Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products

In the paper

“Animal research supports that nicotine adversely affects auditory processing.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that nicotine exposure during the second postnatal week altered synaptic development in rat auditory cortex. The Abstract says this disruption may lead to impaired auditory cortex function, supporting the citing sentence’s broad, hedged claim about adverse effects on auditory processing. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [71] Aramakis VB Hsieh CY Leslie FM Metherate R A critical period for nicotine-induced disruption of synaptic development in rat auditory cortex J Neurosci 2000 20 16 6106 16 10934260 PMC6772566 source
• Supported

  The Discussion states that gestational nicotine exposure is detrimental to auditory processing under controlled experimental conditions. The study specifically concerns prenatal nicotine exposure in rats and altered auditory sensorimotor gating in their offspring. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [146] Lacy RT Mactutus CF Harrod SB Prenatal iv nicotine exposure produces a sex difference in sensorimotor gating of the auditory startle reflex in adult rats Int J Dev Neurosci 2011 29 2 153 61 21145386 PMC3312379 source

In the paper

“Maternal smoking during pregnancy has adverse effects outside the central nervous system, most notably on lung development, causing lifelong decreases in pulmonary function.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [195] Hayatbakhsh MR Sadasivam S Mamun AA Najman JM Williams GM O’Callaghan MJ Maternal smoking during and after pregnancy and lung function in early adulthood: A prospective study Thorax 2009 64 9 810 4 19525264 source
• Not checked yetcites [196] Moshammer H Hoek G Luttmann-Gibson H Neuberger MA Antova T Gehring U Parental smoking and lung function in children: An international study Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 173 11 1255 63 16484675 source
• Not checked yetcites [197] Cunningham J Dockery DW Speizer FE Maternal smoking during pregnancy as a predictor of lung function in children Am J Epidemiol 1994 139 12 1139 52 8209873 source
• Not checked yetcites [198] Hoo AF Henschen M Dezateux C Costeloe K Stocks J Respiratory function among preterm infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 158 3 700 5 9730993 source
• Not checked yetcites [199] Stocks J Hislop A Sonnappa S Early lung development: Lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease Lancet Respir Med 2013 1 9 728 42 24429276 source

In the paper

“Maternal smoking and smokeless tobacco use during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of neonatal apnea, while maternal smoking is also associated with a decreased arousal response.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [109] Richardson HL Walker AM Horne RS Maternal smoking impairs arousal patterns in sleeping infants Sleep 2009 32 4 515 21 19413145 PMC2663655 source
• Not checked yetcites [112] Kahn A Groswasser J Sottiaux M Kelmanson I Rebuffat E Franco P Prenatal exposure to cigarettes in infants with obstructive sleep apneas Pediatrics 1994 93 5 778 83 8165078 source
• Not checked yetcites [113] Franco P Groswasser J Hassid S Lanquart JP Scaillet S Kahn A Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking is associated with a decrease in arousal in infants J Pediatr 1999 135 1 34 8 10393601 source
• Not checked yetcites [114] Horne RS Franco P Adamson TM Groswasser J Kahn A Influences of maternal cigarette smoking on infant arousability Early Hum Dev 2004 79 1 49 58 15282122 source
• Not checked yetcites [115] Sawnani H Jackson T Murphy T Beckerman R Simakajornboon N The effect of maternal smoking on respiratory and arousal patterns in preterm infants during sleep Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004 169 6 733 8 14684558 source
• Not checked yetcites [116] Stephan-Blanchard E Chardon K Leke A Delanaud S Djeddi D Libert JP In utero exposure to smoking and peripheral chemoreceptor function in preterm neonates Pediatrics 2010 125 3 e592 9 20176675 source
• Not checked yetcites [117] Gunnerbeck A Wikstrom AK Bonamy AK Wickstrom R Cnattingius S Relationship of maternal snuff use and cigarette smoking with neonatal apnea Pediatrics 2011 9 128 3 503 9 21873701 source
• Not checked yetcites [118] Chang AB Wilson SJ Masters IB Yuill M Williams J Williams G Altered arousal response in infants exposed to cigarette smoke Arch Dis Child 2003 88 1 30 3 12495956 PMC1719296 source

In the paper

“A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure”

In the paper

“Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety.”

In the paper

“may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life”

In the paper

“Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety.”

In the paper

“there are no published studies of developmental outcomes using animal models nicotine exposure from electronic cigarettes.”

In the paper

“but no clear association with fetal growth restriction.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Baba S Wikstrom AK Stephansson O Cnattingius S Changes in snuff and smoking habits in swedish pregnant women and risk for small for gestational age births BJOG 2013 120 4 456 62 23190416 source
• Not checked yetcites [37] England LJ Levine RJ Mills JL Klebanoff MA Yu KF Cnattingius S Adverse pregnancy outcomes in snuff users Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003 189 4 939 43 14586330 source
• Not checked yetcites [38] Juarez SP Merlo J The effect of swedish snuff (snus) on offspring birthweight: A sibling analysis PloS One 2013 8 6 e65611 23776512 PMC3680479 source
• Not checked yetcites [39] England LJ Kim SY Shapiro-Mendoza CK Wilson HG Kendrick JS Satten GA Maternal smokeless tobacco use in Alaska Native women and singleton infant birth size Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012 91 1 93 103 21902677 source

In the paper

“Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety.”

In the paper

“Together, these findings provide evidence that nicotine and other tobacco smoke components produce distinctive adverse pregnancy outcomes.”

In the paper

“in 2014, twice as many youth used electronic cigarettes alone as in combination with cigarettes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Lee YO Hebert CJ Nonnemaker JM Kim AE Youth tobacco product use in the united states Pediatrics 2015 135 3 409 15 25647680 source

In the paper

“Since nAChRs are functional at early stages of brain development, their early activation and/or desensitization by nicotine can lead to long-term developmental disruption.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] Dwyer JB Broide RS Leslie FM Nicotine and brain development Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2008 84 1 30 44 18383130 source
• Not checked yetcites [49] Atluri P Fleck MW Shen Q Mah SJ Stadfelt D Barnes W Functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in stem and progenitor cells of the early embryonic mouse cerebral cortex Dev Biol 2001 240 1 143 56 11784052 source
• Not checked yetcites [50] Schneider AS Atluri P Shen Q Barnes W Mah SJ Stadfelt D Functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression on stem and progenitor cells of the early embryonic nervous system Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002 971 135 8 12438103 source

In the paper

“Acetylcholine plays a critical role in brain maturation via activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).”

