The DOI matches its Crossref record; 587 of the 587 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 559 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases
Open accessAbstract
Chronic diseases are major killers in the modern era. Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic diseases. The initial third of the article considers: activity and prevention definitions; historical evidence showing physical inactivity is detrimental to health and normal organ functional capacities; cause versus treatment; physical activity and inactivity mechanisms differ; gene‐environment interaction (including aerobic training adaptations, personalized medicine, and co‐twin physical activity); and specificity of adaptations to type of training. Next, physical activity/exercise is examined as primary prevention against 35 chronic conditions [accelerated biological aging/premature death, low cardiorespiratory fitness (V o 2 max), sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, arterial dyslipidemia, hemostasis, deep vein thrombosis, cognitive dysfunction, depression and anxiety, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, balance, bone fracture/falls, rheumatoid arthritis, colon cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, gestational diabetes, pre‐eclampsia, polycystic ovary syndrome, erectile dysfunction, pain, diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder diseases]. The article ends with consideration of deterioration of risk factors in longer‐term sedentary groups; clinical consequences of inactive childhood/adolescence; and public policy. In summary, the body rapidly maladapts to insufficient physical activity, and if continued, results in substantial decreases in both total and quality years of life. Taken together, conclusive evidence exists that physical inactivity is one important cause of most chronic diseases. In addition, physical activity primarily prevents, or delays, chronic diseases, implying that chronic disease need not be an inevitable outcome during life. © 2012 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 2:1143‐1211, 2012.
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Claims the paper makes
428 Not checked yet · 139 Own interpretation · 43 Sources not found · 17 No basis given · 7 Own result · 5 Own method · 3 Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“greater volumes of exercise were associated with a lower probability of being a nonresponder.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [478] Sisson SB Katzmarzyk PT Earnest CP Bouchard C Blair SN Church TS Volume of exercise and fitness nonresponse in sedentary, postmenopausal women Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 41 539 545 19204597 PMC2669311 source
The Abstract Conclusion states the claim directly. The Results also report that, compared with the lowest-volume group, the likelihood of nonresponse was 57% lower in the 8 kcal/kg/week group and 74% lower in the 12 kcal/kg/week group. These findings concern sedentary postmenopausal women in the DREW trial. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Other studies have found a relatively quick effect of exercise involving 10 days of walking for 30 min/day resulted in a decrease in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and self-assessed intensity of symptoms (139).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [139] Dimeo F Bauer M Varahram I Proest G Halter U Benefits from aerobic exercise in patients with major depression: a pilot study Br J Sports Med 2001 35 114 117 11273973 PMC1724301 source
The Abstract describes 30 minutes of treadmill walking per day for 10 training days and reports significant reductions in both Hamilton depression scores and self-assessed symptom intensity. The Results section confirms reductions on both measures. This was a small pilot study without a control group, so the findings do not establish causation conclusively. (LLM, conf=0.93)
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- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, DLW estimates of energy expenditure determined between 1988 (555) and 2006 (554) did not significantly differ.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [555] Westerterp KR Speakman JR Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals Int J Obes (Lond) 2008 32 1256 1263 18504442 source
- Not checked yetcites [554] Westerterp KR Physical activity, food intake, and body weight regulation: insights from doubly labeled water studies Nutr Rev 2010 68 148 154 20384845 source
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We followed Levine's model and calculated an annualized loss of 64,349 calories (caloric equivalent of 18.4 pounds of fat in one year) would not be expended when walking/standing is selected out of lifestyle in our hypothetical model (Table 9).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Caloric expenditure estimates from domestic mechanization and walking/standing can be annualized to fat gain.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The lowest activity group has ~40% increased prevalence of colon cancer compared to the highest activity group.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.4 Clinical significance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Combining pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer resulted in a 15–20% decreased risk by physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 40. Breast cancer > 40.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [347] Monninkhof EM Elias SG Vlems FA van der Tweel I Schuit AJ Voskuil DW van Leeuwen FE Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review Epidemiology 2007 18 137 157 17130685 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A literature review through March 1997 found 23 case-control (cross-sectional) studies and 17 cohort (longitudinal) studies. In both types of studies, those in the highest physical activity category had ~40%–50% reduction in risk of colon cancer compared with the least active category (111).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Colditz GA Cannuscio CC Frazier AL Physical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: implications for prevention Cancer Causes Control 1997 8 649 667 9242482 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A decade later, the NPAGCR(412) concluded physical activity produced a medium reduction of 30% in colon cancer from 8 case -control and 12 cohort studies, respectively.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A 2007 systemic review of 19 cohort and 29 case-control studies found a strong evidence for risk reductions ranging from 20% to 80% by physical activity for postmenopausal breast cancer (347).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 40. Breast cancer > 40.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [347] Monninkhof EM Elias SG Vlems FA van der Tweel I Schuit AJ Voskuil DW van Leeuwen FE Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review Epidemiology 2007 18 137 157 17130685 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ju et al. (262) found that colon tumorigenesis was ~40% greater in sedentary than voluntary running mice ApcMin/+ mice.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [262] Ju J Nolan B Cheh M Bose M Lin Y Wagner GC Yang CS Voluntary exercise inhibits intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice and azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice BMC Cancer 2008 8 316 18976499 PMC2635383
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 169
- Probably not a substantial claim. 50
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A cohort study of Swedish men born in 1950 through 1976 who were enlisted for military service at age 18 (N = 1,221,727) (1) reported that cardiovascular fitness, as measured by ergometer cycling, was positively associated with global intelligence scores with aerobic capacity most strongly associated with logic and verbal intelligence.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Aberg MA Pedersen NL Toren K Svartengren M Backstrand B Johnsson T Cooper-Kuhn CM Aberg ND Nilsson M Kuhn HG Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 106 20906 20911 19948959 PMC2785721 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelationaln = 1,221,727- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, from ~1980 to 1988 the increased prevalence of obesity was already occurring and the slope of the increase remained unchanged through 2006 (Fig. 9).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, much weaker evidence is available for physical activities reduction on risk of premenopausal breast cancer, so no effect existed.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 40. Breast cancer > 40.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [347] Monninkhof EM Elias SG Vlems FA van der Tweel I Schuit AJ Voskuil DW van Leeuwen FE Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review Epidemiology 2007 18 137 157 17130685 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Carson and co-authors observed that treadmill exercise reduced polyp number and size in male, but not female ApcMin/+ mice, while voluntary wheel running did not elicit a change in polyp number or size (337).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [337] Mehl KA Davis JM Clements JM Berger FG Pena MM Carson JA Decreased intestinal polyp multiplicity is related to exercise mode and gender in ApcMin/+ mice J Appl Physiol 2005 98 2219 2225 15894538
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“In their second study of ApcMin/+ mice, 10 weeks of voluntary running decreased polyp number and increased serum IGF-I in male ApcMin/+, with IGF-I not being related to polyp number (107).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Colbert LH Mai V Tooze JA Perkins SN Berrigan D Hursting SD Negative energy balance induced by voluntary wheel running inhibits polyp development in APCMin mice Carcinogenesis 2006 27 2103 2107 16699175 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“No deleterious effects of exercise on preeclampsia were found, but Gavard and Artal caution that purposes of the investigations cited by them may not have been to report deleterious effects (196).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.3 Preeclampsia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gavard and Artal (196) concluded that the balance of evidence still supports that exercise is the primary prevention against preeclampsia, with the effects being particularly strong for vigorous or intense exercise.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.3 Preeclampsia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Utilizing a randomized-single bind design 110 obese men with ED, as defined by a International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) less than 21, were either placed into an intervention group with the goal of 10% weight loss by walking 4 hours a week and reducing caloric intake or a control group. After 2 years, using an intent-to-treat analysis, the intervention group spent 195 min/wk doing physical”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.1 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Esposito K Giugliano F Di Palo C Giugliano G Marfella R D'Andrea F D'Armiento M Giugliano D Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2004 291 2978 2984 15213209 source
