Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity

In the paper

“Effects of sleep curtailment on CRP levels are inconsistent: they have been reported lower,96 unchanged,124 or higher.108,112”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [96] Frey DJ Fleshner M Wright KP The effects of 40 hours of total sleep deprivation on inflammatory markers in healthy young adults Brain Behav. Immun 2007 21 1050 1057 17524614 source
• Partly supported

  The paper reports unchanged mean hs-CRP after two nights of sleep fragmentation (Heart Rate Variability Analysis; Table 3, Discussion), supporting the cited 'unchanged' CRP result. But the Results state that total sleep time remained constant, so this study tested fragmentation rather than sleep curtailment. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [124] Stamatakis KA Punjabi NM Effects of sleep fragmentation on glucose metabolism in normal subjects Chest 2010 137 95 101 19542260 PMC2803120 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Results report that CRP in the 4-hour sleep group rose numerically, but neither that change nor the difference between sleep conditions was statistically significant. Thus the paper supports ‘unchanged’ only in the sense of no statistically significant change; it describes a nonsignificant increase rather than stable CRP levels. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [108] Haack M Sanchez E Mullington JM Elevated inflammatory markers in response to prolonged sleep restriction are associated with increased pain experience in healthy volunteers Sleep 2007 30 1145 1152 17910386 PMC1978405 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  This source is cited for the “higher” CRP finding, not for the lower or unchanged findings attributed to other citations. The Results (CRP, Heart rate, blood pressure, and cortisol) report a significant increase in serum CRP after sleep restriction. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [112] van Leeuwen WM Lehto M Karisola P Sleep restriction increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by augmenting proinflammatory responses through IL-17 and CRP PLoS One 2009 4 e4589 19240794 PMC2643002 source

In the paper

“Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.”

In the paper

“Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.”

In the paper

“Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.”

In the paper

“Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.”

In the paper

“On the other hand, psychological, endocrine, and anatomical abnormalities in individuals with obesity and/or diabetes can interfere with sleep duration and quality, thus creating a vicious cycle.”

In the paper

“In the last 50 years, the average self-reported sleep duration in the United States has decreased by 1.5–2 hours in parallel with an increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “In the last 50 years, self-reported sleep duration in the United States has decreased by 1.5–2 hours due to lifestyle changes in our society.11”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [11] National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll 2005 Washington DC National Sleep Foundation

In the paper

“Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.”

In the paper

“The relationship between short sleep and BMI was also confirmed by actigraphy in 612 participants (35–50 years old).17”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Lauderdale DS Knutson KL Rathouz PJ Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between objectively measured sleep duration and body mass index: the CARDIA Sleep Study Am. J. Epidemiol 2009 170 805 813 19651664 PMC2765362 source

In the paper

“Thus, there is a large variability among studies in weight gain associated with short sleep for unknown reasons: the magnitude of this effect may be gender dependent or depend on other yet-to-be identified genetic and environmental factors.”

In the paper

“Short sleepers experience greater weight increases over time according to most,4,18–22 but not all studies.17,23,24”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Hasler G Buysse DJ Klaghofer R The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-Year prospective study Sleep 2004 27 661 666 15283000 source
• Not checked yetcites [18] Patel SR Malhotra A White DP Gottlieb DJ Hu FB Association between reduced sleep and weight gain in women Am. J. Epidemiol 2006 164 947 954 16914506 PMC3496783 source
• Not checked yetcites [19] Chaput JP Després JP Bouchard C Tremblay A The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study Sleep 2008 31 517 523 18457239 PMC2279744 source
• Not checked yetcites [20] López-García E Faubel R León-Muñoz L Sleep duration, general and abdominal obesity, and weight change among the older adult population of Spain Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2008 87 310 316 18258619 source
• Not checked yetcites [21] Gunderson EP Rifas-Shiman SL Oken E Association of fewer hours of sleep at 6 months postpartum with substantial weight retention at 1 year postpartum Am. J. Epidemiol 2008 167 178 187 17971337 PMC2930882 source
• Not checked yetcites [22] Hairston KG Bryer-Ash M Norris JM Sleep duration and five-year abdominal fat accumulation in a minority cohort: the IRAS family study Sleep 2010 33 289 295 20337186 PMC2831422 source
• Not checked yetcites [17] Lauderdale DS Knutson KL Rathouz PJ Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between objectively measured sleep duration and body mass index: the CARDIA Sleep Study Am. J. Epidemiol 2009 170 805 813 19651664 PMC2765362 source
• Not checked yetcites [23] Gangwisch JE Malaspina D Boden-Albala B Heymsfield SB Inadequate sleep as a risk factor for obesity: analyses of the NHANES I Sleep 2005 28 1289 1296 16295214 source
• Not checked yetcites [24] Stranges S Cappucchio FP Kandala NB Cross-sectional versus prospective associations of sleep duration with changes in relative weight and body fat distribution: the Whitehall II Study Am. J. Epidemiol 2008 167 321 329 18006903 PMC3206317 source

