The DOI matches its Crossref record; 193 of the 197 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 16 of the 238 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Development and Functional Diversification of Cortical Interneurons
Open accessAbstract
In the cerebral cortex, GABAergic interneurons have evolved as a highly heterogeneous collection of cell types that are characterized by their unique spatial and temporal capabilities to influence neuronal circuits. Current estimates suggest that up to 50 different types of GABAergic neurons may populate the cerebral cortex, all derived from progenitor cells in the subpallium, the ventral aspect of the embryonic telencephalon. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the generation of the distinct types of interneuron and their integration in cortical circuits. Interneuron diversity seems to emerge through the implementation of cell-intrinsic genetic programs in progenitor cells, which unfold over a protracted period of time until interneurons acquire mature characteristics. The developmental trajectory of interneurons is also modulated by activity-dependent, non-cell autonomous mechanisms that influence their ability to integrate in nascent circuits and sculpt their final distribution in the adult cerebral cortex.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes how cortical GABAergic interneurons arise from subpallial progenitors and diversify into many cell types through early transcriptional programs plus later activity-dependent refinement. It argues that class and some type identities are established embryonically, while postnatal circuit interactions shape distribution, connectivity, survival, and dynamic adult features.
Key findings
- Interneuron diversity is extensive: transcriptomic estimates distinguish up to about 50 inhibitory signatures in cortex, while more than 20 inhibitory neuron types have been described in neocortex and hippocampus at multidimensional resolution. Major classes include PV+, SST+, and 5HT3aR+ groups such as VIP+, CCK+, neurogliaform, and others.
- Subpallial origins are regionally biased: MGE/POA produce SST+ and PV+ classes, CGE produces VIP+ and CCK+ interneurons plus other less abundant types, and the preoptic region contributes neurogliaform and NPY+ multipolar cells. Spatial progenitor domains and temporal competence sequences expand fate diversity.
- Postnatal activity shapes final organization: more than 30% of embryonically generated interneurons are eliminated by programmed cell death between the first and second postnatal weeks, with activity levels, pyramidal-cell inputs, and PTEN/AKT signaling influencing survival. Transient interneuron circuits in barrel cortex help refine sensory maps before canonical PV+ feedforward inhibition matures.
- Adult interneuron features are dynamically tuned: activity-dependent transcription, such as Npas4 in SST+ cells and Etv1/Kv1.1 in PV+ basket cells, and the perineuronal net protein Brevican modulate synapses and excitability.
Methods
- Narrative review using the mouse as the primary model, synthesizing developmental, genetic fate-mapping, migration, transcriptomic, electrophysiological, and activity-manipulation literature.
- No new experimental data are presented; the focus is mainly isocortex/neocortex, with the note that similar principles may apply to allocortical and mesocortical regions.
- Evidence discussed includes single-cell RNA sequencing, lineage tracing, transplantation, DREADDs, calcium imaging, and circuit-level manipulations.
Limitations
- The authors state that many mechanisms remain unclear, including how the same progenitors generate distinct SST+ versus PV+ types, how diversity arises within the CGE, and whether all defining features are specified embryonically.
- They note conflicting scRNA-seq evidence about early specification, limited genetic tools for labeling interneuron types, and that most knowledge comes from mice despite important human–mouse differences in morphology, gene expression, laminar distribution, and cell-type proportions.
- Evident from the text: as a review, it provides no primary data or systematic meta-analysis, so conclusions depend on the cited literature and model-organism findings.