plaindirectn = 110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For instance in the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey of 2031 males aged 30–79 lifestyle contributed to 12.2% of the total subject with clinically validated ED (295). However, when all covariates were considered, lifestyle alone could only explain 0.9% of the ED.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.1 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [295] Kupelian V Araujo AB Chiu GR Rosen RC McKinlay JB Relative contributions of modifiable risk factors to erectile dysfunction: results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey Prev Med 2010 50 19 25 19944117 PMC2813912 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no studies to our knowledge showing that physical inactivity is associated with an increase in most chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.3 Physical inactivity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise reduced cutaneous and deep tissue hyperalgesia induced by acidic saline and stimulated neurotrophic factor-3 synthesis in gastrocnemius but not the soleus muscle (469).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 44. Pain > 44.4 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [469] Sharma NK Ryals JM Gajewski BJ Wright DE Aerobic exercise alters analgesia and neurotrophin-3 synthesis in an animal model of chronic widespread pain Phys Ther 2010 90 714 725 20338916 PMC3171655 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, in contrast, an older study of Finnish athletes that died between 1936 and 1985 showed that they were no more likely to have asthma and about 50% less likely to die of any pulmonary disease than non-athletes (291).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.3 Physical inactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [291] Kujala UM Sarna S Kaprio J Koskenvuo M Asthma and other pulmonary diseases in former elite athletes Thorax 1996 51 288 292 8779133 PMC1090641 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The NPAGCR concluded no association exists between physical activity and prostate cancer (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.2 Prostate Cancer (PCa)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Exercise training has been long suggested to reduce pain, but not to be a cure to the source of the pain [see (469) for refs.], but sufficient publications to verify the claim do not exist.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 44. Pain > 44.5 Clinical significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [469] Sharma NK Ryals JM Gajewski BJ Wright DE Aerobic exercise alters analgesia and neurotrophin-3 synthesis in an animal model of chronic widespread pain Phys Ther 2010 90 714 725 20338916 PMC3171655 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the NPAGCR states a statistically significant trend towards decreasing prostate cancer risk was observed with increasing physical activity in several studies.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.2 Prostate Cancer (PCa)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While regular moderate exercise reduces susceptibility to infection compared to sedentary, prolonged bouts of strenuous exercise cause a temporary depression of various aspects of immune function (e.g., neutrophil respiratory burst, lymphocyte proliferation, monocyte antigen presentation) for ~3–24 hr, e.g., after prolonged (>1.5 h), of moderate to high intensity (55–75% maximum O2 uptake) without”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.5 Clinical significance
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Twelve markers that increase the risk of chronic diseases became worse in the 6-month inactive “control group”, including increases in body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, VAT, total abdominal fat, fasting insulin, LDL particle number, small dense LDL and LDL-cholesterol; and decreases in insulin sensitivity, and fitness (35, 153, 246, 257, 284, 481).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 50. Risk factors worsen over 6–12 months in RCTs > 50.1 RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Berggren JR Hulver MW Dohm GL Houmard JA Weight loss and exercise: implications for muscle lipid metabolism and insulin action Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 36 1191 1195 15235324 source
- Not checked yetcites [153] Duscha BD Slentz CA Johnson JL Houmard JA Bensimhon DR Knetzger KJ Kraus WE Effects of exercise training amount and intensity on peak oxygen consumption in middle-age men and women at risk for cardiovascular disease Chest 2005 128 2788 2793 16236956 source
- Not checked yetcites [246] Houmard JA Tanner CJ Slentz CA Duscha BD McCartney JS Kraus WE Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2004 96 101 106 12972442 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The changes in immune function include low levels of lymphocytes and lymphocyte function (301), impaired phagocytosis, impaired neutrophilic function with prolonged exercise (401), neutrophil degranulation (400), reduced monocyte function (302), reduced oxidative burst activity, and potentially lower mucosal immunoglobulin levels (201).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.4 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [301] Lancaster GI Halson SL Khan Q Drysdale P Wallace F Jeukendrup AE Drayson MT Gleeson M Effects of acute exhaustive exercise and chronic exercise training on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocytes Exerc Immunol Rev 2004 10 91 106 15633589 source
- Not checked yetcites [401] Peake JM Exercise-induced alterations in neutrophil degranulation and respiratory burst activity: possible mechanisms of action Exerc Immunol Rev 2002 8 49 100 12690938
- Not checked yetcites [400] Peake J Wilson G Hordern M Suzuki K Yamaya K Nosaka K Mackinnon L Coombes JS Changes in neutrophil surface receptor expression, degranulation, and respiratory burst activity after moderate- and high-intensity exercise J Appl Physiol 2004 97 612 618 15075305 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“58% and 92% of American children aged 6–11 and 12–19 yrs-old, respectively, do not meet the recommended 60 min of daily physical activity (527).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.1 Prevalence of physical inactivity in youth
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [527] Troiano RP Berrigan D Dodd KW Masse LC Tilert T McDowell M Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008 40 181 188 18091006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our estimations are that U.S. health care costs of inactivity will range from $2.2–3.8 trillion in the first decade of the 21st century, or $700 yearly ($7000 for the next decade) from each U.S. resident”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, even the physically active conductors who did develop CHD with age were better off, presenting with less severe disease and lower fatality rates than the inactive bus drivers (353).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.4 Initial epidemiology (1949–1953)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [353] Morris JN Heady JA Raffle PA Roberts CG Parks JW Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work Lancet 1953 265 1053 1057 13110049
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, physical activity primarily prevents, or delays, chronic diseases, implying that chronic disease need not be an inevitable outcome during life.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three millennia of evidence exist to indicate historical recognition that physical inactivity is detrimental to health by reducing the functional capacity of most organ systems in humans, mammals, and rodents.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Body composition was also significantly altered by 2 weeks of reduced stepping with visceral adipose tissue mass increased 7%, total fat-free mass decreased by 1.2 kg, 0.5 kg of it in the legs, while total-body fat mass and BMI were unchanged (286, 389).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.10 Translation studies - Reduced stepping studies in humans (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Krogh-Madsen R Thyfault JP Broholm C Mortensen OH Olsen RH Mounier R Plomgaard P van Hall G Booth FW Pedersen BK A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2010 108 1034 1040 20044474 source
- Not checked yetcites [389] Olsen RH Krogh-Madsen R Thomsen C Booth FW Pedersen BK Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men JAMA 2008 299 1261 1263 18349087 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Functional capacity is pliable; declining rapidly with extreme physical inactivity or more slowly with aging, while preventing inactivity can increase functional capacity (considered in specific detail in the aging section).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.3 Definition of functional capacity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the historical work provides overwhelming evidence that physical inactivity cause decreases in capacities of functional systems, leading to premature deterioration of health in humans.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.12 Summary: Inactivity causes loss of functional capacities
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A direct link between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After 2 weeks, VO2max decreased 7%, peripheral insulin sensitivity decreased by 17% with concurrent decreases in insulin-stimulated ratio of pAkt-Thr308/total Akt in skeletal muscle.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.10 Translation studies - Reduced stepping studies in humans (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Krogh-Madsen R Thyfault JP Broholm C Mortensen OH Olsen RH Mounier R Plomgaard P van Hall G Booth FW Pedersen BK A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2010 108 1034 1040 20044474 source
- Not checked yetcites [389] Olsen RH Krogh-Madsen R Thomsen C Booth FW Pedersen BK Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men JAMA 2008 299 1261 1263 18349087 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Physical activity, itself, rarely causes chronic conditions, e.g., participation in specific sports improves general health, but can increase the risk of osteoarthritis in specific populations (71); discussed later in section “Osteoarthritis”.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.9 Definitions of types of prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Buckwalter JA Martin JA Sports and osteoarthritis Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004 16 634 639 15314507 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance inactivity results in immediate negative remodeling of the vessel, while activity requires 4–6 weeks to positively remodel the vessel.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-term reductions in daily step number (producing less daily physical activity) cause decreased CRF, loss of insulin sensitivity, reduced lean mass and increased visceral adipose tissue.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.11 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, both human and rat models of reduced daily steps increased visceral adipose tissue while diminishing lean mass, independent of caloric increases.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.10 Translation studies - Reduced stepping studies in humans (2000's)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is strong evidence that physically active people have better health-related physical fitness and are at lower risk of developing many disabling medical conditions than inactive people (532).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.8 Definition of chronic diseases and their prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [532] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2011 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/guidelines/introaspx
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Within 53 hrs two major changes in functional capacities were observed, decreased submaximal insulin sensitivity and enhanced storage of TG in visceral adipose tissue.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.9 Animal wheel lock studies (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Kump DS Booth FW Alterations in insulin receptor signalling in the rat epitrochlearis muscle upon cessation of voluntary exercise J Physiol 2005 562 829 838 15550465 PMC1665545 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A 2010 review co-authored from multiple research sites concluded from an examination of 43 papers, “Limited evidence was found to support a positive relationship between occupational sitting and health risks. The heterogeneity of study designs, measures, and findings makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions at this time” (537).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.8 Sitting studies (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [537] van Uffelen JG Wong J Chau JY van der Ploeg HP Riphagen I Gilson ND Burton NW Healy GN Thorp AA Clark BK Gardiner PA Dunstan DW Bauman A Owen N Brown WJ Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review Am J Prev Med 2010 39 379 388 20837291 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Strength is highly dependent upon skeletal muscle mass, which contains a major genetic component (Discussed later in Twin studies-Modulation of twin health by physical activity), and is sensitive to decreased mechanical loading resulting in skeletal muscle atrophy regardless of endowed muscle mass (49, 508).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.6 Strength fitness
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Inherited genes and their interaction with activity levels determine physical fitness.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both have components of genetic inheritability and are also trainable (Discussed later in Twin studies-Modulation of twin health by physical activity).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.7 Balance and flexibility fitness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Inherited genes and their interaction with activity levels determine physical fitness.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“High VO2max is associated with “positive health”; low VO2max is associated with “negative health.””