In the paper

“In smaller studies, the association between sleep duration and diabetes is more variable.7–9,35”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Björkelund C Bondyr-Carlsson D Lapidus L Sleep disturbances in midlife unrelated to 32-year diabetes incidence: the prospective population study of women in Gothenburg Diabetes Care 2005 28 2739 2744 16249549 source
• Not checked yetcites [8] Yaggi HK Araujo AB McKinlay JB Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2006 29 657 661 16505522 source
• Not checked yetcites [9] Gangwisch JE Heymsfield SB Boden-Albala B Sleep duration as a risk factor for diabetes incidence in a large US sample Sleep 2007 30 1667 1673 18246976 PMC2276127 source
• Not checked yetcites [35] Meisinger C Heier M Loewel H Sleep disturbance as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men and women from the general population Diabetologia 2005 48 235 241 15645205 source

In the paper

“Collectively, these studies indicate that self-reported short or long sleep is associated with increased BMI.”

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 10 prospective studies reported a pooled OR of 1.28 (1.03–1.60) for diabetes in short sleepers.31”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Cappuccio FP D’Elia L Strazzullo P Miller MA Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Diabetes Care 2010 33 414 420 19910503 PMC2809295 source

In the paper

“Another study reported that obese adults (BMI 41 ± 1 kg/m2) without sleep apnea slept 88 min fewer than lean subjects.16”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] Rasmussen MH Wildschiodtz G Juul A Hilsted J Polysomnographic sleep, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I axis, leptin, and weight loss Obesity 2008 16 1516 1521 18464752 source

In the paper

“Taken together, there is solid epidemiologic evidence for an interconnection between sleep duration (too short or too long), insulin resistance, and obesity.”

In the paper

“Interestingly, this correlation was only present in men (OR 2.07; 1.16–3.72).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Cappuccio FP D’Elia L Strazzullo P Miller MA Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Diabetes Care 2010 33 414 420 19910503 PMC2809295 source

In the paper

“Difficulty in falling asleep resulted in a greater incidence of diabetes after 4.2–14.8 years of follow up.32–34”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Kawakami N Takatsuka N Shimizu H Sleep disturbance and onset of type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2004 27 282 283 14694011 source
• Not checked yetcites [33] Nilsson PM Rööst M Engström G Hedblad B Berglund G Incidence of diabetes in middle-aged men is related to sleep disturbances Diabetes Care 2004 27 2464 2469 15451917 source
• Not checked yetcites [34] Chaput JP Després JP Bouchard C Astrup A Tremblay A Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance: analyses of the Quebec Family Study Sleep Med 2009 10 919 924 19332380 source

In the paper

“In contrast, in a cohort of 3576 elderly subjects, women, but not men, who slept fewer than five hours, had a higher risk of gaining 5 kg in two years (OR 3.41; 1.31–8.69).20”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] López-García E Faubel R León-Muñoz L Sleep duration, general and abdominal obesity, and weight change among the older adult population of Spain Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2008 87 310 316 18258619 source

In the paper

“Frequency of nocturnal awakenings, as measured by actigraphy, correlated positively with HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.37”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Trento M Broglio F Riganti F Sleep abnormalities in type 2 diabetes may be associated with glycemic control Acta Diabetol 2008 45 225 229 18685806 source

In the paper

“Besides sleep-duration, poor sleep quality relates to insulin resistance.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, sleep disordered breathing was related to worse blood glucose control.38”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [38] Aronsohn RS Whitmore H van Cauter E Tasali E Impact of untreated obstructive sleep apnea on glucose control in type 2 diabetes Am. J. Res. Crit. Care Med 2010 181 507 513 PMC2830401 20019340 source

In the paper

“We suggest that short sleep (fewer than five to six hours) may now qualify as an additional clinical factor in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes, as shown in several cross-sectional studies.27–29”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Knutson KL Ryden AM Mander BA van Cauter E Role of sleep duration and quality in the risk and severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus Arch. Intern. Med 2006 166 1768 1774 16983057 source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Choi KM Lee JS Park HS Relationship between sleep duration and the metabolic syndrome: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001 Int. J. Obes 2008 32 1091 1097 18475274 source
• Not checked yetcites [29] Tuomilehto H Peltonen M Partinen M Sleep duration is associated with an increased risk for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women – The FIN-D2D survey Sleep Med 2008 9 221 227 17644479 source

