The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amygdala

LeDoux, Joseph

doi:10.1023/a:1025048802629

Cited by 1,818Memory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 172 of the 172 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amygdala

Open access

LeDoux, Joseph·2003·Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology

DOI 10.1023/a:1025048802629PMC PMC11530156

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

1. Considerable progress has been made over the past 20 years in relating specific circuits of the brain to emotional functions. Much of this work has involved studies of Pavlovian or classical fear conditioning, a behavioral procedure that is used to couple meaningless environmental stimuli to emotional (defense) response networks. 2. The major conclusion from studies of fear conditioning is that the amygdala plays critical role in linking external stimuli to defense responses. 3. Before describing research on the role of the amygdala in fear conditioning, though, it will be helpful to briefly examine the historical events that preceded modern research on conditioned fear.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/a:1025048802629

Cites

172 of 172 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Association between a shock-predicting stimulus and shock forms in basolateral amygdala.
“Briefly, the association between a stimulus predicting shock and the shock forms in basolateral regions of the amygdala.”
From Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience. (2016) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
Information passes from basolateral amygdala to central nucleus, which projects to regions controlling fear behaviors and physiological responses.
“From there the information passes to the central nucleus of the amygdala, which in turns projects to the regions that control the behaviors and physiological responses that are the symptoms of fear (Davis, Rainnie, & Cassell, 1994; LeDoux, 2003; Maren & Quirk, 2004).”
From Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience. (2016) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
Projections from the amygdala and mPFC to the hypothalamus, PAG, locus ceruleus, raphe, and autonomic-related brainstem nuclei play major roles in organizing endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stressors and emotional stimuli.
“The anatomical projections from the amygdala and mPFC to the hypothalamus, PAG, locus ceruleus, raphe, and autonomic-related brainstem nuclei play major roles in organizing the endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stressors and emotional stimuli (Figure 10) (Davis and Shi, 1999;LeDoux, 2003;O ¨ngu ¨r et al, 2003).”
From Neurocircuitry of Mood Disorders (2010) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
Efferent projections from the amygdala and medial prefrontal network converge on the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, nucleus basalis, locus ceruleus, dorsal raphe, and medullary vagal nuclei, and these projections organize neuroendocrine, autonomic, neurotransmitter, and behavioral responses to stress and emotional stimuli.
“Parallel and convergent efferent projections from the amygdala and the medial prefrontal network to the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray (PAG), nucleus basalis, locus ceruleus, dorsal raphe, and medullary vagal nuclei organize neuroendocrine, autonomic, neurotransmitter and behavioral responses to stressors and emotional stimuli”
From Neurocircuitry of Mood Disorders (2010) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
Amygdala stimulation of the locus ceruleus, lateral hypothalamus and PAG increases sympathetic autonomic arousal in rodents.
“Amygdala stimulation of the locus ceruleus, lateral hypothalamus and PAG increases sympathetic autonomic arousal in rodents (Fig. 5) (LeDoux 2003; Gold and Chrousos 2002).”
From Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression (2008) · cites this paper as LeDoux 2003

The BLA sends anatomical projections to the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe) and the BNST, and projections from these structures to the hypothalamus, PAG, nucleus basalis, locus ceruleus, raphe and other diencencephalic and brainstem nuclei play major roles in organizing the neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stressors and emotional stimuli.
“The BLA sends anatomical projections to the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe) and the BNST, and projections from these structures to the hypothalamus, PAG, nucleus basalis, locus ceruleus, raphe and other diencencephalic and brainstem nuclei play major roles in organizing the neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stressors and emotional stimuli (Davis and Shi”
From Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression (2008) · cites this paper as LeDoux 2003
Positive memories are rarely induced in mice, unlike fear conditioning, which is commonly used for its robustness and long-lasting effects.
“positive memories are rarely induced in mice, unlike fear conditioning, which is more commonly used for its robustness and long-lasting effects [45–47].”
From Positive early-life olfactory memory is rooted in the olfactory bulb and triggers large-scale changes beyond the olfactory system (2026) · cites this paper as [46]
The expression and inhibition of learned fear is largely regulated by the amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC in adult rodents and humans.
“The expression and inhibition of learned fear is largely regulated by the amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC in adult rodents and humans (Knapska et al., 2012;LeDoux, 2003;Maren and Quirk, 2004;Tovote et al., 2015)”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
The amygdala is required for the acquisition and expression of learned fear.
“required for the acquisition and expression of learned fear”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
Fear is a defensive mechanism that activates behavioral and neurobiological responses to danger, including freezing and sympathetic/HPA axis activation.
“Fear is a defensive mechanism that activates behavioral and neurobiological responses to danger that promote survival, including freezing and activation of sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
An extensive rodent literature has characterized the neural circuitry underlying fear learning using Pavlovian fear conditioning tasks.
“An extensive literature in rodents has characterized the neural circuitry that underlies fear learning using Pavlovian fear conditioning tasks”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
The centromedial amygdala is essential for producing behavioral responses through projections to the brainstem, striatum, and cortical regions.
“The CMA is critical in the generation of behavioral responses through projections to the brainstem, striatum, and regions of the cortex (LeDoux, 2003).”
From Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions (2015) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
The amygdala is composed of basolateral, centromedial, and superficial nuclei, which have distinct functional connections to the cortex and support different brain functions.
“The amygdala can be subdivided into basolateral (BLA), centromedial (CMA) and superficial (SFA) nuclei, each with distinct functional connections to the cortex supporting different brain functions.”
From Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions (2015) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
The basolateral amygdala supports associative learning, such as fear conditioning, through inputs from the frontal cortex and other subcortical areas.
“The BLA facilitates associative learning processes, like fear conditioning, through afferent projections from the frontal cortex and other subcortical regions (LeDoux, 2003, Phelps and LeDoux, 2005).”
From Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions (2015) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
The amygdala is an important target of OT administration.
“Converging evidence from this field suggests the amygdalaa key brain region for emotion regulation (LeDoux, 2003), processing (Seeley et al., 2007), detection (Ousdal et al., 2008), and vigilance for social cues across sensory modalities (Whalen, 2007) is an important target of OT administration.”
From Low dose intranasal oxytocin delivered with Breath Powered device dampens amygdala response to emotional stimuli: A peripheral effect-controlled within-subjects randomized dose-response fMRI trial (2016) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
Decreasing amygdala cholinergic activity through α4β2* nAChR blockade could decrease stress reactivity and depression-like symptoms.
“decreasing amygdala cholinergic activity through α4β2* nAChR blockade could decrease stress reactivity and depression-like symptoms (LeDoux, 2003; Mineur et al., 2007)”
From Mood and anxiety regulation by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: A potential pathway to modulate aggression and related behavioral states (2015) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
The quality of parent-child relationships affects both sexual behavior and neural development and activation, specifically in the amygdala.
“The quality of parent-child relationships affects both sexual behavior and neural development and activation, specifically in the amygdala”
From Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development (2017) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
The amygdala has been associated with reward processing, emotional processing, and fear response.
“which has been associated with reward processing (Ernst et al., 2005), emotional processing (Whalen et al., 2013), and fear response (LeDoux, 2003)”
From Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development (2017) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003