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.2 Higher VO2max associates with better health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical fitness and physical activity/inactivity interact with genes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the body rapidly maladapts to insufficient physical activity, and if continued, results in substantial decreases in both total and quality years of life.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A direct link between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The CDC defines physical inactivity as an actual cause of chronic conditions (213, 345).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.9 Definitions of types of prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213] Hahn RA Teutsch SM Rothenberg RB Marks JS Excess deaths from nine chronic diseases in the United States, 1986 JAMA 1990 264 2654 2659 2232042 source
- Not checked yetcites [345] Mokdad AH Marks JS Stroup DF Gerberding JL Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000 JAMA 2004 291 1238 1245 15010446 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“No systematic analysis allows us to be certain that a `nonresponder' for one trait does not cluster with a poor response for another” (516).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [516] Timmons JA Commentary on viewpoint: Perspective on the future use of genomics in exercise prescription J Appl Physiol 2008 104 1250 18385305 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data provides evidence of a genetic role in inter-animal variation in VO2max that is correlated with better health outcomes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Maximal heritability estimates were at least 50%, a value inflated to an undetermined degree by inclusion of nongenetic shared factors” (56).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Bouchard C Daw EW Rice T Perusse L Gagnon J Province MA Leon AS Rao DC Skinner JS Wilmore JH Familial resemblance for VO2max in the sedentary state: the HERITAGE family study Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998 30 252 258 9502354 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quotation hints that some genes were selected during evolution to support high levels of physical activity and the ability to adapt to physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Bennett and Ruben elegantly described a basis for natural selection of genes by physical activity to maximize inherited potential VO2max”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Bennett AF Ruben JA Endothermy and activity in vertebrates Science 1979 206 649 654 493968 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rats with high VO2max had healthier cardiovascular systems (12% lower mean 24-hr blood pressures and 48% better acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation), and healthier metabolic risk factors (16% less fasting plasma glucose, 39% less visceral adipose tissue, 63% lower plasma triglyceride levels, and greater mitochondrial protein concentrations).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [569] Wisloff U Najjar SM Ellingsen O Haram PM Swoap S Al-Share Q Fernstrom M Rezaei K Lee SJ Koch LG Britton SL Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity Science 2005 307 418 420 15662013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The variability in muscle mass may, in part, be related (but not limited) to inter-individual differences in genome code (as with IGF2 in the aforementioned porcine model) (377), the individual's ability to activate intramuscular mTORC1 signaling within skeletal muscle in response to exercise (333), and/or different responses of microRNA (miRNA) to RT(120).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.4 Phenotype responsiveness variability to resistance training (RT)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [377] Nezer C Collette C Moreau L Brouwers B Kim JJ Giuffra E Buys N Andersson L Georges M Haplotype sharing refines the location of an imprinted quantitative trait locus with major effect on muscle mass to a 250-kb chromosome segment containing the porcine IGF2 gene Genetics 2003 165 277 285 14504235 PMC1462731 source
- Not matchedcites [333] Mayhew DLKJ Kosek D Petrella Cross J Bamman M The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is up-regulated during skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans FASEB J 2007 21 895
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [120] Davidsen PK Gallagher IJ Hartman JW Tarnopolsky MA Dela F Helge JW Timmons JA Phillips SM High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression J Appl Physiol 2011 110 309 317 21030674 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 585 subjects undergoing 12 weeks of RT, changes from 2 to +59%, 0 to +250%, and −32 to +149% occurred in cross sectional area, one repetition max, and maximal isometric contraction, respectively (250).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.4 Phenotype responsiveness variability to resistance training (RT)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250] Hubal MJ Gordish-Dressman H Thompson PD Price TB Hoffman EP Angelopoulos TJ Gordon PM Moyna NM Pescatello LS Visich PS Zoeller RF Seip RL Clarkson PM Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005 37 964 972 15947721
plaindirectn = 585- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many of these studies have methodological limitations including a wide range of physical activity levels and outcomes that differ from classical exercise physiology adaptations.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.3 MZ twin activity comparisons show variable chronic disease component
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One possible pathway is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which is up-regulated during skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans, and related to the ability for satellite cells to proliferate and/or differentiate (411).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.4 Phenotype responsiveness variability to resistance training (RT)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [411] Petrella JK Kim JS Mayhew DL Cross JM Bamman MM Potent myofiber hypertrophy during resistance training in humans is associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear addition: a cluster analysis J Appl Physiol 2008 104 1736 1742 18436694
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These contradictory results may simply be due to the lack of specific measures of bone mass in the active limbs, or to the variation in types of load-bearing physical activity, and thus bone health, in the physically active group.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.5 Important gene component to activity adaptation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specificity of training (i.e., adaptation to training is specific to the class of exercise (aerobic vs. resistance) is dogma.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More surprisingly is the minor effect of physical activity on overall “well-being”, which is in contrast to a number of cross-sectional studies suggesting that physical activity is strongly negatively correlated with depression and anxiety.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.5 Important gene component to activity adaptation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a major genetic component is found for both measures of strength fitness (muscle strength and power) and in endurance fitness as well as responses (lactate levels, blood pressure) to exercise.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.5 Important gene component to activity adaptation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“HIT-walking resulted in greater increases in VO2peak and thigh muscle strength and a greater reduction in SBP than moderate-intensity continuous walking in older men and women (375).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375] Nemoto K Gen-no H Masuki S Okazaki K Nose H Effects of high-intensity interval walking training on physical fitness and blood pressure in middle-aged and older people Mayo Clin Proc 2007 82 803 811 17605959 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“hypertrophied muscles of weight lifters did not have the increased mitochondria of aerobic training and that prolonged daily run training increases mitochondria, but does not hypertrophy the muscles.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while physical activity levels themselves exhibit a large genetic component; it varies tremendously between countries and cultures.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.5 Important gene component to activity adaptation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“has been said to “prove more benefit than traditional continuous exercise programs in several metabolic, muscular, and cardiovascular parameters” (278).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [278] Kokkinos P Myers J Exercise and physical activity: clinical outcomes and applications Circulation 2010 122 1637 1648 20956238 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“one HIT report indicates that HIT by untrained men produced greater (VO2max), the same (improvements in oral glucose tolerance), and less (resting bradycardia, total-body fat percentage, and reducing ratio between total and HDL plasma cholesterol.) adaptations than in a second group performing continuous training (384).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [384] Nybo L Sundstrup E Jakobsen MD Mohr M Hornstrup T Simonsen L Bulow J Randers MB Nielsen JJ Aagaard P Krustrup P High-intensity training versus traditional exercise interventions for promoting health Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010 42 1951 1958 20195181 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alzheimer's and dementia both have a large physical inactivity component.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.4 Important physical activity component to activity adaptation
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Katzmarzyk et al. (268) reported a dose-response association existed between sitting time and mortality from all causes and CVD, but not for cancer, independent of leisure time physical activity in 17,000 Canadians, such that hazard ratio was 1.54 for the greatest sitting time.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268] Katzmarzyk PT Church TS Craig CL Bouchard C Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 41 998 1005 19346988 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the same age for death, the high physical activity group spent less time disabled than the overall population of men (2.5 vs. 3.0 years), while the low physical activity group actually spends more time disabled than all men (2.6 vs. 1.4 years)(181).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Ferrucci L Izmirlian G Leveille S Phillips CL Corti MC Brock DB Guralnik JM Smoking, physical activity, and active life expectancy Am J Epidemiol 1999 149 645 653 10192312 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This inverse association has been observed among persons residing in the United States, as well as in other countries, older persons (aged 65 years and older), and persons of different race/ethnic groups.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Joyner and Pedersen (260) contend that it is a failure of regulation at multiple levels that causes many common diseases.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 11. Diseasome of physical inactivity (35 diseases/conditions)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260] Joyner M Pedersen BK Ten Questions About Systems Biology J Physiol 2011 PMC3060582 21224238 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They further argue that a lack of fluency to use key physiological concepts (like homeostasis, regulated systems and redundancy) as major intellectual tools to understand at multiple levels how whole animals adapt to exercise and maladapt to physical inactivity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 11. Diseasome of physical inactivity (35 diseases/conditions)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260] Joyner M Pedersen BK Ten Questions About Systems Biology J Physiol 2011 PMC3060582 21224238 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Dunstan et al. (151) found that each 1-hour increase in TV viewing time was associated with 11% and 18% increased risks of all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively, in 20,000 Australian men and women.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] Dunstan DW Barr EL Healy GN Salmon J Shaw JE Balkau B Magliano DJ Cameron AJ Zimmet PZ Owen N Television viewing time and mortality: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) Circulation 2010 121 384 391 20065160 source
plaindirectn = 20,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes at the age of 20 yrs is associated with 17.2 and 17.9 yrs of life lost in males and females, respectively (366).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [366] Narayan KM Boyle JP Thompson TJ Sorensen SW Williamson DF Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States JAMA 2003 290 1884 1890 14532317
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Low values of functional capacities for maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and for maximal skeletal muscle mass/strength, each alone, are biomarkers for death as they are associated with shorter life expectancies.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, two weeks of reduced daily stepping (286) and 5 days of bed rest (216) do not increase inflammatory markers so CRP is unlikely to be the first initiating mechanism.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Krogh-Madsen R Thyfault JP Broholm C Mortensen OH Olsen RH Mounier R Plomgaard P van Hall G Booth FW Pedersen BK A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2010 108 1034 1040 20044474 source
- Not checked yetcites [216] Hamburg NM McMackin CJ Huang AL Shenouda SM Widlansky ME Schulz E Gokce N Ruderman NB Keaney JF Jr Vita JA Physical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteers Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007 27 2650 2656 17932315 PMC2596308 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The detrimental effects of sitting have been hypothesized by Stamatakis et al. (489) to occur in the following sequence of events: excessive sitting lowers skeletal muscle blood flow, lowering shear stress on vascular endothelial cells,,and decreasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [489] Stamatakis E Hamer M Dunstan DW Screen-based entertainment time, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular events population-based study with ongoing mortality and hospital events follow-up J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 57 292 299 21232666 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While physically active and inactive individuals lose a VO2max at a similar rate (slope of the curve) due to primary aging, the inactive individuals have a leftward shift of the curve.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [503] Tanaka H Seals DR Invited Review: Dynamic exercise performance in Masters athletes: insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity J Appl Physiol 2003 95 2152 2162 14555676 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While light physical activity is associated with rather low-intensity muscle contractions, it still has favorable improvements on plasma glucose in glucose tolerance tests (228), and differs substantially from the absence of muscle activity while sitting”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [228] Healy GN Dunstan DW Salmon J Cerin E Shaw JE Zimmet PZ Owen N Objectively measured light-intensity physical activity is independently associated with 2-h plasma glucose Diabetes Care 2007 30 1384 1389 17473059 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rapid biochemical changes in a rodent models of sitting, hindlimb unloading, have demonstrated decreases in rat skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates within the first 6 hrs (54, 357, 507, 529, 550) and loss of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into the mouse soleus muscle after 1 day (466).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Booth FW Seider MJ Early change in skeletal muscle protein synthesis after limb immobilization of rats J Appl Physiol 1979 47 974 977 511723 source
- Not checked yetcites [357] Morrison PR Montgomery JA Wong TS Booth FW Cytochrome c proteinsynthesis rates and mRNA contents during atrophy and recovery in skeletal muscle Biochem J 1987 241 257 263 3032156 PMC1147550 source
- Not checked yetcites [507] Thomason DB Biggs RB Booth FW Protein metabolism and beta-myosin heavy-chain mRNA in unweighted soleus muscle Am J Physiol 1989 257 R300 305 2764153 source
- Not checked yetcites [529] Tucker KR Seider MJ Booth FW Protein synthesis rates in atrophied gastrocnemius muscles after limb immobilization J Appl Physiol 1981 51 73 77 7263427 source
- Not checked yetcites [550] Watson PA Stein JP Booth FW Changes in actin synthesis and alpha-actin-mRNA content in rat muscle during immobilization Am J Physiol 1984 247 C39 44 6742182 source