In the paper

“A similar OR of 1.58 (1.26–1.98) was found in children in another meta-analysis.14”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [14] Chen X Beydoun MA Wang Y Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis Obesity 2008 16 265 274 18239632 source

In the paper

“A similar U-shaped association has been reported in other studies.19,25”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Chaput JP Després JP Bouchard C Tremblay A The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study Sleep 2008 31 517 523 18457239 PMC2279744 source
• Not checked yetcites [25] Watanabe M Kikuchi H Tanaka K Takahashi M Association of short sleep duration with weight gain and obesity at 1-year follow-up: a large-scale prospective study Sleep 2010 33 161 167 20175399 PMC2817903 source

In the paper

“A polysomnography study, not included in these meta-analyses, of 2,700 men above the age of 65 years revealed an inverse relationship between slow-wave sleep (SWS) duration and BMI or waist circumference.15”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [15] Rao MN Blackwell T Redline S Association between sleep architecture and measures of body composition Sleep 2009 32 483 490 19413142 PMC2663862 source

In the paper

“Interestingly, in this study, BMI was also increased in women sleeping more than eight hours.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] López-García E Faubel R León-Muñoz L Sleep duration, general and abdominal obesity, and weight change among the older adult population of Spain Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2008 87 310 316 18258619 source

In the paper

“A recent study of 174,542 middle-aged subjects showed that short sleepers had an OR of 1.46 (1.31–1.63) for developing diabetes after 3–10 years of follow-up.30”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Xu Q Song Y Hollenbeck A Day napping and short night sleeping are associated with higher risk of diabetes in older adults Diabetes Care 2010 33 78 83 19825823 PMC2797990 source

In the paper

“The GH peak at sleep onset has insulin lowering effects.55”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Møller N Jorgensen JOL Schmitz O Effects of a growth hormone pulse on total and forearm substrate fluxes in humans Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 1990 258 E86 E91 2405702 source

In the paper

“During the first part of the night, when most slow wave sleep (SWS) occurs, glucose production is diminished44 (Fig. 2).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Clore JN Nestler JE Blackard WG Sleep-associated fall in glucose disposal and hepatic glucose output in normal humans. Putative signaling mechanism linking peripheral and hepatic events Diabetes 1989 38 285 290 2645186 source

In the paper

“Indeed, resting EE, as determined by indirect calorimetry, was lower in healthy volunteers during sleep compared to wakefulness.43”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] Jung CM Melanson EL Frydelhall EJ Energy expenditure during sleep, sleep deprivation and sleep following sleep deprivation in adult humans J. Physiol 2011 589 235 244 21059762 PMC3039272 source

In the paper

“During the second half of the night, glucose consumption increases due to increased REM sleep requiring more energy.46,47”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] Boyle PJ Nagy RJ O’Connor AM Adaptation in brain glucose uptake following recurrent hypoglycemia Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994 91 9352 9356 7937768 PMC44810 source
• Not checked yetcites [47] Maquet P Positron emission tomography studies of sleep and sleep disorders J. Neurol 1997 244 S23 S28 9112586 source

In the paper

“GH typically peaks at sleep onset during SWS (Fig. 2).49”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Holli RW Hartman ML Veldhuis JD Taylor WM Thorner MO Thirty second sampling of plasma growth hormone in man: correlation with sleep stages J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1991 72 854 861 2005213 source

In the paper

“During sleep, energy requirements are lower as metabolic needs for processes such as breathing, gut motility, heart rate and muscular activity, are decreased.42”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Cizza G Requena M Galli G de Jonge L Chronic sleep deprivation and seasonality: implications for the obesity epidemic J. Endocrinol. Invest 2011 34 793 800 21720205 PMC3297412

In the paper

“Intravenous GH administration decreases SWS, suggesting a modulatory role for GH on SWS.53,54”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [53] Mendelson WB Slater S Gold P Gillin JC The effect of growth hormone administration on human sleep: a dose-response study Biol. Psychiatry 1980 15 613 618 7397291
• Not checked yetcites [54] Kern W Halder R al-Reda S Systemic growth hormone does not affect human sleep J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1993 76 1428 1432 8501147 source