In the paper

“Electronic cigarette use is not limited to adults or to conventional cigarette smokers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Collaco JM Drummond M McGrath-Morrow SA Electronic cigarette use and exposure in the pediatric population JAMA Pediatr 2015 169 2 177 182 25546699 PMC5557497 source

In the paper

“Even first-trimester exposure can induce disruption of brain development at both cellular and structural levels.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Roy TS Andrews JE Seidler FJ Slotkin TA Nicotine evokes cell death in embryonic rat brain during neurulation The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 1998 287 3 1136 44 9864303 source

In the paper

“Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety.”

In the paper

“recent animal studies suggest that nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs.”

In the paper

“conclusions about the risks of nicotine exposure based on studies in adults cannot be extrapolated to adolescents or pregnant women and their fetuses, because these populations have health risks unique to their particular stages of development.”

In the paper

“animal models utilizing nicotine alone do not demonstrate any consistent effect on fetal growth at exposures modeling those in typical smokers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Navarro HA Seidler FJ Schwartz RD Baker FE Dobbins SS Slotkin TA Prenatal exposure to nicotine impairs nervous system development at a dose which does not affect viability or growth Brain Res Bull 1989 23 3 187 92 2819477 source
• Not checked yetcites [41] Birnbaum SC Kien N Martucci RW Gelzleichter TR Witschi H Hendrickx AG Nicotine- or epinephrine-induced uteroplacental vasoconstriction and fetal growth in the rat Toxicology 1994 94 1-3 69 80 7801331 source
• Not checked yetcites [42] Hussein J Farkas S MacKinnon Y Ariano RE Sitar DS Hasan SU Nicotine dose-concentration relationship and pregnancy outcomes in rat: Biologic plausibility and implications for future research Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007 218 1 1 10 17141291 source

In the paper

“Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety.”

In the paper

“Use has increased dramatically in high school and middle school students since 2011”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [5] Singh T Arrazola RA Corey CG Husten CG Neff LJ Homa DM Tobacco use among middle and high school students - united states, 2011-2015 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016 65 14 361 7 27077789 source

In the paper

“shorter-term studies of exposures to electronic cigarette-derived aerosols in adult mouse models demonstrate that electronic cigarettes can produce pulmonary and behavioral effects similar to those seen with conventional nicotine exposures.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Sussan TE Gajghate S Thimmulappa RK Ma J Kim JH Sudini K Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model PloS One 2015 10 2 e0116861 25651083 PMC4317176 source
• Not checked yetcites [25] Lerner CA Sundar IK Yao H Gerloff J Ossip DJ McIntosh S Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung PloS One 2015 10 2 e0116732 25658421 PMC4319729 source
• Not checked yetcites [26] Garcia-Arcos I Geraghty P Baumlin N Campos M Dabo AJ Jundi B Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of copd in a nicotine-dependent manner Thorax 2016 PMC5136722 27558745 source
• Not checked yetcites [27] Ponzoni L Moretti M Sala M Fasoli F Mucchietto V Lucini V Different physiological and behavioural effects of e-cigarette vapour and cigarette smoke in mice Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015 25 10 1775 86 26141510 source

In the paper

“maternal cigarette smoking has measurable effects on brain structure that are consistent with animal models that evaluated nicotine alone.”

In the paper

“the adverse effects of nicotine on brain development occur at exposure levels that do not compromise somatic growth.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Slotkin TA Cholinergic systems in brain development and disruption by neurotoxicants: Nicotine, environmental tobacco smoke, organophosphates Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004 198 2 132 51 15236950 source

In the paper

“Taken together, studies of tobacco exposure in human fetuses are in agreement with those of nicotine exposure in animals, and in particular, those which documented disruption of brain development independent of effects on fetal growth.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [83] Ekblad M Korkeila J Parkkola R Lapinleimu H Haataja L Lehtonen L Maternal smoking during pregnancy and regional brain volumes in preterm infants J Pediatr 2010 156 2 185 90 e1 19818449 source
• Not checked yetcites [89] Haghighi A Schwartz DH Abrahamowicz M Leonard GT Perron M Richer L Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking, amygdala volume, and fat intake in adolescence JAMA Psychiatry 2013 70 1 98 105 22945562 source
• Not checked yetcites [91] El Marroun H Schmidt MN Franken IH Jaddoe VW Hofman A van der Lugt A Prenatal tobacco exposure and brain morphology: A prospective study in young children Neuropsychopharmacology 2014 39 4 792 800 24096296 PMC3924517 source

In the paper

“the same deficiency in adrenomedullary function in response to hypoxia has been identified in the offspring of smokers at birth.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] Oncken CA Henry KM Campbell WA Kuhn CM Slotkin TA Kranzler HR Effect of maternal smoking on fetal catecholamine concentrations at birth Pediatr Res 2003 53 1 119 24 12508090 source

In the paper

“The effects of isolated nicotine exposure on human fetal brain development have not been studied directly.”

In the paper

“and of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 2.4 to 3-fold.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [101] Dietz PM England LJ Shapiro-Mendoza CK Tong VT Farr SL Callaghan WM Infant morbidity and mortality attributable to prenatal smoking in the U.S Am J Prev Med 2010 39 1 45 52 20547278 source

In the paper

“The loss of cardiovascular adaptation caused by maternal smoking affects the fetus during delivery, when hypoxic events can evoke stillbirth or birth asphyxia, as well as during infancy, when hypoxic events can result in SIDS.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [107] Slotkin TA Epps TA Stenger ML Sawyer KJ Seidler FJ Cholinergic receptors in heart and brainstem of rats exposed to nicotine during development: Implications for hypoxia tolerance and perinatal mortality Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1999 12 113 1-2 1 12 10064868 source

In the paper

“Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of perinatal mortality (which includes both stillbirth and neonatal death) by 20-30%”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [100] DiFranza JR Lew RA Effect of maternal cigarette smoking on pregnancy complications and sudden infant death syndrome J Fam Pract 1995 40 4 385 94 7699353

In the paper

“it is estimated that nicotine is responsible for as much as 36%-46% of the overall impact of tobacco smoke on the development of brain circuitry in animal models.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [79] Slotkin TA Skavicus S Card J Stadler A Levin ED Seidler FJ Developmental neurotoxicity of tobacco smoke directed toward cholinergic and serotonergic systems: More than just nicotine Toxicol Sci 2015 147 1 178 89 26085346 PMC4679867 source

In the paper

“Thus, animal studies indicate that nicotine exposure can negatively impact all stages of fetal brain development.”

