The DOI matches its Crossref record; 329 of the 332 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 284 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products
Open accessAbstract
HIGHLIGHTSElectronic cigarettes are often promoted as a safer alternative to combusted cigarettes.Human and animal research supports that nicotine contributes to the adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure on fetal development.Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with cognitive deficits.Measures to protect pregnant women and adolescents from nicotine exposure are warranted. ABSTRACT While the health risks associated with adult cigarette smoking have been well described, effects of nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability are often overlooked. Using MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports and expert opinion, a transdisciplinary group of scientists reviewed human and animal research on the health effects of exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and adolescence. A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life. Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Finally, recent animal studies suggest that nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs. The evidence that nicotine adversely affects fetal and adolescent development is sufficient to warrant public health measures to protect pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure.
Overview
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TL;DR
This transdisciplinary expert review synthesizes human and animal evidence that nicotine exposure during pregnancy and adolescence adversely affects development, including pulmonary, cardiorespiratory, auditory, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes. It concludes the evidence is sufficient to warrant public health measures protecting pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure, including from emerging tobacco products.
Key findings
- Prenatal nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and possible later cognitive/behavioral deficits. Maternal smoking increases perinatal mortality by 20–30% and SIDS risk 2.4- to 3-fold; maternal smokeless tobacco use is associated with a 1.6- to 2.6-fold increase in stillbirth. In animal models, nicotine is estimated to account for as much as 36%–46% of the overall impact of tobacco smoke on brain circuitry development.
- Adolescent nicotine exposure is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Adolescents are more vulnerable to addiction, experience dependence at lower nicotine exposure levels than adults, and animal studies suggest nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs.
- Prenatal nicotine alone, at levels similar to smokers, causes decreased forced expiratory flow in monkeys and mice; the effect appears mediated by the α7 nAChR because it was lost in α7 nAChR knockout mice. Prenatal nicotine exposure also causes increased collagen, decreased elastin, airway/pulmonary vessel wall thickening, and DNA methylation changes in animal models, with similar findings reported in human offspring of smokers.
- Electronic cigarettes have not been directly assessed for developmental outcomes in pregnant women or adolescents, and there are no published animal developmental studies using nicotine exposure from electronic cigarettes. However, some electronic cigarette products may deliver as much nicotine as conventional cigarettes.
Methods
- In May 2015, scientists from varied disciplines were convened by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to review the scientific literature on health effects of nicotine exposure during developmental vulnerability.
- The expert review used MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports, and expert opinion to summarize and synthesize epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical research on tobacco and nicotine exposure during pregnancy and adolescence.
- Because electronic cigarettes were introduced recently and developmental outcomes have not been directly assessed, the authors drew on studies of other tobacco forms in humans and conventional nicotine exposure in animals, focusing on the central nervous and pulmonary systems.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: electronic cigarette effects on pregnant women and adolescents have not been directly assessed; there are no published animal developmental studies using nicotine exposure from electronic cigarettes; human smokers are exposed to hundreds of other combustion toxicants; observational studies of smokers face residual confounding from socioeconomic, environmental, genetic, and other factors; randomized trials of nicotine exposure in humans would be unethical.
- Stated in the paper: important research gaps remain, including how timing of nicotine exposure during pregnancy affects fetal development and the relative contributions of nicotine versus combustion products to adolescent brain and cognitive outcomes.
- Evident from the text: the review is a narrative expert synthesis rather than a formal systematic review or meta-analysis; many human adolescent cognitive studies are cross-sectional, making causality difficult to determine; some animal findings on reflex development and activity levels are inconsistent.