In the paper

“Sleep duration was inversely related to serum adiponectin in 109 lean Japanese males.67”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [67] Kontani K Sakane N Saiga K Serum adiponectin levels and lifestyle factors in Japanese men Heart Vessels 2007 22 291 296 17879019 source

In the paper

“In addition, REM sleep deprivation did not affect plasma GH levels.52”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [52] Othmer E Daughaday V Guze S Effects of 24 hour REM deprivation on serum growth hormone levels in humans Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol 1969 27 685 4187350 source

In the paper

“Brain glucose metabolism, as measured by PET, decreases by 30–40%.46,47”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] Boyle PJ Nagy RJ O’Connor AM Adaptation in brain glucose uptake following recurrent hypoglycemia Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994 91 9352 9356 7937768 PMC44810 source
• Not checked yetcites [47] Maquet P Positron emission tomography studies of sleep and sleep disorders J. Neurol 1997 244 S23 S28 9112586 source

In the paper

“During sleep glucose levels remain stable or fall only minimally in spite of fasting, mostly because of decreased energy needs.44”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Clore JN Nestler JE Blackard WG Sleep-associated fall in glucose disposal and hepatic glucose output in normal humans. Putative signaling mechanism linking peripheral and hepatic events Diabetes 1989 38 285 290 2645186 source

In the paper

“In contrast, if subjects are kept awake in bed while fasting for a comparable number of hours, glucose levels do fall, approximately 15 mg/dl.45”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [45] Van Cauter E Blackman JD Roland D Modulation of glucose regulation and insulin secretion by circadian rhythmicity and sleep J. Clin. Invest 1991 88 934 942 1885778 PMC295490 source

In the paper

“Cortisol impairs insulin sensitivity with a latency of four to six hours.56,58,59”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [56] Byrne M Sturis J Blackman JD Polonsky KS van Cauter E 1992 Decreased glucose tolerance during sleep may be partially mediated by GH. Program of the 74th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, San Antonio, TX (Abstract 40)
• Not checked yetcites [58] McMahon M Gerich J Rizza R Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism Diabetes Metab. Rev 1988 4 17 30 3278872 source
• Not checked yetcites [59] Dinneen S Alzaid A Miles J Rizza R Metabolic effects of the nocturnal rise in cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism in normal humans J. Clin. Invest 1993 92 2283 2290 8227343 PMC288409 source

In the paper

“In summary, many metabolic parameters involved in EE regulation, glucose metabolism, and appetite control display diurnal rhythms, reflecting the different metabolic needs during the sleep and wake states.”

In the paper

“Heart rate and mean blood pressure were lower during NREM sleep, compared to during awakenings and REM sleep.70”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Somers VK Dyken ME Mark AL Abbound FM Sympathetic-nerve activity during sleep in normal subjects N. Engl. J. Med 1993 328 303 307 8419815 source

In the paper

“In 10 healthy, lean men, white blood cell counts peaked around 11 pm, decreased throughout the night and reached a nadir at 8 am.82”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] Born J Lange T Hansen K Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells J. Immul 1997 158 4454 4464 9127011 source

In the paper

“Sympathovagal balance is lowest during REM sleep, when the locus coeruleus, the main brain source of catecholamine biosynthesis, is silent.71”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [71] Aston-Jones G Chen S Zhu Y Oshinsky ML A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal Nat. Neurosci 2001 4 732 738 11426230 source

In the paper

“TNF-α also displays a circadian rhythm, peaking close to the awakening (6 am) and reaching a nadir around 3 pm (Fig. 2).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] Born J Lange T Hansen K Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells J. Immul 1997 158 4454 4464 9127011 source

In the paper

“Several hormones involved in appetite regulation display circadian rhythms.”

In the paper

“During sleep, vagal tone increases.70”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Somers VK Dyken ME Mark AL Abbound FM Sympathetic-nerve activity during sleep in normal subjects N. Engl. J. Med 1993 328 303 307 8419815 source

In the paper

“This extended exposure to GH may decrease glucose uptake in muscles, thus contributing to insulin resistance.”