In the paper

“the delayed-onset changes that occur when nicotine is no longer present in the system indicate that nicotine changes the entire trajectory of brain development so that adverse effects can emerge later in life, after a period of apparent normality.”

In the paper

“because nicotine targets the fetal brain, damage can be present, even when birth weight is normal.”

In the paper

“Neuronal damage and cell loss involving the activation of genes associated with apoptosis intensify in the postnatal period despite the discontinuation of nicotine exposure.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [57] Slotkin TA Developmental cholinotoxicants: Nicotine and chlorpyrifos Environ Health Perspect 1999 107 Suppl 1 71 80 10229709 PMC1566354 source
• Not checked yetcites [59] Slotkin TA Fetal nicotine or cocaine exposure: Which one is worse? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998 285 3 931 45 9618392 source
• Not checked yetcites [60] Slotkin TA McCook EC Seidler FJ Cryptic brain cell injury caused by fetal nicotine exposure is associated with persistent elevations of c-fos protooncogene expression Brain Res 1997 750 1-2 180 8 9098543 source

In the paper

“nicotine-induced apoptosis in the immature brain is distinct from its effect in the mature brain.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [61] Ferrea S Winterer G Neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of nicotine Pharmacopsychiatry 2009 42 6 255 65 19924585 source
• Not checked yetcites [62] Kawamata J Shimohama S Stimulating nicotinic receptors trigger multiple pathways attenuating cytotoxicity in models of alzheimer’s and parkinson’s diseases J Alzheimers Dis 2011 24 Suppl 2 95 109 21403387 source

In the paper

“Maternal smokeless tobacco use in pregnancy is associated with a 1.6 to 2.6-fold increase in stillbirth.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Gupta PC Subramoney S Smokeless tobacco use and risk of stillbirth: A cohort study in Mumbai, India Epidemiology 2006 17 1 47 51 16357594 source
• Not checked yetcites [33] Wikstrom AK Cnattingius S Stephansson O Maternal use of swedish snuff (snus) and risk of stillbirth Epidemiology 2010 21 6 772 8 20805750 source

In the paper

“The administration of nicotine to pregnant ewes can evoke the same deficit in newborn lambs.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [119] Hafstrom O Milerad J Sundell HW Prenatal nicotine exposure blunts the cardiorespiratory response to hypoxia in lambs Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 166 12 Pt 1 1544 9 12471072 source

In the paper

“while maternal smoking is also associated with a decreased arousal response.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [109] Richardson HL Walker AM Horne RS Maternal smoking impairs arousal patterns in sleeping infants Sleep 2009 32 4 515 21 19413145 PMC2663655 source
• Not checked yetcites [112] Kahn A Groswasser J Sottiaux M Kelmanson I Rebuffat E Franco P Prenatal exposure to cigarettes in infants with obstructive sleep apneas Pediatrics 1994 93 5 778 83 8165078 source
• Not checked yetcites [113] Franco P Groswasser J Hassid S Lanquart JP Scaillet S Kahn A Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking is associated with a decrease in arousal in infants J Pediatr 1999 135 1 34 8 10393601 source
• Not checked yetcites [114] Horne RS Franco P Adamson TM Groswasser J Kahn A Influences of maternal cigarette smoking on infant arousability Early Hum Dev 2004 79 1 49 58 15282122 source
• Not checked yetcites [115] Sawnani H Jackson T Murphy T Beckerman R Simakajornboon N The effect of maternal smoking on respiratory and arousal patterns in preterm infants during sleep Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004 169 6 733 8 14684558 source
• Not checked yetcites [116] Stephan-Blanchard E Chardon K Leke A Delanaud S Djeddi D Libert JP In utero exposure to smoking and peripheral chemoreceptor function in preterm neonates Pediatrics 2010 125 3 e592 9 20176675 source
• Not checked yetcites [117] Gunnerbeck A Wikstrom AK Bonamy AK Wickstrom R Cnattingius S Relationship of maternal snuff use and cigarette smoking with neonatal apnea Pediatrics 2011 9 128 3 503 9 21873701 source
• Not checked yetcites [118] Chang AB Wilson SJ Masters IB Yuill M Williams J Williams G Altered arousal response in infants exposed to cigarette smoke Arch Dis Child 2003 88 1 30 3 12495956 PMC1719296 source

In the paper

“the stress hormone, cortisol, was increased in the cord blood of newborns of smoking mothers”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [130] McDonald SD Walker M Perkins SL Beyene J Murphy K Gibb W The effect of tobacco exposure on the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis BJOG 2006 113 11 1289 95 17014678 source
• Not checked yetcites [131] Varvarigou AA Petsali M Vassilakos P Beratis NG Increased cortisol concentrations in the cord blood of newborns whose mothers smoked during pregnancy J Perinat Med 2006 34 6 466 70 17140296 source
• Not checked yetcites [132] Varvarigou AA Liatsis SG Vassilakos P Decavalas G Beratis NG Effect of maternal smoking on cord blood estriol, placental lactogen, chorionic gonadotropin, FSH, LH, and cortisol J Perinat Med 2009 37 4 364 9 19290844 source

In the paper

“in one study, adult male rats with gestational exposure to nicotine showed abnormal neuroendocrine responses to stress.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [137] Poland RE Lutchmansingh P Au D Edelstein M Lydecker S Hsieh C Exposure to threshold doses of nicotine in utero: I Neuroendocrine response to restraint stress in adult male offspring Life Sci 1994 55 20 1567 75 7968228

In the paper

“Studies later in the neonatal period (10-30 days) found continued or emerging behavioral effects on self-regulation, attention, need for external soothing or handling, and arousal”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [127] Stroud LR Paster RL Papandonatos GD Niaura R Salisbury AL Battle C Maternal smoking during pregnancy and newborn neurobehavior: Effects at 10 to 27 days J Pediatr 2009 154 1 10 6 18990408 PMC3026585 source
• Not checked yetcites [128] Yolton K Khoury J Xu Y Succop P Lanphear B Bernert JT Low-level prenatal exposure to nicotine and infant neurobehavior Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009 31 6 356 63 19619640 PMC2761996 source
• Not checked yetcites [129] Espy KA Fang H Johnson C Stopp C Wiebe SA Prenatal tobacco exposure: Developmental outcomes in the neonatal period Dev Psychol 2011 47 1 153 6 21038943 PMC3057676 source