Untitled work
(1999) · Cited by 12,812
A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
Bliss, T. V. P., & Collingridge, G. L. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/361031a0 · Cited by 11,566
Handbook of Physiology.
Plum, F. (1960) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1960.03840090124020 · Cited by 10,388
Emotion circuits in the brain
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444
Self-citation
DESCARTES' ERROR: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
Marg, E. (1995) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.1995.tb03988.x · Cited by 8,178
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
Long‐lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the unanaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path
Bliss, T. V. P., & Gardner-Medwin, A. R. (1973) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010274 · Cited by 7,460
Untitled work
(1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,217
Working with Emotional Intelligence
Goleman, D. (1999) · ETC: A Review of General Semantics · doi:10.66774/etc_5601_103 · Cited by 6,254
Untitled work
(1962) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,856
The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging
Haber, S. N., & Knutson, B. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.129 · Cited by 3,718
Untitled work
(1996) · Cited by 3,692
Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning.
Phillips, R. G., & LeDoux, J. E. (1992) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.106.2.274 · Cited by 3,292
Self-citation
Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Error Detection, and the Online Monitoring of Performance
Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D., & Cohen, J. D. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.747 · Cited by 3,273
Intelligence reframed: multiple intelligences for the 21st century
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-5804 · Cited by 3,016
Synaptic Plasticity and Memory: An Evaluation of the Hypothesis
Martin, S. J., Grimwood, P. D., & Morris, R. G. M. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.649 · Cited by 2,794
Long-Term Potentiation--A Decade of Progress?
Malenka, R. C., & Nicoll, A. R. A. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.285.5435.1870 · Cited by 2,729
Modality-Specific Retrograde Amnesia of Fear
Kim, J. J., & Fanselow, M. S. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1585183 · Cited by 2,483
Emotion, a psychoevolutionary synthesis
Plutchik, R. (1980) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422394 · Cited by 2,316
CREB: A Stimulus-Induced Transcription Factor Activated by A Diverse Array of Extracellular Signals
Shaywitz, A. J., & Greenberg, M. E. (1999) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.821 · Cited by 2,133
Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear, and Rage.
Washburn, M. F., & Cannon, W. B. (1917) · The Journal of Philosophy Psychology and Scientific Methods · doi:10.2307/2013624 · Cited by 1,912
Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice
Tang, Y., Shimizu, E., Dubé, G., Rampon, C., Kerchner, G. A., Zhuo, M., Liu, G., & Tsien, J. Z. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43432 · Cited by 1,878
Deficient long-term memory in mice with a targeted mutation of the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein
Bourtchuladze, R., Frenguelli, B., Blendy, J., Cioffi, D., Schutz, G., & Silva, A. J. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90400-6 · Cited by 1,800
The emotional practice of teaching
Hargreaves, A. (1998) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/s0742-051x(98)00025-0 · Cited by 1,789
A Parametric Study of Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Human Working Memory
Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., & Noll, D. C. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0247 · Cited by 1,694
The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style
Davidson, R. J., & Irwin, W. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01265-0 · Cited by 1,684
Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala
Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30976 · Cited by 1,665 · cited 2×
“, 1998), and these effects also occur to subliminal stimuli (Morris et al., 1998).”
Background
Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear
LeDoux, J., Iwata, J., Cicchetti, P., & Reis, D. (1988) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-07-02517.1988 · Cited by 1,580
Self-citation
Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory.
Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. (1998) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01214-9 · Cited by 1,575
Control of memory formation through regulated expression of a CaMKII transgene
Mayford, M., Bach, M. E., Huang, Y.-Y., Wang, L., Hawkins, R. D., & Kandel, E. R. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5293.1678 · Cited by 1,550
Neurobiology of Pavlovian fear conditioning
Maren, S. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.897 · Cited by 1,543
We Feel, Therefore We Learn: The Relevance of Affective and Social Neuroscience to Education
Immordino‐Yang, M. H., & Damasio, A. (2007) · Mind, Brain, and Education · doi:10.1111/j.1751-228x.2007.00004.x · Cited by 1,463
CREB AND MEMORY
Silva, A. J., Kogan, J. H., Frankland, P. W., & Kida, S. (1998) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.127 · Cited by 1,462
The Cognitive Unconscious
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3629249 · Cited by 1,405
Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study
LaBar, K. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80475-4 · Cited by 1,402
Self-citation
Double Dissociation of Conditioning and Declarative Knowledge Relative to the Amygdala and Hippocampus in Humans
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rockland, C., & Damasio, A. R. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7652558 · Cited by 1,400
A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating “unseen” fear
Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1680 · Cited by 1,349
A Synaptically Controlled, Associative Signal for Hebbian Plasticity in Hippocampal Neurons
Magee, J. C., & Johnston, D. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5297.209 · Cited by 1,340
The Brain and Emotion
Rolls, E. T. (1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198524649.001.0001 · Cited by 1,314
Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala
Rogan, M. T., Stäubli, U. V., & LeDoux, J. E. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/37601 · Cited by 1,310
Self-citation
Cortical pathways to the mammalian amygdala
McDonald, A. J. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00003-3 · Cited by 1,303
Facial Expressions of Emotion
Ekman, P., & Oster, H. (1979) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.30.020179.002523 · Cited by 1,228
Genetic Demonstration of a Role for PKA in the Late Phase of LTP and in Hippocampus-Based Long-Term Memory
Abel, T., Nguyen, P. V., Barad, M., Deuel, T. A. S., Kandel, E. R., & Bourtchouladze, R. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81904-2 · Cited by 1,217
Psychosomatic Disease and the "Visceral Brain": Recent Developments Bearing on the Papez Theory of Emotion
MACLEAN, P. D. (1949) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-194911000-00003 · Cited by 1,203
The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning
LeDoux, J., Cicchetti, P., Xagoraris, A., & Romanski, L. (1990) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-04-01062.1990 · Cited by 1,167
Self-citation
The Structure and Organization of Memory
Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B. J., & Musen, G. (1993) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002321 · Cited by 1,159
The neuronal MAP kinase cascade: a biochemical signal integration system subserving synaptic plasticity and memory
Sweatt, J. D. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00054.x · Cited by 1,131
The MAPK cascade is required for mammalian associative learning
Atkins, C. M., Selcher, J. C., Petraitis, J. J., Trzaskos, J. M., & Sweatt, J. D. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/2836 · Cited by 1,083
A triple dissociation of memory systems: Hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal striatum.
McDonald, R. J., & White, N. M. (2013) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0034883 · Cited by 1,044