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Claims the paper makes
113 Not checked yet · 24 Own interpretation · 18 No basis given · 3 Sources not found · 1 Supported · 1 Own method
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In the paper
“Animal research supports that nicotine adversely affects auditory processing.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.5 Auditory processing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] Aramakis VB Hsieh CY Leslie FM Metherate R A critical period for nicotine-induced disruption of synaptic development in rat auditory cortex J Neurosci 2000 20 16 6106 16 10934260 PMC6772566 source
The Results report that nicotine exposure during the second postnatal week altered synaptic development in rat auditory cortex. The Abstract says this disruption may lead to impaired auditory cortex function, supporting the citing sentence’s broad, hedged claim about adverse effects on auditory processing. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [146] Lacy RT Mactutus CF Harrod SB Prenatal iv nicotine exposure produces a sex difference in sensorimotor gating of the auditory startle reflex in adult rats Int J Dev Neurosci 2011 29 2 153 61 21145386 PMC3312379 source
The Discussion states that gestational nicotine exposure is detrimental to auditory processing under controlled experimental conditions. The study specifically concerns prenatal nicotine exposure in rats and altered auditory sensorimotor gating in their offspring. (LLM, conf=0.94)
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In the paper
“Maternal smoking during pregnancy has adverse effects outside the central nervous system, most notably on lung development, causing lifelong decreases in pulmonary function.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.7 Pulmonary outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [195] Hayatbakhsh MR Sadasivam S Mamun AA Najman JM Williams GM O’Callaghan MJ Maternal smoking during and after pregnancy and lung function in early adulthood: A prospective study Thorax 2009 64 9 810 4 19525264 source
- Not checked yetcites [196] Moshammer H Hoek G Luttmann-Gibson H Neuberger MA Antova T Gehring U Parental smoking and lung function in children: An international study Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 173 11 1255 63 16484675 source
- Not checked yetcites [197] Cunningham J Dockery DW Speizer FE Maternal smoking during pregnancy as a predictor of lung function in children Am J Epidemiol 1994 139 12 1139 52 8209873 source
- Not checked yetcites [198] Hoo AF Henschen M Dezateux C Costeloe K Stocks J Respiratory function among preterm infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 158 3 700 5 9730993 source
- Not checked yetcites [199] Stocks J Hislop A Sonnappa S Early lung development: Lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease Lancet Respir Med 2013 1 9 728 42 24429276 source
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In the paper
“Maternal smoking and smokeless tobacco use during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of neonatal apnea, while maternal smoking is also associated with a decreased arousal response.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.3 Perinatal mortality and sudden infant death syndrome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Richardson HL Walker AM Horne RS Maternal smoking impairs arousal patterns in sleeping infants Sleep 2009 32 4 515 21 19413145 PMC2663655 source
- Not checked yetcites [112] Kahn A Groswasser J Sottiaux M Kelmanson I Rebuffat E Franco P Prenatal exposure to cigarettes in infants with obstructive sleep apneas Pediatrics 1994 93 5 778 83 8165078 source
- Not checked yetcites [113] Franco P Groswasser J Hassid S Lanquart JP Scaillet S Kahn A Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking is associated with a decrease in arousal in infants J Pediatr 1999 135 1 34 8 10393601 source
- Not checked yetcites [114] Horne RS Franco P Adamson TM Groswasser J Kahn A Influences of maternal cigarette smoking on infant arousability Early Hum Dev 2004 79 1 49 58 15282122 source
- Not checked yetcites [115] Sawnani H Jackson T Murphy T Beckerman R Simakajornboon N The effect of maternal smoking on respiratory and arousal patterns in preterm infants during sleep Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004 169 6 733 8 14684558 source
- Not checked yetcites [116] Stephan-Blanchard E Chardon K Leke A Delanaud S Djeddi D Libert JP In utero exposure to smoking and peripheral chemoreceptor function in preterm neonates Pediatrics 2010 125 3 e592 9 20176675 source
- Not checked yetcites [117] Gunnerbeck A Wikstrom AK Bonamy AK Wickstrom R Cnattingius S Relationship of maternal snuff use and cigarette smoking with neonatal apnea Pediatrics 2011 9 128 3 503 9 21873701 source
- Not checked yetcites [118] Chang AB Wilson SJ Masters IB Yuill M Williams J Williams G Altered arousal response in infants exposed to cigarette smoke Arch Dis Child 2003 88 1 30 3 12495956 PMC1719296 source
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In the paper
“A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Developmental effects of nicotine delivered by electronic cigarettes are similar to those of conventional nicotine or tobacco.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“there are no published studies of developmental outcomes using animal models nicotine exposure from electronic cigarettes.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 1. Background
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In the paper
“but no clear association with fetal growth restriction.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.1 Pregnancy outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Baba S Wikstrom AK Stephansson O Cnattingius S Changes in snuff and smoking habits in swedish pregnant women and risk for small for gestational age births BJOG 2013 120 4 456 62 23190416 source
- Not checked yetcites [37] England LJ Levine RJ Mills JL Klebanoff MA Yu KF Cnattingius S Adverse pregnancy outcomes in snuff users Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003 189 4 939 43 14586330 source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Juarez SP Merlo J The effect of swedish snuff (snus) on offspring birthweight: A sibling analysis PloS One 2013 8 6 e65611 23776512 PMC3680479 source