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Claims the paper makes
150 Not checked yet · 35 Own interpretation · 11 No basis given · 8 Partly supported · 3 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“clonal studies have shown that individual progenitor cells in the MGE generate both SST+ and PV+ interneurons”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Temporal specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Brown et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Neurochemical marker expression of neocortical interneuron clonal clusters” section reports that most labeled clones contained interneurons with different markers after staining for PV and SOM. However, the progenitors were labeled in both the MGE and the PoA, and the reported mixed clones are not assigned specifically to MGE progenitors. The MGE-specific part of the claim is therefore not established by this passage; page information is unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked yetcites Ciceri et al., 2013 source
- Supportedcites Harwell et al., 2015 source
The Introduction states that the study’s clonal-labeling approach revealed that single MGE progenitor cells can produce both SOM- and PV-expressing interneurons. The Discussion likewise reports that most multi-cell clones contained both subtypes. SOM is the paper’s term for somatostatin, called SST in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
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In the paper
“Repression of Nkx2-1 in cortical interneurons derived from the MGE requires the function of the zinc-finger homeobox transcription factor Zfhx1b (McKinsey et al., 2013; van den Berghe et al., 2013).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
What the sources say
- Supportedcites McKinsey et al., 2013 source
The Introduction states that Zfhx1b is required to repress Nkx2-1 during the generation of cortical interneurons. The Results section on MGE-derived pallial interneurons reports that Zfhx1b mutants fail to repress Nkx2-1 RNA and protein, and the Discussion explicitly identifies Zfhx1b as required for that repression. (LLM, conf=0.95)
- Partly supportedcites van den Berghe et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The RNA-sequencing section (p. 6) reports increased Nkx2-1 transcripts in Sip1-deficient MGE-derived cells, and the Discussion (p. 10) contrasts persistent Nkx2-1 in those cells with its downregulation in wild-type mice. This supports a role for Sip1 (Zfhx1b) in Nkx2-1 downregulation, but the paper does not establish that repression requires Sip1: it notes that the mutant cells’ differentiation deficit could also reflect their failure to encounter cortical maturation factors. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Upregulation of KCC2 seems to be part of an intrinsic program of maturation that might be common to all classes of interneurons (Inamura et al., 2012).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Laminar allocation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Inamura et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The sections “Regulation of KCC2 expression” and “Intrinsic regulation of the motility reduction” report developmental KCC2 upregulation in cortical interneurons and suggest that its regulation is cell-intrinsic. They do not address whether this program is common to all interneuron classes, even as a possibility; the evidence is limited to the interneurons examined. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the functional maturation of some types of cortical interneurons such as neurogliaform cells seems to be particularly dependent on excitatory inputs from the thalamus (De Marco García et al., 2015).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Regulation of cortical interneuron numbers > Activity-dependent regulation of interneuron programmed cell death
What the sources say
- Supportedcites De Marco García et al., 2015 source
The Discussion reports that Reelin-expressing neurogliaform interneurons failed to develop normal axonal and dendritic structures when thalamic glutamate release was blocked, whereas VIP-expressing interneurons did not show the same dependence. It concludes that neurogliaform interneurons rely on this activity to mature and integrate into cortical circuits. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Since interneurons receive most of their inputs from local pyramidal cells during the first postnatal week (Anastasiades et al., 2016), it is perhaps not surprising that these cells play a critical role in the survival of cortical interneurons (Figure 6B).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Regulation of cortical interneuron numbers > Activity-dependent regulation of interneuron programmed cell death
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Anastasiades et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (‘Variable input onto Nkx2-1 cells through development’; page unavailable) describes local glutamatergic innervation by pyramidal neurons as the dominant pattern and reports some translaminar input. The study maps glutamatergic inputs to Nkx2-1-derived interneurons, however, so it does not establish that interneurons generally receive most of all their inputs from local pyramidal cells. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Second, cell-autonomous manipulation of the excitability of cortical interneurons influence their survival.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Regulation of cortical interneuron numbers > Activity-dependent regulation of interneuron programmed cell death
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Denaxa et al., 2018 source
The Introduction states that cortical interneuron apoptosis can be modulated cell-autonomously by neuronal excitability during a critical postnatal period. The Discussion also reports preferential survival of chemogenetically activated interneurons grafted into wild-type cortex. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites Priya et al., 2018 source
In Results, under “Neuronal Activity Differentially Modulates Cell Death within CGE-Derived Interneuron Populations” (page not available), the authors report manipulating excitability in cortical interneurons: Kir2.1 expression reduced their number, while NaChbac expression increased their survival. This supports the claim that manipulating interneuron excitability influences survival. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites Close et al., 2012 source
In Results (‘Neuronal activity regulates the survival of SST INs’), the authors report that expressing the activity-silencing Kir2.1 channel in developing cortical interneurons greatly reduced survival of MGE-derived interneurons relative to controls. The effect was subtype-specific: survival of CGE-derived interneurons was similar to controls. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The activity of neurogliaform cells during this period inhibits the response of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells during whisker stimulation.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Integration in transient circuits
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Che et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that reduced recruitment of layer I 5HT3aR/Reelin interneurons increased layer II/III excitatory-cell responses to whisker stimulation; the Discussion says these interneurons restrict upper-layer activation during sensory stimulation. This supports the inhibitory effect, but our copy does not explicitly identify the studied cells as neurogliaform cells, so that cell-type specificity is not established. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Over 20 different types of inhibitory neuron have been described in the neocortex and hippocampus with that level of resolution”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A substantial fraction of chandelier cells in the mouse does not contain detectable levels of PV”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taniguchi et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“which suggest that at least these types of interneuron existed in the ancestor of reptiles and mammals”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > Modular organization of interneuron features
