The DOI matches its Crossref record; 587 of the 587 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 559 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases
Open accessAbstract
Chronic diseases are major killers in the modern era. Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic diseases. The initial third of the article considers: activity and prevention definitions; historical evidence showing physical inactivity is detrimental to health and normal organ functional capacities; cause versus treatment; physical activity and inactivity mechanisms differ; gene‐environment interaction (including aerobic training adaptations, personalized medicine, and co‐twin physical activity); and specificity of adaptations to type of training. Next, physical activity/exercise is examined as primary prevention against 35 chronic conditions [accelerated biological aging/premature death, low cardiorespiratory fitness (V o 2 max), sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, arterial dyslipidemia, hemostasis, deep vein thrombosis, cognitive dysfunction, depression and anxiety, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, balance, bone fracture/falls, rheumatoid arthritis, colon cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, gestational diabetes, pre‐eclampsia, polycystic ovary syndrome, erectile dysfunction, pain, diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder diseases]. The article ends with consideration of deterioration of risk factors in longer‐term sedentary groups; clinical consequences of inactive childhood/adolescence; and public policy. In summary, the body rapidly maladapts to insufficient physical activity, and if continued, results in substantial decreases in both total and quality years of life. Taken together, conclusive evidence exists that physical inactivity is one important cause of most chronic diseases. In addition, physical activity primarily prevents, or delays, chronic diseases, implying that chronic disease need not be an inevitable outcome during life. © 2012 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 2:1143‐1211, 2012.
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Claims the paper makes
428 Not checked yet · 139 Own interpretation · 43 Sources not found · 17 No basis given · 7 Own result · 5 Own method · 3 Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“greater volumes of exercise were associated with a lower probability of being a nonresponder.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [478] Sisson SB Katzmarzyk PT Earnest CP Bouchard C Blair SN Church TS Volume of exercise and fitness nonresponse in sedentary, postmenopausal women Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 41 539 545 19204597 PMC2669311 source
The Abstract Conclusion states the claim directly. The Results also report that, compared with the lowest-volume group, the likelihood of nonresponse was 57% lower in the 8 kcal/kg/week group and 74% lower in the 12 kcal/kg/week group. These findings concern sedentary postmenopausal women in the DREW trial. (LLM, conf=0.95)
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Other studies have found a relatively quick effect of exercise involving 10 days of walking for 30 min/day resulted in a decrease in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and self-assessed intensity of symptoms (139).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [139] Dimeo F Bauer M Varahram I Proest G Halter U Benefits from aerobic exercise in patients with major depression: a pilot study Br J Sports Med 2001 35 114 117 11273973 PMC1724301 source
The Abstract describes 30 minutes of treadmill walking per day for 10 training days and reports significant reductions in both Hamilton depression scores and self-assessed symptom intensity. The Results section confirms reductions on both measures. This was a small pilot study without a control group, so the findings do not establish causation conclusively. (LLM, conf=0.93)
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- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, DLW estimates of energy expenditure determined between 1988 (555) and 2006 (554) did not significantly differ.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [555] Westerterp KR Speakman JR Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals Int J Obes (Lond) 2008 32 1256 1263 18504442 source
- Not checked yetcites [554] Westerterp KR Physical activity, food intake, and body weight regulation: insights from doubly labeled water studies Nutr Rev 2010 68 148 154 20384845 source
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We followed Levine's model and calculated an annualized loss of 64,349 calories (caloric equivalent of 18.4 pounds of fat in one year) would not be expended when walking/standing is selected out of lifestyle in our hypothetical model (Table 9).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
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- Rests on an assumption: Caloric expenditure estimates from domestic mechanization and walking/standing can be annualized to fat gain.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The lowest activity group has ~40% increased prevalence of colon cancer compared to the highest activity group.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.4 Clinical significance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Combining pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer resulted in a 15–20% decreased risk by physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 40. Breast cancer > 40.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [347] Monninkhof EM Elias SG Vlems FA van der Tweel I Schuit AJ Voskuil DW van Leeuwen FE Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review Epidemiology 2007 18 137 157 17130685 source
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In the paper
“A literature review through March 1997 found 23 case-control (cross-sectional) studies and 17 cohort (longitudinal) studies. In both types of studies, those in the highest physical activity category had ~40%–50% reduction in risk of colon cancer compared with the least active category (111).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Colditz GA Cannuscio CC Frazier AL Physical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: implications for prevention Cancer Causes Control 1997 8 649 667 9242482 source