In the paper

“infants aged 1-7 months showed altered cortisol response to stress.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [133] Ramsay DS Bendersky MI Lewis M Effect of prenatal alcohol and cigarette exposure on two- and six-month-old infants’ adrenocortical reactivity to stress J Pediatr Psychol 1996 21 6 833 40 8990727 PMC1538973 source
• Not checked yetcites [134] Schuetze P Lopez FA Granger DA Eiden RD The association between prenatal exposure to cigarettes and cortisol reactivity and regulation in 7-month-old infants Dev Psychobiol 2008 50 8 819 34 18690653 PMC2585825 source
• Not checked yetcites [135] Stroud LR Papandonatos GD Rodriguez D McCallum M Salisbury AL Phipps MG Maternal smoking during pregnancy and infant stress response: Test of a prenatal programming hypothesis Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014 48 29 40 24999830 PMC4136384 source

In the paper

“Maternal smoking during pregnancy in humans leads to alterations in behavior and stress responsiveness in newborns”

In the paper

“Maternal smoking and smokeless tobacco use during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of neonatal apnea”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [109] Richardson HL Walker AM Horne RS Maternal smoking impairs arousal patterns in sleeping infants Sleep 2009 32 4 515 21 19413145 PMC2663655 source
• Not checked yetcites [112] Kahn A Groswasser J Sottiaux M Kelmanson I Rebuffat E Franco P Prenatal exposure to cigarettes in infants with obstructive sleep apneas Pediatrics 1994 93 5 778 83 8165078 source
• Not checked yetcites [113] Franco P Groswasser J Hassid S Lanquart JP Scaillet S Kahn A Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking is associated with a decrease in arousal in infants J Pediatr 1999 135 1 34 8 10393601 source
• Not checked yetcites [114] Horne RS Franco P Adamson TM Groswasser J Kahn A Influences of maternal cigarette smoking on infant arousability Early Hum Dev 2004 79 1 49 58 15282122 source
• Not checked yetcites [115] Sawnani H Jackson T Murphy T Beckerman R Simakajornboon N The effect of maternal smoking on respiratory and arousal patterns in preterm infants during sleep Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004 169 6 733 8 14684558 source
• Not checked yetcites [116] Stephan-Blanchard E Chardon K Leke A Delanaud S Djeddi D Libert JP In utero exposure to smoking and peripheral chemoreceptor function in preterm neonates Pediatrics 2010 125 3 e592 9 20176675 source
• Not checked yetcites [117] Gunnerbeck A Wikstrom AK Bonamy AK Wickstrom R Cnattingius S Relationship of maternal snuff use and cigarette smoking with neonatal apnea Pediatrics 2011 9 128 3 503 9 21873701 source
• Not checked yetcites [118] Chang AB Wilson SJ Masters IB Yuill M Williams J Williams G Altered arousal response in infants exposed to cigarette smoke Arch Dis Child 2003 88 1 30 3 12495956 PMC1719296 source

In the paper

“animal studies found evidence that prenatal nicotine exposure disrupts stress hormone regulation in offspring.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [137] Poland RE Lutchmansingh P Au D Edelstein M Lydecker S Hsieh C Exposure to threshold doses of nicotine in utero: I Neuroendocrine response to restraint stress in adult male offspring Life Sci 1994 55 20 1567 75 7968228 source
• Not checked yetcites [138] Poland RE Lutchmansingh P Au D Hsieh C Acosta S Lydecker S Exposure to threshold doses of nicotine in utero: II Neuroendocrine response to nicotine in adult male offspring Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1994 83 2 278 84 7697884 source
• Not checked yetcites [139] Poland RE Lutchmansingh P Au D McGeoy S Que M Acosta S Exposure to threshold doses of nicotine in utero: Iii Augmentation of the prolactin and acth response to 8-oh dpat by desipramine treatment is compromised in adult male offspring Neurotoxicology 1996 17 2 351 8 8856731

In the paper

“A recent sibling study that included detailed exposure data and careful control for family-level effects found modest, but statistically significant associations between tobacco exposure and conduct disorder symptoms and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [153] Estabrook R Massey SH Clark CA Burns JL Mustanski BS Cook EH Separating family-level and direct exposure effects of smoking during pregnancy on offspring externalizing symptoms: Bridging the behavior genetic and behavior teratologic divide Behav Genet 2015 PMC4860106 26581695 source

In the paper

“More recently, high quality, prospective studies using multimethod exposure measurement and propensity score modeling have delineated a coherent pattern of disruptive behavior associated with prenatal tobacco exposure, beginning in early childhood.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [151] Gaysina D Fergusson DM Leve LD Horwood J Reiss D Shaw DS Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring conduct problems: Evidence from 3 independent genetically sensitive research designs JAMA Psychiatry 2013 70 9 956 63 23884431 PMC3828999 source
• Not checked yetcites [152] Wiebe SA Clark CA De Jong DM Chevalier N Espy KA Wakschlag L Prenatal tobacco exposure and self-regulation in early childhood: Implications for developmental psychopathology Dev Psychopathol 2015 27 2 397 409 25997761 PMC10112534 source

In the paper

“Adverse outcomes on affective behavior have also been identified, including learned helplessness, fear trace conditioning, and anhedonia.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [191] Paz R Barsness B Martenson T Tanner D Allan AM Behavioral teratogenicity induced by nonforced maternal nicotine consumption Neuropsychopharmacology 2007 32 3 693 9 16554741 source
• Not checked yetcites [192] Franke RM Park M Belluzzi JD Leslie FM Prenatal nicotine exposure changes natural and drug-induced reinforcement in adolescent male rats Eur J Neurosci 2008 6 27 11 2952 61 18588535 source

In the paper

“Research suggests that these deficits reflect effects on nAChR modulation of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [187] Nakauchi S Malvaez M Su H Kleeman E Dang R Wood MA Early postnatal nicotine exposure causes hippocampus-dependent memory impairments in adolescent mice: Association with altered nicotinic cholinergic modulation of ltp, but not impaired LTP Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015 118 178 88 25545599 PMC4331249 source

