Periodontol. source
- Not checked yetcites [73] Woelber, J.P., Bremer, K., Vach, K., König, D., Hellwig, E., Ratka-Krüger, P., Al-Ahmad, A., and Tennert, C. (2017). An oral health optimized diet can reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation in humans-a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Oral Health, 17. source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Hujoel, 2009, Dietary carbohydrates and dental-systemic diseases, J. Dent. Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Lula, 2014, Added sugars and periodontal disease in young adults: An analysis of NHANES III data, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Jenzsch, 2009, Nutritional intervention in patients with periodontal disease: Clinical, immunological and microbiological variables during 12 months, Br. J. Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [77] Merchant, 2006, Whole-grain and fiber intakes and periodontitis risk in men, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, the activity of the main periodontopathic bacterium P gingivalis is not affected in any way by the presence of glucose [84].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Saito, 2001, Effects of glucose on formation of cytotoxic end-products and proteolytic activity of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Porphyromonas gingivalis, J. Periodontal Res. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the vegetarian diet appears to affect periodontal health positively.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
hedgedconditionaln = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive periodontal effects of a vegetarian diet are not due to the higher education and healthier lifestyle of vegetarians.
In the paper
“They have been observed to be involved in periodontal disease. [93].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Kuzmanova, 2011, Micronutritional approaches to periodontal therapy, J. Clin. Periodontol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They influence the epigenome through short-chain fatty acid synthesis, vitamin synthesis, and nutrient absorption [86].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Alam, 2017, Microbiome, inflammation, epigenetic alterations, and mental diseases, Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These effects on periodontal parameters were found to be greater in adult nonsmokers than in adult smokers with chronic periodontitis [8].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.1. Vitamin A
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Aas, 2005, Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity, J. Clin. Microbiol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Animal protein has been indicated to increase insulin-like growth factor 1, which is implicated in carcinogenesis [70,87].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Allen, 2002, The associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans, Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark.
- Not checked yetcites [87] Kasprzak, 2017, Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in cancerogenesis, Mutat. Res./Rev. Mutat. Res. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The increased depth of the gingival pocket and the increased production of gingival crevicular fluid induces an increase in bacteria involved in protein degradation.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Takahashi, 2015, Oral microbiome metabolism: From “Who Are They?” to “What Are They Doing?”, J. Dent. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Low serum levels of vitamin B12 have been associated with an increased risk of developing periodontal lesions [95]”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.2. Vitamin B
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Zong, 2016, Serum vitamin B12 is inversely associated with periodontal progression and risk of tooth loss: A prospective cohort study, J. Clin. Periodontol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Much research has indicated that saturated fatty acids (trans fats and omega-6 fatty acids) are unhealthy, as they are implicated in promoting inflammatory conditions [85].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.3. Lipids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] (2021). Stein C, Cunha-Cruz J, Hugo FN. Is dietary pattern a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and dental caries?. Clin. Oral. Investig., 25, 5441–5447. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During the development of periodontal disease, the stresses of a protein-rich, neutral-alkaline environment promote the growth of periodontal pathogens [90].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Takahashi, 2010, Metabolomics of supragingival plaque and oral bacteria, J. Dent. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the degradation of protein substrates plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the periodontal disease [83].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Takahashi, 2015, Oral microbiome metabolism: From “Who Are They?” to “What Are They Doing?”, J. Dent. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Some bacteria, including Prevotella intermedia, exist as both proteolytic and saccharolytic, depending on environmental pressures [84].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Saito, 2001, Effects of glucose on formation of cytotoxic end-products and proteolytic activity of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Porphyromonas gingivalis, J. Periodontal Res. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They are broken down into peptides and amino acids (aspartate, serine, and cysteine) through the action of host proteases and peptidases [83].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Takahashi, 2015, Oral microbiome metabolism: From “Who Are They?” to “What Are They Doing?”, J. Dent. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fermentation of amino acids neutralizes acidic environments, creating a more favorable atmosphere for the growth of other periodontitis’ pathogens [83].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Takahashi, 2015, Oral microbiome metabolism: From “Who Are They?” to “What Are They Doing?”, J. Dent. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The influence of the microbiota on the development of various diseases, oral and systemic, is determined by its ability to influence the release of inflammatory cytokines and the production of antimicrobial peptides.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Alam, 2017, Microbiome, inflammation, epigenetic alterations, and mental diseases, Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High dietary intake of beta-carotene (≥7.07 mg/d) was associated by Dodington et al. with a significantly lower percentage of sites with probing depth >3 mm after nonsurgical periodontal treatment.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.1. Vitamin A