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tosches et al., 2018 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 77
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Single bouquet cells are also abundant in layer 1 and are transcriptionally similar to neurogliaform cells”
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
“but in contrast to these they have axonal ramifications that extend to deep layers of the cortex”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tasic et al., 2017
- Partly supportedcites Jiang et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (page unavailable) describes SBC-like cells as the remaining layer 1 neurons after neurogliaform cells, which constitute about one-third, and says some have axonal branches extending to deeper layers, but not beyond layer 4. It compares these groups’ morphology, electrophysiology and connectivity; it does not establish transcriptional similarity or report 5HT3aR and reelin expression. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The LGE and CGE share many molecular markers, but the specific expression of transcription factors such as Nr2f2 bestow CGE progenitors with the ability to generate interneurons that migrate to the cerebral cortex”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Kanatani et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section ‘COUP-TFII is highly enriched in the CGE’ says LGE and CGE gene-expression profiles largely overlap, and the Discussion says COUP-TFII regulates the caudal migration of cortical interneurons. The paper does not show that its expression gives CGE progenitors the ability to generate interneurons; its demonstrated effect is on migratory behavior. No page number is available for these passages in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites Tripodi et al., 2004 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that CGE-derived neurons contribute GABAergic interneurons to the cortex. But the section on tangential migration (page unavailable) finds that cortical interneurons from the basal telencephalon express COUP-TFI, not COUP-TFII (Nr2f2); it does not show that Nr2f2 gives CGE progenitors this ability. The cited passages also do not establish that the LGE and CGE share many molecular markers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Inhibition is likely more prominent on weakly activated layer 2/3 pyramidal cells immediately above septal regions than in layer 2/3 pyramidal cells above the barrels (where VPM axons concentrate), which would contribute to the formation of barrel columns tuned to individual whiskers (Che et al., 2018).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Integration in transient circuits
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Che et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable in our copy) proposes that thalamically activated layer I interneurons suppress spontaneous activity in layer II/III and promote barrel columns tuned to individual whiskers. The Results also link these interneurons to sharpening barrel organization. The paper does not establish that inhibition is stronger specifically in weakly activated pyramidal cells above septa than in cells above barrels. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In contrast, neuronal activity induces a completely different transcriptional response in VIP+ interneurons, promoting the formation of inhibitory synapses on these cells (Mardinly et al., 2016).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Dynamic tuning of interneuron features
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Mardinly et al., 2016 source
In “Sensory experience regulates cortical inhibition by inducing IGF-1 in VIP neurons” (page not provided), the authors report that sensory experience induces a gene-expression program in VIP neurons that is strikingly distinct from those in other neuronal subtypes. They also conclude that experience-dependent IGF-1 expression increases the number and/or strength of functional inhibitory synapses on VIP neurons, supporting the citing sentence’s paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“cortical γ-aminobutyric acid-containing (GABAergic) neurons are born in the same embryonic region of the telencephalon that generates the basal ganglia, the subpallium, from where they migrate tangentially to reach their final destination”
- Also stated in: § Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity · plain
“The embryonic subpallium generates all GABAergic neurons in the telencephalon.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anderson et al., 1997a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current estimates suggest that up to 50 different types of GABAergic neurons may populate the cerebral cortex”
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · hedged
“Currently available transcriptomic data suggests that up to 50 distinct transcriptional signatures (final number may vary as sequencing depth and analytical methods improve) can be distinguished among inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Abstract
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two additional types of interneuron express 5HT3aR: NPY+ multipolar cells and Meis2+ interstitial GABAergic neurons. NPY+ multipolar interneurons exhibit irregular spiking properties and are particularly abundant at the boundary between layers 1 and 2”
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
“Meis2+ neurons reside in the white matter and extend axons to deep layers of the cortex and striatum”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SST+ Martinotti cells constitute a transcriptionally heterogeneous group of interneurons characterized by an ascending axon that arborizes profusely in layer 1”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multipolar VIP+ cells are transcriptionally very different from bipolar interneurons. Indeed, they are basket cells that co-express the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) and so they are transcriptionally more similar to other CCK+ basket cells that lack the expression of VIP”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites He et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Tasic et al., 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“CCK+ basket cells that co-express VIP have a small soma and are particularly abundant in supragranular layers of the cortex, whereas CCK+ basket cells lacking VIP are enriched in layers 5 and 6”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites He et al., 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PV+ basket cells are the most abundant type of interneuron in the neocortex. They have highly torturous axons that form synapses on the soma and proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells and other interneurons”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hu et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are one of the largest subclasses. They are mainly disinhibitory because they preferentially target SST+ and PV+ interneurons”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jiang et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both types of CCK+ interneurons express 5HT3aR”
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
“CCK+ basket cells make synapses on the soma of pyramidal cells and other interneurons and exhibit regular or burst spiking firing”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rudy et al., 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They are distributed through layers 2 to 6 in the neocortex and across all cortical regions.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SST+ non-Martinotti cells are found throughout layers 2 to 6 and characteristically lack axons in layer 1. They exhibit lower resting membrane potential and higher firing frequency than Martinotti cells but lower than PV+ basket cells”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nigro et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites Xu et al., 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the neocortex contains a population of long-range GABAergic projection neuron that express SST. These cells are most abundant in deep layers and project to other regions of the neocortex.”