In the paper

“some studies found normal reflex development in exposed animals”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [180] Sobrian SK Holson RR Effects of pre- and neonatal nicotine exposure in rodents: Inconsistent evidence Ilar J 2011 52 3 251 94 23382143 source

In the paper

“an increased risk of low-frequency hearing loss has been documented in adolescent offspring of women who smoked during pregnancy.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [145] Weitzman M Govil N Liu YH Lalwani AK Maternal prenatal smoking and hearing loss among adolescents JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013 139 7 669 77 23788030 source

In the paper

“The most consistent associations are with externalizing and disruptive behaviors, such as conduct disorder (antisocial personality disorder in adults) and oppositional defiant disorder, from infancy through adulthood, as well as the precursors of these behaviors.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [148] Ernst M Moolchan ET Robinson ML Behavioral and neural consequences of prenatal exposure to nicotine J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001 40 6 630 41 11392340 source
• Not checked yetcites [149] Wakschlag LS Pickett KE Cook E Jr Benowitz NL Leventhal BL Maternal smoking during pregnancy and severe antisocial behavior in offspring: A review Am J Public Health 2002 92 6 966 74 12036791 PMC1447496 source

In the paper

“a major limitation of traditional approaches to studies of prenatal tobacco exposure and behavioral outcomes has been the inability to fully control for potential confounding factors, particularly family environment and genetic factors.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [150] D’Onofrio BM Van Hulle CA Waldman ID Rodgers JL Harden KP Rathouz PJ Smoking during pregnancy and offspring externalizing problems: An exploration of genetic and environmental confounds Dev Psychopathol 2008 20 1 139 64 18211732 PMC3737574 source

In the paper

“These studies add evidence supporting a role for prenatal tobacco exposure in increased risk for externalizing behaviors.”

In the paper

“there is greater consistency among animal studies examining the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on cognitive development, suggestive of global impairments in learning and memory.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [181] Vaglenova J Birru S Pandiella NM Breese CR An assessment of the long-term developmental and behavioral teratogenicity of prenatal nicotine exposure Behav Brain Res 2004 150 1-2 159 70 15033289 source
• Not checked yetcites [182] Portugal GS Wilkinson DS Turner JR Blendy JA Gould TJ Developmental effects of acute, chronic, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine on fear conditioning Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012 97 4 482 94 22521799 PMC3358528 source
• Not checked yetcites [183] Cutler AR Wilkerson AE Gingras JL Levin ED Prenatal cocaine and/or nicotine exposure in rats: Preliminary findings on long-term cognitive outcome and genital development at birth Neurotoxicol Teratol 1996 18 6 635 43 8947940 source
• Not checked yetcites [184] Levin ED Briggs SJ Christopher NC Rose JE Prenatal nicotine exposure and cognitive performance in rats Neurotoxicol Teratol 1993 15 4 251 60 8413079 source
• Not checked yetcites [185] Levin ED Wilkerson A Jones JP Christopher NC Briggs SJ Prenatal nicotine effects on memory in rats: Pharmacological and behavioral challenges Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1996 97 2 207 15 8997505 source
• Not checked yetcites [186] Sorenson CA Raskin LA Suh Y The effects of prenatal nicotine on radial-arm maze performance in rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991 40 4 991 3 1816586 source
• Not checked yetcites [187] Nakauchi S Malvaez M Su H Kleeman E Dang R Wood MA Early postnatal nicotine exposure causes hippocampus-dependent memory impairments in adolescent mice: Association with altered nicotinic cholinergic modulation of ltp, but not impaired LTP Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015 118 178 88 25545599 PMC4331249 source
• Not checked yetcites [188] Ankarberg E Fredriksson A Eriksson P Neurobehavioural defects in adult mice neonatally exposed to nicotine: Changes in nicotine-induced behaviour and maze learning performance Behav Brain Res 2001 9 14 123 2 185 92 11399330 source
• Not checked yetcites [189] Eppolito AK Smith RF Long-term behavioral and developmental consequences of pre- and perinatal nicotine Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006 85 4 835 41 17196635 source
• Not checked yetcites [190] Yanai J Pick CG Rogel-Fuchs Y Zahalka EA Alterations in hippocampal cholinergic receptors and hippocampal behaviors after early exposure to nicotine Brain Res Bull 1992 29 3-4 363 8 1393609 source

In the paper

“adoption studies provide support for an independent effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on externalizing behaviors.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [151] Gaysina D Fergusson DM Leve LD Horwood J Reiss D Shaw DS Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring conduct problems: Evidence from 3 independent genetically sensitive research designs JAMA Psychiatry 2013 70 9 956 63 23884431 PMC3828999 source

In the paper

“Adolescents and young adults are thus more vulnerable to addiction than adults.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [223] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General Atlanta, GA U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion 2012

In the paper

“In rodent models, prenatal nicotine exposure causes similar DNA methylation changes, including changes in Runx1 methylation, which has been associated with increased risk of asthma”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [216] Liu J Naeem E Tian J Lombardi V Kwong K Akbari O Sex-specific perinatal nicotine-induced asthma in rat offspring Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013 1 48 1 53 62 23002101 PMC3547089 source
• Not checked yetcites [217] Rehan VK Liu J Sakurai R Torday JS Perinatal nicotine-induced transgenerational asthma Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013 305 7 L501 7 23911437 PMC3798762 source
• Not checked yetcites [218] Rehan VK Liu J Naeem E Tian J Sakurai R Kwong K Perinatal nicotine exposure induces asthma in second generation offspring BMC Med 2012 10 129 23106849 PMC3568737 source
• Not checked yetcites [219] Haley KJ Lasky-Su J Manoli SE Smith LA Shahsafaei A Weiss ST Runx transcription factors: Association with pediatric asthma and modulated by maternal smoking Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011 301 5 L693 701 21803869 PMC3213989 source

In the paper

“The increased collagen and decreased elastin caused by prenatal nicotine exposure likely underlies the decreases in lung compliance seen in the offspring of smokers.”