- Not checked yetcites [39] England LJ Kim SY Shapiro-Mendoza CK Wilson HG Kendrick JS Satten GA Maternal smokeless tobacco use in Alaska Native women and singleton infant birth size Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012 91 1 93 103 21902677 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A number of studies have examined maternal smoking and infant auditory processing.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.5 Auditory processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [140] Kable JA Coles CD Lynch ME Carroll J The impact of maternal smoking on fast auditory brainstem responses Neurotoxicology and teratology 2009 31 4 216 24 19224709 PMC2693298
- Not checked yetcites [141] Katbamna B Klutz N Pudrith C Lavery JP Ide CF Prenatal smoke exposure: Effects on infant auditory system and placental gene expression Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013 38 61 71 23665419
- Not checked yetcites [142] Korres S Riga M Balatsouras D Papadakis C Kanellos P Ferekidis E Influence of smoking on developing cochlea. Does smoking during pregnancy affect the amplitudes of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in newborns? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007 71 5 781 6 17343925
- Not checked yetcites [143] Peck JD Neas B Robledo C Saffer E Beebe L Wild RA Intrauterine tobacco exposure may alter auditory brainstem responses in newborns Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010 89 4 592 6 20367434
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is causally associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including ectopic pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, placental abruption, and orofacial cleft defects.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.1 Pregnancy outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The health consequences of smoking: 50 years of progress A report of the Surgeon General U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health 2014
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In the paper
“These studies have found associations with preterm birth, stillbirth, and orofacial cleft defects”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.1 Pregnancy outcomes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The health consequences of smoking: 50 years of progress A report of the Surgeon General U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [31] Gupta PC Subramoney S Smokeless tobacco use and risk of stillbirth: A cohort study in Mumbai, India Epidemiology 2006 17 1 47 51 16357594 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Baba S Wikstrom AK Stephansson O Cnattingius S Influence of smoking and snuff cessation on risk of preterm birth Eur J Epidemiol 2012 27 4 297 304 22430122 source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Wikstrom AK Cnattingius S Stephansson O Maternal use of swedish snuff (snus) and risk of stillbirth Epidemiology 2010 21 6 772 8 20805750 source
- Not checked yetcites [34] England LJ Kim SY Shapiro-Mendoza CK Wilson HG Kendrick JS Satten GA Effects of maternal smokeless tobacco use on selected pregnancy outcomes in Alaska Native women: A case-control study Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013 92 6 648 55 23551054 PMC5881106 source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Gunnerbeck A Edstedt Bonamy AK Wikstrom AK Granath F Wickstrom R Cnattingius S Maternal snuff use and smoking and the risk of oral cleft malformations--a population-based cohort study PloS One 2014 9 1 e84715 24454740 PMC3893163 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nicotine crosses the placenta(45) and specifically binds to nAChRs in the fetal brain.(46, 47)”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.2 Fetal brain development
What the sources say
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- Not checked yetcites [46] Cairns NJ Wonnacott S [3h](-)nicotine binding sites in fetal human brain Brain Res 1988 475 1 1 7 3214718
- Not checked yetcites [47] Hagino N Lee JW Effect of maternal nicotine on the development of sites for [(3)h]nicotine binding in the fetal brain Int J Dev Neurosci 1985 3 5 567 71 24874966
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“have experienced rapid growth since their introduction into the US market.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Grana R Benowitz N Glantz SA E-cigarettes: A scientific review Circulation 2014 129 19 1972 86 24821826 PMC4018182
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“found greater rates of maladaptive response to the non-stress test (a clinical index of fetal well-being)(96), including reduced heart rate variability, increased mouth and self-touch movements, and impaired recognition of maternal voice in fetuses of smokers compared with those of nonsmokers.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.2 Fetal brain development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Nijhuis JG Prechtl HF Martin CB Jr Bots RS Are there behavioural states in the human fetus? Early Hum Dev 1982 6 2 177 95 7094856 source
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plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Imaging studies found that fetuses exposed to maternal smoking had decreased transcerebellar and lateral ventricle diameter/width (ultrasound) and decreased overall brain volume (MRI) compared with unexposed fetuses”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.2 Fetal brain development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Anblagan D Jones NW Costigan C Parker AJ Allcock K Aleong R Maternal smoking during pregnancy and fetal organ growth: A magnetic resonance imaging study PloS One 2013 8 7 e67223 23843995 PMC3700970