- Not checked yetcites [466] Seider MJ Nicholson WF Booth FW Insulin resistance for glucose metabolism in disused soleus muscle of mice Am J Physiol 1982 242 E12 18 7058883 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Men who were unfit at both visits had the highest death risk while men who were fit at both visits had the lowest death risk.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Blair SN Kohl HW 3rd Barlow CE Paffenbarger RS Jr. Gibbons LW Macera CA Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men JAMA 1995 273 1093 1098 7707596 source
- Not checked yetcites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source
plaincorrelationaln = 9,777- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, comparing the top quintile to the lowest quintile increased all-cause death risk by 75% and 113% in men and women, respectively.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Erikssen et al. (165) found similar trend and concluded that even small improvements in physical fitness are associated with a significantly lowered risk of death.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Erikssen G Liestol K Bjornholt J Thaulow E Sandvik L Erikssen J Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality Lancet 1998 352 759 762 9737279 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Higher CRF is associated healthier values for risk factors including insulin sensitivity, blood lipid and lipoprotein profile, body composition, systemic inflammation, blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system functioning.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.5 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [313] Lee DC Sui X Church TS Lee IM Blair SN Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity with risks of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in men Diabetes Care 2009 32 257 262 18984778 PMC2628690 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Hayflick (226) and others argue that greater functional capacity in vital organs ensures survival, reproductive success, and thus is favored by natural selection.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.5 Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, physical activity levels may have been altered downward prior to 1988 and maintained from 1988–2006 at their low levels, which could be one possible explanation for the inconsistency between the DLW results and lack of change in physical activity levels”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Levine and co-authors concluded, “the magnitude of the energetic impact of the mechanized tasks we studied was sufficiently great to contribute to the positive energy balance associated with weight gain” (304).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [304] Lanningham-Foster L Nysse LJ Levine JA Labor saved, calories lost: the energetic impact of domestic labor-saving devices Obes Res 2003 11 1178 1181 14569042 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, declines occurred in work-related activity, transportation activity, and home-related activity as well as an increase in sedentary activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Brownson RC Boehmer TK Luke DA Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors Annu Rev Public Health 2005 26 421 443 15760296 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while caloric intake has dropped between 0 and 600 kcal/day in the general population it is the lack of 600 kcal/day of physical activity has led to a large discrepancy in the obesity rates between the modern general population and Amish societies.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Amish and general population differ primarily in physical activity rather than other lifestyle or dietary factors.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, only 25% and 27% of these Amish men and women, respectively, are overweight; and 0% and 9%, respectively, are obese (439).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [439] Roberts WC The Amish, body weight, and exercise Am J Cardiol 2004 94 1221 15518631 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Physical training of T2D patients produced a greater loss in VAT (48%) than subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) (18%), did not significantly affect body weight (360).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [360] Mourier A Gautier JF De Kerviler E Bigard AX Villette JM Garnier JP Duvallet A Guezennec CY Cathelineau G Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM. Effects of branchedchain amino acid supplements Diabetes Care 1997 20 385 391 9051392 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Collapse of the Soviet empire in at the end of the 1980s led to decreased food availability, increased physical activity and ~50% decrease in adult obesity prevalence in Cuba (441).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.4 Primary prevention of total-body fat gain by physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [441] Rodriguez-Ojea A Jimenez S Berdasco A Esquivel M The nutrition transition in Cuba in the nineties: an overview Public Health Nutr 2002 5 129 133 12027275 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Primary prevention of further weight gain in already overweight to obese individuals was accomplished with 8 months of low volume-moderate intensity activity (caloric equivalent of walking 12 miles/wk at 40–55% of VO2max), while high-volume (caloric equivalent of jogging 20 miles/wk at 65–80% of VO2max) decreased total fat mass by 4.8 kg (480)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.4 Primary prevention of total-body fat gain by physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [480] Slentz CA Duscha BD Johnson JL Ketchum K Aiken LB Samsa GP Houmard JA Bales CW Kraus WE Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE--a randomized controlled study Arch Intern Med 2004 164 31 39 14718319 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Low volume-moderate intensity (caloric equivalent of walking 12 miles/wk at 40–55% of VO2max) was sufficient to prevent any further gains in VAT mass, while high-volume, high-intensity activity decreased VAT by 6.9% (Fig. 11).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [479] Slentz CA Aiken LB Houmard JA Bales CW Johnson JL Tanner CJ Duscha BD Kraus WE Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount J Appl Physiol 2005 99 1613 1618 16002776 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Likewise, a greater percentage loss in VAT percentage than in body weight occurred after 12 months in a moderate-intensity exercise intervention study of sedentary, overweight, postmenopausal women. VAT loss was exercise dose-dependent (253).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Irwin ML Yasui Y Ulrich CM Bowen D Rudolph RE Schwartz RS Yukawa M Aiello E Potter JD McTiernan A Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2003 289 323 330 12525233 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 16% of sedentary adults who are homozygous for the risk allele of AA in rs9939609 in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene weighed ~3 kg more and had 1.67-fold increased odds of obesity when compared with those not inheriting a risk allele (191).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.6 Primary prevention of inactivity prevents obesity with predisposed obesity gene
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] Frayling TM Timpson NJ Weedon MN Zeggini E Freathy RM Lindgren CM Perry JR Elliott KS Lango H Rayner NW Shields B Harries LW Barrett JC Ellard S Groves CJ Knight B Patch AM Ness AR Ebrahim S Lawlor DA Ring SM Ben-Shlomo Y Jarvelin MR Sovio U Bennett AJ Melzer D Ferrucci L Loos RJ Barroso I Wareham NJ Karpe F Owen KR Cardon LR Walker M Hitman GA Palmer CN Doney AS Morris AD Smith GD Hattersley AT McCarthy MI A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity Science 2007 316 889 894 17434869 PMC2646098 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study provides the evidence that a primary cause of VAT obesity is lack of exercise and that primary prevention for the expansion of VAT is physical activity (Fig. 1).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Zimmet commented, “In conjunction with genetic susceptibility, particularly in certain ethnic groups, type 2 diabetes is brought on by environmental and behavioral factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, overly rich nutrition and obesity” (579).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.5 T2D was preventable 35–70 years ago
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [579] Zimmet P Alberti KG Shaw J Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic Nature 2001 414 782 787 11742409
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A summary of the medical literature describing U.S. population-based data on the incidence of 54 endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States found that the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance was 26% and 17%, respectively (202).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.1 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [202] Golden SH Robinson KA Saldanha I Anton B Ladenson PW Clinical review: Prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009 94 1853 1878 19494161 PMC5393375 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After adjusting for age and sex, an increased risk of CVD mortality was observed in those with postchallenge hyperglycemia (PCH) and fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l, with 2-h glucose ≥7.8 and <11.1 mmol/l and fasting glucose <7.0 mmol/l, or with PCH and fasting glucose <7.0 mmol/l (459).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.4 Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) may increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [459] Saydah SH Miret M Sung J Varas C Gause D Brancati FL Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of U.S. adults Diabetes Care 2001 24 1397 1402 11473076 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Risks for the following conditions increase with physical inactivity: Coronary heart disease, T2D, cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon), hypertension, dyslipidemia (for example, high total cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides), stroke, liver and gallbladder disease, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, osteoarthritis, and gynecological problems (abnormal menses, infertility).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 17. Inactivity fosters obese co-morbidities > 17.1 Obesity co-morbidities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As Zimmet astutely and succinctly wrote, “A large proportion of cases of type 2 diabetes is preventable” (579).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.3 Insulin resistance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [579] Zimmet P Alberti KG Shaw J Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic Nature 2001 414 782 787 11742409
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both of these conditions increase risk for the development of type 2 diabetes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.1 Etiology
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, daily physical activity prevents the progression to Point B, making it impossible to continue from Point B, to Point C and Point D, overt diabetes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.3 Insulin resistance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Diabetes prevalence has risen from 1.4% in 1950 to 7.8% in the U.S. (367) and from 1% in 1975 to 9.7% in 2007–2008 in China (576).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.5 T2D was preventable 35–70 years ago
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [367] National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse National diabetes statistics, 2007 2007 http://diabetesniddknihgov/dm/pubs/statistics/indexhtm
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [576] Yang W Lu J Weng J Jia W Ji L Xiao J Shan Z Liu J Tian H Ji Q Zhu D Ge J Lin L Chen L Guo X Zhao Z Li Q Zhou Z Shan G He J Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China N Engl J Med 2010 362 1090 1101 20335585 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A single bout of muscle contraction increases insulin sensitivity in perfused hindquarters of healthy animals (242, 255, 434) and in the whole body of healthy humans (230, 343).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [242] Holloszy JO Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2005 99 338 343 16036907 source
- Not checked yetcites [255] Ivy JL Holloszy JO Persistent increase in glucose uptake by rat skeletal muscle following exercise Am J Physiol 1981 241 C200 203 7030083 source
- Not checked yetcites [434] Richter EA Garetto LP Goodman MN Ruderman NB Muscle glucose metabolism following exercise in the rat: increased sensitivity to insulin J Clin Invest 1982 69 785 793 6804492 PMC370132 source
- Not checked yetcites [230] Heath GW Gavin JR 3rd Hinderliter JM Hagberg JM Bloomfield SA Holloszy JO Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 1983 55 512 517 6352578 source
- Not checked yetcites [343] Mikines KJ Sonne B Farrell PA Tronier B Galbo H Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans Am J Physiol 1988 254 E248 259 3126668 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prediabetics have an increased risk of developing T2D, and T2D's-associated comorbidities of heart disease, and stroke.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 19. Prediabetes > 19.1 Etiology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“daily physical can reverse insulin resistance in healthy individuals (points B to A in the modified Bergman Fig. 12), and prediabetes (to point A).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.1 Physical activity can reverse prediabetes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Type 2 diabetes progresses through a continuum from early prediabetes to late prediabetes to diabetes.
- Rests on an assumption: The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.
In the paper
“Thus, the risk of chronic complications that are unable to be reversed by daily physical activity increases as a function of the duration of hyperglycemia, many of which maybe present in individuals when finally diagnosed with T2D (418).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.1 Physical activity can reverse prediabetes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [418] Powers A Fauci AS KD Braunwald E Hauser SL Longo DL Losalzo J Diabetes Mellitus Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2008 2281 McGraw-Hill New York
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Resistance training also enhances insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance in a wide range of human subjects (526).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [526] Tresierras MA Balady GJ Resistance training in the treatment of diabetes and obesity: mechanisms and outcomes J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2009 29 67 75 19305230 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“exercise primarily acts to lower hyperglycemia by improving glucose sensitivity and mechanisms that interfere directly with endothelial metabolism (4).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Agosti V Graziano S Artiaco L Sorrentino G Biological mechanisms of stroke prevention by physical activity in type 2 diabetes Acta Neurol Scand 2009 119 213 223 18700881 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intent-to-treat values in both studies are the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for 100% of the subjects, providing data for physicians on effectiveness of prescription.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.6 Primary prevention of T2D- Lifestyle clinical trial
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Intent-to-treat values represent the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for all subjects.
In the paper
“with reductions, compared to placebo, of 31% and 58% in metformin, and diet-exercise groups, respectively (276).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.6 Primary prevention of T2D- Lifestyle clinical trial
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [276] Knowler WC Barrett-Connor E Fowler SE Hamman RF Lachin JM Walker EA Nathan DM Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N Engl J Med 2002 346 393 403 11832527 PMC1370926 source
plaindirectn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NAFLD is recognized as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children (518).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [518] Tiniakos DG Vos MB Brunt EM Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathology and pathogenesis Annu Rev Pathol 2010 5 145 171 20078219 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“T2D is primarily prevented by primary prevention of insulin resistance (prevents movement from point A to B in the modified Bergman figure (Fig. 12), and of decreased beta-cell insulin secretion and of prediabetes (prevents movement from point B to C in Bergman's Fig. 12).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.10 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.