In the paper

“Decreased peripheral thyroid hormone levels are likely secondary to suppression of the nocturnal TSH peak, possibly secondary to decreased drive from TRH neurons in the PVN.116”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] Kessler L Nedeltcheva A Imperial J Penev PD Changes in serum TSH and free T4 during human sleep restriction Sleep 2010 33 1115 1118 20815195 PMC2910542 source

In the paper

“Total and partial sleep deprivation reduced glucose tolerance in lean individuals.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [101] Spiegel K Leproult R Van Cauter E Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function Lancet 1999 354 1435 1439 10543671 source
• Not checked yetcites [109] Nedeltcheva AV Kessler L Imperial J Penev PD Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2009 94 3242 3250 19567526 PMC2819825 source
• Not checked yetcites [114] Buxton OM Marcelli E Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States Soc. Sci. Med 2010 71 1027 1036 20621406 source
• Not checked yetcites [123] Tasali E Leproult R Ehrmann DA Van Cauter E Slow-wave sleep and the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008 105 1044 1049 18172212 PMC2242689 source
• Not checked yetcites [124] Stamatakis KA Punjabi NM Effects of sleep fragmentation on glucose metabolism in normal subjects Chest 2010 137 95 101 19542260 PMC2803120 source
• Not checked yetcites [87] Kuhn E Brodan V Brodanova M Rysanek K Metabolic reflection of sleep deprivation Act. Nerv. Super 1969 11 165 174 5798779
• Not checked yetcites [89] VanHelder T Symons JD Radomski MW Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on glucose tolerance Aviat. Space Environ. Med 1993 64 487 492 8338493
• Not checked yetcites [90] Gonzáles-Ortiz M Martínez-Abundis E Balcázar-Muñoz BR Pascoe-González S Effect of sleep deprivation on insulin sensitivity and cortisol concentration in healthy subjects Diabetes Nutr. Metab 2000 13 80 83 10898125
• Not checked yetcites [97] Schmid SM Hallschmid M Jauch-Chara K Sleep loss alters basal metabolic hormone secretion and modulates the dynamic counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2007 92 3044 3051 17519315 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, activation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the parasympathetic nerves decreases insulin secretion; thus, changes in the autonomic nervous system could explain the absence of a compensatory insulin response after sleep curtailment.132”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [132] Avogaro A Toffolo G Valerio A Cobelli C Epinephrine exerts opposite effects on peripheral glucose disposal and glucose stimulated insulin secretion. A stable label intravenous glucose tolerance test minimal model study Diabetes 1996 45 1373 1378 8826974 source

In the paper

“One night of total sleep deprivation markedly decreased the GH peak that usually occurs around sleep onset45,95”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [45] Van Cauter E Blackman JD Roland D Modulation of glucose regulation and insulin secretion by circadian rhythmicity and sleep J. Clin. Invest 1991 88 934 942 1885778 PMC295490 source
• Not checked yetcites [95] Dzaja A Dalal MA Himmerich H Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 2004 286 E963 E967 14871884 source

In the paper

“Increased sympathovagal balance also adds to insulin resistance131”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [131] Deibert DC DeFronzo RA Epinephrine-induced insulin resistance in man J. Clin. Invest 1980 65 717 721 6243677 PMC371414 source

In the paper

“In summary, the effects of sleep deprivation on GH plasma levels are variable.”

In the paper

“Adiponectin levels were similar after partial and total sleep deprivation and sleep fragmentation99,121,124”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [99] Pejovic S Vgontzas AN Basta M Leptin and hunger levels in young healthy adults after one night of sleep loss J. Sleep. Res 2010 19 552 558 20545838 PMC3734788 source
• Not checked yetcites [121] Simpson NS Banks S Arroyo S Dinges DF Effects of sleep restriction on adiponectin levels in healthy men and women Physiol. Behav 2010 101 693 698 20723551 PMC2975754 source
• Not checked yetcites [124] Stamatakis KA Punjabi NM Effects of sleep fragmentation on glucose metabolism in normal subjects Chest 2010 137 95 101 19542260 PMC2803120 source

In the paper

“Thus, sleep and circadian rhythm are bidirectionally connected (Fig. 3).”

In the paper

“Light suppresses the pineal production of melatonin in a dose-related fashion.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [159] Zeitzer JM Dijk DJ Kronauer R Brown E Czeisler C Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting suppression J. Physiol 2000 526 695 702 10922269 PMC2270041 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, activation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the parasympathetic nerves decreases insulin secretion; thus, changes in the autonomic nervous system could explain the absence of a compensatory insulin response after sleep curtailment.132”

In the paper

“The physiological increase in total ghrelin levels in the early night was blunted when individuals were kept awake.95”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] Dzaja A Dalal MA Himmerich H Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 2004 286 E963 E967 14871884 source

In the paper

“To this point, adults with type 1 diabetes, who are typically not obese, report a poorer sleep quality than their matched controls without diabetes.151”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [151] van Dijk M Donga E van Dijk JG Disturbed subjective sleep characteristics in adult patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus Diabetologia 54 1967 1976 21573904 PMC3131522 source