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In developing rats exposed prenatally to nicotine at plasma levels comparable to those in human active smokers, standard biomarkers of cell injury indicate apoptosis, reductions in the numbers of neuronal cells, truncation of axonogenesis, and deficient synaptogenesis.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.2 Fetal brain development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Slotkin TA If nicotine is a developmental neurotoxicant in animal studies, dare we recommend nicotine replacement therapy in pregnant women and adolescents? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2008 30 1 1 19 18380035 source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Pauly JR Slotkin TA Maternal tobacco smoking, nicotine replacement and neurobehavioural development Acta Paediatr 2008 97 10 1331 7 18554275 source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Slotkin TA Developmental cholinotoxicants: Nicotine and chlorpyrifos Environ Health Perspect 1999 107 Suppl 1 71 80 10229709 PMC1566354 source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Slotkin TA Nicotine and the adolescent brain: Insights from an animal model Neurotoxicol Teratol 2002 24 3 369 84 12009492 source
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In the paper
“Imaging studies of offspring in later life also found differences in the brains of exposed offspring, including reduced cerebral cortical gray matter, reduced subcortical gray matter volumes in the amygdala, thalamus, and pallidum, and reduced volume in the corpus callosum.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.2 Fetal brain development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Rivkin MJ Davis PE Lemaster JL Cabral HJ Warfield SK Mulkern RV Volumetric MRI study of brain in children with intrauterine exposure to cocaine, alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana Pediatrics 2008 121 4 741 50 18381539 PMC2562785
- Not checked yetcites [86] Paus T Nawazkhan I Leonard G Perron M Pike GB Pitiot A Corpus callosum in adolescent offspring exposed prenatally to maternal cigarette smoking Neuroimage 2008 40 2 435 41 18221892
- Not checked yetcites [87] Toro R Leonard G Lerner JV Lerner RM Perron M Pike GB Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and the adolescent cerebral cortex Neuropsychopharmacology 2008 33 5 1019 27 17609681
- Not checked yetcites [88] Lotfipour S Ferguson E Leonard G Perron M Pike B Richer L Orbitofrontal cortex and drug use during adolescence: Role of prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and bdnf genotype Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009 66 11 1244 52 19884612
- Not checked yetcites [89] Haghighi A Schwartz DH Abrahamowicz M Leonard GT Perron M Richer L Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking, amygdala volume, and fat intake in adolescence JAMA Psychiatry 2013 70 1 98 105 22945562
- Not checked yetcites [90] Liu J Lester BM Neyzi N Sheinkopf SJ Gracia L Kekatpure M Regional brain morphometry and impulsivity in adolescents following prenatal exposure to cocaine and tobacco JAMA Pediatr 2013 167 4 348 54 23400239 PMC4467165
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a study of 6- to 8-year-old children prenatally exposed to maternal smoking, the authors found reduced brain volume, smaller cortical gray and white matter volumes, and thinning of the superior frontal, superior parietal, lateral occipital, and precentral cortices compared with age- and gender-matched unexposed children.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.2 Fetal brain development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] El Marroun H Schmidt MN Franken IH Jaddoe VW Hofman A van der Lugt A Prenatal tobacco exposure and brain morphology: A prospective study in young children Neuropsychopharmacology 2014 39 4 792 800 24096296 PMC3924517
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Prenatal nicotine exposure leads to severe reduction or loss of the adrenomedullary component, along with a reduced cardiac response to adrenergic stimulation, resulting in brain injury or death during a hypoxic episode that would ordinarily not be harmful.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.3 Perinatal mortality and sudden infant death syndrome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Slotkin TA Fetal nicotine or cocaine exposure: Which one is worse? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998 285 3 931 45 9618392
- Not checked yetcites [60] Slotkin TA McCook EC Seidler FJ Cryptic brain cell injury caused by fetal nicotine exposure is associated with persistent elevations of c-fos protooncogene expression Brain Res 1997 750 1-2 180 8 9098543
- Not checked yetcites [105] Slotkin TA Lappi SE McCook EC Lorber BA Seidler FJ Loss of neonatal hypoxia tolerance after prenatal nicotine exposure: Implications for sudden infant death syndrome Brain Res Bull 1995 38 1 69 75 7552377
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“there is evidence that prenatal nicotine exposure damages brainstem circuits that are responsible for mounting appropriate respiratory responses to neonatal hypoxia, which could contribute to additional SIDS risk.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.3 Perinatal mortality and sudden infant death syndrome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Campos M Bravo E Eugenin J Respiratory dysfunctions induced by prenatal nicotine exposure Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009 36 12 1205 17 19473189
- Not checked yetcites [121] Kinney HC Brainstem mechanisms underlying the sudden infant death syndrome: Evidence from human pathologic studies Dev Psychobiol 2009 51 3 223 33 19235901
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In the paper
“Healthy newborn infants of non-smoking mothers discriminated among a greater number of syllables whereas healthy newborns of smokers began the discrimination process at least 150 msec later and differentiated fewer stimuli.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.5 Auditory processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144] Key AP Ferguson M Molfese DL Peach K Lehman C Molfese VJ Smoking during pregnancy affects speech-processing ability in newborn infants Environ Health Perspect 2007 115 4 623 9 17450234 PMC1852679
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“studies of the immediate neonatal period (postnatal days 1-5) revealed increased signs of abstinence/withdrawal, hypertonicity, irritability, and excitability in tobacco-exposed neonates, with a clear dose-response relationship to nicotine exposure.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.4 Infant stress response