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Aas, 2005, Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity, J. Clin. Microbiol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a longitudinal study conducted with 264 Japanese participants, a statistically positive association between saturated fatty acids and the occurrence of periodontal lesions was indicated [92].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.3. Lipids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Iwasaki, 2011, Relationship between saturated fatty acids and periodontal disease, J. Dent. Res. source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 264- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Positive effects on periodontal health have been associated a several vitamins [95,96].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Zong, 2016, Serum vitamin B12 is inversely associated with periodontal progression and risk of tooth loss: A prospective cohort study, J. Clin. Periodontol. source
- Not checked yetcites [96] Rizzo, G., Laganà, A.S., Rapisarda, A.M.C., Ferrera, L., Grazia, G.M., Buscema, M., Rossetti, P., Nigro, A., Muscia, V., and Valenti, G. (2016). Vitamin B12 among vegetarians: Status, assessment and supplementation. Nutrients, 8. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Amino acids are fermented to generate short-chain fatty acids, such as propionate, butyrate, succinate, acetate, and formate [83].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Takahashi, 2015, Oral microbiome metabolism: From “Who Are They?” to “What Are They Doing?”, J. Dent. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, studies on omega-3 fatty acids have been analyzed extensively over the past several years, as they have been shown to be associated with reduced and systemic inflammation [85].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.3. Lipids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] (2021). Stein C, Cunha-Cruz J, Hugo FN. Is dietary pattern a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and dental caries?. Clin. Oral. Investig., 25, 5441–5447. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the association between high intake of such foods and increased expression of pathogenic bacterial species in the oral cavity could be partly due to vitamin deficiencies.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.6. Vitamin K
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: There is no direct evidence in the literature of interactions between micronutrient intake and the oral microbiome.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several cross-sectional studies have indicated low serum vitamin C values and lower vitamin C intake in subjects with periodontitis compared with controls [39,104].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.3. Vitamin C
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Timmerman, 2007, Java project on periodontal diseases: The relationship between vitamin C and the severity of periodontitis, J. Clin. Periodontol. source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Lee, J.-H., Shin, M.-S., Kim, E.-J., Ahn, Y.-B., and Kim, H.-D. (2017). The association of dietary vitamin C intake with periodontitis among Korean adults: Results from KNHANES IV. PLoS ONE, 12. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Therefore, regardless of oral hygiene, vitamin C reduction induces gingival bleeding [106,107].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.3. Vitamin C
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Jacob, 1987, Experimental vitamin C depletion and supplementation in young men: Nutrient interactions and dental health effects, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. source
- Not checked yetcites [107] Isola, G., Polizzi, A., Muraglie, S., Leonardi, R., and Lo Giudice, A. (2019). Assessment of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Profiles in Saliva and Serum in Patients with Periodontitis and Ischemic Heart Disease. Nutrients, 11. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Vitamin D values were found to be inversely related to clinical attachment loss and tooth loss in two cross-sectional studies [115,116].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.4. Vitamin D
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the results showed that oral administration of L. rhamnosus SP1 resulted in clinical improvements similar to those in patients treated with scaling and root smoothing alone [138].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 7. Strategies against Dysbiotic Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] Bustamante, 2020, Probiotics as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of halitosis, dental caries and periodontitis, Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins source
plainn = 28- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The results of the study indicate that daily intake of HK L-137 can reduce periodontal pocket depth in patients receiving supportive periodontal therapy [139,140].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 7. Strategies against Dysbiotic Microbiota
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Laky et al., through a case-control study, observed that patients with periodontal disease were common with higher vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) than healthy subjects [115].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.4. Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Lindblad, 2013, Regulation of vitamin C homeostasis during deficiency, Nutrients source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Through their prospective study of 264 patients in Niigata, Iwasaki et al. observed that higher vitamin E intake was inversely associated with the number of teeth with periodontal disease progression. The duration of the study was 2 years.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.5. Vitamin E
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Iwasaki et al.