Emotional and social intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory.
Bar‐On, R. (2000) · Cited by 1,018
Organization of intra-amygdaloid circuitries in the rat: an emerging framework for understanding functions of the amygdala
Pitkänen, A., Savander, V., & LeDoux, J. E. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01125-9 · Cited by 980
Self-citation
Induction of a dominant negative CREB transgene specifically blocks long-term memory in Drosophila
Yin, J. C. P., Wallach, J. S., Del Vecchio, M., Wilder, E. L., Zhou, H., Quinn, W. G., & Tully, T. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90399-9 · Cited by 959
Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: an event-related fMRI study
Büchel, C., Morris, J., Dolan, R. J., & Friston, K. J. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80476-6 · Cited by 951
Biology and the Future of Psychoanalysis: A New Intellectual Framework for Psychiatry Revisited
Kandel, E. R. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.505 · Cited by 905
Contrasting properties of two forms of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
Nicoll, R. A., & Malenka, R. C. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377115a0 · Cited by 861
Regional and cellular fractionation of working memory
Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13473 · Cited by 826
Blocking of acquisition but not expression of conditioned fear-potentiated startle by NMDA antagonists in the amygdala
Miserendino, M. J. D., Sananes, C. B., Melia, K. R., & Davis, M. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/345716a0 · Cited by 824 · cited 1×
“Behavioral studies have shown that blockade of NMDA receptors in the LA/B region prevents fear conditioning (Fendt, 2001; Gewirtz and Davis, 1997; Lee and Kim, 1998; Maren and Fanselow, 1996; Miserendino et al., 1990; Rodrigues et al., 2002).”
Background
Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: Parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat
Quirk, G. J., Repa, J. C., & LeDoux, J. E. (1995) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90092-6 · Cited by 808
Self-citation
Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (Visceral brain)
MacLean, P. D. (1952) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(52)90073-4 · Cited by 785
Untitled work
(1992) · Cited by 777
Oxytocin enhances amygdala-dependent, socially reinforced learning and emotional empathy in humans
Hurlemann, R., Patin, A., Onur, O. A., Cohen, M. X., Baumgartner, T., Metzler, S., Dziobek, I., Gallinat, J., Wagner, M., Maier, W., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5538-09.2010 · Cited by 771
Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats
Maren, S., Aharonov, G., & Fanselow, M. S. (1997) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00088-0 · Cited by 765
Associative processes in addiction and reward. The role of amygdala-ventral striatal subsystems
EVERITT, B. J., PARKINSON, J. A., OLMSTEAD, M. C., ARROYO, M., ROBLEDO, P., & ROBBINS, T. W. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09280.x · Cited by 708 · cited 1×
“Other models of emotional processing implicating the amygdala and other brain regions have been studied as well (e.g., Everitt et al., 1999; Rolls, 1999).”
Method
Darwin and Facial Expression
Ekman, P. (1973) · Cited by 696
The Impact of Emotions on Learning and Achievement: Towards a Theory of Cognitive/Motivational Mediators
Pekrun, R. (1992) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1992.tb00712.x · Cited by 691
A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system
Bard, P. (1928) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1928.84.3.490 · Cited by 663
Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans
LaBar, K., LeDoux, J., Spencer, D., & Phelps, E. (1995) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-10-06846.1995 · Cited by 631
Self-citation
Basic needs and the development of interest and intrinsic motivational orientations
Krapp, A. (2005) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.07.007 · Cited by 618
Synaptic plasticity in the lateral amygdala: a cellular hypothesis of fear conditioning
Blair, H. T., Schafe, G. E., Bauer, E. P., Rodrigues, S. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (2001) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.30901 · Cited by 610
Self-citation
Amygdala central nucleus lesions: Effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit
Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M., & Haselton, J. R. (1979) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(79)90304-4 · Cited by 590
Inteligência emocional
Bergamini, C. W. (1996) · Revista de Administração de Empresas · doi:10.1590/s0034-75901996000400008 · Cited by 575
Topographic organization of neurons in the acoustic thalamus that project to the amygdala
LeDoux, J., Farb, C. R., & Ruggiero, D. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-04-01043.1990 · Cited by 564
Self-citation
Fear Conditioning Enhances Different Temporal Components of Tone-Evoked Spike Trains in Auditory Cortex and Lateral Amygdala
Quirk, G. J., Armony, J. L., & LeDoux, J. E. (1997) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80375-x · Cited by 563
Self-citation
"Psychic blindness" and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in Rhesus monkeys.
Klüver, H., & Bucy, P. C. (1937) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · Cited by 549
Amygdala modulation of hippocampal-dependent and caudate nucleus-dependent memory processes
Packard, M. G., Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.18.8477 · Cited by 544
Projections of the ventral subiculum to the amygdala, septum, and hypothalamus: A PHAL anterograde tract‐tracing study in the rat
Canteras, N. S., & Swanson, L. W. (1992) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903240204 · Cited by 541
Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm.
Hitchcock, J. M., & Davis, M. (1986) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.100.1.11 · Cited by 536
State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory
Spielberger, C. D. (1988) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t29496-000 · Cited by 535
Organization of the amygdalopetal projections from modality‐specific cortical association areas in the monkey
Turner, B. H., Mishkin, M., & Knapp, M. E. (1980) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901910402 · Cited by 534
Different Training Procedures Recruit Either One or Two Critical Periods for Contextual Memory Consolidation, Each of Which Requires Protein Synthesis and PKA
Bourtchouladze, R., Abel, T., Berman, N., Gordon, R., Lapidus, K., & Kandel, E. R. (1998) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.5.4.365 · Cited by 525
Perceived learning environment and students' emotional experiences: A multilevel analysis of mathematics classrooms
Frenzel, A. C., Pekrun, R. H., & Goetz, T. (2007) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.09.001 · Cited by 523
Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning: a cellular and molecular perspective
Schafe, G. E., Nader, K., Blair, H. T., & LeDoux, J. E. (2001) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01969-x · Cited by 510
Self-citation
Emotions : current issues and future directions
Mayne, T. J., & Bonanno, G. A. (2001) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 506
Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala induced by hippocampal formation stimulation in vivo
Maren, S., & Fanselow (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-11-07548.1995 · Cited by 499
Involvement of the central nucleus and basolateral complex of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli
Campeau, S., & Davis, M. (1995) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-03-02301.1995 · Cited by 479
Equipotentiality of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning
Romanski, L. M., & LeDoux, J. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-11-04501.1992 · Cited by 470
Self-citation
Somatosensory and auditory convergence in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.
Romanski, L. M., Clugnet, M.-C., Bordi, F., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.107.3.444 · Cited by 446
Self-citation
Recent developments in working memory
Baddeley, A. (1998) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(98)80145-1 · Cited by 443
Oxytocin selectively improves empathic accuracy
Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., Hollander, E., Ludwig, N. N., Kolevzon, A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610383439 · Cited by 442
Two different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the initiation and storage of memory
Repa, J. C., Muller, J., Apergis, J., Desrochers, T. M., Zhou, Y., & LeDoux, J. E. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/89512 · Cited by 440
Self-citation
Thalamoamygdaloid projections in the rat: A test of the amygdala's role in sensory processing
Turner, B. H., & Herkenham, M. A. (1991) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903130208 · Cited by 440
NMDA Receptors and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Contribute to Long-Term Potentiation and Different Components of Fear Memory Formation in the Lateral Amygdala
Bauer, E. P., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-12-05239.2002 · Cited by 438
Self-citation
Molecular mechanisms of vasculogenesis and embryonic angiogenesis
Flamme, I., Frölich, T., & Risau, W. (1997) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199711)173:2 · Cited by 434
Academic Emotions in Students' Self-Regulated Learning and Achievement: A Program of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Pekrun, R. H., Goetz, T., Titz, W., & Perry, R. P. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410608628-4 · Cited by 426
The Amygdala and Fear Conditioning: Has the Nut Been Cracked?
Maren, S., & Fanselow, M. S. (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80041-0 · Cited by 416
Wet mind : the new cognitive neuroscience
Kosslyn, S. M., & Koenig, O. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 415
Memory Consolidation for Contextual and Auditory Fear Conditioning Is Dependent on Protein Synthesis, PKA, and MAP KinasePreprint
Schafe, G. E., Nadel, N. V., Sullivan, G. M., Harris, A. Z., & LeDoux, J. E. (1999) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.6.2.97 · Cited by 413
Self-citation
Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli.
Muller, J., Corodimas, K. P., Fridel, Z., & LeDoux, J. E. (1997) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.111.4.683 · Cited by 401
Self-citation
Information Cascade from Primary Auditory Cortex to the Amygdala: Corticocortical and Corticoamygdaloid Projections of Temporal Cortex in the Rat
Romanski, L. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/3.6.515 · Cited by 398
Self-citation
Involvement of subcortical and cortical afferents to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear- potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli
Campeau, S., & Davis, M. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-03-02312.1995 · Cited by 379
Los saberes del docente y su desarrollo profesional
Mayo, I. C. (2004) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 364
Bridges over troubled waters: education and cognitive neuroscience
Ansari, D., & Coch, D. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.02.007 · Cited by 357
An Inhibitory Interface Gates Impulse Traffic between the Input and Output Stations of the Amygdala
Royer, S., Martina, M., & Paré, D. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-23-10575.1999 · Cited by 350
Achievement Goals and Achievement Emotions: A Meta-analysis
Huang, C. (2011) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9155-x · Cited by 344
Postsynaptic Induction and PKA-Dependent Expression of LTP in the Lateral Amygdala
Huang, Y.-Y., & Kandel, E. R. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80524-3 · Cited by 333
Positive academic emotions moderate the relationship between self‐regulation and academic achievement
Villavicencio, F. T., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2012) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.2012.02064.x · Cited by 332
Pensamiento y lenguaje
Caldera, R. (1995) · Cited by 323
Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial geniculate body
Clugnet, M.-C., & LeDoux, J. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-08-02818.1990 · Cited by 319
Self-citation
Amygdalar NMDA Receptors are Critical for New Fear Learning in Previously Fear-Conditioned Rats
Lee, H. J., & Kim, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-20-08444.1998 · Cited by 310
LTP is accompanied by commensurate enhancement of auditory-evoked responses in a fear conditioning circuit
Rogan, M. T., & LeDoux, J. E. (1995) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90070-5 · Cited by 300
Self-citation
Pain Pathways Involved in Fear Conditioning Measured with Fear-Potentiated Startle: Lesion Studies
Shi, C., & Davis, M. E. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-01-00420.1999 · Cited by 281
Intrinsic neurons in the amygdaloid field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli
Iwata, J., LeDoux, J. E., Meeley, M. P., Arnerić, S. P., & Reis, D. J. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90020-x · Cited by 279
Self-citation
Effects of muscimol applied to the basolateral amygdala on acquisition and expression of contextual fear conditioning in rats.
Helmstetter, F. J., & Bellgowan, P. S. F. (1994) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.108.5.1005 · Cited by 265
L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Mediate NMDA-Independent Associative Long-Term Potentiation at Thalamic Input Synapses to the Amygdala
Weisskopf, M. G., Bauer, E. P., & LeDoux, J. E. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-23-10512.1999 · Cited by 253
Self-citation
Second-order fear conditioning prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in amygdala
Gewirtz, J. C., & Davis, M. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/41325 · Cited by 250
Gehirn und Sympathicus
Karplus, J. P., & Kreidl, A. (1909) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf01677525 · Cited by 246
Physiological memory in primary auditory cortex: characteristics and mechanisms
Weinberger, N. M. (1998) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1006/nlme.1998.3850 · Cited by 245
Influencing brain networks: implications for education
POSNER, M., & Rothbart, M. K. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.007 · Cited by 241
Young and excitable: the function of new neurons in the adult mammalian brain
Doetsch, F. K., & Hen, R. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.01.018 · Cited by 236
Long‐Term synaptic potentiation in the amygdala
Chapman, P. F., Kairiss, E. W., Keenan, C. L., & Brown, T. H. (1990) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.890060306 · Cited by 234
Electrophysiological characteristics of amygdaloid central nucleus neurons during Pavlovian fear conditioning in the rabbit
Pascoe, J. P., & Kapp, B. S. (1985) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(85)90087-7 · Cited by 233
Functional Inactivation of the Amygdala before But Not after Auditory Fear Conditioning Prevents Memory Formation
Wilensky, A. E., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-24-j0006.1999 · Cited by 223
Self-citation
Long-lasting forms of synaptic potentiation in the mammalian hippocampus.Preprint
Huang, Y.-Y., Nguyen, P., Abel, T. G., & Kandel, E. R. (1996) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.3.2-3.74 · Cited by 218
The Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor mGluR5 Is Required for Fear Memory Formation and Long-Term Potentiation in the Lateral Amygdala
Rodrigues, S. M., Bauer, E. P., Farb, C. R., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-12-05219.2002 · Cited by 215
Self-citation
Retrograde amnesia after hippocampal damage: Recent vs. remote memories in two tasks
Sutherland, R. J., Weisend, M. P., Mumby, D. G., Astur, R. S., Hanlon, F. M., Koerner, A., Thomas, M. J., Wu, Y., Moses, S. N., Cole, C., et al. (2001) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/1098-1063(2001)11:1 · Cited by 202
Synapses, circuits, and the beginnings of memory
LYNCH, G. S., Shepherd, G. M., Black, I. B., & Killackey, H. P. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 198
Corticoamygdaloid and corticocortical projections of the rat temporal cortex: APhaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study
Mascagni, F., McDonald, A. J., & Coleman, J. R. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90016-9 · Cited by 193
Students, tasks and emotions: Identifying the contribution of emotions to students' reading of popular culture and popular science texts
Ainley, M., Corrigan, M., & Richardson, N. (2005) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.07.011 · Cited by 192