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] Stroud LR Paster RL Goodwin MS Shenassa E Buka S Niaura R Maternal smoking during pregnancy and neonatal behavior: A large-scale community study Pediatrics 2009 123 5 e842 8 19403478 PMC2872509 source
- Not checked yetcites [123] Law KL Stroud LR LaGasse LL Niaura R Liu J Lester BM Smoking during pregnancy and newborn neurobehavior Pediatrics 2003 111 6 Pt 1 1318 23 12777547 source
- Not checked yetcites [124] Hurt RD Renner CC Patten CA Ebbert JO Offord KP Schroeder DR Iqmik--a form of smokeless tobacco used by pregnant alaska natives: Nicotine exposure in their neonates J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005 17 4 281 9 16147838 source
- Not checked yetcites [125] Mansi G Raimondi F Pichini S Capasso L Sarno M Zuccaro P Neonatal urinary cotinine correlates with behavioral alterations in newborns prenatally exposed to tobacco smoke Pediatr Res 2007 61 2 257 61 17237732 source
- Not checked yetcites [126] Godding V Bonnier C Fiasse L Michel M Longueville E Lebecque P Does in utero exposure to heavy maternal smoking induce nicotine withdrawal symptoms in neonates? Pediatr Res 2004 55 4 645 51 14739371 source
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In the paper
“rodent studies suggest that prenatal nicotine exposure delays maturation of reflexes, including negative geotaxis and surface righting (measures of limb coordination and locomotor development), as well as causing long-lasting alterations in filtering auditory information.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.6 Outcomes in childhood and adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [146] Lacy RT Mactutus CF Harrod SB Prenatal iv nicotine exposure produces a sex difference in sensorimotor gating of the auditory startle reflex in adult rats Int J Dev Neurosci 2011 29 2 153 61 21145386 PMC3312379 source
- Not checked yetcites [177] Sobrian SK Ali SF Slikker W Jr Holson RR Interactive effects of prenatal cocaine and nicotine exposure on maternal toxicity, postnatal development and behavior in the rat Mol Neurobiol 1995 11 1-3 121 43 8561957 source
- Not checked yetcites [178] Gaworski CL Carmines EL Faqi AS Rajendran N In utero and lactation exposure of rats to 1r4f reference cigarette mainstream smoke: Effect on prenatal and postnatal development Toxicol Sci 2004 79 1 157 69 14976347 source
- Not checked yetcites [179] Schneider T Ilott N Brolese G Bizarro L Asherson PJ Stolerman IP Prenatal exposure to nicotine impairs performance of the 5-choice serial reaction time task in adult rats Neuropsychopharmacology 2011 36 5 1114 25 21289608 PMC3077278 source
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In the paper
“These effects appear to be dose dependent and sensitive to factors such as sex and timing of exposure.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.6 Outcomes in childhood and adolescence
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In the paper
“Exposure of rats to nicotine in the second postnatal week, corresponding to the third trimester of human fetal brain development,(147) disrupted the development of glutamate synapses in the auditory cortex, which has been associated with long-term deficits in auditory processing and learning.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.5 Auditory processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Liang K Poytress BS Chen Y Leslie FM Weinberger NM Metherate R Neonatal nicotine exposure impairs nicotinic enhancement of central auditory processing and auditory learning in adult rats Eur J Neurosci 2006 24 3 857 66 16848798 source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Aramakis VB Hsieh CY Leslie FM Metherate R A critical period for nicotine-induced disruption of synaptic development in rat auditory cortex J Neurosci 2000 20 16 6106 16 10934260 PMC6772566 source
- Not checked yetcites [147] Rodier PM Structural--functional relationships in experimentally induced brain damage Prog Brain Res 1988 73 335 48 3047802 source
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In the paper
“Combined gestational/neonatal exposure is associated with increased anxiety levels, poor adaptation in a new environment, and decreased novelty-seeking.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.6 Outcomes in childhood and adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Vaglenova J Birru S Pandiella NM Breese CR An assessment of the long-term developmental and behavioral teratogenicity of prenatal nicotine exposure Behav Brain Res 2004 150 1-2 159 70 15033289 source
- Not checked yetcites [193] Eppolito AK Bachus SE McDonald CG Meador-Woodruff JH Smith RF Late emerging effects of prenatal and early postnatal nicotine exposure on the cholinergic system and anxiety-like behavior Neurotoxicology and teratology 2010 May-Jun 32 3 336 45 20060465 source
- Not checked yetcites [194] Sobrian SK Marr L Ressman K Prenatal cocaine and/or nicotine exposure produces depression and anxiety in aging rats Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003 27 3 501 18 12691787 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Associations have also been described between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring internalizing behaviors (anxiety and depression), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and impairments in learning and memory, but are less consistent than for externalizing behaviors.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.6 Outcomes in childhood and adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] D’Onofrio BM Van Hulle CA Waldman ID Rodgers JL Harden KP Rathouz PJ Smoking during pregnancy and offspring externalizing problems: An exploration of genetic and environmental confounds Dev Psychopathol 2008 20 1 139 64 18211732 PMC3737574
- Not checked yetcites 154-176
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In the paper
“At birth, and prior to any significant postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke, infants born to smokers show decreased pulmonary function tests, with decreased respiratory flows and respiratory compliance, and altered tidal breathing patterns.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.7 Pulmonary outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [198] Hoo AF Henschen M Dezateux C Costeloe K Stocks J Respiratory function among preterm infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 158 3 700 5 9730993
- Not checked yetcites [199] Stocks J Hislop A Sonnappa S Early lung development: Lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease Lancet Respir Med 2013 1 9 728 42 24429276
- Not checked yetcites [200] McEvoy CT Schilling D Clay N Jackson K Go MD Spitale P Vitamin c supplementation for pregnant smoking women and pulmonary function in their newborn infants: A randomized clinical trial JAMA 2014 311 20 2074 82 24838476 PMC4296045
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Adolescent rodents self-administer nicotine more than adults and adolescent exposure leads to increased self-administration of nicotine (244) and other drugs in adulthood.(245)”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 3. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during adolescence > 3.2 Brain development in adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Adriani W Spijker S Deroche-Gamonet V Laviola G Le Moal M Smit AB Evidence for enhanced neurobehavioral vulnerability to nicotine during periadolescence in rats The J Neurosci 2003 6 1 23 11 4712 6 PMC6740776 12805310
- Not checked yetcites [245] Klein LC Effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on opioid consumption and neuroendocrine responses in adult male and female rats Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2001 9 3 251 61 11534535
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Treatment of pregnant rhesus monkeys with nicotine causes marked increases of levels of α7 nAChR in fibroblasts surrounding airways and blood vessels in the fetal monkey lung, and increases in collagen in a similar distribution.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.7 Pulmonary outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [208] Sekhon HS Jia Y Raab R Kuryatov A Pankow JF Whitsett JA Prenatal nicotine increases pulmonary alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression and alters fetal lung development in monkeys J Clin Invest 1999 103 5 637 47 10074480 PMC408124 source
- Not checked yetcites [209] Sekhon HS Keller JA Proskocil BJ Martin EL Spindel ER Maternal nicotine exposure upregulates collagen gene expression in fetal monkey lung. Association with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002 26 1 31 41 11751201 source
- Not checked yetcites [210] Sekhon HS Proskocil BJ Clark JA Spindel ER Prenatal nicotine exposure increases connective tissue expression in foetal monkey pulmonary vessels Eur Respir J 2004 23 6 906 15 15219006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Prenatal nicotine exposure leads to thickening of walls surrounding airways and pulmonary vessels in animal models,(209, 210) a finding that has also been reported in the human offspring of smokers,(211, 212) along with similar increases in connective tissue and α7 expression.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.7 Pulmonary outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [209] Sekhon HS Keller JA Proskocil BJ Martin EL Spindel ER Maternal nicotine exposure upregulates collagen gene expression in fetal monkey lung. Association with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002 26 1 31 41 11751201 source
- Not checked yetcites [210] Sekhon HS Proskocil BJ Clark JA Spindel ER Prenatal nicotine exposure increases connective tissue expression in foetal monkey pulmonary vessels Eur Respir J 2004 23 6 906 15 15219006 source
- Not checked yetcites [211] Elliot J Vullermin P Robinson P Maternal cigarette smoking is associated with increased inner airway wall thickness in children who die from sudden infant death syndrome Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 158 3 802 6 9731008 source
- Not checked yetcites [212] Lavezzi AM Corna MF Alfonsi G Matturri L Possible role of the alpha7 nicotinic receptors in mediating nicotine’s effect on developing lung - implications in unexplained human perinatal death BMC Pulm Med 2014 14 11 24484641 PMC3926856 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These changes lead to increased risk in childhood of wheezing, hospitalization for respiratory infections, and asthma.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.7 Pulmonary outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [201] Stoddard JJ Gray B Maternal smoking and medical expenditures for childhood respiratory illness Am J Public Health 1997 87 2 205 9 9103098 PMC1380795
- Not checked yetcites [202] Neuman A Hohmann C Orsini N Pershagen G Eller E Kjaer HF Maternal smoking in pregnancy and asthma in preschool children: A pooled analysis of eight birth cohorts Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012 186 10 1037 43 22952297
- Not checked yetcites [203] Burke H Leonardi-Bee J Hashim A Pine-Abata H Chen Y Cook DG Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: Systematic review and meta-analysis Pediatrics 2012 129 4 735 44 22430451
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A primary mediator of this effect appears to be the α7 nAChR, as the effect of nicotine was lost in α7 nAChR knockout mice.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 2. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy > 2.7 Pulmonary outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [205] Wongtrakool C Wang N Hyde DM Roman J Spindel ER Prenatal nicotine exposure alters lung function and airway geometry through alpha7 nicotinic receptors Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012 5 46 5 695 702 22246862 PMC3359906
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In the paper
“adult smokers show more rapid cognitive decline with age than nonsmokers,(264-268) although it is unclear whether the underlying mechanisms involve nicotine, products of combustion, or both.(15)”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 3. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during adolescence > 3.3 Cognitive outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The health consequences of smoking: 50 years of progress A report of the Surgeon General U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health 2014
- Not checked yetcites [264] Starr JM Deary IJ Fox HC Whalley LJ Smoking and cognitive change from age 11 to 66 years: A confirmatory investigation Addict Behav 2007 32 1 63 8 16650620
- Not checked yetcites [265] Paelecke-Habermann Y Paelecke M Giegerich K Reschke K Kubler A Implicit and explicit reward learning in chronic nicotine use Drug Alcohol Depend 2013 129 1-2 8 17 23098679
- Not checked yetcites [266] Williams JW Plassman BL Burke J Benjamin S Preventing alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline Evid Rep Technol Assess 2010 193 1 727 PMC4781578 21500874
- Not checked yetcites [267] Heffernan T O’Neill T Moss M Smoking and everyday prospective memory: A comparison of self-report and objective methodologies Drug Alcohol Depend 2010 112 3 234 8 20800391
- Not checked yetcites [268] Heffernan TM O’Neill TS Moss M Smoking-related prospective memory deficits in a real-world task Drug Alcohol Depend 2012 120 1-3 1 6 21726964
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“male smokers initiated smoking at an earlier age than females and were more impaired during tests of selective and divided attention than female smokers and nonsmokers.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 3. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during adolescence > 3.3 Cognitive outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [269] Jacobsen LK Krystal JH Mencl WE Westerveld M Frost SJ Pugh KR Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers Biol Psychiatry 2005 57 1 56 66 15607301
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These findings suggest that adolescent smokers display a hypo-responsivity to the anticipation of non-drug reward (i.e., financial reward) relative to non-smokers, and this hypo-responsivity becomes more severe with increased smoking.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 3. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during adolescence > 3.2 Brain development in adolescence
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In the paper
“In a study of young adults age 18-35 years, the authors found prefrontal attentional network activity was reduced in smokers compared with non-smokers using fMRI, and the degree of diminished attentional network activity was correlated with the number of years participants had smoked.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 3. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during adolescence > 3.3 Cognitive outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] Musso F Bettermann F Vucurevic G Stoeter P Konrad A Winterer G Smoking impacts on prefrontal attentional network function in young adult brains Psychopharmacology 2007 191 1 159 69 16937098 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“adult rats exposed to nicotine during adolescence had deficits in attention and displayed increased impulsivity.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 3. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during adolescence > 3.3 Cognitive outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [292] Counotte DS Goriounova NA Li KW Loos M van der Schors RC Schetters D Lasting synaptic changes underlie attention deficits caused by nicotine exposure during adolescence Nat Neurosci 2011 14 4 417 9 21336271 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the U.S. population, the use of tobacco often precedes the use of other drugs including marijuana, which in turn generally precedes the use of cocaine and other illicit substances for those who go on to use other drugs.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 3. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during adolescence > 3.4 Trajectory of tobacco and other substances use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [298] Viveros MP Marco EM File SE Nicotine and cannabinoids: Parallels, contrasts and interactions Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006 30 8 1161 81 17049986
- Not checked yetcites [299] Kandel D Stages and pathways of drug involvement: Examining the gateway hypothesis Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press 2002
- Not checked yetcites [300] Kandel DBYK Stages of Drug Involvement in the US Population Kandel DB Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press 2002
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In the paper
“Nicotine pretreatment in mice and rats enhances the subsequent response to cocaine, but the effect is unidirectional, as the reverse order (cocaine followed by nicotine) does not result in enhancement of the response to nicotine.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 3. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during adolescence > 3.4 Trajectory of tobacco and other substances use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [301] Kandel DB Kandel ER A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drug The New England journal of medicine 2014 11 20 371 21 2038 9 25409384
- Not checked yetcites [302] Dao JM McQuown SC Loughlin SE Belluzzi JD Leslie FM Nicotine alters limbic function in adolescent rat by a 5-ht1a receptor mechanism Neuropsychopharmacology 2011 36 7 1319 31 21412223 PMC3096821
- Not checked yetcites [303] Mojica CY Belluzzi JD Leslie FM Age-dependent alterations in reward-seeking behavior after brief nicotine exposure Psychopharmacology 2014 231 8 1763 73 24030468
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“adolescent nicotine exposure increased anxiety in adult rats,(296) decreased the sensitivity to natural rewards, and fostered depression-like behaviors.(295)”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 3. Tobacco use and nicotine exposure during adolescence > 3.3 Cognitive outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [295] Ribeiro-Carvalho A Lima CS Nunes-Freitas AL Filgueiras CC Manhaes AC Abreu-Villaca Y Exposure to nicotine and ethanol in adolescent mice: Effects on depressive-like behavior during exposure and withdrawal Behav Brain Res 2011 221 1 282 9 21402108
- Not checked yetcites [296] Smith LN McDonald CG Bergstrom HC Brielmaier JM Eppolito AK Wheeler TL Long-term changes in fear conditioning and anxiety-like behavior following nicotine exposure in adult versus adolescent rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006 85 1 91 7 16919320
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Studies of human adolescent smokers also find deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing,”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 4. Synthesis and conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and adolescent nicotine exposure in rodents is associated with deficits in learning and in attention, as well as in increased impulsivity and anxiety.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 4. Synthesis and conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Finally, nicotine withdrawal in adolescent tobacco users can cause impairments in cognition and has adverse effects on mood and attention.(269-271)”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 4. Synthesis and conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [269] Jacobsen LK Krystal JH Mencl WE Westerveld M Frost SJ Pugh KR Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers Biol Psychiatry 2005 57 1 56 66 15607301 source
- Not checked yetcites [270] Jacobsen LK Mencl WE Constable RT Westerveld M Pugh KR Impact of smoking abstinence on working memory neurocircuitry in adolescent daily tobacco smokers Psychopharmacology 2007 193 4 557 66 17505817 source
- Not checked yetcites [271] Fried PA Watkinson B Gray R Neurocognitive consequences of cigarette smoking in young adults--a comparison with pre-drug performance Neurotoxicol Teratol 2006 28 4 517 25 16904287 source
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In the paper
“Despite the strength of data in support of adverse effects of nicotine exposure during pregnancy and adolescence, important research gaps remain that, if addressed, could better characterize these effects.”
§ Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products > 4. Synthesis and conclusions
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Developmental effects of nicotine delivered by electronic cigarettes are similar to those of conventional nicotine or tobacco.
“Electronic cigarettes were introduced to markets relatively recently, and their effects on health outcomes in pregnant women and adolescents have not been directly assessed.”
“Therefore, the authors draw on studies of other forms of tobacco exposure (cigarettes and smokeless tobacco) in humans and conventional nicotine exposure in animals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many clinicians and scientists have historically viewed nicotine alone as low risk, particularly for established smokers.
“Historically, many clinicians and scientists have considered exposure to nicotine alone to be low risk, especially for established smokers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It would be unethical to run randomized human trials that could establish nicotine's developmental effects.
“Randomized trials of nicotine exposure in humans that could determine effects of nicotine on development are unethical, so researchers rely on observational studies of human smokers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Smokers inhale many other toxic combustion products besides nicotine, including carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
“Human smokers, however, are exposed not only to nicotine, but to hundreds of other toxic components generated by combustion, such as carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Product safety regulation commonly relies on animal data.
“and regulatory decisions on product safety are routinely made using animal data.”
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“early identification of drug use in an adolescent might be an indicator of an underlying emerging psychiatric disorder, and its treatment might prevent a more severe presentation 143,144 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [144]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citationBalancing Consideration of the Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes
Balfour, D. J. K., Benowitz, N. L., Colby, S. M., Hatsukami, D. K., Lando, H. A., Leischow, S. J., Lerman, C. E., Mermelstein, R. J., NIAURA, R. S., Perkins, K. A., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2021.306416 · Cited by 338
Self-citationTouitou, Y., Touitou, D., & Reinberg, A. (2016) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2017.05.001 · Cited by 297
Rose, J. J., Krishnan‐Sarin, S., Exil, V. J., Hamburg, N. M., Fetterman, J. L., Ichinose, F., Pérez‐Pinzón, M. A., Rezk‐Hanna, M., & Williamson, E. E. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001160 · Cited by 256
Metadata
- Authors
- England, L. J., Aagaard, K., Bloch, M., Conway, K., Cosgrove, K., Grana, R., Gould, T. J., Hatsukami, D., Jensen, F., Kandel, D., Lanphear, B., Leslie, F., Pauly, J. R., Neiderhiser, J., Rubinstein, M., Slotkin, T. A., Spindel, E., Stroud, L., & Wakschlag, L.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Simon Fraser University (CA)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Oregon National Primate Research Center (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- England, Lucinda J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 176-189
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5965681
- OpenAlex
- W2553751430
- Semantic Scholar
- 7717907214b027a469c3a68f7391414afc46b754
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 332
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 10
- FWCI
- 2.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- nicotine, developmental toxicity, adolescent nicotine exposure, fetal development, lung function, auditory processing, cardiopulmonary function, cognitive impairment, impulsivity, anxiety, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Fetus, Humans, Nicotine, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Smoking, Tobacco Products, Nicotiana
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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