In the paper

“In both monkeys and mice, exposure to prenatal nicotine alone, at levels similar to that of smokers, causes similar decreases in forced expiratory flow.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [205] Wongtrakool C Wang N Hyde DM Roman J Spindel ER Prenatal nicotine exposure alters lung function and airway geometry through alpha7 nicotinic receptors Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012 5 46 5 695 702 22246862 PMC3359906 source
• Not checked yetcites [206] Proskocil BJ Sekhon HS Clark JA Lupo SL Jia Y Hull WM Vitamin c prevents the effects of prenatal nicotine on pulmonary function in newborn monkeys Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005 171 9 1032 9 15709053 source
• Not checked yetcites [207] Sekhon HS Keller JA Benowitz NL Spindel ER Prenatal nicotine exposure alters pulmonary function in newborn rhesus monkeys American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2001 164 6 989 94 11587984 source

In the paper

“Maternal smoking during pregnancy has adverse effects outside the central nervous system, most notably on lung development, causing lifelong decreases in pulmonary function.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [195] Hayatbakhsh MR Sadasivam S Mamun AA Najman JM Williams GM O’Callaghan MJ Maternal smoking during and after pregnancy and lung function in early adulthood: A prospective study Thorax 2009 64 9 810 4 19525264 source
• Not checked yetcites [196] Moshammer H Hoek G Luttmann-Gibson H Neuberger MA Antova T Gehring U Parental smoking and lung function in children: An international study Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 173 11 1255 63 16484675 source
• Not checked yetcites [197] Cunningham J Dockery DW Speizer FE Maternal smoking during pregnancy as a predictor of lung function in children Am J Epidemiol 1994 139 12 1139 52 8209873 source
• Not checked yetcites [198] Hoo AF Henschen M Dezateux C Costeloe K Stocks J Respiratory function among preterm infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 158 3 700 5 9730993 source
• Not checked yetcites [199] Stocks J Hislop A Sonnappa S Early lung development: Lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease Lancet Respir Med 2013 1 9 728 42 24429276 source

In the paper

“Research by Rehan and colleagues supports that DNA methylation changes caused by in utero nicotine exposure may persist for multiple generations.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [217] Rehan VK Liu J Sakurai R Torday JS Perinatal nicotine-induced transgenerational asthma Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013 305 7 L501 7 23911437 PMC3798762 source
• Not checked yetcites [218] Rehan VK Liu J Naeem E Tian J Sakurai R Kwong K Perinatal nicotine exposure induces asthma in second generation offspring BMC Med 2012 10 129 23106849 PMC3568737 source

In the paper

“A subsequent survey in 2014 and 2015 found that past-month e-cigarette use has surpassed conventional cigarette use among middle and high school students.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [227] Arrazola RA Singh T Corey CG Husten CG Neff LJ Apelberg BJ Tobacco use among middle and high school students - United States, 2011-2014 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015 17 64 14 381 5 25879896 PMC5779546
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [228] Johnston LD O’Malley PM Miech RA Bachman JG Schulenberg JE Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use: 1975-2014: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use Ann Arbor, MI Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan

In the paper

“epidemiologic studies document that individuals who begin smoking as teens are more likely to become life-long smokers than those who start smoking in their 20’s or later.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [236] Dierker L Swendsen J Rose J He J Merikangas K Transitions to regular smoking and nicotine dependence in the adolescent national comorbidity survey (ncs-a) Ann Behav Med 2012 6 43 3 394 401 22160800 PMC7924908 source
• Not checked yetcites [237] Hu MC Griesler PC Schaffran C Wall MM Kandel DB Trajectories of criteria of nicotine dependence from adolescence to early adulthood Drug Alcohol Depend 2012 1 125 3 283 9 22513378 PMC3592202 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [238] Volkow N Altered pathways: Drug abuse and age of onset Addict Prof 2006 26 29

In the paper

“Several longitudinal studies have found that electronic cigarette use at baseline is associated with increased risk of future use of combustible tobacco products.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [9] Primack BA Soneji S Stoolmiller M Fine MJ Sargent JD Progression to traditional cigarette smoking after electronic cigarette use among us adolescents and young adults JAMA Pediatr 2015 169 11 1018 23 26348249 PMC4800740 source
• Not checked yetcites [10] Leventhal AM Strong DR Kirkpatrick MG Unger JB Sussman S Riggs NR Association of electronic cigarette use with initiation of combustible tobacco product smoking in early adolescence JAMA 2015 314 7 700 7 26284721 PMC4771179 source
• Not checked yetcites [229] Wills TA Knight R Sargent JD Gibbons FX Pagano I Williams RJ Longitudinal study of e-cigarette use and onset of cigarette smoking among high school students in Hawaii Tob Control 2016 PMC4959970 26811353 source
• Not checked yetcites [230] Barrington-Trimis JL Urman R Berhane K Unger JB Cruz TB Pentz MA E-cigarettes and future cigarette use Pediatrics 2016 PMC4925085 27296866 source

In the paper

“adolescents experience symptoms of dependence at lower levels of nicotine exposure than adults.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [239] O’Loughlin J DiFranza J Tyndale RF Meshefedjian G McMillan-Davey E Clarke PB Nicotine-dependence symptoms are associated with smoking frequency in adolescents Am J Prev Med 2003 10 25 3 219 25 14507528 source
• Not checked yetcites [240] DiFranza JR Rigotti NA McNeill AD Ockene JK Savageau JA St Cyr D Initial symptoms of nicotine dependence in adolescents Tob Control 2000 9 9 3 313 9 10982576 PMC1748379 source
• Not checked yetcites [241] Kandel DB Chen K Extent of smoking and nicotine dependence in the united states: 1991-1993 Nicotine Tob Res 2000 2 3 263 74 11082827 source

In the paper

“they suggest that epigenomic modifications in important inflammatory and pulmonary maturation pathways (i.e., glucocorticoid receptors), may result from in utero nicotine exposure.”