Two forms of long-term potentiation in area CA1 activate different signal transduction cascades
Cavus, I., & Teyler, T. J. (1996) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.3038 · Cited by 191
Amygdaloid Lesions: Differential Effect on Conditioned Stress and Immobilization-Induced Increases in Corticosterone and Renin Secretion
Van de Kar, L. D., Piechowski, R. A., Rittenhouse, P. A., & Gray, T. S. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000125856 · Cited by 190
Aprendices y maestros: la nueva cultura del aprendizaje
Municio, J. I. P. (1999) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 176
Basolateral amygdala is not critical for cognitive memory of contextual fear conditioning
Vazdarjanova, A., & McGaugh, J. L. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.25.15003 · Cited by 176
Neuronal responsiveness to various sensory stimuli, and associative learning in the rat amygdala.
Uwano, T., Nishijo, H., Ono, T., & Tamura, R. (1995) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)00125-3 · Cited by 176
Differential Fear Conditioning Induces Reciprocal Changes in the Sensory Responses of Lateral Amygdala Neurons to the CS+ and CS−
Collins, D. R., & Paré, D. (2000) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.7.2.97 · Cited by 171
Stimulus generalization of fear responses: effects of auditory cortex lesions in a computational model and in rats
Armony, J. L. (1997) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/7.2.157 · Cited by 167
Involvement of LTP in memory: Are we “searching under the street light”?
Barnes, C. A. (1995) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90166-3 · Cited by 155
The role of amygdaloid central nucleus in the retention of differential pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia in rabbits
Gentile, C. G., Jarrell, T. W., Teich, A. H., McCabe, P. M., & Schneiderman, N. (1986) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(86)90226-3 · Cited by 153
Auditory fear conditioning increases CS‐elicited spike firing in lateral amygdala neurons even after extensive overtraining
Maren, S. (2000) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00281.x · Cited by 139
Emotional experience, expression, and regulation of high-quality Japanese elementary school teachers
Hosotani, R., & Imai-Matsumura, K. (2011) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.03.010 · Cited by 138
Emotional memory: What does the amygdala do?
Phelps, E. A., & Anderson, A. K. (1997) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00146-1 · Cited by 134
Hippocampal lesions in rats and their effect on activity, avoidance, and aggression.
Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., & Fial, R. A. (1970) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028958 · Cited by 130
Involvement of cortical and thalamic auditory regions in retention of differential bradycardiac conditioning to acoustic conditioned stimuli in rabbits
Jarrell, T. W., Gentile, C. G., Romanski, L. M., McCabe, P. M., & Schneiderman, N. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)91135-8 · Cited by 129
Physiological Basis of Aging and Geriatrics
(2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9781420007091 · Cited by 127
Emotion and the limbic system concept
LeDoux, J. E. (1991) · Cited by 119
Self-citation
Injections of the NMDA Receptor Antagonist Aminophosphonopentanoic Acid into the Lateral Nucleus of the Amygdala Block the Expression of Fear-Potentiated Startle and Freezing
Fendt, M. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-11-04111.2001 · Cited by 117
Induction of long‐term potentiation in the basolateral amygdala does not depend on NMDA receptor activation
Chapman, P. F., & Bellavance, L. L. (1992) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.890110406 · Cited by 117
The limbic system: a review of its empirical foundation
Kötter, R., & Meyer, N. (1992) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80221-9 · Cited by 97
Basolateral amygdaloid multi-unit neuronal correlates of discriminative avoidance learning in rabbits
Maren, S., Poremba, A., & Michael, G. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)90473-9 · Cited by 96
Frontal lobe-related cognitive functions in patients with sleep apnea syndrome before and after treatment.
Feuerstein, C., Naegele-Faure, B., Pépin, J., & Levy, P. A. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 93
Better, deeper, and more enduring brief therapy: the rational emotive behavior therapy approach
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-5984 · Cited by 85
Long-term enhancement of EPSP and NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the amygdala
Gean, P.-W., Chang, F., Huang, C., Lin, J.-H., & Way, L.-J. (1993) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90003-t · Cited by 84
Serotonin 2A and 2B receptor-induced phrenic motor facilitation: differential requirement for spinal NADPH oxidase activity
MacFarlane, P. M., Vinit, S., & Mitchell, G. S. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.011 · Cited by 78
Oxytocin improves mentalizing – Pronounced effects for individuals with attenuated ability to empathize
Feeser, M., Fan, Y., Weigand, A., Hahn, A., Gärtner, M., Böker, H., Grimm, S., & Bajbouj, M. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.015 · Cited by 74
Neuroscience, education and special education
Goswami, U. (2004) · British Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1111/j.0952-3383.2004.00352.x · Cited by 70
A computational analysis of consciousness
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1992) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522379.003.0016 · Cited by 68
Retuning the brain by fear conditioning.
Weinberger, N. M. (1995) · Cited by 67
Oxytocin and Social Cognition
Ebert, A., & Brüne, M. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_21 · Cited by 66
The Hippocampal System and Declarative Memory in Humans and Animals: Experimental Analysis and Historical Origins
(1994) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4545.003.0007 · Cited by 66
Learning beyond the body: from embodied representations to explicitation mediated by external representations / Aprender más allá del cuerpo: de las representaciones encarnadas a la explicitación mediada por representaciones externas
Pozo, J. I. (2017) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1080/02103702.2017.1306942 · Cited by 62
Multiple Intelligences
Greenhaus, J. H., & A.Callanan, G. (2006) · Encyclopedia of Career Development · doi:10.4135/9781412952675.n184 · Cited by 61
Linkage at the Top
Fuster, J. M. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80638-8 · Cited by 58
Oxytocin increases attention to the eyes and selectively enhances self-reported affective empathy for fear
Hubble, K., Daughters, K., Manstead, A. S. R., Rees, A., Thapar, A., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.019 · Cited by 41
The When and Where of Reading in the Brain
Sereno, S. C., & Rayner, K. (2000) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.1999.1167 · Cited by 39
The LTP–memory connection
Eichenbaum, H. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378131a0 · Cited by 36
To Cortex: Thanks for the Memories
Eichenbaum, H. (1997) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80364-5 · Cited by 24
Down with novelty
Morris, R. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/29655 · Cited by 15
The induction of c-Fos in the NTS after taste aversion learning is not correlated with measures of conditioned fear.
Schafe, G. E., Fitts, D. A., Thiele, T. E., LeDoux, J. E., & Bernstein, I. L. (2000) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.114.1.99 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
[Neurobiology of memory].
Trillet, M. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 14
Clinical Applications of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Voets, N., & Matthews, P. M. (2005) · Imaging Decisions MRI · doi:10.1111/j.1617-0830.2005.00037.x · Cited by 10
Emotional intelligence: a qualitative study of the development of emotional intelligence of community college students enrolled in a leadership development program
Carter, S. D. (2015) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 6
La inteligencia emocional
Bermejo, J. C. (2020) · Economist & jurist · Cited by 6
Radiology-based brain atlas for education
(2003) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(03)00431-x · Cited by 5