In the paper
“Caldwell and Lazo (74) contend that increased physical conditioning appears to be closely linked to improved hepatic metabolism independent of changes in body weight.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Caldwell S Lazo M Is exercise an effective treatment for NASH? Knowns and unknowns Ann Hepatol 2009 8 Suppl 1 S60 66 19381126 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Without the satiety signal, hyperphagia leads to concurrent obesity and NAFLD between the ages of 5 and 8 wks old, which progress to T2D (429).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.4 Interventions/animals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is an actual cause of insulin resistance and of prediabetes, and therefore, according to disease progression of T2D, itself.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.10 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Type 2 diabetes progresses through a continuum from early prediabetes to late prediabetes to diabetes.
- Rests on an assumption: The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.
In the paper
“7 days (fatty acid synthase increased and cytochrome oxidase activity and fatty acid oxidation decreased).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [428] Rector RS Thyfault JP Laye MJ Morris RT Borengasser SJ Uptergrove GM Chakravarthy MV Booth FW Ibdah JA Cessation of daily exercise dramatically alters precursors of hepatic steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats J Physiol 2008 586 4241 4249 18617560 PMC2652173 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lower VO2peak was associated with increasing NAFLD activity and with disease severity by NASH diagnosis (283).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.5 Cross-sectional
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [283] Krasnoff JB Painter PL Wallace JP Bass NM Merriman RB Health-related fitness and physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Hepatology 2008 47 1158 1166 18266250 PMC3096839 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“2 days (malonyl-CoA protein increased while phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) decreased)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [428] Rector RS Thyfault JP Laye MJ Morris RT Borengasser SJ Uptergrove GM Chakravarthy MV Booth FW Ibdah JA Cessation of daily exercise dramatically alters precursors of hepatic steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats J Physiol 2008 586 4241 4249 18617560 PMC2652173 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“OLETF rats that underwent the voluntary running had 3-fold higher rates of hepatic fatty acid oxidation (complete palmitate oxidization to CO2); lower TG synthesis [70% and 35% lower protein concentrations of fatty acid synthase and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), respectively], and higher oxidative capacity (35% and 30% higher ACC phosphorylation and cytochrome c concentrations, respectively”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An intensive lifestyle intervention program can successfully produce a 7%–10% weight reduction and significant improvements in liver chemistry and histological activity in patients with NASH (420).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.6 Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [420] Promrat K Kleiner DE Niemeier HM Jackvony E Kearns M Wands JR Fava JL Wing RR Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Hepatology 2010 51 121 129 19827166 PMC2799538 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The deduction then is 41% and 64% of mechanisms by which physical activity primary prevents CVD and CHD, respectively remained to be identified in 2007.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
plainn = 27,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“changes in individual risk factors with physical activity are on the order of 5% for blood lipids, 3 to 5 mm Hg for blood pressure, and 1% for hemoglobin A1c, in contrast to the large (30% to 50%) reductions seen in CVD risk with physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
plaindirectn = 27,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“BMI's >25 contributed only 10% and 7% of physical activity's protection from CVD and CHD, respectively (349).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The American Heart Association recognized physical inactivity as a risk factor for CHD and CVD in 1992 (183)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [183] Fletcher GF Blair SN Blumenthal J Caspersen C Chaitman B Epstein S Falls H Froelicher ES Froelicher VF Pina IL Statement on exercise. Benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart association Circulation 1992 86 340 344 1617788 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Respective contributions of “known” risk factors for CVD and CHD were inflammatory/hemostatic (33% and 21%), blood pressure/hypertension (27% and 15%), traditional lipids (19% and 13%), BMI (10% and 7%), HbA1c/diabetes (9% and 5%), and homocysteine (0.7% and 0.3%) (349).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
plaincorrelationaln = 27,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“for each 10% increase in relative VO2peak, SBP decreased 1.5 mmHg and DBP 0.6 mmHg, thus showing a dose-response relationship for physical activity intensity and lowering of blood pressure post exercise (post-exercise hypotension) (156).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 26. Hypertension > 26.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] Eicher JD Maresh CM Tsongalis GJ Thompson PD Pescatello LS The additive blood pressure lowering effects of exercise intensity on post-exercise hypotension Am Heart J 160 513 520 20826261 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR concludes that a lack of RCT exercise studies exists to evaluate the effect of exercise training on preventing PAD (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 25. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) > 25.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The NPAGCR concluded that both aerobic and progressive resistance exercise cause reduced SBP and DBP in adult humans, although aerobic exercise evidence is stronger (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 26. Hypertension > 26.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these mechanisms do not totally explain the primary prevention of CHD.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.4 Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sedentary behavior is a major independent risk factor for CHD as middle aged or older individuals of both genders who have moderate or higher amounts of physical activity lower their CHD risk 20% and 30%, respectively, compared to sedentary (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.3 Primary prevention of CHD
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity can primarily prevent some CHF.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 28. Congestive heart failure (CHF) > 28.4 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sedentary men at ages of 50–76 years of age have impaired endothelium-dependent dilation in response to both acetylcholine and increased shear stress in humans (465).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [465] Seals DR Walker AE Pierce GL Lesniewski LA Habitual exercise and vascular ageing J Physiol 2009 587 5541 5549 19723776 PMC2805366 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Preservation of ventricular compliance with endurance training probably includes preservation of viscoelastic myocardial properties (absence of increased ventricular stiffening) and eccentric ventricular hypertrophy (a balanced enlargement of ventricular mass and dimensions) (16).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 28. Congestive heart failure (CHF) > 28.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Arbab-Zadeh A Dijk E Prasad A Fu Q Torres P Zhang R Thomas JD Palmer D Levine BD Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance Circulation 2004 110 1799 1805 15364801 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with low physical activity, moderate physical activity caused an 11% reduction in risk of stroke outcome and high physical activity a 19% reduction.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 27. Stroke > 27.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] Diep L Kwagyan J Kurantsin-Mills J Weir R Jayam-Trouth A Association of physical activity level and stroke outcomes in men and women: a meta-analysis J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010 19 1815 1822 20929415 PMC2956381 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Levine and co-authors (16) have concluded that prolonged, sustained endurance training preserves ventricular compliance with aging and may be an important approach to reduce the probability of heart failure with aging.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 28. Congestive heart failure (CHF) > 28.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Arbab-Zadeh A Dijk E Prasad A Fu Q Torres P Zhang R Thomas JD Palmer D Levine BD Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance Circulation 2004 110 1799 1805 15364801 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Together these are coupled with endurance training prevention of arterial stiffening with aging result in preserving ventricular-vascular coupling of compliance, lowering afterload on the left ventricle (16).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 28. Congestive heart failure (CHF) > 28.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Arbab-Zadeh A Dijk E Prasad A Fu Q Torres P Zhang R Thomas JD Palmer D Levine BD Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance Circulation 2004 110 1799 1805 15364801 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The list of associations would now have to include physical inactivity since the 2005 list is out-of-date.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“physical activity reduces the relative risk of 0.75 for fatal or non-fatal cerebral infarction, while the corresponding relative risks for cerebral hemorrhage and stroke of unspecified type are 0.67 and 0.71, respectively.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 27. Stroke > 27.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [432] Reimers CD Knapp G Reimers AK Exercise as stroke prophylaxis Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009 106 715 721 19997550 PMC2788906 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With decreased daily physical activity, increases in SBP and DBP were 2.4 mmHg and 1.6 mmHg, respectively, in normotensive; 3.1 mmHg and 1.7 mmHg in prehypertensive; and 6.9 mmHg and 4.9 mmHg in hypertensive subjects, respectively (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 26. Hypertension > 26.4 Clinical significance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Davigon and Ganz (121) contend that endothelial dysfunction is an early marker for atherosclerosis and can be detected before structural changes to the vessel wall are evident.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Davignon J Ganz P Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis Circulation 2004 109 III27 32 15198963 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“mice in cages without wheels for voluntary running had 148% higher vascular lipid peroxidation, 176–188% higher superoxide release, 154% greater NADPH oxidase, and 161% higher rac1 protein than mice voluntarily running in wheels for 6 weeks (307).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [307] Laufs U Wassmann S Czech T Munzel T Eisenhauer M Bohm M Nickenig G Physical inactivity increases oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005 25 809 814 15692095 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regular aerobic exercise can restore the loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in previously sedentary 50–76 yr-old men, implying that physical inactivity is responsible for nearly 100% of endothelial dysfunction in this group of men (132)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] DeSouza CA Shapiro LF Clevenger CM Dinenno FA Monahan KD Tanaka H Seals DR Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men Circulation 2000 102 1351 1357 10993851 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Singularly caged, healthy, young male mice had ~30% less endothelium-dependent vasodilation to acetylcholine and ~50% less eNOS protein than did five mice in large cages”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [501] Suvorava T Lauer N Kojda G Physical inactivity causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy young mice J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 44 1320 1327 15364339 source
plaincorrelationaln = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“then a prevention of endothelial dysfunction by a lifetime of physical activity would therefore also prevent most of atherosclerosis reaching a clinical level at the age of 50–76 yrs in men (132, 167) or even initiation of aerobic physical activity within lifestyle (132).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] DeSouza CA Shapiro LF Clevenger CM Dinenno FA Monahan KD Tanaka H Seals DR Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men Circulation 2000 102 1351 1357 10993851 source