In the paper

“Rodent models also suggest that prenatal tobacco exposure can cause decreased histone deacetylate activity in offspring lung, accompanied by changes in expression of the glucocorticoid receptor splice variant 1.7.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [220] Suter MA Abramovici AR Griffin E Branch DW Lane RH Mastrobattista J In utero nicotine exposure epigenetically alters fetal chromatin structure and differentially regulates transcription of the glucocorticoid receptor in a rat model Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2015 103 7 583 8 26172404 PMC4821574 source

In the paper

“smoking during pregnancy causes long-lasting changes in DNA methylation if offspring(213) that are observed in fetal lung,(214) cord blood,(214) and which continue to be present in the blood of school-age children.(215)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [213] Joubert BR Felix JF Yousefi P Bakulski KM Just AC Breton C DNA methylation in newborns and maternal smoking in pregnancy: Genome-wide consortium meta-analysis American J Hum Genet 2016 98 4 680 96 PMC4833289 27040690 source
• Not checked yetcites [214] Chhabra D Sharma S Kho AT Gaedigk R Vyhlidal CA Leeder JS Fetal lung and placental methylation is associated with in utero nicotine exposure Epigenetics 2014 9 11 1473 84 25482056 PMC4623268 source
• Not checked yetcites [215] Breton CV Siegmund KD Joubert BR Wang X Qui W Carey V Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure is associated with childhood DNA cpg methylation PloS One 2014 9 6 e99716 24964093 PMC4070909 source

In the paper

“one study found that current smokers aged 17-21 who smoked throughout their adolescence performed significantly worse than their nonsmoking counterparts on a variety of neurocognitive tasks, even after adjustment for educational attainment and family income.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [271] Fried PA Watkinson B Gray R Neurocognitive consequences of cigarette smoking in young adults--a comparison with pre-drug performance Neurotoxicol Teratol 2006 28 4 517 25 16904287 source

In the paper

“the fact that this was demonstrated in young- and light-smoking teens indicates that such changes in the brain occur in early phases of smoking.”

In the paper

“In a study of young adult non-abstinent smokers and non-smokers age 18-29 years who were matched for age, education, income, and sex, smokers showed significant cognitive impairments in sustained attention, spatial working memory, and executive planning.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [272] Chamberlain SR Odlaug BL Schreiber LR Grant JE Association between tobacco smoking and cognitive functioning in young adults Am J Addict 2012 21 Suppl 1 S14 9 23786505 source

In the paper

“There is also evidence that adolescents who smoke ≤5 cigarettes per day display attenuated responses to other non-drug rewards, including pleasurable food images, relative to non-smokers, in areas including the insula and inferior frontal region.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [256] Rubinstein ML Luks TL Dryden WY Rait MA Simpson GV Adolescent smokers show decreased brain responses to pleasurable food images compared with nonsmokers Nicotine Tob Res 2011 8 13 8 751 5 21454914 PMC3150683 source

In the paper

“smokers showed impairments in accuracy of working memory performance, irrespective of recency of smoking.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [269] Jacobsen LK Krystal JH Mencl WE Westerveld M Frost SJ Pugh KR Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers Biol Psychiatry 2005 57 1 56 66 15607301 source

In the paper

“Abstinent adolescent smokers have also been found to exhibit reductions in the efficiency of their working memory neurocircuitry.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [270] Jacobsen LK Mencl WE Constable RT Westerveld M Pugh KR Impact of smoking abstinence on working memory neurocircuitry in adolescent daily tobacco smokers Psychopharmacology 2007 193 4 557 66 17505817 source

In the paper

“Earlier age at onset of smoking was associated with more severe performance decrements”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [269] Jacobsen LK Krystal JH Mencl WE Westerveld M Frost SJ Pugh KR Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers Biol Psychiatry 2005 57 1 56 66 15607301 source

In the paper

“Peters et al. examined neural responses to anticipation of financial reward in adolescent smokers (age 14 years)(262) and found that they had smaller neural responses in the ventral striatum and midbrain compared to matched non-smoking controls.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [262] Peters J Bromberg U Schneider S Brassen S Menz M Banaschewski T Lower ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation in adolescent smokers Am J Psychiatry 2011 168 5 540 9 21362742 source

In the paper

“The implication of both these studies is that the use of extremely rewarding drugs, such as nicotine, may decrease the perception of the pleasure obtained from non-drug rewards.”

In the paper

“cognitive deficits have also been associated with childhood and adolescent exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [274] Chen R Clifford A Lang L Anstey KJ Is exposure to secondhand smoke associated with cognitive parameters of children and adolescents?--a systematic literature review Ann Epidemiol 2013 23 10 652 61 23969303 source
• Not checked yetcites [275] Yolton K Dietrich K Auinger P Lanphear BP Hornung R Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cognitive abilities among u.S. 1-3Children and adolescents Environ Health Perspect 2005 113 1 98 103 15626655 PMC1253717 source

In the paper

“Moreover, the reduced response showed a clear-cut relationship with the frequency of smoking.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [262] Peters J Bromberg U Schneider S Brassen S Menz M Banaschewski T Lower ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation in adolescent smokers Am J Psychiatry 2011 168 5 540 9 21362742 source

In the paper

“studies of laboratory rodents provide strong evidence that isolated nicotine exposure during adolescence produces long-lasting deficits in learning and cognitive processes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [182] Portugal GS Wilkinson DS Turner JR Blendy JA Gould TJ Developmental effects of acute, chronic, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine on fear conditioning Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012 97 4 482 94 22521799 PMC3358528 source
• Not checked yetcites [287] Goriounova NA Mansvelder HD Nicotine exposure during adolescence leads to short- and long-term changes in spike timing-dependent plasticity in rat prefrontal cortex J Neurosci 2012 32 31 10484 93 22855798 PMC3552309 source
• Not checked yetcites [288] Spaeth AM Barnet RC Hunt PS Burk JA Adolescent nicotine exposure disrupts context conditioning in adulthood in rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010 96 4 501 6 20655941 PMC2930174 source
• Not checked yetcites [289] Goriounova NA Mansvelder HD Short- and long-term consequences of nicotine exposure during adolescence for prefrontal cortex neuronal network function Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012 2 12 a012120 22983224 PMC3543069 source
• Not checked yetcites [290] Poorthuis RB Goriounova NA Couey JJ Mansvelder HD Nicotinic actions on neuronal networks for cognition: General principles and long-term consequences Biochem Pharmacol 2009 10 1 78 7 668 76 19426718 source

In the paper

“In a study of adolescent smokers and non-smokers who were similar with respect to age, education, IQ, parental education, and symptoms of inattention, prenatal and adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke were both associated with increased fractional anisotropy in anterior cortical white matter.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [258] Jacobsen LK Picciotto MR Heath CJ Frost SJ Tsou KA Dwan RA Prenatal and adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke modulates the development of white matter microstructure J Neurosci 2007 27 49 13491 8 18057207 PMC6673092 source

In the paper

“As detailed in this review, existing human and animal research provides sufficient evidence for researchers and public health officials to draw a number of conclusions regarding the adverse effects of nicotine on human development.”