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286
Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression
Drevets, W. C., Price, J. L., & Furey, M. L. (2008) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-008-0189-x · Cited by 2,241
Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies.
Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180 · Cited by 1,734
Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease
McEwen, B. S., & Gianaros, P. J. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x · Cited by 1,715
Neurocircuitry of Mood Disorders
Price, J. L., & Drevets, W. C. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.104 · Cited by 1,606
Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012 · Cited by 1,389
“Fear is a defensive mechanism that activates behavioral and neurobiological responses to danger that promote survival, including freezing and activation of sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis, generating downstream hormonal and metabolic changes (LeDoux, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Amygdala circuitry mediating reversible and bidirectional control of anxiety
Tye, K. M., Prakash, R., Kim, S.-Y., Fenno, L. E., Grosenick, L., Zarabi, H., Thompson, K. R., Gradinaru, V., Ramakrishnan, C., & Deisseroth, K. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09820 · Cited by 1,289
The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness
Sakurai, T. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2092 · Cited by 1,276
The Molecular and Systems Biology of Memory
Kandel, E. R., Dudai, Y., & Mayford, M. R. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001 · Cited by 1,134
The Multifaceted Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Emotion, Decision Making, Social Cognition, and Psychopathology
Hiser, J., & Koenigs, M. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.030 · Cited by 972
Emotion and the motivational brain
Lang, P. J., & Bradley, M. M. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.007 · Cited by 1,006
Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience.
Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2016) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000033 · Cited by 1,031
“From there the information passes to the central nucleus of the amygdala, which in turns projects to the regions that control the behaviors and physiological responses that are the symptoms of fear (Davis, Rainnie, & Cassell, 1994; LeDoux, 2003; Maren & Quirk, 2004).”
Background
Excitatory transmission from the amygdala to nucleus accumbens facilitates reward seeking
Stuber, G. D., Sparta, D. R., Stamatakis, A. M., van Leeuwen, W. A., Hardjoprajitno, J. E., Cho, S., Tye, K. M., Kempadoo, K. A., Zhang, F., Deisseroth, K., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10194 · Cited by 878
Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892
Functional connectivity of the human amygdala using resting state fMRI
Roy, A. K., Shehzad, Z., Margulies, D. S., Kelly, A. M. C., Uddin, L. Q., Gotimer, K., Biswal, B. B., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.11.030 · Cited by 749
Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory
Evans, G. W., & Schamberg, M. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0811910106 · Cited by 724
The amygdala, reward and emotion
Murray, E. A. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.013 · Cited by 679
The Restless Engram: Consolidations Never End
Dudai, Y. (2012) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150500 · Cited by 644
Alcohol: Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and the Brain
Oscar-Berman, M., & Marinković, K. (2007) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9038-6 · Cited by 619
Neurobiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Kaye, W. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.037 · Cited by 625
Why ritualized behavior? Precaution Systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological and cultural rituals
Boyer, P., & Liénard, P. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x06009332 · Cited by 601
The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in the Conditioning and Extinction of Fear
Giustino, T. F., & Maren, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00298 · Cited by 519
The role of the hippocampus in flexible cognition and social behavior
Rubin, R. D., Watson, P. D., Duff, M. C., & Cohen, N. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00742 · Cited by 489
Brain basis of early parent–infant interactions: psychology, physiology, and in vivo functional neuroimaging studies
Swain, J. E., Lorberbaum, J. P., Kose, S., & Strathearn, L. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01731.x · Cited by 499
Orbitofrontal cortex function and structure in depression
DREVETS, W. C. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1401.029 · Cited by 417
Neural mechanisms in Williams syndrome: a unique window to genetic influences on cognition and behaviour
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Mervis, C. B., & Faith Berman, K. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1906 · Cited by 411
Neural Correlates of Processing Valence and Arousal in Affective Words
Lewis, P., Critchley, H., Rotshtein, P., & Dolan, R. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhk024 · Cited by 391
The intense world syndrome-an alternative hypothesis for autism
Markram, H. (2007) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.01.1.1.006.2007 · Cited by 394
Oxytocin Selectively Gates Fear Responses Through Distinct Outputs from the Central Amygdala
Viviani, D., Charlet, A., van den Burg, E., Robinet, C., Hurni, N., Abatis, M., Magara, F., & Stoop, R. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1201043 · Cited by 381
The development of human amygdala functional connectivity at rest from 4 to 23years: A cross-sectional study
Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E., Hare, T., & Tottenham, N. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.038 · Cited by 372
Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Amplifications of Neuropathic Pain in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Xu, H., Wu, L.-J., Wang, H., Zhang, X., Vadakkan, K. I., Kim, S. S., Steenland, H. W., & Zhuo, M. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1812-08.2008 · Cited by 370
Cross-species affective neuroscience decoding of the primal affective experiences of humans and related animals
Panksepp, J. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021236 · Cited by 342
Randomized clinical trial of real-time fMRI amygdala neurofeedback for major depressive disorder: effects on symptoms and autobiographical memory recall
Young, K. D., Siegle, G. J., Zotev, V., Phillips, R., Misaki, M., Yuan, H., Drevets, W. C., & Bodurka, J. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16060637 · Cited by 331
Defective GABAergic Neurotransmission and Pharmacological Rescue of Neuronal Hyperexcitability in the Amygdala in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome
Olmos-Serrano, J. L., Paluszkiewicz, S. M., Martin, B. S., Kaufmann, W. E., Corbin, J. G., & Huntsman, M. M. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1714-10.2010 · Cited by 309
Treatment-resistant anxiety disorders
Bystritsky, A. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001852 · Cited by 289
Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers
Swain, J. E., Kim, P., Spicer, J., Ho, S. S., Dayton, C. J., Elmadih, A., & Abel, K. M. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.007 · Cited by 290
Stress, anxiety, and dendritic spines: What are the connections?
Leuner, B., & Shors, T. J. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.021 · Cited by 284
Repeated Social Defeat, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior: Monocytes Carry the Signal
Weber, M. D., Godbout, J. P., & Sheridan, J. F. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.102 · Cited by 283
Why We Like to Drink: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Rewarding and Anxiolytic Effects of Alcohol
Gilman, J. M., Ramchandani, V. A., Davis, M. B., Bjork, J. M., & Hommer, D. W. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0086-08.2008 · Cited by 267
“The amygdala in particular is critical in an attention allocation circuit that is recruited by stimuli that signal the requirement for an immediate behavioral response, such as fight or flight (LeDoux, 2003; Fitzgerald et al., 2006).”
Background
Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning
Catlow, B. J., Song, S., Paredes, D. A., Kirstein, C. L., & Sanchez-Ramos, J. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3579-0 · Cited by 266
The role of REM sleep theta activity in emotional memory
Hutchison, I. C., & Rathore, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01439 · Cited by 245
Effects of oxytocin and prosocial behavior on brain responses to direct and vicariously experienced pain.
Singer, T., Snozzi, R., Bird, G., Petrovic, P., Silani, G., Heinrichs, M., & Dolan, R. J. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014195 · Cited by 248
Convergence of interoception, emotion, and social cognition: a twofold fMRI meta-analysis and lesion approach
Adolfi, F., Couto, B., Richter, F., Decety, J., Lopez, J., Sigman, M., Manes, F., & Ibáñez, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.019 · Cited by 238
Role of stress, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and amygdala plasticity in chronic anxiety
Shekhar, A., Truitt, W., Rainnie, D., & Sajdyk, T. (2005) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890500504557 · Cited by 237
FMRI brain-computer interface: a tool for neuroscientific research and treatment.
Sitaram, R., Caria, A., Veit, R., Gaber, T., Rota, G., Kuebler, A., & Birbaumer, N. (2007) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2007/25487 · Cited by 233
The human parental brain: In vivo neuroimaging
Swain, J. E. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.017 · Cited by 234
The Brain Circuitry Underlying the Temporal Evolution of Nausea in Humans
Napadow, V., Sheehan, J. D., Kim, J., LaCount, L. T., Park, K., Kaptchuk, T. J., Rosen, B. R., & Kuo, B. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs073 · Cited by 215
Rapid strengthening of thalamo-amygdala synapses mediates cue–reward learning
Tye, K. M., Stuber, G. D., de Ridder, B., Bonci, A., & Janak, P. H. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06963 · Cited by 216
Prenatal stress affects placental cytokines and neurotrophins, commensal microbes, and anxiety-like behavior in adult female offspring
Gur, T. L., Shay, L., Palkar, A. V., Fisher, S., Varaljay, V. A., Dowd, S., & Bailey, M. T. (2017) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.021 · Cited by 213
MR-based in vivo hippocampal volumetrics: 1. Review of methodologies currently employed
Geuze, E., Vermetten, E., & Bremner, J. D. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001580 · Cited by 185
Extracellular matrix abnormalities in schizophrenia
Berretta, S. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.010 · Cited by 179
Infant bonding and attachment to the caregiver: insights from basic and clinical science
Sullivan, R., Perry, R., Sloan, A., Kleinhaus, K., & Burtchen, N. (2011) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2011.08.011 · Cited by 181
Defining the social phenotype in Williams syndrome: a model for linking gene, the brain, and behavior
Järvinen-Pasley, A., Bellugi, U., Reilly, J., MILLS, D. L., Galaburda, A., Reiss, A. L., & Korenberg, J. R. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000011 · Cited by 177