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In the paper
“A decade later, the NPAGCR(412) concluded physical activity produced a medium reduction of 30% in colon cancer from 8 case -control and 12 cohort studies, respectively.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A 2007 systemic review of 19 cohort and 29 case-control studies found a strong evidence for risk reductions ranging from 20% to 80% by physical activity for postmenopausal breast cancer (347).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 40. Breast cancer > 40.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [347] Monninkhof EM Elias SG Vlems FA van der Tweel I Schuit AJ Voskuil DW van Leeuwen FE Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review Epidemiology 2007 18 137 157 17130685 source
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In the paper
“Ju et al. (262) found that colon tumorigenesis was ~40% greater in sedentary than voluntary running mice ApcMin/+ mice.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [262] Ju J Nolan B Cheh M Bose M Lin Y Wagner GC Yang CS Voluntary exercise inhibits intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice and azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice BMC Cancer 2008 8 316 18976499 PMC2635383
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The NPAGCR (412) concludes from 63 published studies that physical activity was associated with a medium reduction of 20% across all studies.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 40. Breast cancer > 40.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The protective effect seems to be particularly strong for vigorous or intense exercise, particularly for women reporting physical activity both before and during pregnancy.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.2 Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source
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In the paper
“A meta-analysis of prospective studies published through to December 2009 found that physical activity was clearly associated with a 30% lower risk of endometrial cancer (348).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 41. Endometrial cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [348] Moore SC Gierach GL Schatzkin A Matthews CE Physical activity, sedentary behaviours, and the prevention of endometrial cancer Br J Cancer 2010 103 933 938 20877336 PMC2965881 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“They conclude that the balance of evidence is that exercise is protective against GDM.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.2 Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lowest activity group has ~25% increased prevalence of breast cancer compared to the highest activity group.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 40. Breast cancer > 40.3 Clinical significance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Studied in their review mentioned no deleterious exercise effects.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.2 Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“A trend analysis indicated a ~6% decrease in breast cancer risk for each additional hour of physical activity per week assuming that the level of activity would be sustained.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 40. Breast cancer > 40.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [347] Monninkhof EM Elias SG Vlems FA van der Tweel I Schuit AJ Voskuil DW van Leeuwen FE Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review Epidemiology 2007 18 137 157 17130685 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The trend analysis assumes that the level of physical activity would be sustained.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR (412) found growing evidence to support reduced risk of endometrial cancers in physically active versus sedentary persons.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 41. Endometrial cancer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a cohort of over 31,000 men over the age of 50 one third of men had ED (19). Men engaged in at least 32.6 MET equivalent hours of exercise per week had a significantly lower relative risk (0.7) than those undergoing less than 2.7 MET activity hours/week, a similar reduction in risk as obesity increased risk (19).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.1 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Bacon CG Mittleman MA Kawachi I Giovannucci E Glasser DB Rimm EB Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: results from the health professionals follow-up study Ann Intern Med 2003 139 161 168 12899583 source
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In the paper
“Limited information is available for the primary prevention of PCOS by physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.5 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [510] Thomson RL Buckley JD Brinkworth GD Exercise for the treatment and management of overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of the literature Obes Rev Epub ahead of print 2011 20546140 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a follow up study using twice as many subjects this same group demonstrated that lifestyle intervention for two years reduced the prevalence of ED from 66% to 44% (169).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.1 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Esposito K Ciotola M Giugliano F Maiorino MI Autorino R De Sio M Giugliano G Nicoletti G D'Andrea F Giugliano D Effects of intensive lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in men J Sex Med 2009 6 243 250 19170853 source
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In the paper
“Exercise appears to provide secondary/tertiary prevention, so studies of primary prevention seem justified.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.5 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [510] Thomson RL Buckley JD Brinkworth GD Exercise for the treatment and management of overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of the literature Obes Rev Epub ahead of print 2011 20546140 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In two cross-sectional studies, asthma was more prevalent in swimmers [Odds ratio (OR) = 10], long distance runners (OR = 6), and power athletes (OR = 3–4), than in less active individuals (232, 233).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.3 Physical inactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [232] Helenius IJ Tikkanen HO Haahtela T Association between type of training and risk of asthma in elite athletes Thorax 1997 52 157 160 9059477 PMC1758476 source