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
“They have adapting and irregular spiking firing properties, frequently co-express nitric oxide synthase (NOS), chondrolectin (Chodl) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites He et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Dittrich et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
In the paper
“The most characteristic VIP+ interneurons are bipolar cells with vertically oriented axons. They are highly enriched in layers 2 and 3, and often display continuous adapting firing properties”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pronneke et al., 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Martinotti cells are particularly abundant in layer 5, but they are also common in layers 2 and 3. These cells represent approximately 60% of the SST+ neurons in these layers”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Transcriptional analysis of individual cells from different regions of the brain suggests that neuronal diversity is organized hierarchically, which has led to the suggestion that the relationships that exist among different neuronal types can be considered, in practical terms, analogous to those of species”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > Modular organization of interneuron features
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zeng and Sanes, 2017 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PV+ translaminar interneurons constitute a relatively rare type of fast-spiking interneurons that is particularly abundant in layers 5 and 6”
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
“these interneurons target pyramidal cells across several layers”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
In the paper
“the different types of interneurons establish stereotyped connections and express specific combinations of channels that endow them with unique electrophysiological properties”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > Modular organization of interneuron features
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ascoli et al., 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Martinotti cells have relatively heterogenous firing patterns but they often mediate disynaptic inhibition”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Silberberg and Markram, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most of which probably represent equivalent cell types”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest class of cortical interneuron is characterized by the expression of PV.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Neurogliaform cells are the most abundant type of interneuron in layer 1, although they are also sparsely distributed through other layers. They have a very dense and characteristic axonal arbor and late spiking firing properties.”
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
“Neurogliaform cells express 5HT3aR and very often co-express reelin and NPY”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lee et al., 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three major subclasses of PV+ interneurons can be distinguished, all of which exhibit characteristic fast-spiking firing properties: chandelier cells, basket cells and translaminar interneurons.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They are particularly abundant at the border between layers 1 and 2 and in layer 6”
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
“their regional distribution is very heterogeneous”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cortical interneurons can be organized into several major classes based on their transcriptional similarities and the expression of selective markers”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Non-Martinotti cells are particularly abundant in layer 4”
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
“where they primarily target PV+ basket cells”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Interneuron diversity in the neocortex > A simplified account of the interneuron universe
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ma et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Xu et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
In the paper
“The POH, the most caudal progenitor domain in the preoptic region, lacks expression of Nkx2-1 and exhibit molecular similarities with the CGE”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Flames et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nkx6-2+ progenitor cells produce several types of SST+ neurons along with some PV+ basket cells and chandelier cells, and a mixed progeny of interneurons from the SST+ and PV+ classes has also been described for Etv1+ progenitor cells”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Temporal specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites He et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SST+ interneurons are more abundant in infragranular than in supragranular layers of the neocortex, while PV+ basket cells – which constitute the majority of PV+ interneurons – are found throughout all layers with the exception of layer 1.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Temporal specification of interneuron progenitor cells
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the MGE can be further subdivided into dorsal, intermediate and ventrocaudal domains”
- Also stated in: § Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells · hedged
“although progenitor pools in the subpallium do not seem to segregate as sharply as in the spinal cord”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jessell, 2000 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These observations suggest that most (perhaps all) progenitor cells in the VZ of the MGE have the potential to generate distinct types of interneuron – within the limits imposed by the molecular specification of this region –, implying a temporal control of interneuron cell fate that is still poorly understood”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Temporal specification of interneuron progenitor cells
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the preoptic region consists of two adjacent progenitor domains – POA and POH – that exhibit molecular similarities with the MGE and CGE, respectively.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“chandelier cells are most frequent in layers 2 and 6 of neocortex although they are preferentially generated toward the end of neurogenesis”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Temporal specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neurogliaform cells and multipolar NPY+ interneurons are born in the preoptic region”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the dorsal MGE has a strong bias toward the generation of SST+ interneurons, whereas the ventrocaudal domains produce a larger fraction of PV+ neurons”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“MGE progenitors generate most SST+ interneurons during the first half of the neurogenic period, whereas PV+ interneurons are produced at an almost constant rate throughout neurogenesis”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Temporal specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dorsal MGE is enriched in progenitor cells that express the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx6-2, whereas progenitor cells expressing the ETS transcription factor Etv1 are most abundant in the intermediate and ventrocaudal domains.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The intermediate MGE produces both PV+ and SST+ interneurons with a rostral (PV+) to caudal (SST+) bias”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hu et al., 2017a