Revisiting the global workspace orchestrating the hierarchical organization of the human brain
Deco, G., Vidaurre, D., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-01003-6 · Cited by 162
Evolution and ontogeny of stress response to social challenges in the human child
FLINN, M. (2006) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.003 · Cited by 173
A distributed fMRI-based signature for the subjective experience of fear
Zhou, F., Zhao, W., Qi, Z., Geng, Y., Yao, S., Kendrick, K. M., Wager, T. D., & Becker, B. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26977-3 · Cited by 155
The effect of facial expressions on peripersonal and interpersonal spaces
Ruggiero, G., Frassinetti, F., Coello, Y., Rapuano, M., di Cola, A. S., & Iachini, T. (2017) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-016-0806-x · Cited by 171
Amygdala interconnections with the cingulate motor cortex in the rhesus monkey
Morecraft, R. J., McNeal, D. W., Stilwell‐Morecraft, K. S., Gedney, M., Ge, J., Schroeder, C. M., & van Hoesen, G. W. (2007) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21165 · Cited by 166
Dorsal and ventral streams: the distinct role of striatal subregions in the acquisition and performance of goal-directed actions
Hart, G., Leung, B. K., & Balleine, B. W. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.003 · Cited by 166
Emotion in reinforcement learning agents and robots: a survey
Moerland, T. M., Broekens, J., & Jonker, C. M. (2018) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/s10994-017-5666-0 · Cited by 205
Mood and anxiety regulation by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: A potential pathway to modulate aggression and related behavioral states
Picciotto, M. R., Lewis, A. S., van Schalkwyk, G. I., & Mineur, Y. S. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.028 · Cited by 157
Predicting long-term outcome of Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder using fMRI and support vector machine learning.
Månsson, K. N. T., Frick, A., Boraxbekk, C.-J., Marquand, A. F., Williams, S. C. R., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Furmark, T. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.22 · Cited by 154
Dissociating Bottom-Up and Top-Down Mechanisms in the Cortico-Limbic System during Emotion Processing
Comte, M., Schön, D., Coull, J. T., Reynaud, E., Khalfa, S., Belzeaux, R., Ibrahim, E. C., Guedj, E., Blin, O., Weinberger, D. R., et al. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu185 · Cited by 142
Oxytocin׳s role in anxiety: A critical appraisal
MacDonald, K., & Feifel, D. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.025 · Cited by 139
Behavioral control blunts reactions to contemporaneous and future adverse events: Medial prefrontal cortex plasticity and a corticostriatal network
Maier, S. F. (2015) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.09.003 · Cited by 143
The Insula and Evaluative Processes
Berntson, G. G., Norman, G. J., Bechara, A., Bruss, J., Tranel, D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610391097 · Cited by 136
Pavlovian fear memory circuits and phenotype models of PTSD
Johnson, L. R., McGuire, J., Lazarus, R., & Palmer, A. A. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.004 · Cited by 140
Fear Conditioning and Long‐term Potentiation in the Amygdala: What Really Is the Connection?
Sah, P., Westbrook, R. F., & Lüthi, A. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1417.020 · Cited by 138
Species-specific response to human infant faces in the premotor cortex
Caria, A., de Falco, S., Venuti, P., Lee, S., Esposito, G., Rigo, P., Birbaumer, N., & Bornstein, M. H. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.068 · Cited by 135
Altered amygdala connectivity in urban youth exposed to trauma
Thomason, M. E., Marusak, H. A., Tocco, M. A., Vila, A. M., McGarragle, O., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv030 · Cited by 127
“Increased FC indicates greater signal covariance between regions that detect threat and generate fear responses (i.e., amygdala; LeDoux, 2003) and process meaning and prediction”
Background
Brain-heart interaction in perseverative cognition
Ottaviani, C. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13082 · Cited by 129
Functional magnetic resonance imaging during emotion recognition in social anxiety disorder: an activation likelihood meta-analysis
Hattingh, C. J., Ipser, J., Tromp, S. A., Syal, S., Lochner, C., Brooks, S. J., & Stein, D. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00347 · Cited by 129
Association between childhood trauma and catecholamine response to psychological stress in police academy recruits
Otte, C., Neylan, T. C., Pole, N., Metzler, T., Best, S., Henn-Haase, C., Yehuda, R., & Marmar, C. R. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.009 · Cited by 127
Dynamics of dendritic spines in the mouse auditory cortex during memory formation and memory recall.
Moczulska, K. E., Tinter-Thiede, J., Peter, M., Ushakova, L., Wernle, T., Bathellier, B., & Rumpel, S. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1312508110 · Cited by 127
Failure of Neural Responses to Safety Cues in Schizophrenia
Holt, D. J., Coombs, G., Zeidan, M. A., Goff, D. C., & Milad, M. R. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2310 · Cited by 121
Midbrain activation during pavlovian conditioning and delusional symptoms in schizophrenia
Romaniuk, L., Honey, G. D., King, J. R. L., Whalley, H. C., McIntosh, A. M., Levita, L., Hughes, M., Johnstone, E. C., Day, M., Lawrie, S. M., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.169 · Cited by 113
Functional and dysfunctional brain circuits underlying emotional processing of music in autism spectrum disorders
Caria, A., Venuti, P., & de Falco, S. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr084 · Cited by 118
Fear conditioning of SCR but not the startle reflex requires conscious discrimination of threat and safety
Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00032 · Cited by 110
Robust is not necessarily reliable: From within-subjects fMRI contrasts to between-subjects comparisons
Infantolino, Z. P., Luking, K. R., Sauder, C. L., Curtin, J. J., & Hajcak, G. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.024 · Cited by 108
Developmental emergence of fear learning corresponds with changes in amygdala synaptic plasticity
Thompson, J. V., Sullivan, R. M., & Wilson, D. A. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.057 · Cited by 109
Rapid treatment-induced brain changes in pediatric CRPS
Erpelding, N., Simons, L., Lebel, A., Serrano, P., Pielech, M., Prabhu, S., Becerra, L., & Borsook, D. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0957-8 · Cited by 108
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates of Emotional Word Encoding and Recognition in Depression and Anxiety Disorders
van Tol, M.-J., Demenescu, L. R., van der Wee, N. J. A., Kortekaas, R., Marjan M.A., N., Boer, J. A. D., Renken, R. J., van Buchem, M. A., Zitman, F. G., Aleman, A., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.016 · Cited by 105
DEVICE-BASED BRAIN STIMULATION TO AUGMENT FEAR EXTINCTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PTSD TREATMENT AND BEYOND: Review: Device-Based Brain Stimulation to Augment Fear Extinction
Marin, M.-F., Camprodon, J. A., Dougherty, D. D., & Milad, M. R. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22252 · Cited by 106
Amygdala activation and symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Via, E., Cardoner, N., Pujol, J., Alonso, P., López-Solà, M., Real, E., Contreras-Rodríguez, O., Deus, J., Segalàs, C., Menchón, J. M., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.123364 · Cited by 101
Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions
Alarcón, G., Cservenka, A., Rudolph, M. D., Fair, D. A., & Nagel, B. J. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.013 · Cited by 105
Multiple memory systems, multiple time points: How science can inform treatment to control the expression of unwanted emotional memories
Visser, R. M., Lau-Zhu, A., Henson, R. N., & Holmes, E. A. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0209 · Cited by 95
Low dose intranasal oxytocin delivered with Breath Powered device dampens amygdala response to emotional stimuli: A peripheral effect-controlled within-subjects randomized dose-response fMRI trial
Quintana, D. S., Westlye, L. T., Alnæs, D., Rustan, Ø. G., Kaufmann, T., Smerud, K. T., Mahmoud, R. A., Djupesland, P. G., & Andreassen, O. A. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.010 · Cited by 102
Toward understanding the impact of trauma on the early developing human brain
Thomason, M. E., & Marusak, H. A. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.022 · Cited by 101
Site-Specific Genetic Manipulation of Amygdala Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Reveals Its Imperative Role in Mediating Behavioral Response to Challenge
Regev, L., Tsoory, M., Gil, S., & Chen, A. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.036 · Cited by 93
Subjective and neural responses to intravenous alcohol in young adults with light and heavy drinking patterns
Gilman, J. M., Ramchandani, V. A., Crouss, T., & Hommer, D. W. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.206 · Cited by 97
Neuroimaging Studies in Eating Disorders
Frank, G. K., Bailer, U. F., Henry, S., Wagner, A., & Kaye, W. H. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900009639 · Cited by 94
Amygdala real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback for major depressive disorder: A review
Young, K. D., Zotev, V., Phillips, R., Misaki, M., Drevets, W. C., & Bodurka, J. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12665 · Cited by 83
Amygdala response to mother
Tottenham, N., Shapiro, M., Telzer, E. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01128.x · Cited by 91
Fear Recognition Ability Predicts Differences in Social Cognitive and Neural Functioning in Men
Corden, B., Critchley, H. D., Skuse, D., & Dolan, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.6.889 · Cited by 91
Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development
Suleiman, A. B., Galván, A., Harden, K. P., & Dahl, R. E. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.09.004 · Cited by 89
Methylphenidate facilitates learning-induced amygdala plasticity
Tye, K. M., Tye, L. D., Cone, J. J., Hekkelman, E. F., Janak, P. H., & Bonci, A. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2506 · Cited by 89
α 7 -Containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on interneurons of the basolateral amygdala and their role in the regulation of the network excitability
Pidoplichko, V. I., Prager, E. M., Aroniadou-Anderjaska, V., & Braga, M. F. M. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01030.2012 · Cited by 90
Confidence in beliefs about pain predicts expectancy effects on pain perception and anticipatory processing in right anterior insula
Brown, C. A., Seymour, B., El-Deredy, W., & Jones, A. K. P. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.04.028 · Cited by 83
iPlasticity: Induced juvenile‐like plasticity in the adult brain as a mechanism of antidepressants
Umemori, J., Winkel, F., Didio, G., Llach Pou, M., & Castrén, E. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12683 · Cited by 80
The effects of trauma on brain and body: A unifying role for the midbrain periaqueductal gray
Terpou, B. A., Harricharan, S., McKinnon, M. C., Frewen, P., Jetly, R., & Lanius, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24447 · Cited by 82