- Not checked yetcites [167] Eskurza I Monahan KD Robinson JA Seals DR Effect of acute and chronic ascorbic acid on flow-mediated dilatation with sedentary and physically active human ageing J Physiol 2004 556 315 324 14754992 PMC1664895 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Threshold volumes are from 7 to 15 miles per week of regular aerobic exercise (equating to an approximate 600 to 800 MET-minutes), with no sex differences (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 29 RCTs of progressive resistance training found statistically significant improvements of −2.7% for total cholesterol, −11.6% for ratio of total cholesterol /HDL-C, −5.6% for non-HDL-C, −4.6% for LDL-C, and −6.4% for TG (−8.1 mg/dl, −14.5 to −1.8) (270).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [270] Kelley GA Kelley KS Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Prev Med 2009 48 9 19 19013187 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR concludes that habitual physical activity increases serum HDL-C and decreases serum TG.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A 2003 meta-analysis in children (aged 4–18 yrs) demonstrated a significant positive relationship between physical activity levels and perceptual skills, intelligence quotient, achievement, verbal tests, mathematic tests, developmental level/academic readiness, with only an effect on memory not found (172).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Etnier JL Nowell PM Landers DM Sibley BA A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance Brain Res Rev 2006 52 119 130 16490256 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of the four ages examined, teenage physical activity appeared to be most strongly related to better cognitive function and lower prevalence of cognitive impairment in old age (341).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [341] Middleton LE Barnes DE Lui LY Yaffe K Physical activity over the life course and its association with cognitive performance and impairment in old age J Am Geriatr Soc 2010 58 1322 1326 20609030 PMC3662219 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“18 RCTs (published prior to 2001) focused on aerobic physical activity interventions in older adults. Aerobic exercise had an overall effect size of 0.48 was found with the largest effect on executive functioning, followed by attention, visuospatial, and speed dependent processes (108).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Colcombe S Kramer AF Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study Psychol Sci 2003 14 125 130 12661673 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chaddock et al. (91) found improvements in relational, but not item memory in children.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] Chaddock L Erickson KI Prakash RS Kim JS Voss MW Vanpatter M Pontifex MB Raine LB Konkel A Hillman CH Cohen NJ Kramer AF A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children Brain Res 2010 1358 172 183 20735996 PMC3953557 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The longitudinal arm of the Swedish study showed that between the ages of 15 and 18 yrs of age those with the top 10% of improvement in cardiovascular fitness scores had highest enhancement of global intelligence, logical, verbal, visuospatial, and technical scores while those subjects with declines in cardiovascular fitness had less than mean intelligence scores.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Aberg MA Pedersen NL Toren K Svartengren M Backstrand B Johnsson T Cooper-Kuhn CM Aberg ND Nilsson M Kuhn HG Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 106 20906 20911 19948959 PMC2785721 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a prospective study of 18,000 women aged 71–80 yrs old, higher levels of long-term regular physical activity were strongly associated with higher levels of cognitive function and a 20% lower risk of cognitive impairment (556).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [556] Weuve J Kang JH Manson JE Breteler MM Ware JH Grodstein F Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women JAMA 2004 292 1454 1461 15383516 source
boostedcorrelationaln = 18,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moderate and high levels of physical activity were associated with significantly lower risks for Alzheimer disease and for dementia of any type (309).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [309] Laurin D Verreault R Lindsay J MacPherson K Rockwood K Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons Arch Neurol 2001 58 498 504 11255456 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“hippocampal volume is positively correlated with physical fitness in adults (163) and children 10-yr olds (91)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [163] Erickson KI Prakash RS Voss MW Chaddock L Hu L Morris KS White SM Wojcicki TR McAuley E Kramer AF Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans Hippocampus 2009 19 1030 1039 19123237 PMC3072565 source
- Not checked yetcites [91] Chaddock L Erickson KI Prakash RS Kim JS Voss MW Vanpatter M Pontifex MB Raine LB Konkel A Hillman CH Cohen NJ Kramer AF A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children Brain Res 2010 1358 172 183 20735996 PMC3953557 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR (see (412) for refs)] found that physical activity delayed the onset of cognitive decline or dementia in most studies with sample sizes >1,000 individuals, but with inconsistent findings for underpowered studies containing low subject numbers.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased aerobic fitness can be neuroprotective and can enhance cognitive function (108, 110, 282).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Colcombe S Kramer AF Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study Psychol Sci 2003 14 125 130 12661673 source
- Not checked yetcites [110] Colcombe SJ Kramer AF Erickson KI Scalf P McAuley E Cohen NJ Webb A Jerome GJ Marquez DX Elavsky S Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 101 3316 3321 14978288 PMC373255 source
- Not checked yetcites [282] Kramer AF Hahn S Cohen NJ Banich MT McAuley E Harrison CR Chason J Vakil E Bardell L Boileau RA Colcombe A Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function Nature 1999 400 418 419 10440369 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“BDNF mRNA and protein expression were increased in human skeletal muscle after exercise, but muscle-derived BDNF appeared not to be released into the circulation (332).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [332] Matthews VB Astrom MB Chan MH Bruce CR Krabbe KS Prelovsek O Akerstrom T Yfanti C Broholm C Mortensen OH Penkowa M Hojman P Zankari A Watt MJ Bruunsgaard H Pedersen BK Febbraio MA Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase Diabetologia 2009 52 1409 1418 19387610 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Electrical function is increased in “high” hit older (50–62 year old) adults (154) in potentially due to increased synaptic plasticity and long-term-potentiation (544).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Dustman RE Emmerson RY Ruhling RO Shearer DE Steinhaus LA Johnson SC Bonekat HW Shigeoka JW Age and fitness effects on EEG, ERPs, visual sensitivity, and cognition Neurobiol Aging 1990 11 193 200 2362652 source
- Not checked yetcites [544] Voss MW Prakash RS Erickson KI Basak C Chaddock L Kim JS Alves H Heo S Szabo AN White SM Wojcicki TR Mailey EL Gothe N Olson EA McAuley E Kramer AF Plasticity of brain networks in a randomized intervention trial of exercise training in older adults Front Aging Neurosci 2010 2 PMC2947936 20890449 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Angiogenesis in the brain is associated with enhanced improvement in a functional outcome like water maze time (536), but not the ability to activate the motor limbs (275).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [536] van Praag H Lucero MJ Yeo GW Stecker K Heivand N Zhao C Yip E Afanador M Schroeter H Hammerstone J Gage FH Plant-derived flavanol (−)epicatechin enhances angiogenesis and retention of spatial memory in mice J Neurosci 2007 27 5869 5878 17537957 PMC6672256 source
- Not checked yetcites [275] Kleim JA Cooper NR VandenBerg PM Exercise induces angiogenesis but does not alter movement representations within rat motor cortex Brain Res 2002 934 1 6 11937064 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Potential mechanisms include the increased density of microvessels (141), angiopoietin 1 (141), VEGF protein (141), or endothelial proliferation (141, 160).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [141] Ding YH Li J Zhou Y Rafols JA Clark JC Ding Y Cerebral angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors in aging rats after exercise Curr Neurovasc Res 2006 3 15 23 16472122 source
- Not checked yetcites [160] Ekstrand J Hellsten J Tingstrom A Environmental enrichment, exercise and corticosterone affect endothelial cell proliferation in adult rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex Neurosci Lett 2008 442 203 207 18625288 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Infusion of IGF-1 mimicked the effects of exercise. while infusion of an anti-IGF-1 antibody blocked the effects (80).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Carro E Nunez A Busiguina S Torres-Aleman I Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain J Neurosci 2000 20 2926 2933 10751445 PMC6772191 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and both exercise and systemic infusion of IGF-1 increases new and survivability of BrdU+ cells in the hippocampus (323, 521), likely signaling through IGF-receptors located on the luminal side of the brain (323).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [323] Lopez-Lopez C LeRoith D Torres-Aleman I Insulin-like growth factor I is required for vessel remodeling in the adult brain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 101 9833 9838 15210967 PMC470760 source
- Not checked yetcites [521] Trejo JL Carro E Torres-Aleman I Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus J Neurosci 2001 21 1628 1634 11222653 PMC6762955 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, higher aerobic fitness levels in older women having the APOE4 genotype had better cognitive function in another cross-sectional study (171), suggesting that physical activity levels that are capable of increasing aerobic fitness are needed to improve cognitive function in those with APOE4 genotypes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Etnier JL Caselli RJ Reiman EM Alexander GE Sibley BA Tessier D McLemore EC Cognitive performance in older women relative to ApoE-epsilon4 genotype and aerobic fitness Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007 39 199 207 17218903 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Genetic, biological, chemical, hormonal, environmental, psychological, and social factors all likely intersect to contribute to depression in women (see (369) or details).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [369] National Institute of Mental Health What causes depression in women? 2011 http://wwwnimhnihgov/health/publications/women-and-depression-discovering-hope/whatcauses- depression-in-womenshtml
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance in cross-sectional studies examining physical activity by questionnaire, two studies suggest that carriers of APOE4 benefit from physical activity (127, 462), while one does not (413).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Deeny SP Poeppel D Zimmerman JB Roth SM Brandauer J Witkowski S Hearn JW Ludlow AT Contreras-Vidal JL Brandt J Hatfield BD Exercise, APOE, and working memory: MEG and behavioral evidence for benefit of exercise in epsilon4 carriers Biol Psychol 2008 78 179 187 18395955 PMC2739983 source
- Not checked yetcites [462] Schuit AJ Feskens EJ Launer LJ Kromhout D Physical activity and cognitive decline, the role of the apolipoprotein e4 allele Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 33 772 777 11323547 source
- Not checked yetcites [413] Podewils LJ Guallar E Kuller LH Fried LP Lopez OL Carlson M Lyketsos CG Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study Am J Epidemiol 2005 161 639 651 15781953 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Morgan et al, who noted that both grip strength inversely related to hospital length stay and lower in depressed patients (351).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [351] Morgan WP Selected physiological and psychomotor correlates of depression in psychiatric patients Res Q 1968 39 1037 1043 4387891 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Epidemiological, interventions, and mechanistic insights from human and rodent studies all suggest that physical inactivity can accelerate declines in cognitive function; a decline that be attenuated or potentially reversed by physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.4 Clinical Significance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from animal models and mechanistic studies can be generalized to humans.