- Not checked yetcites [233] Helenius IJ Tikkanen HO Sarna S Haahtela T Asthma and increased bronchial responsiveness in elite athletes: atopy and sport event as risk factors J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 101 646 652 9600502 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Those within the lifestyle group that exercised more than 4 hours/wk were 1.9 times more likely to reverse ED than those in the lifestyle group that remained sedentary, correcting for changes in diet and other lifestyle habits.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.1 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Esposito K Ciotola M Giugliano F Maiorino MI Autorino R De Sio M Giugliano G Nicoletti G D'Andrea F Giugliano D Effects of intensive lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in men J Sex Med 2009 6 243 250 19170853 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Limited evidence exists according to a systemic review of 10 RCTs and 5 non-randomized clinical trials for the overall effectiveness of exercise to prevent LBP in humans (31).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 44. Pain > 44.3 Clinical trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Bell JA Burnett A Exercise for the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of low back pain in the workplace: a systematic review J Occup Rehabil 2009 19 8 24 19219537 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Physical activity lowered the risk of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding during an 18-yr of follow-up of 47,228 US males in the Health Professionals Study (492).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 45. Digestive tract diseases > 45.2 Diverticulitis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [492] Strate LL Liu YL Aldoori WH Giovannucci EL Physical activity decreases diverticular complications Am J Gastroenterol 2009 104 1221 1230 19367267 PMC3144158 source
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In the paper
“Tertiary prevention may exist as Kenfield et al. (271) provided evidence that physical activity was associated with lower mortality and PCa mortality in men previously diagnosed with PCa.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.2 Prostate Cancer (PCa)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [271] Kenfield SA Stampfer MJ Giovannucci E Chan JM Physical Activity and Survival After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study J Clin Oncol 2011 29 72 732 PMC3056656 21205749 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Physical activity levels are inversely related to prevalence of gallbladder disease in an American Indian population (285).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 45. Digestive tract diseases > 45.3 Gallbladder disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [285] Kriska AM Brach JS Jarvis BJ Everhart JE Fabio A Richardson CR Howard BV Physical activity and gallbladder disease determined by ultrasonography Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007 39 1927 1932 17986899 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The U.S. DPP found no change in ACR despite reductions in diabetes development with lifestyle reduction of T2D (136).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 47. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Changes in albumin excretion in the diabetes prevention program Diabetes Care 2009 32 720 725 19131464 PMC2660489 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study found that increased television watching or low self-reported leisure-time physical activity were associated with increased odds ratio of albuminuria and low estimated glomerular filtration rate in 6,000 subjects (325, 558).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 47. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [325] Lynch BM White SL Owen N Healy GN Chadban SJ Atkins RC Dunstan DW Television viewing time and risk of chronic kidney disease in adults: the AusDiab Study Ann Behav Med 2010 40 265 274 20740391 source
- Not checked yetcites [558] White SL Dunstan DW Polkinghorne KR Atkins RC Cass A Chadban SJ Physical inactivity and chronic kidney disease in Australian adults: The AusDiab study Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010 21 104 112 19939649 source
plaincorrelationaln = 6,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Aerobic- and resistance-exercise adherence for 1 yr prevented regain of VAT in healthy, overweight, premenopausal women following a weight loss of 12 kg (251).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 50. Risk factors worsen over 6–12 months in RCTs > 50.1 RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [251] Hunter GR Brock DW Byrne NM Chandler-Laney PC Del Corral P Gower BA Exercise training prevents regain of visceral fat for 1 year following weight loss Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 18 690 695 19816413 PMC2913900 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“73%–91% of Canadian children do not accomplish sufficient daily step numbers (76).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.1 Prevalence of physical inactivity in youth
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Cameron C WR Craig CL Physical Activity and Sport: Encouraging Children to be Active 2007 14 Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute Ottawa (ON)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“11-yr old accelerometer values were found the following progressive declines in physical activity in weekday minutes of activity/day: Old-Order-Amish (90 min) > Old-Order-Mennonite (69 min) > rural Saskatchewan (58 min) > urban Saskatchewan (49 min) (168).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.1 Prevalence of physical inactivity in youth