Contextual conditioning and the US preexposure effect in conditioned fear.
Baker, A. G., Mercier, P., Gabel, J., & Baker, P. A. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037//0097-7403.7.2.109 · Cited by 89
Extended fear conditioning reveals a role for both N-methyl-d-aspartic acid and non-N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors in the amygdala in the acquisition of conditioned fear
Pistell, P. J., & Falls, W. A. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.012 · Cited by 4
The amygdala and emotion: a view through fear
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198505013.003.0007 · Cited by 138
Self-citation
Deep brain stimulation of the amygdala alleviates fear conditioning-induced alterations in synaptic plasticity in the cortical–amygdala pathway and fear memory
Sui, L., Huang, S., Peng, B.-B., Ren, J., Tian, F., & Wang, Y. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1183-5 · Cited by 25
Animal studies of amygdala function in fear and uncertainty: Relevance to human research
Rosen, J. B., & Donley, M. P. (2006) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.01.007 · Cited by 138

Authors: LeDoux, J.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
Corresponding author: LeDoux, Joseph
ORCID: LeDoux, Joseph
Venue: Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-10
Volume: 23
Issue: 4-5
Pages: 727-738
ISSN: 0272-4340 (ISSN-L)
1573-6830
DOI: 10.1023/a:1025048802629
PMC: PMC11530156
OpenAlex: W1513763202
Cited by: 1,818
References: 172
Citations by year: 2026: 60 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 96
FWCI: 16.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: amygdala, fear conditioning, classical conditioning, emotional brain, defense response, emotional circuits
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Animals, Conditioning, Psychological, Emotions, Fear, Humans, Limbic System, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Sensation, Models, Animal

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amygdala

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks