Mediterranean Diet as an Antioxidant: The Impact on Metabolic Health and Overall Wellbeing

In the paper

“High levels of trimethylamine-1-oxide are associated with an increased likelihood of cardiovascular events [3].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] Calabrese, 2020, Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: The Effect of Mediterranean Diet, Front. Nutr. source

In the paper

“There is also evidence highlighting the impact of healthy nutrition in female people on the composition of the gut microbiota and future metabolic and overall health of their offspring.”

In the paper

“Healthy nutrition in terms of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), rich in fruits, legumes, vegetables, olive oil, herbs, spices, and high fiber intake may contribute to the decrease in this pandemic.”

In the paper

“As highlighted above, oxidative stress is crucially implicated in the chronic inflammation process that is an important component in obesity pathogenesis.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Nani, A., Murtaza, B., Sayed Khan, A., Khan, N.A., and Hichami, A. (2021). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Polyphenols Contained in Mediterranean Diet in Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules, 26. source
• Not checked yetcites [14] Stadler, J.T., and Marsche, G. (2020). Obesity-Related Changes in High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21. source
• Not checked yetcites [15] Knight, 2011, Diseases and disorders associated with excess body weight, Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci.

In the paper

“It has been demonstrated that people following MD had lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels compared to the control group.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Esposito, 2014, Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. source

In the paper

“An increased GLP1 expression is also achieved by the SCFAs.”

In the paper

“Cinnamaldehyde, the main component of cinnamon, has also been shown to have lipid-lowering capacities [30].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Prabuseenivasan, 2007, Cinnamaldehyde--a potential antidiabetic agent, Phytomedicine source

In the paper

“Glucose transport by sodium–glucose-linked transporter 1 (SGLT1) could also act as a target for the polyphenols.”

In the paper

“In addition, the unsaturated fatty acids of olive oil have been shown to increase glucagon-like-peptide-1-(GLP1) expression [28].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Thombare, K., Ntika, S., Wang, X., and Krizhanovskii, C. (2017). Long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids exert opposing effects on viability and function of GLP-1-producing cells: Mechanisms of lipotoxicity. PLoS ONE, 12. source

In the paper

“As Li et al. [18] proved, the administration of the flavonoid hesperidin can reduce the secretion of cytokines like interleukin 1 (Il-1) and TNFα and restricts the inflammation in a murine rheumatic arthritis model [18].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Li, 2008, Suppression of adjuvant arthritis by hesperidin in rats and its mechanisms, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. source

In the paper

“Furthermore, coffee consumption has been shown to reduce the risk of several diseases such as diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [20].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Kolb, H., Kempf, K., and Martin, S. (2020). Health Effects of Coffee: Mechanism Unraveled?. Nutrients, 12. source

In the paper

“Systemic oxidative stress is a hallmark of obesity and metabolic syndrome.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Nani, A., Murtaza, B., Sayed Khan, A., Khan, N.A., and Hichami, A. (2021). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Polyphenols Contained in Mediterranean Diet in Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules, 26. source

In the paper

“There is evidence that glucose uptake is prevented by the inhibition of the enzymes α-amylase and α-glycosidase.”

In the paper

“According to Esposito et al., the adherence to a MD has beneficial effects in both the prevention and treatment of diabetes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Esposito, 2014, Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. source

In the paper

“Obesity is also related with changes in lipid profile [14] with a reduction in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and an increase in triglycerides.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [14] Stadler, J.T., and Marsche, G. (2020). Obesity-Related Changes in High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21. source

In the paper

“Thus, according to Alkhatib et al., the tea has beneficial effects on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus by improving glucose metabolism and consequently lowering the fasting glucose level.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Alkhatib, A., Tsang, C., Tiss, A., Bahorun, T., Arefanian, H., Barake, R., Khadir, A., and Tuomilehto, J. (2017). Functional Foods and Lifestyle Approaches for Diabetes Prevention and Management. Nutrients, 9. source

In the paper

“Therefore, the effects of MD on the prevention of obesity have simultaneously protective effects on its complications, and it is difficult to discern the specific effects of the different components of the MD on the different expression patterns of inflammation and whether the reduction in insulin resistance may rather contribute to the reduction in metabolic syndrome or merely of type 2 Diabetes,”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Nani, A., Murtaza, B., Sayed Khan, A., Khan, N.A., and Hichami, A. (2021). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Polyphenols Contained in Mediterranean Diet in Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules, 26. source

In the paper

“Increased visceral adipose tissue is further associated with oxidative stress and it has been shown that telomeres are shorter especially in obesity that is accompanied by metabolic abnormalities leading to metabolic syndrome [21].”

In the paper

“An increased intake of high energy food rich in animal-saturated fat leads to oxidative stress at the cellular level and inflammation by increasing the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleuotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) in adipocytes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Nani, A., Murtaza, B., Sayed Khan, A., Khan, N.A., and Hichami, A. (2021). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Polyphenols Contained in Mediterranean Diet in Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules, 26. source
• Not checked yetcites [16] Dandona, 2005, Metabolic syndrome: A comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation, Circulation source

In the paper

“The mechanism behind this observation could be explained by the polyphenols contained in coffee such as caffeoylquinic acids, trigonelline and N-methylpyridinium. These lead to the upregulation of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes and the downregulation of proinflammatory mediators via the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) [20].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Kolb, H., Kempf, K., and Martin, S. (2020). Health Effects of Coffee: Mechanism Unraveled?. Nutrients, 12. source

In the paper

“Consequently, the MD is an important component in the prevention and combat of its pathogenesis.”

In the paper

“Through the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, it results in an increased expression of the proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6), leptin while decreasing the secretion of the protective adipokine, adiponectin [4,16].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Nani, A., Murtaza, B., Sayed Khan, A., Khan, N.A., and Hichami, A. (2021). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Polyphenols Contained in Mediterranean Diet in Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules, 26. source
• Not checked yetcites [16] Dandona, 2005, Metabolic syndrome: A comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation, Circulation source

In the paper

“Increased visceral adipose tissue is further associated with oxidative stress and it has been shown that telomeres are shorter especially in obesity that is accompanied by metabolic abnormalities leading to metabolic syndrome [21].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [21] Lejawa, M., Osadnik, K., Osadnik, T., and Pawlas, N. (2021). Association of Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity Phenotypes with Oxidative Stress Parameters and Telomere Length in Healthy Young Adult Men. Analysis of the MAGNETIC Study. Antioxidants, 10. source

In the paper

“In both “healthy” and “unhealthy” obesity, a strategy aiming to reduce oxidative stress at the cellular level can modify morbidity and promote overall health.”

In the paper

“Zare et al. have been able to show through a randomized control trial (RCT) that cinnamon can improve the glycemic status in patients with diabetes, especially in those with a higher body mass index (BMI) [29].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Zare, 2019, Efficacy of cinnamon in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial, Clin. Nutr. source

In the paper

“Therefore, the effects of MD on the prevention of obesity have simultaneously protective effects on its complications, and it is difficult to discern the specific effects of the different components of the MD on the different expression patterns of inflammation and whether the reduction in insulin resistance may rather contribute to the reduction in metabolic syndrome or merely of type 2 Diabetes,”

In the paper

“Therefore, this chronic inflammation state contributes both to the increased rates of obesity and its complications, such as metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, diabetes, all conferring an increased cardiovascular risk [4,14,15]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Nani, A., Murtaza, B., Sayed Khan, A., Khan, N.A., and Hichami, A. (2021). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Polyphenols Contained in Mediterranean Diet in Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules, 26. source
• Not checked yetcites [14] Stadler, J.T., and Marsche, G. (2020). Obesity-Related Changes in High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21. source
• Not checked yetcites [15] Knight, 2011, Diseases and disorders associated with excess body weight, Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci.

In the paper

“Therefore, obesity is generally considered as a low-grade inflammation state affecting the whole body [4].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Nani, A., Murtaza, B., Sayed Khan, A., Khan, N.A., and Hichami, A. (2021). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Polyphenols Contained in Mediterranean Diet in Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules, 26. source

In the paper

“Furthermore, it was observed that fasting glucose could also be reduced by the MD [25].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Esposito, 2014, Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. source

In the paper

“Obesity increase is multifactorial, being the result of lifestyle modifications such as a shift towards sedentary activity and a change from the MD towards a high-fat, carbohydrate-rich Western diet.”

In the paper

“An important parameter responsible for the aggravation of atherosclerosis is hyperlipidemia with the combination of high low density lipoprotein (LDL) and low HDL levels.”

In the paper

“These molecules have also antiplatelet activity [56,57].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [56] Hirsch, 2017, Natural Products with Antiplatelet Action, Curr. Pharm. Des. source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Rosado, 2016, Medicinal Plants with Antiplatelet Activity, Phytother. Res. source

In the paper

“NO has a vasodilating effect and inhibits platelet aggregation [63].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Loscalzo, 2001, Nitric oxide insufficiency, platelet activation, and arterial thrombosis, Circ. Res. source

In the paper

“Thus, the complications of atherosclerosis, such as heart attack or stroke, can be prevented by garlic consumption.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [53] Rahman, 2006, Garlic and cardiovascular disease: A critical review, J. Nutr. source

In the paper

“Moreover, it can increase glucose uptake through GLUT4 transporter [33].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [33] Dhanya, 2017, Quercetin, a Lead Compound against Type 2 Diabetes Ameliorates Glucose Uptake via AMPK Pathway in Skeletal Muscle Cell Line, Front. Pharmacol. source

In the paper

“Olive oil, in turn, as already reported above, can also suppress the inflammatory response.”

In the paper

“A nutraceutical approach in the prevention and management of the disease is the adherence to the MD.”

In the paper

“According to the “multiple hits” hypothesis, oxidative stress, hypovitaminosis E, low-grade inflammation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, all contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD [36].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Tilg, 2010, Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The multiple parallel hits hypothesis, Hepatology source

In the paper

“Another described mechanism of action of polyphenols is the increase in nitric monoxide (NO) levels after consumption of quercetin and catechin [62].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Ludovici, 2018, Polyphenols: Anti-Platelet Nutraceutical?, Curr. Pharm. Des. source

In the paper

“In a very elegant study using data from the Healthy Nordic diet group, Ruuth et al. were able to demonstrate that decreased aggregation susceptibility could be achieved through a diet rich in vitamin E, such as the MD [51].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Ruuth, 2018, Susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein particles to aggregate depends on particle lipidome, is modifiable, and associates with future cardiovascular deaths, Eur. Heart J. source

In the paper

“According to Naimi et al. [34], rosemary contains a large amount of polyphenols, especially carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and carnosol.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [34] Naimi, M., Vlavcheski, F., Shamshoum, H., and Tsiani, E. (2017). Rosemary Extract as a Potential Anti-Hyperglycemic Agent: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Nutrients, 9. source

In the paper

“MD, rich in nuts with antioxidant properties, may contribute to the decrease in the burden of NAFLD.”

In the paper

“It is well known that aberrant accumulation of ceramides, that frequently occurs because of excess saturated fat consumption, may lead to impaired cellular function, including impaired insulin function [55], while the MD has a favorable impact on CVD by diminishing ceramide concentration.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Wang, 2017, Plasma Ceramides, Mediterranean Diet, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Trial (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea), Circulation source

In the paper

“Furthermore, a study on the effect of a short-term adherence to MD versus fast food (FF) diet was able to achieve a change of HDL lipidome towards a healthier HDL status, further highlighting the cardioprotective effect of MD [52].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [52] Zhu, 2019, The HDL lipidome is widely remodeled by fast food versus Mediterranean diet in 4 days, Metabolomics source

In the paper

“Furthermore, it was shown that the administration of quercetin improves the components of the MetS such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance [47].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Rivera, 2008, Quercetin ameliorates metabolic syndrome and improves the inflammatory status in obese Zucker rats, Obesity source

In the paper

“The unsaturated fatty acids that are highly represented in the MD and especially in the extra virgin olive oil have been demonstrated, according to the PREDIMED Trial, to contribute to diminished ceramide accumulation and therefore to confer a cardioprotective effect.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Wang, 2017, Plasma Ceramides, Mediterranean Diet, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Trial (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea), Circulation source

In the paper

“In addition, the polyphenol resveratrol was able to inhibit adipocyte proliferation [48,49].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] Sun, 2019, Resveratrol Inhibits Human Visceral Preadipocyte Proliferation and Differentiation in vitro, Lipids source
• Not checked yetcites [49] Kukulus, 2010, Resveratrol regulates human adipocyte number and function in a Sirt1-dependent manner, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

In the paper

“Pathophysiologically, the excess of adipocytes leads to a constant inflammatory state since adipocytes secrete numerous proinflammatory cytokines.”

In the paper

“As already mentioned, the MD has anti-inflammatory effects.”

In the paper

“Tomato consumption has been associated with reduced body weight [46].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] Li, 2015, Tomato juice supplementation in young women reduces inflammatory adipokine levels independently of body fat reduction, Nutrition source

In the paper

“It is well known that aberrant accumulation of ceramides, that frequently occurs because of excess saturated fat consumption, may lead to impaired cellular function, including impaired insulin function [55], while the MD has a favorable impact on CVD by diminishing ceramide concentration.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Wang, 2017, Plasma Ceramides, Mediterranean Diet, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Trial (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea), Circulation source

In the paper

“In vitro and in vivo studies showed that polyphenols such as chlorogenic acid or the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside interrupt thrombin-induced platelet aggregation [60,61].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [60] Fuentes, E., Caballero, J., Alarcón, M., Rojas, A., and Palomo, I. (2014). Chlorogenic acid inhibits human platelet activation and thrombus formation. PLoS ONE, 9. source
• Not checked yetcites [61] Zhou, 2017, Anthocyanin Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Attenuates Platelet Granule Release in Mice Fed High-Fat Diets, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. source

In the paper

“The presence of the MetS confers a higher risk of cardiovascular events than the addition of these risk factors separately.”

In the paper

“It reduces blood pressure, has antiapoptotic effects on cardiomyocytes and prevents thrombus formation [64].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Mohar, 2012, The Sirtuin System: The Holy Grail of Resveratrol?, J. Clin. Exp. Cardiol. source

In the paper

“Studies showed that polyphenols, such as oleuropein found in olive oil, reduce oxidative stress, and inhibit the COX1 pathway, which is involved in platelet aggregation [59].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] Ed Nignpense, B., Chinkwo, K.A., Blanchard, C.L., and Santhakumar, A.B. (2019). Polyphenols: Modulators of Platelet Function and Platelet Microparticle Generation?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21. source

In the paper

“Resveratrol, a polyphenoid that is present in berries, grapes, and grape products such as red wine, has also been proven to have protective effects on the cardiovascular system. It reduces blood pressure, has antiapoptotic effects on cardiomyocytes and prevents thrombus formation [64].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Mohar, 2012, The Sirtuin System: The Holy Grail of Resveratrol?, J. Clin. Exp. Cardiol. source

In the paper

“The inflammatory state could therefore be a target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.”

In the paper

“NO has a vasodilating effect and inhibits platelet aggregation [63].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Loscalzo, 2001, Nitric oxide insufficiency, platelet activation, and arterial thrombosis, Circ. Res. source

In the paper

“Studies showed that polyphenols, such as oleuropein found in olive oil, reduce oxidative stress, and inhibit the COX1 pathway, which is involved in platelet aggregation [59].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] Ed Nignpense, B., Chinkwo, K.A., Blanchard, C.L., and Santhakumar, A.B. (2019). Polyphenols: Modulators of Platelet Function and Platelet Microparticle Generation?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21. source

In the paper

“According to Suzuki et al., catechins, the phenol component of tea, protect against remodeling after myocardial infarction by suppressing proinflammatory cytokine secretion [65].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Suzuki, 2007, Tea catechins attenuate chronic ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia in rats, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. source

In the paper

“They found that women with PCOS follow unhealthier diets with the ingestion of simple carbohydrates, saturated fat, and little fiber content.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [76] Barrea, L., Arnone, A., Annunziata, G., Muscogiuri, G., Laudisio, D., Salzano, C., Pugliese, G., Colao, A., and Savastano, S. (2019). Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Dietary Patterns and Body Composition in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Nutrients, 11. source

In the paper

“It reduces blood pressure, has antiapoptotic effects on cardiomyocytes and prevents thrombus formation [64].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Mohar, 2012, The Sirtuin System: The Holy Grail of Resveratrol?, J. Clin. Exp. Cardiol. source

In the paper

“This anti-inflammatory effect has also been demonstrated in a murine autoimmune myocarditis model, where catechin administration was shown to improve ventricular contractility [66].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [66] Suzuki, 2007, Tea catechins improve left ventricular dysfunction, suppress myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, and alter cytokine expression in rat autoimmune myocarditis, Eur. J. Heart Fail. source

In the paper

“Altogether, these observations support the notion that adherence to the MD would be beneficial in male reproductive issues.”

In the paper

“In murine PCOS models, green tea and chamomile were shown to reduce the number of ovarian cysts observed in pelvic ultrasound.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [80] Ashkar, 2020, The Role of medicinal herbs in treatment of insulin resistance in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A literature review, Biomol. Concepts source

In the paper

“It reduces blood pressure, has antiapoptotic effects on cardiomyocytes and prevents thrombus formation [64].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Mohar, 2012, The Sirtuin System: The Holy Grail of Resveratrol?, J. Clin. Exp. Cardiol. source

In the paper

“According to Salas-Huetos et al., oxidative stress can be reduced by the antioxidant properties of fruits and vegetables, since these antioxidants act as scavengers and reduce reactive oxygen species [89,90].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [89] Kefer, 2009, Role of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility, Int. J. Urol. source
• Not checked yetcites [90] 2017, Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: A systematic review of observational studies, Hum. Reprod. Update source

In the paper

“Furthermore, Brenjian et al. described that resveratrol can modulate the stress of the endoplasmic reticulum, also involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS [83].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [83] Brenjian, 2020, Resveratrol treatment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome decreased pro-inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. source

In the paper

“Fennel lowers testosterone levels.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [80] Ashkar, 2020, The Role of medicinal herbs in treatment of insulin resistance in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A literature review, Biomol. Concepts source

In the paper

“The lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of ω3 fatty acids can hence be used as a treatment method in PCOS patients.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [78] Amini, 2015, Antioxidants and management of polycystic ovary syndrome in Iran: A systematic review of clinical trials, Iran J. Reprod. Med.

In the paper

“They found that quercetin induces an upregulation of these proteins and could therefore be used as a treatment for PCOS [86,87].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Rezvan, 2018, Oral Quercetin Supplementation Enhances Adiponectin Receptor Transcript Expression in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial, Cell J.
• Not checked yetcites [87] Rezvan, 2017, Effects of Quercetin on Adiponectin-Mediated Insulin Sensitivity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial, Horm. Metab. Res.

In the paper

“However, obesity and insulin resistance are the main components of its pathogenesis [71].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [71] Delitala, 2017, Polycystic ovary syndrome, adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome, Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. source

In the paper

“It is well known that obesity and its complications are associated with reduced fertility in both women and men [67,68].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [67] Schagdarsurengin, 2016, Epigenetics in male reproduction: Effect of paternal diet on sperm quality and offspring health, Nat. Rev. Urol. source
• Not checked yetcites [68] Best, 2015, Obesity and fertility, Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig. source

In the paper

“Considering all these observations, a dietary modification with a reduced intake of AGEs would be beneficial in PCOS pathology.”

In the paper

“They found that quercetin induces an upregulation of these proteins and could therefore be used as a treatment for PCOS [86,87].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Rezvan, 2018, Oral Quercetin Supplementation Enhances Adiponectin Receptor Transcript Expression in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial, Cell J.
• Not checked yetcites [87] Rezvan, 2017, Effects of Quercetin on Adiponectin-Mediated Insulin Sensitivity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial, Horm. Metab. Res.

In the paper

“In contrast, a healthy high fiber diet with mainly unsaturated and few saturated fatty acids can reduce glucosemia and lipidemia and thus limit the inflammatory response [77].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [77] Barrea, 2018, Source and amount of carbohydrate in the diet and inflammation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Nutr. Res. Rev. source

In the paper

“In contrast, the polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish and olive oil or nuts are associated with better sperm quality and morphology [92].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [92] Nassan, 2018, Diet and men’s fertility: Does diet affect sperm quality?, Fertil. Steril. source

In the paper

“Mint and licorice counteract hirsutism, a common sign of PCOS due to hyperandrogenism.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [80] Ashkar, 2020, The Role of medicinal herbs in treatment of insulin resistance in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A literature review, Biomol. Concepts source

In the paper

“However, in the group of overweight women who underwent assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs), such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), there was no significant difference in pregnancy rates between women who achieved weight loss and the control group [70].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Einarsson, 2017, Weight reduction intervention for obese infertile women prior to IVF: A randomized controlled trial, Hum. Reprod. source

In the paper

“It has been further demonstrated that the diabetes complications on the reproductive system such as DNA fragmentation and disturbed sperm acrosome integrity can be reduced by the ingestion of resveratrol [95].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] Simas, 2021, Resveratrol improves sperm DNA quality and reproductive capacity in type 1 diabetes, Andrology source

In the paper

“According to Simas et al. the polyphenol resveratrol improves male fertility, by ameliorating sperm mobility and functionality.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] Simas, 2021, Resveratrol improves sperm DNA quality and reproductive capacity in type 1 diabetes, Andrology source

In the paper

“According to a study by Einarsson et al., overweight women who lost weight before insemination had an increased spontaneous pregnancy rate compared to overweight women who did not lose weight.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Einarsson, 2017, Weight reduction intervention for obese infertile women prior to IVF: A randomized controlled trial, Hum. Reprod. source

In the paper

“Furthermore, in PCOS, insulin has a stimulatory and anti-apoptotic effect on the theca cells, resulting in the hyperplasia of these cells [81].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [81] Spaczynski, 2005, Insulin and insulin-like growth factors inhibit and luteinizing hormone augments ovarian theca-interstitial cell apoptosis, Mol. Hum. Reprod. source

In the paper

“Therefore, a healthy low-fat diet such as the MD may have important beneficial effects on reproductive capacity [69].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [69] Chavarro, 2018, Introduction: Impact of nutrition on reproduction: An overview, Fertil. Steril. source

In the paper

“These observations were significantly reversed after olive oil supplementation [94].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [94] Saez Lancellotti, T.E., Boarelli, P.V., Romero, A.A., Funes, A.K., Cid-Barria, M., Cabrillana, M.E., Monclus, M.A., Simón, L., Vicenti, A.E., and Fornés, M.W. (2013). Semen quality and sperm function loss by hypercholesterolemic diet was recovered by addition of olive oil to diet in rabbit. PLoS ONE, 8. source

In the paper

“The high-fat, low-fiber Western diet has been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [112] Jackson, 2019, Diet in Parkinson’s Disease: Critical Role for the Microbiome, Front. Neurol. source

In the paper

“They found that high omega-3 and low omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were associated with a more favorable outcome [124].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [124] Parletta, 2019, A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: A randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED), Nutr. Neurosci. source

In the paper

“The gut microbiota composition is further affected by the diet of the newborn, since babies fed by infant formulas have a higher number of pathogenic bacteria in comparison to breast-fed babies [102].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [102] Barca, 2015, Diet, Microbiota and Immune System in Type 1 Diabetes Development and Evolution, Nutrients source

In the paper

“Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that maternal diet during pregnancy also affects the rate of congenital malformations, like gastroschisis [99].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [99] Mehta, 2008, Nutrition and pregnancy, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. source

In the paper

“According to Rahman et al., polyphenols may therefore improve fertility through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects [88].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [88] Rahman, S.U., Huang, Y., Zhu, L., Feng, S., Khan, I.M., Wu, J., Li, Y., and Wang, X. (2018). Therapeutic Role of Green Tea Polyphenols in Improving Fertility: A Review. Nutrients, 10. source

In the paper

“Moreover, the healthy diet of a pregnant woman rich in dietary fiber shapes the gut microbiota of her offspring [100].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [100] Mulligan, 2017, Maternal modifiers of the infant gut microbiota: Metabolic consequences, J. Endocrinol. source

In the paper

“In contrast, SCFAs have been shown to have an immunomodulatory effect [109].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [109] Vinolo, 2011, Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids, Nutrients source

In the paper

“Resveratrol can also improve male fertility rates in the procedure of cryoconservation since it protects the sperm from oxidative stress [96].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [96] Garcez, 2010, Effects of resveratrol supplementation on cryopreservation medium of human semen, Fertil. Steril. source

In the paper

“Further substances that are associated with a reduced risk of developing depression are polyphenols [127].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [127] Bayes, 2020, Effects of Polyphenols in a Mediterranean Diet on Symptoms of Depression: A Systematic Literature Review, Adv. Nutr. source

In the paper

“In contrast, a high fiber diet induces a microbiome rich in Prevotella species [106].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] Wu, 2011, Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes, Science source

In the paper

“Healthy diet already before pregnancy, but mainly during pregnancy and lactation, has a major impact on the metabolic and overall health of the offspring [97,98,99].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Amati, F., Hassounah, S., and Swaka, A. (2019). The Impact of Mediterranean Dietary Patterns During Pregnancy on Maternal and Offspring Health. Nutrients, 11. source
• Not checked yetcites [98] Biagi, C., Nunzio, M.D., Bordoni, A., Gori, D., and Lanari, M. (2019). Effect of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet during Pregnancy on Children’s Health: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11. source
• Not checked yetcites [99] Mehta, 2008, Nutrition and pregnancy, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. source

In the paper

“A high fat diet leads to the colonization of the intestine of mainly Bacteroides species.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] Wu, 2011, Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes, Science source

In the paper

“Following an MD during pregnancy is associated with a lower rate of small for gestational age (SGA) neonates [98].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] Biagi, C., Nunzio, M.D., Bordoni, A., Gori, D., and Lanari, M. (2019). Effect of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet during Pregnancy on Children’s Health: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11. source

In the paper

“It was observed that children whose mothers followed MD had a lower risk of developing congenital heart defects.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Amati, F., Hassounah, S., and Swaka, A. (2019). The Impact of Mediterranean Dietary Patterns During Pregnancy on Maternal and Offspring Health. Nutrients, 11. source

In the paper

“According to Rajaram et al., the consumption of fruits, green tea, and nuts, which are all important components of the Mediterranean diet, has neuroprotective effects [113].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [113] Rajaram, 2019, Plant-Based Dietary Patterns, Plant Foods, and Age-Related Cognitive Decline, Adv. Nutr. source

In the paper

“It can begin in infancy or even earlier in life, where it has been shown that breastfed children of mothers who eat a low meat diet have a lower risk of developing T1DM [105].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [105] Takkinen, 2015, Maternal intake of fatty acids and their food sources during lactation and the risk of preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes in the offspring, Acta Diabetol. source

In the paper

“These effects were reduced after the treatment of N2 cells with the polyphenols, resveratrol, quercetin and apigenin [120].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [120] Yammine, A., Zarrouk, A., Nury, T., Vejux, A., Latruffe, N., Vervandier-Fasseur, D., Samadi, M., Mackrill, J.J., Greige-Gerges, H., and Auezova, L. (2020). Prevention by Dietary Polyphenols (Resveratrol, Quercetin, Apigenin) Against 7-Ketocholesterol-Induced Oxiapoptophagy in Neuronal N2a Cells: Potential Interest for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative and Age-Related Diseases. Cells, 9. source

In the paper

“These molecules reduce oxidative stress, by lowering the number of free radicals.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] Li, 2017, Health benefits of anthocyanins and molecular mechanisms: Update from recent decade, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. source

In the paper

“Studies have shown that patients with T1DM have an altered intestinal flora compared to healthy individuals [104].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [104] Han, H., Li, Y., Fang, J., Liu, G., Yin, J., Li, T., and Yin, Y. (2018). Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19. source

In the paper

“In addition, newborns whose mothers followed MD during pregnancy showed a lower probability of developing neural tube defects.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Amati, F., Hassounah, S., and Swaka, A. (2019). The Impact of Mediterranean Dietary Patterns During Pregnancy on Maternal and Offspring Health. Nutrients, 11. source

In the paper

“The current COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated neuropsychological disorders, since the lockdown strategy led to significant lifestyle changes that were accompanied by increased social isolation, uncertainty for the future and unemployment.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [121] Ettman, 2020, Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic, JAMA Netw. Open source

In the paper

“In addition, comparing n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids to placebo as a treatment of depression also demonstrated the beneficial effects of n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids [125].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [125] Huang, Q., Liu, H., Suzuki, K., Ma, S., and Liu, C. (2019). Linking What We Eat to Our Mood: A Review of Diet, Dietary Antioxidants, and Depression. Antioxidants, 8. source

In the paper

“Healthy nutrition in terms of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, legumes, vegetables, olive oil, nuts, herbs, spices, and high fiber intake with a reduction in processed red meat intake may contribute to the decrease in this pandemic.”

In the paper

“In conclusion, the adverse health effects of polyphenols have mainly been described in the context of an excess supraphysiological intake that does not correspond to the natural diet.”

In the paper

“In addition, pharmacokinetic interactions have been described, mainly due to CYP450 induction, which may affect the pharmacokinetics of other drugs [129].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [129] Shaito, A., Posadino, A.M., Younes, N., Hasan, H., Halabi, S., Alhababi, D., Al-Mohannadi, A., Abdel-Rahman, W.M., Eid, A.H., and Nasrallah, G.K. (2020). Potential Adverse Effects of Resveratrol: A Literature Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21. source

In the paper

“This led to a market withdrawal of high dose-EGCG-supplements [130].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [130] Hayat, 2015, Tea and its consumption: Benefits and risks, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. source

In the paper

“According to Gu et al., the polyphenol resveratrol modulates this, by increasing the levels of both dopamine and serotonin in a dose-dependent manner.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [128] Gu, 2019, Therapeutic effect of resveratrol on mice with depression, Exp. Ther. Med.

In the paper

“A high-dose administration of resveratrol in animal experiments showed proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [129] Shaito, A., Posadino, A.M., Younes, N., Hasan, H., Halabi, S., Alhababi, D., Al-Mohannadi, A., Abdel-Rahman, W.M., Eid, A.H., and Nasrallah, G.K. (2020). Potential Adverse Effects of Resveratrol: A Literature Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21. source

In the paper

“In patients suffering from depression, a reduced level of dopamine and serotonin has been observed.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [128] Gu, 2019, Therapeutic effect of resveratrol on mice with depression, Exp. Ther. Med.

In the paper

“The formation of SCFAs induces the secretion of hormones, including leptin, which showed beneficial effects on depressive symptoms in animal experiments [11].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [11] Zhou, 2020, Gut Microbiota: A Pivotal Hub for Polyphenols as Antidepressants, J. Agric. Food. Chem. source

In the paper

“Thus, in a healthy balanced diet, the numerous beneficial effects outweigh by far the putative negative effects.”

In the paper

“In addition, it increases the level of the neuroprotective molecules brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), which are also found to be decreased in patients with depression [128].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [128] Gu, 2019, Therapeutic effect of resveratrol on mice with depression, Exp. Ther. Med.