In the paper
“An exercise dose consistent with public health recommendations in 1998–2001 (about 12 miles/week of walking for 12 weeks) reduced depressive symptoms 47% from baseline while a lower dose exercise (5 miles/week) group did not respond any better than the exercise placebo control group (150).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Dunn AL Trivedi MH Kampert JB Clark CG Chambliss HO Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response Am J Prev Med 2005 28 1 8 15626549 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and adhere to exercise (66%) greater than medication (40%).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Babyak M Blumenthal JA Herman S Khatri P Doraiswamy M Moore K Craighead WE Baldewicz TT Krishnan KR Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months Psychosom Med 2000 62 633 638 11020092 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depressed patients that participated in exercise had less of a need for medication and less relapse (18)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Babyak M Blumenthal JA Herman S Khatri P Doraiswamy M Moore K Craighead WE Baldewicz TT Krishnan KR Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months Psychosom Med 2000 62 633 638 11020092 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it is unknown whether the mechanisms of increased depression and decreased cognitive function are similar in different populations (for example young vs. old), reduced brain tissue, blood flow, or otherwise are found in both suggesting a similar cause if not similar mechanism.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A decrease in NE levels in response to repeated stress is prevented by chronic VWR in rats (142), with a threshold of as little as 30 min/day of VWR (149).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] Dishman RK Brain monoamines, exercise, and behavioral stress: animal models Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 29 63 74 9000157 source
- Not checked yetcites [149] Dunn AL Reigle TG Youngstedt SD Armstrong RB Dishman RK Brain norepinephrine and metabolites after treadmill training and wheel running in rats Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996 28 204 209 8775155 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Counter to the hypothesis, the HCR had more anxiety-like behavior on a maze test and higher levels of cortisol in response to a restraint test (547).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [547] Walters WR Renner KJ Summers CH Watt ML Forster GL Koch LG Britton SL Swallow JG Selection for intrinsic endurance modifies endocrine stress responsiveness Brain Res 2010 1357 53 61 20682296 PMC2953393 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, questions remain about the level of physical activity necessary for beneficial HPA adaptations with some studies suggesting intense physical activity can have a detrimental effect (97).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Chennaoui M Gomez Merino D Lesage J Drogou C Guezennec CY Effects of moderate and intensive training on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats Acta Physiol Scand 2002 175 113 121 12028131 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Lastly, adolescent girls with an allele for high BDNF received no protective effects against depression and anxiety symptoms by avoiding physical inactivity, while those with the allele causing lower BDNF level were protected (330).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [330] Mata J Thompson RJ Gotlib IH BDNF genotype moderates the relation between physical activity and depressive symptoms Health Psychol 2010 29 130 133 20230085 PMC2847262 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These findings emphasize the clinical importance of avoiding inactivity in the early post-menopausal period and the specificity of the lack of impact on critical bones with high fracture rates in later life (162).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] Engelke K Kemmler W Lauber D Beeskow C Pintag R Kalender WA Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: a 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 2006 17 133 142 16096715 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a first study, a 3-yr program of combined low-volume, high-resistance strength training, and high-impact aerobics maintained bone mineral density at the spine, hip, and calcaneus, but not at the forearm (which lost 3%), in early post-menopausal women (162).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] Engelke K Kemmler W Lauber D Beeskow C Pintag R Kalender WA Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: a 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 2006 17 133 142 16096715 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only bones subject to loading will become stronger as adaptations are site-specific.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ozcivici et al. (394) conclude that mechanical targeting of the bone marrow stem-cell pool might, therefore, represent a novel, drug-free means of slowing the age-related decline of the musculoskeletal system.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.4 Physiological mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [394] Ozcivici E Luu YK Adler B Qin YX Rubin J Judex S Rubin CT Mechanical signals as anabolic agents in bone Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010 6 50 59 20046206 PMC3743048 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In 2002 20% of runners and 32% of controls had prevalent OA, with 2.2% and 9.4% being severe.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 34. Osteoarthritis (OA) > 34 2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Chakravarty EF Hubert HB Lingala VB Zatarain E Fries JF Long distance running and knee osteoarthritis. A prospective study Am J Prev Med 2008 35 133 138 18550323 PMC2556152 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Deformation of skeletal tissues induces pressurization of interstitial fluid, producing a positive pressure gradient from the matrix to the haversian cannels, allowing bone cells perceive changes in their mechanical environment (an amplification mechanism) (437).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.5 Cellular mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [437] Riddle RC Donahue HJ From streaming-potentials to shear stress: 25 years of bone cell mechanotransduction J Orthop Res 2009 27 143 149 18683882 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participation in sports that cause minimal joint impact and torsional loading by people with normal joints and neuromuscular function may cause osteophyte (bony projections that form along joints) formation, but it has minimal, if any, effect on the risk of osteoarthritis. In contrast, participation in sports that subject joints to high levels of impact and torsional loading increases the risk of”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 34. Osteoarthritis (OA) > 34 2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Buckwalter JA Martin JA Sports and osteoarthritis Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004 16 634 639 15314507 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Current thought for how a bone strain of ~0.1% can be amplified to a 1–10% has been suggested based upon 25 years of publications by Riddle and Donahue (437).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.5 Cellular mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [437] Riddle RC Donahue HJ From streaming-potentials to shear stress: 25 years of bone cell mechanotransduction J Orthop Res 2009 27 143 149 18683882 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is not completely settled whether the conversion of the physical force of fluid flow to a biochemical signal is by means of integrin/cytoskeletal transduction of forces or chemotransport ion channels, or both.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.5 Cellular mechanisms
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity results in both gravitational and muscle-contraction loading of the skeleton and, therefore, is primary prevention of osteoporosis.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.6 Clinical consequences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mechanism by which physical activity has a beneficial effect on RA might be its countering the global increase in inflammation that normally occurs during the progression of RA.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 37. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The METs translate to >4 hours per week of walking (types of exercise that mechanically load the proximal femur as opposed to cycling (426) or other activities that do not load the femur).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance > Bone fracture/falls
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [426] Rector RS Rogers R Ruebel M Hinton PS Participation in road cycling vs running is associated with lower bone mineral density in men Metabolism 2008 57 226 232 18191053 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inherited genetic factors make a minor contribution to susceptibility to most types of neoplasms, implying that the environment has the principal role in causing sporadic cancer (319).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 38. Cancer > 38.2 Comments on cancer types
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [319] Lichtenstein P Holm NV Verkasalo PK Iliadou A Kaprio J Koskenvuo M Pukkala E Skytthe A Hemminki K Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland N Engl J Med 2000 343 78 85 10891514 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Studies show no harmful effects of physical activity, and some even show a positive effect in the reduction of symptoms (73).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 37. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Cairns AP McVeigh JG A systematic review of the effects of dynamic exercise in rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatol Int 2009 30 147 158 19701638 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR(412) concluded that no evidence presently exists to indicate that regular moderate to vigorous physical activity of 30–60 minutes for general health benefits increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis in those without pre-existing major joint injury.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 34. Osteoarthritis (OA) > 34 2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The clinical significance for primary prevention requires exercises that retain normal balance to reduce falls in individuals at risk for falls (124).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] de Kam D Smulders E Weerdesteyn V Smits-Engelsman BC Exercise interventions to reduce fall-related fractures and their risk factors in individuals with low bone density: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Osteoporos Int 2009 20 2111 2125 19421702 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity, specifically lack of loading bones against gravity, will cause loss in bone density, which increases the risk of bone fracture.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance > Bone fracture/falls
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Observational associations between physical inactivity and disease outcomes reflect a causal effect of inactivity rather than confounding or reverse causation.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR (412) states that RCTs have demonstrated effects of physical activity interventions on cancer risk factors, which further support a role of physical activity in reducing risk for cancer.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.2 Randomized control trials
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“ApcMin/+ mice have a nonsense mutation at codon 850 in the Apc (Adenomatous polyposis coli) gene that predisposes them to both small and large intestinal adenomas, thus these mice have been used as a model of colon cancer (359).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [359] Moser AR Pitot HC Dove WF A dominant mutation that predisposes to multiple intestinal neoplasia in the mouse Science 1990 247 322 324 2296722 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity increases the prevalence of some site-specific (colon, breast, and endometrial cancers), but, to date, not all cancer types.”
- Also stated in: § 38.2 Comments on cancer types · plain
“Stated in an opposite manner, some cancer types are not caused by physical inactivity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 38. Cancer > 38.2 Comments on cancer types
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 38.2 Comments on cancer types · plain
In the paper
“Primary prevention by physical activity may be plausible but is not sufficiently proven.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.7 Dysmenorrhea
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Brown J Brown S Exercise for dysmenorrhoea Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 2 CD004142 20166071
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inactivity increases digestive system disorders.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 45. Digestive tract diseases > 45.1 Definition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observational studies suggest that diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder disease can be caused by physical inactivity and primarily prevented by increased activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 45. Digestive tract diseases > 45.4 Clinical significance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, many of these studies contain methodological problems including, failure to report bouts of physical activity, UTRI are only reported never verified by virus analysis, higher medical awareness during high intensity training, contact with other infections (large marathon), stress, nutrition, supplements, and all the studies are focused on exercise not physical inactivity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.3 Physical inactivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“children with elevated fasting blood glucose were 3.4 and 2.1 times more likely to develop prediabetes and diabetes, respectively, as adults”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.3 Fasting blood glucose
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [378] Nguyen QM Srinivasan SR Xu JH Chen W Berenson GS Fasting plasma glucose levels within the normoglycemic range in childhood as a predictor of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010 164 124 128 20124140 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In obese adolescents only, the prevalence rates were 44.2% using the definition of Cook/Ford (113), 26.2% using the adult criteria, 14.1% using the definition of Caprio, and 12.4% using the definition of Cruz”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.6 Metabolic syndrome in adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Cook S Auinger P Li C Ford ES Metabolic syndrome rates in United States adolescents, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 J Pediatr 2008 152 165 170 18206683 source
- Not checked yetcites [315] Lee S Bacha F Gungor N Arslanian S Comparison of different definitions of pediatric metabolic syndrome: relation to abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and inflammatory biomarkers J Pediatr 2008 152 177 184 18206686 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The estimated lifetime risk of developing diabetes for children born in 2000 is 32.8% for males and 38.5% for females, about 10–15% higher than current prevalence”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.5 Adult-onset diabetes in our adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [366] Narayan KM Boyle JP Thompson TJ Sorensen SW Williamson DF Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States JAMA 2003 290 1884 1890 14532317
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“~39,005 U.S. adolescents having T2D in 1999–2002”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.5 Adult-onset diabetes in our adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Duncan GE Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 160 523 528 16651496 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The number of US adolescents with elevated fasting glucose reached ~2,769,000 in 1999–2002”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.4 Prediabetes in children and adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Duncan GE Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 160 523 528 16651496 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“physical inactivity increases mortality by 30%, or by 720,000 annual deaths (one death every 44 seconds)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children and adolescents who are physically inactive will develop less cognitive skills than more active cohorts”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.9 Cognitive function
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Documented health benefits by prevention of physical inactivity in children and adolescents (412, 494) include increased physical fitness (both CRF and muscular strength), reduced body fatness, favorable cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk profiles, enhanced bone health, and reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.11 Summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [494] Strong WB Malina RM Blimkie CJ Daniels SR Dishman RK Gutin B Hergenroeder AC Must A Nixon PA Pivarnik JM Rowland T Trost S Trudeau F Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth J Pediatr 2005 146 732 737 15973308 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prevalence of NAFLD among normal-weight children is 3–10%, rising up to 40–70% among obese children”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.8 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Bellentani S Marino M Epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Ann Hepatol 2009 8 Suppl 1 S4 8 19381118 source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Bellentani S Scaglioni F Marino M Bedogni G Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Dig Dis 2010 28 155 161 20460905 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reversibility of childhood metabolic syndrome is rare, thus leading to high risk of adulthood cardiovascular disease”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.7 Atherosclerosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197] Gillman MW Predicting prediabetes and diabetes: can we do it? Is it worth it? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010 164 198 199 20124151 PMC4350017 source
- Not matchedcites [548] Washington RL Metabolic syndrome—no longer an adult only disease Journal of Pediatrics 2008 152
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the estimated nationwide cost of for physical inactivity and obesity of $507 billion with projected costs exceeding $708 billion in 2008”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Chenoweth DLJ The Economic Cost of Physical Inactivity and Excess Weight in American Adults J Phys Act Health 2008 148 163 28834464 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“lack of physical activity affects almost every cell, organ, and system in the body causing sedentary dysfunction and accelerated death”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 53. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Inherited genes and their interaction with activity levels determine physical fitness.
“Inherited genes and their interaction with physical activity levels determine physical fitness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A direct link between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.
“Importantly, a direct relationship between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Contemporary hunter-gatherer and agrarian Amish physical activity levels are valid proxies for ancestral or modern active human activity levels.
“The modern hunter-gatherers' daily estimated energy expenditures for physical activity are at least 600 kcal more than the average U.S. sedentary adult of today, as documented in column labeled “EE PA” (Table 7) (385).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from rodent models of voluntary wheel running generalize to human obesity prevention.
“Obesity is primarily prevented in at least two genetically modified, obese rodent models by allowing natural, instinctive voluntary running.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Bed rest and step reduction are valid models of chronic physical inactivity in free-living humans.
“Conversely, more extreme physical inactivity such as strict bed rest for 24-hr/day lasting 5 days (216), 7 days (46, 342, 495), and 9 days (7) is also associated with substantial increases in insulin resistance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caloric expenditure estimates from domestic mechanization and walking/standing can be annualized to fat gain.
“The annualization of 110 kcal/day is the caloric equivalent of 11.5 pounds of fat/yr.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The FTO polymorphism associations reflect a causal interaction between genotype and physical inactivity.
“In summary then, physical inactivity is required to elicit the phenotype of obesity with polymorphisms predisposing to obesity for the human FTO gene.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Amish and general population differ primarily in physical activity rather than other lifestyle or dietary factors.
“Thus, while caloric intake has dropped between 0 and 600 kcal/day in the general population it is the lack of 600 kcal/day of physical activity has led to a large discrepancy in the obesity rates between the modern general population and Amish societies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Type 2 diabetes progresses through a continuum from early prediabetes to late prediabetes to diabetes.
“While early prediabetes, late prediabetes, and diabetes are in a continuum, they differ in success of primary prevention by physical activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.
“points B to A in the modified Bergman Fig. 12”
“prevents movement from point A to B in the modified Bergman figure (Fig. 12), and of decreased beta-cell insulin secretion and of prediabetes (prevents movement from point B to C in Bergman's Fig. 12).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Intent-to-treat values represent the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for all subjects.
“Intent-to-treat values in both studies are the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for 100% of the subjects”
The paper relies on this without support.
Type 2 diabetes has 18 candidate loci that account for less than 7% of the total identifiable genetic load.
“A complex disease such as T2D has, at present, 18 multiple candidate loci that account for only a small percentage (< 7%) of the total identifiable genetic load.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hypertension precedes 75% of congestive heart failure cases.
“Hypertension precedes 75% of CHF cases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most physically active men and women have a 25% to 30% lower risk for stroke incidence and mortality.
“The most physically active men and women have a 25% to 30% lower risk for stroke incidence and mortality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For every 1% reduction in LDL-C levels, a 1% reduction occurs in relative risk for major coronary heart disease events.
“for every 1% reduction in LDL-C levels, a 1% reduction occurs in relative risk for major CHD events.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Observational associations between physical inactivity and disease outcomes reflect a causal effect of inactivity rather than confounding or reverse causation.
“Physical inactivity causes up to 1/3rd of depression.”
“Physical inactivity is a primary cause of bone loss in weight-bearing bones.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from animal models and mechanistic studies can be generalized to humans.
“Epidemiological, interventions, and mechanistic insights from human and rodent studies all suggest that physical inactivity can accelerate declines in cognitive function; a decline that be attenuated or potentially reversed by physical activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported physical activity accurately classifies exposure in observational studies.
“While many of the studies relied on self-questionnaires, 8 cohort studies contained clinical diagnosis of depression symptoms, which reported an increase of 40% in the inactive group.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The trend analysis assumes that the level of physical activity would be sustained.
“assuming that the level of activity would be sustained”
The paper relies on this without support.
Atherosclerosis results from lifetime accumulation of vascular lesions and plaques.
“Atherosclerosis is a consequence of lifetime accumulation of vascular lesions and plaques.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increases in bone mineral mass, skeletal muscle mass, and cardiorespiratory fitness occur throughout childhood and adolescence, peak in the third decade of life, and then decline with aging.
“Increases in bone mineral mass, skeletal muscle mass, and CRF occur throughout childhood and adolescence peaking and have their greatest lifetime values in the third decade of life. Thereafter with aging, their respective values progressively decline to lower values”
The paper relies on this without support.
Skeletal muscle power peaks about the third decade of life and then declines.
“Skeletal muscle power peaks about the third decade of life, and then declines thereafter”
The paper relies on this without support.
VO2max peaks at the third decade of life and then declines.
“VO2max peaks at the third decade of life, and thereafter declines”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity reduces prevalence of many conditions that are not obesity co-morbidities.
“physical activity reduces prevalence of many conditions that are not obesity co-morbidities”
The paper relies on this without support.
Exercise and chronic diseases are complex polygenic conditions.
“Exercise and chronic diseases are complex polygenic conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The scientific and technical expertise to appreciate the complexity of exercise/inactivity and chronic diseases is limited within the scientific community.
“The scientific and technical expertise to appreciate the complexity of exercise/inactivity and chronic diseases is limited within the scientific community.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity, food, and reproduction are some of the minimal requirements for life.
“Physical activity, food, and reproduction are some of the minimal requirements for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity, food, and reproduction evolved as requirements for individual and species survival, not as choices.
“They evolved not as choices, but as requirements for individual and species survival.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Modern humans have been able to engineer most physical activity out of daily life.
“Modern humans have been able to engineer most physical activity out of daily life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Humans now have a choice not to be physically active.
“Humans now have a choice not to be physically active.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Physical inactivity is a global health problem that is vital to the primary prevention of over 35 chronic diseases [1, 2].”
From Pre-exercise screening: role of the primary care physician (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“although most people know the relevance of having an active life as a part of a healthy lifestyle, inactivity is still a major concern and the number of sedentary people has not been properly reduced [8,9].”
From Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Unlike normal aging, the deleterious effects of secondary aging on the SM can be delayed through engagement in healthy lifestyle behaviours such as exercise and increased physical activity [17,35].”
From Optimised Skeletal Muscle Mass as a Key Strategy for Obesity Management (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“These effects can, in turn, promote several inflammation-related pathophysiologic alterations, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, high blood pressure and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia)100, that have been found to increase risk for a variety of conditions, including CVD, type 2 diabetes, NAFLD, osteoporosis, various types of cancer, depression, dementia and”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“physical inactivity can increase individuals’ risk for various non-communicable diseases because it is linked to obesity100 and, in particular, excessive visceral adipose tissue (VAT), which is a significant trigger of inflammation104–106.”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“However, physical activity is nonetheless a key target for health initiatives given its important positive effects on cardiovascular health, metabolism and a variety of other diseases [61], [62].”
From Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians (2013) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Lastly, evidence tracks a temporal relationship between changes in food supply at the population level (as proxy for food intake after adjusting for food wastage) and weight gain patterns over the past several decades [60], [61], [62].”
From Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians (2013) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Most of the waking time of the elderly is spent in sedentary activities, which can result in reduced mitochondrial biogenesis, excessive apoptosis, and deficient mitochondrial turnover, thus accelerating the progression of senescent skeletal muscle atrophy [13].”
From Lifelong Aerobic Exercise Alleviates Sarcopenia by Activating Autophagy and Inhibiting Protein Degradation via the AMPK/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
“The NPAGCR (412) indicates that physical activity diminishes mortality by 30% in the U.S.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
“Stated alternatively, physical inactivity increases mortality by 30%, or by 720,000 annual deaths (one death every 44 seconds).”
Citations
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Cited by
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Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span
Furman, D., Campisi, J., Verdin, E., Carrera-Bastos, P., Targ, S., Franceschi, C., Ferrucci, L., Gilroy, D. W., Fasano, A., Miller, G. W., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0 · Cited by 4,915
Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
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Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation
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Physical activity and exercise as countermeasures to physical frailty and sarcopenia
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Exercise benefits on Alzheimer’s disease: State-of-the-science
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Blood-brain barrier permeability and physical exercise
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Metadata
- Authors
- Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., & Laye, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging (US)
- Venue
- Comprehensive Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1143-1211
- ISSN
- 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4241367
- OpenAlex
- W2135019055
- Cited by
- 2,575
- References
- 587
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 312 · 2023: 273 · 2022: 329 · 2021: 326 · 2020: 277 · 2019: 241 · 2018: 179 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 5
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Comprehensive physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR019393)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- physical inactivity, chronic disease prevention, physical activity, gene-environment interaction, cardiorespiratory fitness, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, osteoporosis, sedentary behavior, public health policy, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Chronic Disease, Humans, Motor Activity, Pharmacogenetics, Physical Fitness, Risk Factors, Exercise, Twin Studies as Topic, Metabolic Syndrome, Sedentary Behavior, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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