In the paper

“Animal models of prenatal nicotine exposure have successfully recapitulated the neurodevelopmental and behavioral phenotypes associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy,(55-57, 64, 306)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Slotkin TA If nicotine is a developmental neurotoxicant in animal studies, dare we recommend nicotine replacement therapy in pregnant women and adolescents? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2008 30 1 1 19 18380035 source
• Not checked yetcites [56] Pauly JR Slotkin TA Maternal tobacco smoking, nicotine replacement and neurobehavioural development Acta Paediatr 2008 97 10 1331 7 18554275 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Slotkin TA Developmental cholinotoxicants: Nicotine and chlorpyrifos Environ Health Perspect 1999 107 Suppl 1 71 80 10229709 PMC1566354 source
• Not checked yetcites [64] Slotkin TA Cholinergic systems in brain development and disruption by neurotoxicants: Nicotine, environmental tobacco smoke, organophosphates Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004 198 2 132 51 15236950 source
• Not checked yetcites [306] Slotkin TA Lappi SE Seidler FJ Impact of fetal nicotine exposure on development of rat brain regions: Critical sensitive periods or effects of withdrawal? Brain Res Bull 1993 31 3-4 319 28 8490731 source

In the paper

“These results provide a biological basis and a molecular mechanism for nicotine as a gateway drug.”

In the paper

“adolescent nicotine exposure altered adult medial prefrontal cortical long-term potentiation of synaptic activity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [289] Goriounova NA Mansvelder HD Short- and long-term consequences of nicotine exposure during adolescence for prefrontal cortex neuronal network function Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012 2 12 a012120 22983224 PMC3543069 source

In the paper

“and these studies show that nicotine itself is a critical contributor to the harmful neurodevelopmental effects of tobacco smoke exposure.(307-310)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [307] Slotkin TA Seidler FJ Spindel ER Prenatal nicotine exposure in rhesus monkeys compromises development of brainstem and cardiac monoamine pathways involved in perinatal adaptation and sudden infant death syndrome: Amelioration by vitamin c Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011 33 3 431 4 21320590 PMC3109087 source
• Not checked yetcites [308] Golub MS Slotkin TA Tarantal AF Pinkerton KE Visual recognition memory and auditory brainstem response in infant rhesus monkeys exposed perinatally to environmental tobacco smoke Brain Res 2007 1151 102 6 17399690 source
• Not checked yetcites [309] Slotkin TA Pinkerton KE Tate CA Seidler FJ Alterations of serotonin synaptic proteins in brain regions of neonatal rhesus monkeys exposed to perinatal environmental tobacco smoke Brain Res 2006 1111 1 30 5 16876770 source
• Not checked yetcites [310] Slotkin TA Seidler FJ Qiao D Aldridge JE Tate CA Cousins MM Effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on primate brain development and attempted amelioration with supplemental choline or vitamin c: Neurotransmitter receptors, cell signaling and cell development biomarkers in fetal brain regions of rhesus monkeys Neuropsychopharmacology 2005 1 30 1 129 44 15316571 source

In the paper

“Together, these findings raise serious concerns about the long-term impact of adolescent nicotine exposure on mental health through adverse effects on cognition, anxiety, impulsivity, depression, and drug reward and reinforcement.”

In the paper

“At the molecular level, nicotine exerts a priming effect by enhancing the ability of cocaine to induce FosB, a key mediator of addiction.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [304] Kandel ER Kandel DB Shattuck lecture. A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drugs N Engl J Med 2014 371 10 932 43 25184865 PMC4353486 source
• Not checked yetcites [305] Levine A Huang Y Drisaldi B Griffin EA Jr Pollak DD Xu S Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug: Epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine Sci Transl Med 2011 3 107 107ra109 PMC4042673 22049069 source

In the paper

“adolescent nicotine exposure was associated with reduced hippocampal CA1 dendritic length and apical dendritic branch complexity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [291] Holliday ED Nucero P Kutlu MG Oliver C Connelly KL Gould TJ Long-term effects of chronic nicotine on emotional and cognitive behaviors and hippocampus cell morphology in mice: Comparisons of adult and adolescent nicotine exposure Eur J Neuroscience 2016 PMC5274542 27623427

In the paper

“However, for pregnant women and adolescents, a large body of scientific evidence challenges this concept.”

In the paper

“changes in anxiety related to adolescent nicotine exposure were associated with increased corticotropin-releasing factor, a neuropeptide involved in stress response initiation, in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex and frontal cortex and increased neuropeptide Y, a neuropeptide that may play a protective role in responses to stress, in the hypothalamus and hippocampus.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [297] Slawecki CJ Thorsell AK El Khoury A Mathe AA Ehlers CL Increased crf-like and npy-like immunoreactivity in adult rats exposed to nicotine during adolescence: Relation to anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior Neuropeptides 2005 39 4 369 77 16038974 source

In the paper

“The consequent enhancement of gene expression leads to an increase in the response to cocaine in reward-based areas.”

In the paper

“It does so by inhibiting histone deacetylation.”

In the paper

“The effects on learning were not seen in adults similarly exposed to nicotine.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [182] Portugal GS Wilkinson DS Turner JR Blendy JA Gould TJ Developmental effects of acute, chronic, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine on fear conditioning Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012 97 4 482 94 22521799 PMC3358528 source

In the paper

“adolescent nicotine exposure was associated with adult deficits in contextual fear conditioning, but not cued fear conditioning, in both rats and mice”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [288] Spaeth AM Barnet RC Hunt PS Burk JA Adolescent nicotine exposure disrupts context conditioning in adulthood in rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010 96 4 501 6 20655941 PMC2930174 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, animal studies of gestational nicotine exposure provide support for the underlying biological mechanisms that could explain deficits observed in humans, notably nicotine’s actions on nAChRs.”

In the paper

“the effects of prenatal exposure to nicotine could have negative effects on respiratory health in middle-aged and older adults, including increased risk of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).(315-317)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [315] Lange P Celli B Agusti A Boje Jensen G Divo M Faner R Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease N Engl J Med 2015 373 2 111 22 26154786 source
• Not checked yetcites [316] Martinez FD The origins of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in early life Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009 6 3 272 7 19387029 PMC2677402 source
• Not checked yetcites [317] Stern DA Morgan WJ Wright AL Guerra S Martinez FD Poor airway function in early infancy and lung function by age 22 years: A non-selective longitudinal cohort study Lancet 2007 370 9589 758 64 17765525 PMC2831283 source