plaincorrelationaln = 264- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In agreement with this, two clinical studies reported that increased ingestion of fruits containing vitamin C (such as grapefruits, peppers, kiwis, etc.) could decrease gingival and periodontal inflammation [73,105].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.3. Vitamin C
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Woelber, J.P., Bremer, K., Vach, K., König, D., Hellwig, E., Ratka-Krüger, P., Al-Ahmad, A., and Tennert, C. (2017). An oral health optimized diet can reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation in humans-a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Oral Health, 17. source
- Not checked yetcites [105] Staudte, 2005, Grapefruit consumption improves vitamin C status in periodontitis patients, Br. Dent. J. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the study by Aral et al. indicated that vitamin K supplementation is unable to reduce pro-inflammatory factors in periodontal tissue [122].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.6. Vitamin K
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] Aral, 2015, Therapeutic effects of systemic vitamin k2 and vitamin d3 on gingival inflammation and alveolar bone in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis, J. Periodontol. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, in the oral cavity, at present, there are no such observations [123].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.6. Vitamin K
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] LeBlanc, 2013, Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: A gut microbiota perspective, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, some studies have reported values that counteract this association, making further randomized, controlled interventional studies necessary [93].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.4. Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Kuzmanova, 2011, Micronutritional approaches to periodontal therapy, J. Clin. Periodontol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Subjects with periodontal disease show a reduction in vitamin E when compared with healthy subjects [120].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.5. Vitamin E
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Wijkander, 1994, Reduction of collagen degradation in experimental granulation tissue by vitamin E and selenium, J. Clin. Periodontol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the activity of a folate-containing mouthwash in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis was evaluated. From the results, it was observed that the use of the aforementioned mouthwash for 4 weeks induced a reduction in probing bleeding and gingival redness compared with patients who used placebo for the same period [101].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.2. Vitamin B
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Pack, 1984, Folate mouthwash: Effects on established gingivitis in periodontal patients, J. Clin. Periodontol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a recent study, Slomka et al. identified two prebiotics, beta-methyl-d-galactoside and N-acetyl-d-mannosamine, which could be used in the promotion of bacteria associated with oral health [76].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 7. Strategies against Dysbiotic Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Jenzsch, 2009, Nutritional intervention in patients with periodontal disease: Clinical, immunological and microbiological variables during 12 months, Br. J. Nutr. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence of the abovementioned studies has shown that diet plays an important role in the typical oral dysbiosis of periodontal disease, as it provides nutritional sub-strates for micro-organisms, can promote the creation of a microenvironment suitable for the multiplication and survival of certain periodontal pathogens bacteria, and can inhibit the growth of other micro-organisms.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 8. Conclusions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among foods, with the greatest impact on periodontal disease, we find proteins and simple carbohydrates, which on the one hand favor the establishment of a microenvironment with an acid pH and, on the other, favor inflammation.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 8. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among foods, with the greatest impact on periodontal disease, we find proteins and simple carbohydrates, which on the one hand favor the establishment of a microenvironment with an acid pH and, on the other, favor inflammation.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 8. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The induction and progression of the disease are promoted by a dysbiosis of the oral commensal microbiota, which may affect the host’s immune defenses, causing an inflammatory response that ultimately leads to irredeemable destruction of the periodontium (i.e., alveolar bone and periodontal ligament) in a susceptible host [7,8,9].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Avila, 2009, The oral microbiota: Living with a permanent guest, DNA Cell Biol. source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Aas, 2005, Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity, J. Clin. Microbiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Jakubovics, N.S., and Palmer, R.J. (2013). Detection and culture of novel oral Bacteria. Oral Microbial Ecology—Current Research and New Perspectives, Caister Academic Press.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Periodontitis is a disease with a multifactorial etiology that, following infection induced by bacteria of the periodontal biofilm, can determine tooth loss following host response [5].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Isola, 2022, Periodontitis activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in serum and saliva, J. Periodontol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The actual influence of diet on oral microbiota has been long debated [49].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Loesche, W., and Gibbons, R. (1966). Influence of nutrition on the ecology and cariogenicity of the oral microflora. The Science of Nutrition and its Application in Clinical Dentistry, Saunders.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The influence of diet on the oral microbiome has become more evident over the last decades while observing a shift toward a “Westernized” dietary pattern characterized by staple foods, such as farmed animal meats, high-sugary dairy products, refined vegetable oils, and processed grains that were accompanied by pathological changes in the oral microbiota, including increased representation of acid-”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Baker, 2019, Exploiting the oral microbiome to prevent tooth decay: Has evolution already provided the best tools?, Front. Microbiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Alhassani, A.A., Hu, F.B., Rimm, E.B., Li, Y., Rosner, B.A., Willett, W.C., and Joshipura, K.J. (2020). Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of periodontitis. J. Periodontol., Online ahead of print. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Diet provides nutritional sources for the oral microbiota and exerts a selective pressure, favoring the survival and replication of organisms best adapted to utilize specific food resources derived from the host [8].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Aas, 2005, Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity, J. Clin. Microbiol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Carbohydrates are an essential source of energy for the body and are involved in fat metabolism [65].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Schifferle, 2005, Nutrition and periodontal disease, Dent. Clin.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several animal studies have shown the relationship between oral health and the texture of food eaten: wild animals have a higher oral health status because domestic animals eat refined foods that do not require intense chewing effort [59].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Crittenden, A.N., Sorrentino, J., Moonie, S.A., Peterson, M., Mabulla, A., and Ungar, P.S. (2017). Oral health in transition: The Hadza foragers of Tanzania. PLoS ONE, 12. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Streptococci, in particular, play a major role in obtaining sugar residues from glycoproteins [60].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Schmitt, 2004, Patterns and universals of adult romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions: Are models of self and of other pancultural constructs?, J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore, the transition from hunter-gatherer to agrarian lifestyles introduced dairy products, refined carbohydrates, vegetable oils, and alcohol into the human diet, which are staples of the modern diet [53].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Zhang, 2021, Extending the vitamin D pathway to vitamin D3 and CYP27A1 in periodontal ligament cells. 2021;9:44-53, J. Periodontol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The introduction of these foods into the daily human routine has been linked with a decline in oral health and several other diseases, including (but not limited to) cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatic diseases, many cancers, and obesity [55].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] 2004, Dietary fiber intake and dental health status in urban-marginal, and rural communities in central Mexico, J. Nutr. Health Aging
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent human studies have shown no difference in the growth rates of oral bacteria in the presence or absence of food, indicating no relationship between diet and the composition of oral bacterial communities [60,61].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Schmitt, 2004, Patterns and universals of adult romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions: Are models of self and of other pancultural constructs?, J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. source
- Not checked yetcites [61] Beckers, 1982, Growth rates of Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans during early colonization of tooth surfaces in gnotobiotic rats, Infect. Immun. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Macronutrients are the main foods that need to be consumed in large quantities, as they are the most important source of energy for the human organism.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Najeeb, S., Zafar, M.S., Khurshid, Z., Zohaib, S., and Almas, K. (2016). The role of nutrition in periodontal health: An update. Nutrients, 8. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Men who lived in the bush did not maintain the similar oral health status of their female counterparts, presumably due to cultural influences, such as high honey ingestion and tobacco consumption, among others [55].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] 2004, Dietary fiber intake and dental health status in urban-marginal, and rural communities in central Mexico, J. Nutr. Health Aging
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In line with this hypothesis, a study of 161 subjects observed a large baseline microbiota in more than 98% of the subjects tested, with no differences in relation to diet type (omnivorous, ovo-lacto-vegetarian, or vegan) [62].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] De Filippis, F., Vannini, L., La Storia, A., Laghi, L., Piombino, P., Stellato, G., Serrazanetti, D.I., Gozzi, G., Turroni, S., and Ferrocino, I. (2014). The same microbiota and a potentially discriminant metabolome in the saliva of omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. PLoS ONE, 9. source
plainn = 161- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These bacteria can cause demineralization of dental enamel and development of carious lesions, and on the other hand, promote bacterial acidogenicity and acidification by increasing cell membrane permeability to protons, induction of H+- ATPase activity, and stimulation of metabolic pathways involved in acid neutralization and alkalinization [83].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Takahashi, 2015, Oral microbiome metabolism: From “Who Are They?” to “What Are They Doing?”, J. Dent. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been observed that Provetella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Porphyromonas increased their growth in the presence of glucose; at the same time, they significantly reduced the production of cytotoxic end products (succinate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and ammonia) and proteolytic activities (immunoglobulin, albumin, and casein degradation activities).”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Saito, 2001, Effects of glucose on formation of cytotoxic end-products and proteolytic activity of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Porphyromonas gingivalis, J. Periodontal Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These microbes have a favorable nutritional environment and are able to become the predominant micro-organisms in the oral microbiota, outcompeting slower-growing species with alternative nutritional requirements [81].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Satokari, R. (2020). High intake of sugar and the balance between Pro- and anti-inflammatory gut bacteria. Nutrients, 12. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The intake of refined carbohydrates has increased more and more in recent years, promoting the growth of saccharolytic microbes.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Satokari, R. (2020). High intake of sugar and the balance between Pro- and anti-inflammatory gut bacteria. Nutrients, 12. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The saccharolytic bacteria include Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Veillonella, which have the unique ability to degrade carbohydrates via the Embden−Meyerhof−Pernas pathway, producing acidic by-products including lactate, acetate, ethanol, and formate [1,82].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Moye, 2014, Fueling the caries process: Carbohydrate metabolism and gene regulation by Streptococcus mutans, J. Oral Microbiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [82] Klein, 2009, Structural and molecular basis of the role of starch and sucrose in Streptococcus mutans biofilm development, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the oral cavity through the enzyme salivary α-amylase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch by breaking down the α- 1,4-glycosidic bonds to produce small saccharide units, such as maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-limit dextrins [79].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Bornhorst, 2012, Bolus formation and disintegration during digestion of food carbohydrates, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A 2014 study indicated that refined sugar intake among adults in the United States has risen by more than 30% over the past three decennia [71].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Ng, 2014, Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Lancet source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A seminary investigation has indicated that refined carbohydrates are a risk factor for both caries and periodontal disease. [78].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Chapple, 2017, Interaction of lifestyle, behaviour or systemic diseases with dental caries and periodontal diseases: Consensus report of group 2 of the joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases, J. Clin. Periodontol. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In one study, it was seen that although glucose is an essential nutrient for the survival of oral bacteria, its exogenous supply can be discontinuous, and the depth of the periodontal pocket can influence its concentration within a periodontal pocket.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.1. Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Saito, 2001, Effects of glucose on formation of cytotoxic end-products and proteolytic activity of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Porphyromonas gingivalis, J. Periodontal Res. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, the authors pointed out that the vegetarian patients presented a higher level of education and healthier lifestyle than the non-vegetarians [89].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] Staufenbiel, 2013, Periodontal conditions in vegetarians: A clinical study, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Instead, vegetable protein has been linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease [88].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Richter, 2015, Plant protein and animal proteins: Do they differentially affect cardiovascular disease risk?, Adv. Nutr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A cross-sectional clinical study by Staufenbiel et al. evaluated the periodontal status of 100 vegetarian subjects compared with that of 100 nonvegetarian individuals. The findings indicated that the vegetarian group had significantly less pocket depth, less bleeding on probing, and better oral hygiene when compared with the nonvegetarian group.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] Staufenbiel, 2013, Periodontal conditions in vegetarians: A clinical study, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Trans fatty acids are the result of overheating fats and are therefore typical of particular forms of cooking foods, such as frying, baking, or roasting [91].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.3. Lipids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] 2009, Trans fatty acids (tFA): Sources and intake levels, biological effects and content in commercial Spanish food, Nutr. Hosp.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, succinic acid, and the di-peptide Met-Pro are promising oral prebiotic compounds, which have beneficial effects on maintaining and improving oral health.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 7. Strategies against Dysbiotic Microbiota
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The efficacy of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine in a nutrient-rich environment recreated similar to that of the oral cavity is not reduced.
In the paper
“Several studies investigate the role of probiotics on periodontal health, while there is a lack of interventional studies on the effects of prebiotics on periodontal disease [151].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 7. Strategies against Dysbiotic Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] Slomka, 2018, Oral prebiotics and the influence of environmental conditions in vitro, J. Periodontol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is well established that some bacteria in the gut microbiota, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria, can produce vitamins, including vitamin B12.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.6. Vitamin K
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] LeBlanc, 2013, Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: A gut microbiota perspective, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A recent in vitro study showed that treatment of multi-species biofilms with N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, succinic acid, and the di-peptide Met-Pro resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of beneficial species in the oral microbiota and a concomitant reduction in the proportion of pathogenic species.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 7. Strategies against Dysbiotic Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [152] Feghali, 2012, Cranberry proanthocyanidins: Natural weapons against periodontal diseases, J. Agric. Food Chem. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Plaque and gingivitis indices were significantly reduced after 8 weeks of treatment but showed no statistically significant differences between the placebo and probiotic groups [141].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 7. Strategies against Dysbiotic Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [141] Slomka, 2017, Nutritional stimulation of commensal oral bacteria suppresses pathogens: The prebiotic concept, J. Clin. Periodontol. source
plaindirectn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among foods, with the greatest impact on periodontal disease, we find proteins and simple carbohydrates, which on the one hand favor the establishment of a microenvironment with an acid pH and, on the other, favor inflammation.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 8. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about the influence of diet on the oral microbiome and the creation of a suitable microenvironment for the development of periodontal disease.
“However, little is known about the influence of diet on the oral microbiome and the creation of a suitable microenvironment for the development of periodontal disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The balance between the host and the microbial species that coexist in the oral microbiome is essential for oral health at all stages of life.
“studies on the oral microbiome have increased awareness that the balance between the host and the microbial species that coexist in it is essential for oral health at all stages of life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little evidence of dental and periodontal disease exists for pre-neolithic hunter-gatherer societies.
“Little evidence of dental and periodontal disease exists for pre-neolithic hunter-gatherer societies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no direct evidence in the literature of interactions between micronutrient intake and the oral microbiome.
“Currently, there is no direct evidence in the literature of interactions between micronutrient intake and the oral microbiome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The positive periodontal effects of a vegetarian diet are not due to the higher education and healthier lifestyle of vegetarians.
“Therefore, the vegetarian diet appears to affect periodontal health positively.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The efficacy of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine in a nutrient-rich environment recreated similar to that of the oral cavity is not reduced.
“It is important to specify that the efficacy of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine in a nutrient-rich environment, recreated similar to that of the oral cavity, is not reduced.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Microbiome-mediated links between diet and health have been prevalently investigated by considering the role of the abiotic components of foods. 35-41”
From Unexplored microbial diversity from 2,500 food metagenomes and links with the human microbiome. (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.1. Vitamin A
“High dietary intake of beta-carotene (≥7.07 mg/d) was associated by Dodington et al. with a significantly lower percentage of sites with probing depth >3 mm after nonsurgical periodontal treatment. These effects on periodontal parameters were found to be greater in adult nonsmokers than in adult smokers with chronic periodontitis [8].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > References
“8. Aas J.A. Paster B.J. Stokes L.N. Olsen I. Dewhirst F.E. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005 43 5721 5732”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 7. Strategies against Dysbiotic Microbiota
“In a recent study, Slomka et al. identified two prebiotics, beta-methyl-d-galactoside and N-acetyl-d-mannosamine, which could be used in the promotion of bacteria associated with oral health [76].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > References
“76. Jenzsch A. Eick S. Rassoul F. Purschwitz R. Jentsch H. Nutritional intervention in patients with periodontal disease: Clinical, immunological and microbiological variables during 12 months”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 6. Impact of Micronutrients during Periodontitis > 6.4. Vitamin D
“Laky et al., through a case-control study, observed that patients with periodontal disease were common with higher vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) than healthy subjects [115].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > References
“115. Lindblad M. Tveden-Nyborg P. Lykkesfeldt J. Regulation of vitamin C homeostasis during deficiency Nutrients 2013 5 2860 2879”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
“Recent human studies have shown no difference in the growth rates of oral bacteria in the presence or absence of food, indicating no relationship between diet and the composition of oral bacterial communities [60,61].”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > References
“61. Beckers H. Van der Hoeven J. Growth rates of Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans during early colonization of tooth surfaces in gnotobiotic rats”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
“Changes in the pre-neolithic oral microbiota were further exacerbated by the evolution of food manufacturing techniques as a result of industrial revolution about 200 years ago [57]. The invention of mechanical mills allowed for the refining of carbohydrates”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 4. Impact of Food Texture and Diet on the Oral Microbiome
“Therefore, the transition from hunter-gatherer to agrarian lifestyles introduced dairy products, refined carbohydrates, vegetable oils, and alcohol into the human diet, which are staples of the modern diet [53].”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 8. Conclusions
“Among foods, with the greatest impact on periodontal disease, we find proteins and simple carbohydrates, which on the one hand favor the establishment of a microenvironment with an acid pH and, on the other, favor inflammation.”
§ A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis > 5. Impact of Macronutrients during Periodontitis > 5.2. Proteins
“Fermentation of amino acids neutralizes acidic environments, creating a more favorable atmosphere for the growth of other periodontitis’ pathogens [83].”
Citations
Cites
Holick, M. F. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra070553 · Cited by 13,720
Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., Mullany, E. C., Biryukov, S., Abbafati, C., Abera, S. F., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60460-8 · Cited by 11,952
Gibson, G. R., Hutkins, R., Sanders, M. E., Prescott, S. L., Reimer, R. A., Salminen, S. J., Scott, K., Stanton, C., Swanson, K. S., Cani, P. D., et al. (2017) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75 · Cited by 5,634
Dewhirst, F. E., Chen, T., Izard, J., Paster, B. J., Tanner, A. C. R., Yu, W.-H., Lakshmanan, A., & Wade, W. G. (2010) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00542-10 · Cited by 3,352
Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity
Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.43.11.5721-5732.2005 · Cited by 3,092
Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences
Holick, M. F., & Chen, T. C. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.4.1080s · Cited by 2,689
Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century1,2
Cordain, L., Eaton, S. B., Sebastian, A., Mann, N., Lindeberg, S., Watkins, B. A., O’Keefe, J. H., & Brand-Miller, J. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341 · Cited by 2,397
Occlusal Caries: Biological Approach for Its Diagnosis and Management
Carvalho, J. C., Dige, I., Mačhiulskienė, V., Qvist, V., Bakhshandeh, A., Parolo, C. C. F., & Maltz, M. (2016) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000448662 · Cited by 2,159
Bacterial Diversity in Human Subgingival Plaque
Paster, B. J., Boches, S. K., Galvin, J. L., Ericson, R. E., Lau, C. N., Levanos, V. A., Sahasrabudhe, A., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2001) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.183.12.3770-3783.2001 · Cited by 2,008
Vitamin C as an Antioxidant: Evaluation of Its Role in Disease Prevention
Padayatty, S. J., Katz, A., Wang, Y., Eck, P., Kwon, O., Lee, J.-H., Chen, S., Corpe, C., Dutta, A., Dutta, S. K., et al. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2003.10719272 · Cited by 1,949
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Jakubovics, N.S., and Palmer, R.J. (2013). Detection and culture of novel oral Bacteria. Oral Microbial Ecology—Current Research and New Perspectives, Caister Academic Press.
- Loesche, W., and Gibbons, R. (1966). Influence of nutrition on the ecology and cariogenicity of the oral microflora. The Science of Nutrition and its Application in Clinical Dentistry, Saunders.
- Aufderheide, A.C., Rodriguez-Martin, C., and Langsjoen, O. (1998). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology, Cambridge University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oral microbiome: a review of its impact on oral and systemic health
Rajasekaran, J. J., Krishnamurthy, H. K., Bosco, J., Jayaraman, V., Krishna, K., Wang, T., & Bei, K. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12091797 · Cited by 272
“This process involves specialized bacteria that degrade glycoproteins and sugars, a crucial step in nutrient utilization [42].”
BackgroundOral microbiota in human health and disease: A perspective
Santacroce, L., Passarelli, P. C., Azzolino, D., Bottalico, L., Charitos, I. A., Cazzolla, A. P., Colella, M., Topi, S., Godoy, F. G., & D’Addona, A. (2023) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702231187645 · Cited by 178
“51,127 Prebiotics can be envisioned as nutrients for those probiotic bacteria.”
BackgroundUnexplored microbial diversity from 2,500 food metagenomes and links with the human microbiome.
Carlino, N., Blanco-Míguez, A., Punčochář, M., Mengoni, C., Pinto, F., Tatti, A., Manghi, P., Armanini, F., Avagliano, M., Barcenilla, C., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.039 · Cited by 146
The Complicated Relationship of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Oral Microbiome: A Narrative Review
Leonov, G. E., Varaeva, Y. R., Николаевна, Л. Е., & Starodubova, A. V. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102749 · Cited by 78
The Oral–Gut Microbiome–Brain Axis in Cognition
Adil, N. A., Omo-erigbe, C., Yadav, H., & Jain, S. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13040814 · Cited by 65
“…rich in fibers, vitamins, and minerals that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the oral microbiome, including oral Streptococci, such as Streptococcus sanguinis , Streptococcus gordonii , and Streptococcus salivarius , which are some of the first colonizers within the oral cavity [154].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Santonocito, S., Giudice, A., Polizzi, A., Troiano, G., Merlo, E. M., Sclafani, R., Grosso, G., & Isola, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Catania (IT)
- Magna Graecia University (IT)
- University of Foggia (IT)
- University of Messina (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Polizzi, Alessandro
- Grosso, Giuseppe
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-06-11
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2426
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9227938
- OpenAlex
- W4282561604
- Semantic Scholar
- bb7c18b5738ad38e230c391570d7e5db5f5f956a
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 5.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Prof. G. Isola, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Keywords
- diet, oral microbiota, periodontitis, periodontal disease, oral dysbiosis, inflammation, immune response, sugar consumption, acidogenic bacteria, periodontal pathogens
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diet, Immune System, Inflammation, Periodontal Diseases, Periodontitis, Microbiota, Dysbiosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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