- Not checked yetcites Inan et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regional identity of the MGE and POA is specified by the homeobox transcription factor Nkx2-1, which is induced in the ventral subpallium prior to the onset of neurogenesis in this region. Expression of Nkx2-1 confers progenitor cells in the MGE and POA with unique properties that distinguish them from the adjacent LGE, CGE and POH regions.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the generation of cortical interneurons is largely limited to the dorsal and intermediate domains of the MGE, whereas the ventrocaudal domain specializes in the production of PV+ projection neurons for the globus pallidus”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most of these cells do not derive from Nkx2-1-expressing progenitor cells”
- Also stated in: § Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells · hedged
“and so their most likely origin is the POH domain within the preoptic region”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the generation of interneuron diversity in the embryonic subpallium seems to involve two patterning mechanisms: the spatial patterning of progenitor identities, which distinguishes VZ progenitor cells in the MGE, CGE, POA and POH, and the temporal patterning of progenitor lineages – at least in the MGE and CGE – to further expand neural diversity.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > An integrated model of interneuron generation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“experimentally reducing the number of SST+ neurons migrating through their normal route does not affect the ratio between Martinotti and non-Martinotti cells in the mature cortex (although it affects specific features of these cells)”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Timing of interneuron cell specification
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lim et al., 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the expression of these receptors (Nrp1 and Nrp2) is repressed by Nkx2-1, and so the expression (Nkx2-1ON) or downregulation (Nkx2-1OFF) of this transcription factor in postmitotic interneurons born in the MGE determine whether they are targeted to the striatum or the cerebral cortex, respectively (Nóbrega-Pereira et al., 2008).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nóbrega-Pereira et al., 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“which suggests that the specification of at least these two types of SST+ interneuron is independent of – and prior to – the selection of a migratory route”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Timing of interneuron cell specification
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lim et al., 2018 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“VZ progenitor cells in the dorsal MGE are already generating supragranular interneurons at E13.5, while at the same stage lineages in the intermediate MGE are producing infragranular layer interneurons”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Temporal specification of interneuron progenitor cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites He et al., 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interneurons disperse throughout the developing cortex via two large migratory streams, a superficial route that courses through the marginal zone (MZ), and a deep route that largely overlaps with the pallial subventricular zone (SVZ) (Lavdas et al., 1999; Wichterle et al., 2001). A smaller fraction of interneurons migrates through the subplate.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Loss of Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 in the MGE leads to an abnormal increase in the number of PV+ projection neurons and interneurons at the expense of SST+ neurons, which suggests that these transcription factors normally promote SST+ interneuron cell fates within the temporal sequence of these lineages”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > An integrated model of interneuron generation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hu et al., 2017a
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, cell type-specific genetic programs seem to be established by the time interneurons become postmitotic, or at least by the time they reach the developing cortex.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Timing of interneuron cell specification
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This suggests that cortical interneurons are already fated to become Martinotti or non-Martinotti cells in the embryonic subpallium prior to entering the cortex, and that the choice of a particular migratory route is part of the intrinsic program controlling the development of interneurons.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Timing of interneuron cell specification
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lim et al., 2018 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Work in the LGE indicates that direct neurogenesis might be particularly important at early stages of neurogenesis”
- Also stated in: § An integrated model of interneuron generation · plain
“but it is relatively rare after E12.5, when rapid proliferative divisions expanding the pool of intermediate progenitor cells are most characteristic”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > An integrated model of interneuron generation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anderson et al., 1997b
- Not checked yetcites Kelly et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites Sheth and Bhide, 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § An integrated model of interneuron generation · plain
In the paper
“previous work suggesting that SST+ interneurons are preferentially generated from VZ progenitors through direct neurogenesis”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > An integrated model of interneuron generation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petros et al., 2015 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the proposed model implies that neuronal specification occurs primarily at the level of intermediate progenitor cells for all neurons generated in the MGE and CGE”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > An integrated model of interneuron generation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: MGE ventricular zone progenitor cells undergo progressive intrinsic changes in their competence to produce interneuron cell fates following a defined sequence.