In the paper

“Following partial sleep deprivation, mean daytime values of leptin were approximately 18% lower compared to the rested state.104,105”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [104] Spiegel K Tasali E Penev P Van Cauter E Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite Ann. Intern Med 2004a 141 846 850 15583226 source
• Not checked yetcites [105] Spiegel K Leproult R L’Hermite-Baleriaux M Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2004b 89 5762 5771 15531540 source

In the paper

“One night of total, but not partial, sleep deprivation, significantly increased hunger ratings in normal weight males.98,113”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] Schmid SM Hallschmid M Jauchchara K Born J Schultes B A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal-weight healthy men J. Sleep Res 2008 17 331 334 18564298 source
• Not checked yetcites [113] Brondel L Romer MA Nougues PM Touyarou P Davenne D Acute partial sleep deprivation increases food intake in healthy men Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2010 91 1550 1559 20357041 source

In the paper

“On the other hand, when food intake is controlled, sleep deprivation usually increases appetite.”

In the paper

“Hyperactivity of the orexin system could contribute to increased food intake during sleep deprivation.”

In the paper

“In summary, metabolic dysfunction, altered hormone levels, and sleep abnormalities probably all influence each other.156,157”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [156] Laposky AD Shelton J Bass J Altered sleep regulation in leptin-deficient mice Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol 2006 290 R894 R903 16293682 source
• Not checked yetcites [157] Laposky AD Bradley MA Williamd DL Bass J Turek FW Sleep-wake regulation is altered in leptin-resistance (db/db) genetically obese and diabetic mice Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol 2008 295 R2059 R2066 18843095 PMC2685290 source

In the paper

“In summary, appetite and food intake are often increased following sleep curtailment, possibly via decreased leptin, increased ghrelin and a hyperactive orexin system (Fig. 3).”

In the paper

“Overall, sleep curtailment is consistently associated with higher daytime ghrelin.”

In the paper

“As indicated by studies of sleep deprivation, the mechanisms connecting short sleep and obesity/insulin resistance are probably mediated by three pathways: increases in appetite, decreases in EE, and influences on glucose metabolism (Fig. 3).”

In the paper

“Supplementation of melatonin has been shown to improve sleep efficiency, and HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.170”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [170] Garfinkel D Zorin M Wainstein J Efficacy and safety of prolonged-release melatonin in insomnia patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes 2011 4 307 313 21887103 PMC3160855

In the paper

“Lean subjects may also profit from melatonin administration as well, as it improved lipid profiles.171,172”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [171] Kozirog M Poliwczak AR Duchnowicz P Melatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome J. Pineal. Res 2011 50 261 266 21138476 source
• Not checked yetcites [172] Tamura H Nakamura Y Narimatsu A Melatonin treatment in peri- and postmenopausal women elevates serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels without influencing total cholesterol J. Pineal. Res 2008 45 101 105 18298467 source

In the paper

“Most studies find worsened glucose tolerance after sleep curtailment, which may be beneficial from a teleological perspective, at least in the short term.”

In the paper

“Urinary 24-h melatonin concentrations decreased by more than 50% when subjects slept five hours versus eight hours, while being continuously exposed to white light (700 lux) during wake hours.161”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [161] Minami M Takahashi H Sasaki T The effect of sleep restriction and psychological load on the diurnal metabolic changes in tryptamine-related compounds in human urine Environ. Health Prev. Med 2012 17 87 97 21655926 PMC3342633 source

In the paper

“Recent studies suggest that melatonin may have a physiological role in modulating metabolism.”

In the paper

“Epidemiological and laboratory data prove the existence of a relationship between short or disturbed sleep and adverse metabolic outcomes.”

In the paper

“Supplementation of melatonin has been shown to improve sleep efficiency, and HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.170”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [170] Garfinkel D Zorin M Wainstein J Efficacy and safety of prolonged-release melatonin in insomnia patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes 2011 4 307 313 21887103 PMC3160855

In the paper

“Likewise, mean 24-h plasma melatonin concentrations were decreased after 6 nights of 4-h versus 12-h bedtimes.103”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [103] Spiegel K Leproult R van Cauter E Impact of sleep debt on physiological rhythms Rev. Neurol 2003 159 6S11 6S20 14646794

In the paper

“In modern societies, however, prolonged exposure to such a state may result in obesity and type 2 diabetes.”