- The authors state this as an assumption: MGE ventricular zone progenitor cells divide to generate intermediate progenitor cells that are committed to specific cell fates, with globus pallidus projection neurons generated before interneurons and SST+ fates before PV+ fates.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The molecular specification of the ventricular zone endows progenitor cells with a probability of generating more or fewer neurons during each sequential competence state, thereby biasing their output toward pallidal neurons, PV+ interneurons, and SST+ interneurons.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the expression of ErbB4 is confined to specific types of interneuron in the adult cortex (Fazzari et al., 2010; Neddens and Buonanno, 2010; Vullhorst et al., 2009), ErbB4 is expressed in the majority of cortical interneurons at perinatal stages (Bean et al., 2014).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interneurons from the MGE, CGE and preoptic region use essentially the same cellular mechanisms to translocate to the cortex (Marín et al., 2006; Martini et al., 2009; Yanagida et al., 2012), and it is therefore perhaps not surprising that they exhibit great transcriptional similarity at this stage (Mayer et al., 2018).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the integration of these cells in specific layers of the neocortex would expose them to different influences, which would shape their final features, through activity-dependent mechanisms”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Timing of interneuron cell specification
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wamsley and Fishell, 2017
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would suggest that lineages might get exhausted after generating a certain number of cortical interneurons, whose laminar distribution would depend on their time of neurogenesis.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Temporal specification of interneuron progenitor cells
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interneurons undergo a protracted period of migration before they reach their final position within the cortex”
- Also stated in: § Timing of interneuron cell specification · plain
“it is only at this point that the different types of cortical interneuron become distinguishable from each other”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > Timing of interneuron cell specification
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bartolini et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Marín and Rubenstein, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Timing of interneuron cell specification · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 influence neuronal specification by regulating cell cycle dynamics”
- Also stated in: § An integrated model of interneuron generation · hedged
“which may explain why factors involved in the regulation of the cell cycle have also been involved in the regulation of interneuron diversity”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity > An integrated model of interneuron generation
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § An integrated model of interneuron generation · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The function of Nrg1 is mediated by the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4, the main neuregulin receptor expressed by interneurons (Flames et al., 2004; Yau et al., 2003).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, recent work suggests that pyramidal cells in the cortical plate express a different member of the neuregulin family, Nrg3, and this molecule facilitates the dispersion of cortical interneurons in the laminar dimension of the cortex (Bartolini et al., 2017).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Laminar allocation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bartolini et al., 2017 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent work has added further support to this idea by showing that SST+ Martinotti and PV+ translaminar interneurons migrate preferentially through the MZ, while non-Martinotti cells disperse via the SVZ (Lim et al., 2018).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lim et al., 2018 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that the development of layer 1 axons by SST+ Martinotti cells is facilitated by their interactions with components of the MZ at early neonatal stages, which demonstrates that the cortical microenvironment is crucial for the acquisition of specific features in specific types of interneuron.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The termination of cortical interneuron migration is linked to the upregulation of the potassium/chloride exchanger KCC2 in interneurons, which halts the motility of interneurons by reducing the frequency of spontaneous intracellular calcium transients in response to GABA (Bortone and Polleux, 2009).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Laminar allocation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bortone and Polleux, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that not all interneurons migrating through the MZ acquire the morphology of SST+ Martinotti cells reinforces the idea that these features are intrinsically-encoded, although they require the correct local environment – in this case, the MZ – to unfold appropriately.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies seem to contradict earlier work, which concluded that clonally-related interneurons have a strong tendency to cluster in the mouse neocortex (Brown et al., 2011; Ciceri et al., 2013).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Layer 4 receives the vast majority of thalamocortical input, and so it plays a prominent role in the initial processing of sensory information (Douglas and Martin, 2004).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Integration in transient circuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Douglas and Martin, 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, layer 5 SST+ interneurons receive dense transient thalamic inputs during the first week of postnatal development and innervate both layer 4 excitatory neurons and layer 5 pyramidal cells and immature PV+ interneurons (Marques-Smith et al., 2016; Tuncdemir et al., 2016).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Integration in transient circuits
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the connectivity between these interneurons and excitatory neurons in layer 4 remains relatively weak until the second postnatal week, when PV+ basket cells begin receiving direct inputs from thalamic neurons (Chittajallu and Isaac, 2010; Daw et al., 2007).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Integration in transient circuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chittajallu and Isaac, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Daw et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that at least some components of the transcriptional module controlling the migration of cortical interneurons are not universal, although they might be shared by certain types (e.g., SST+ Martinotti cells and PV+ translaminar interneurons).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Tangential migration and regional distribution
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Feedforward inhibition is critical in this process, as it sharpens receptive fields and regulates temporal integration and timing (Gabernet et al., 2005; Wehr and Zador, 2003).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Integration in transient circuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gabernet et al., 2005 source
- Not checked yetcites Wehr and Zador, 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These observations indicate that interneurons require excitatory inputs to mature normally during the first week of postnatal development, and that their ability to integrate into functional circuits influence their probability of survival.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Regulation of cortical interneuron numbers > Activity-dependent regulation of interneuron programmed cell death
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Columnar refinement begins at the end of the first postnatal week and requires thalamocortical inputs.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Integration in transient circuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shepherd et al., 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistent with this idea, increasing or decreasing the excitability of pyramidal cells using DREADDs during the period of interneuron programmed cell death respectively enhances or diminishes the survival of cortical interneurons (Wong et al., 2018).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Regulation of cortical interneuron numbers > Activity-dependent regulation of interneuron programmed cell death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wong et al., 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While experience-dependent plasticity at excitatory synapses is known to contribute to the maturation of neuronal circuits in superficial layers of the cortex (Bender et al., 2006), recent work suggests that a specific population of interneurons is also involved in this process.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Integration in transient circuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bender et al., 2006 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In sensory deprived mice, layer 2/3 neurons receive stronger inputs from layer 4 neurons in septal regions altered, which suggests that the normal maturation of the columnar organization requires competitive interactions among layer 4 neurons (Shepherd et al., 2003).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Migration and integration into cortical circuits > Integration in transient circuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shepherd et al., 2003 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, PV+ basket cells seem to dynamically oscillate between different “states” in response to neuronal activity, a process that is required for learning and memory in the adult brain (Donato et al., 2013; Lagler et al., 2016).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Dynamic tuning of interneuron features
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“GABA has been shown to influence neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex (Behar et al., 2000; López-Bendito et al., 2003), the settlement of interneurons in the cortical plate (Bortone and Polleux, 2009), and the formation on inhibitory synapses (Oh et al., 2016), and may also influence the neurogenesis of pyramidal cells (Silva et al., 2018).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Regulation of cortical interneuron numbers > Functional implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Behar et al., 2000 source
- Not checked yetcites Bortone and Polleux, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Oh et al., 2016
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The cellular organization of interneuron diversity is remarkably similar between mouse and human, but there are important differences in the morphology, gene expression, laminar distribution and proportions of certain types of interneurons (Boldog et al., 2018; DeFelipe, 1997; Hodge et al., 2018).”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > A look ahead
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inhibitory circuits share general organization principles across cortical areas, but increasing evidence suggests that the abundance of specific inhibitory connectivity motifs varies between regions (Katzel et al., 2011), probably reflecting different computational requirements.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Regulation of cortical interneuron numbers > Functional implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Katzel et al., 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In supragranular PV+ basket cells, neuronal activity modulates the expression and subcellular location (cytoplasmic or nuclear) of the transcription factor Etv1 (Dehorter et al., 2015), which in turn induces the expression of Kv1.1.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > Dynamic tuning of interneuron features
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dehorter et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, since genomic variation associated to neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia affects the developing brain, the relevant transcriptional information for this type of analyses would likely need to be developmental.”
§ Development and functional diversification of cortical interneurons > A look ahead
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The authors state this as an assumption.
MGE ventricular zone progenitor cells undergo progressive intrinsic changes in their competence to produce interneuron cell fates following a defined sequence.
“progenitor cells in the MGE would undergo progressive intrinsic changes in their competence to produce interneuron cell fates following a defined sequence”
The authors state this as an assumption.
MGE ventricular zone progenitor cells divide to generate intermediate progenitor cells that are committed to specific cell fates, with globus pallidus projection neurons generated before interneurons and SST+ fates before PV+ fates.
“VZ progenitor cells in the MGE would divide to generate intermediate progenitor cells which would be committed to specific cell fates, with globus pallidus projection neurons generated before interneurons and, within the latter group, SST+ cell fates generated earlier than PV+ cell fates”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The molecular specification of the ventricular zone endows progenitor cells with a probability of generating more or fewer neurons during each sequential competence state, thereby biasing their output toward pallidal neurons, PV+ interneurons, and SST+ interneurons.
“The molecular specification of the VZ would endow progenitor cells with a certain probability to generate more or less neurons during each of the sequential competence states, therefore biasing their output toward the generation of pallidal neurons, PV+ and SST+ interneurons.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interneurons are generated from progenitors located in the ventral forebrain in transient structures called ganglionic eminences and migrate tangentially to the cortex through different migratory streams85–87.”
From Consequences of trisomy 21 for brain development in Down syndrome (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Once postmitotic, cells migrate tangentially toward cortical areas and then radially into predetermined cortical layers (Fig. 2, steps 1a, 1b, and 2), [129, 130].”
From Parvalbumin interneuron vulnerability and brain disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
In the citing paper
“It is also consistent with the large body of literature on cortical GABAergic interneurons (Lim et al., 2018; Pelkey et al., 2017; Tremblay et al., 2016), and our Patch-seq study (Gouwens et al., 2020) with MET types defined in that study corresponding well with the supertypes defined here”
From A taxonomy of transcriptomic cell types across the isocortex and hippocampal formation (2021) · cites this paper as Lim et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“For example, decades of developmental studies have established a clear division of transcription programmes between the interneurons derived from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminence (MGE and CGE, respectively)9,31,32,33.”
From The diversity of GABAergic neurons and neural communication elements (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Our E16.5 Stereo-seq map clearly identified the expression of interneuron progenitor markers ( Dlx1 + , Dlx2 + , Lhx6 + , Nkx2-1 + ) (Lim et al., 2018) within the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and the migratory trajectory of interneurons into the cerebral cortex (Figures 4D and S6D).”
From Spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of mouse organogenesis using DNA nanoball-patterned arrays (2022) · cites this paper as Lim et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“This showed the trajectory toward mature interneurons as indicated by the shift from the early progenitor markers Epha5 , Tcf4 , and Erbb4 to the late maturation marker Gad2 (Lim et al., 2018).”
From Spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of mouse organogenesis using DNA nanoball-patterned arrays (2022) · cites this paper as Lim et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“This identified enrichment for transcription factors with specific activities associated with the maturation of projection neurons and interneurons (i.e., PAX6 in apical progenitors, MEF2C in cortical projection neurons, and DLX1 in the interneurons) (Di Bella et al., 2021; Lim et al., 2018) (Figure S6H).”
From Spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of mouse organogenesis using DNA nanoball-patterned arrays (2022) · cites this paper as Lim et al., 2018
Citations
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Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery
Datta, S. R., Dudek, H., Tao, X., Masters, S., Fu, H., Gotoh, Y., & Greenberg, M. E. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80405-5 · Cited by 5,689
Specification of Cerebral Cortical Areas
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“Both types of CCK+ interneurons express 5HT3aR (Rudy et al., 2011).”
Cell types in the mouse cortex and hippocampus revealed by single-cell RNA-seq
Zeisel, A., Muñoz-Manchado, A. B., Codeluppi, S., Lönnerberg, P., La Manno, G., Juréus, A., Marques, S., Munguba, H., He, L., Betsholtz, C., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa1934 · Cited by 3,124
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“This protein antagonizes the activity of the serine-threonine kinase AKT (Stambolic et al., 1998), which is a critical mediator of neuronal survival (Datta et al., 1997; Dudek et al., 1997).”
Neuronal specification in the spinal cord: inductive signals and transcriptional codes
Jessell, T. M. (2000) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/35049541 · Cited by 2,089 · cited 2×
“For instance, the MGE can be further subdivided into dorsal, intermediate, and ventrocaudal domains (Figure 5A), although progenitor pools in the subpallium do not seem to segregate as sharply as in the spinal cord (Jessell, 2000).”
Neuronal Diversity and Temporal Dynamics: The Unity of Hippocampal Circuit Operations
Klausberger, T., & Somogyi, P. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1149381 · Cited by 2,050 · cited 1×
“Over 20 different types of inhibitory neuron have been described in the neocortex and hippocampus with that level of resolution (Klausberger and Somogyi, 2008; Tremblay et al., 2016), most of which probably represent equivalent cell types.”
GABAergic Interneurons in the Neocortex: From Cellular Properties to Circuits
Tremblay, R., Lee, S., & Rudy, B. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.033 · Cited by 2,033 · cited 1×
“The small contingent of neurogliaform cells that derive from Nkx2-1+ progenitor cells, which is particularly abundant in the hippocampus (Tricoire et al., 2010), is probably generated within the adjacent POA (Niquille et al., 2018).”
NEURONAL CIRCUITS OF THE NEOCORTEX
Douglas, R. J., & Martin, K. A. C. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144152 · Cited by 1,886
Conserved cell types with divergent features in human versus mouse cortex
Hodge, R. D., Bakken, T. E., Miller, J. A., Smith, K. A., Barkan, E. R., Graybuck, L. T., Close, J. L., Long, B., Johansen, N., Penn, O., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1506-7 · Cited by 1,775
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of mouse organogenesis using DNA nanoball-patterned arrays
Chen, A., Liao, S., Cheng, M., Ma, K., Wu, L., Lai, Y., Qiu, X., Yang, J., Xu, J., Hao, S., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.003 · Cited by 1,784
Cell2location maps fine-grained cell types in spatial transcriptomics
Kleshchevnikov, V., Shmatko, A., Dann, E., Aivazidis, A., King, H. W., Li, T., Elmentaite, R., Lomakin, A., Kedlian, V., Gayoso, A., et al. (2022) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-021-01139-4 · Cited by 1,279
“8e) 23,24 .”
BackgroundA taxonomy of transcriptomic cell types across the isocortex and hippocampal formation
Yao, Z., van Velthoven, C. T. J., Nguyen, T. N., Goldy, J., Sedeno-Cortes, A. E., Baftizadeh, F., Bertagnolli, D., Casper, T., Chiang, M., Crichton, K., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.021 · Cited by 1,065
Sohal, V. S., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0426-0 · Cited by 988
Sydnor, V. J., Larsen, B., Bassett, D. S., Alexander‐Bloch, A. F., Fair, D. A., Liston, C. M., Mackey, A. P., Milham, M. P., Pines, A. R., Roalf, D. R., et al. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.016 · Cited by 750
“Notably, major neurodevelopmental events including neurogenesis, cell migration, laminar allocation, and initial wiring are largely complete prenatally or in the first years of life (Lim et al., 2018).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Lim, L., Mi, D., Llorca, A., & Marín, O.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 294-313
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6290988
- OpenAlex
- W2898560358
- Semantic Scholar
- 7f18f411f4de10f934d3f9f0d20221083d824049
- Cited by
- 714
- References
- 197
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 7.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 388 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- European Research Council (ERC-2017-AdG 787355)
- Wellcome Trust (103714MA)
- EMBO
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- cortical interneurons, GABAergic neurons, interneuron diversity, telencephalon, interneuron development, cerebral cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Interneurons, Cell Lineage, Neurogenesis, Neural Stem Cells, GABAergic Neurons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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