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] Esliger DW Tremblay MS Copeland JL Barnes JD Huntington GE Bassett DR Jr Physical activity profile of Old Order Amish, Mennonite, and contemporary children Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010 42 296 303 19927029 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“physically inactive individuals reached skeletal muscle frailty 24 yrs younger in age than masters' weight lifters”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.10 Peak lifetime value determines years to reach clinical disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“physically inactive individuals passed below the threshold of aerobic frailty 30 yrs earlier in age than masters' aerobically trained individuals”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.10 Peak lifetime value determines years to reach clinical disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a 25-yr old individual with a BMD that is 90% of the mean peak BMD be osteoporotic ~30 yrs earlier than if they had a BMD 110% of the mean peak BMD”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.10 Peak lifetime value determines years to reach clinical disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We estimate that if every U.S. individual had 30 min of moderate physical activity/day obesity, annual U.S. health costs would be reduced ~4% ($100 billion out of $2.4 trillion)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
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In the paper
“Estimated daily step numbers have declined ~50% to ~70% since the introduction of powered machinery. (Table 1).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 4. Summary of daily step reductions from antiquity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Table 1
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, they conclude that bone atrophy occurs 10-times faster in spaceflight than with aging.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.5 Primary prevention: Human space flight (1957–1961)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [540] Vernikos J Schneider VS Space, gravity and the physiology of aging: parallel or convergent disciplines? A mini-review Gerontology 2010 56 157 166 19851058 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic diseases.”
- Also stated in: § 1.1 Entire article · boosted
“Overwhelming evidence proves the notion that reductions in daily physical activity are primary causes of chronic diseases/conditions and that physical activity/exercise is rehabilitative treatment (therapy) from the inactivity-caused dysfunctions.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“conclusive evidence exists that physical inactivity is one important cause of most chronic diseases.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § 1.1 Entire article · boosted
In the paper
“Physically active conductors had a 30% lower incidence rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) than the physically inactive bus drivers (353).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.4 Initial epidemiology (1949–1953)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [353] Morris JN Heady JA Raffle PA Roberts CG Parks JW Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work Lancet 1953 265 1053 1057 13110049
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The aim of the entire article is to bring better understanding and insight into the observation that a lack of physical activity at ancestral levels initiates 35 pathological and clinical conditions.”
- Also stated in: § 1.3 Center portion of article · plain
“Physical inactivity is a primary cause initiating 35 separate pathological and clinical conditions.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 1. Organization of article > 1.1 Entire article
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In the paper
“During acute exercise following bed rest reductions of 28%, 11%, 26%, and 29% in VO2max, ventricular volume (ml), maximal cardiac output, and maximal stroke volume occurred, without a change in maximal A-VO2 difference.”
- Also stated in: § 2.5 Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) · plain
“For instance, in the Dallas Bed Rest study, healthy, young males' VO2max decreased 27% after 20 days of continuous bed rest (454)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.7 Dallas Bed Rest Study (1960's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [454] Saltin B Blomqvist G Mitchell JH Johnson RL Jr. Wildenthal K Chapman CB Response to exercise after bed rest and after training Circulation 1968 38 VII1 78 5696236 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § 2.5 Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) · plain
In the paper
“Three days of physical inactivity produces glucose intolerance (47).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.3 Bed rest (1945–1955)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Blotner H Effect of prolonged physical inactivity on tolerance of sugar Arch Int Med 1945 75 39 44 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Historical evidence shows that physical inactivity is prevalent in today's society relative to historical levels (385).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 4. Summary of daily step reductions from antiquity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [385] O'Keefe JH Vogel R Lavie CJ Cordain L Achieving Hunter-gatherer Fitness in the 21(st) Century: Back to the Future Am J Med 2010 123 1082 1086 20843503 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“another study in Denmark 2 weeks of reducing daily step number from 10,501 to 1344 VO2max decreased 7% (389).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.5 Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [389] Olsen RH Krogh-Madsen R Thomsen C Booth FW Pedersen BK Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men JAMA 2008 299 1261 1263 18349087
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The book carefully documents the widespread systemic deterioration of the body when continuous bed rest occurs.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.6 Bed rest book (1965)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Browse NL The physiology and pathology of bed rest 1965 V Charles C Thomas Publisher Springlield, IL
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Inspection of this body of literature led Vernikos and Schneider (540) to contend that spaceflight results in losses of functional capacities in multiple organ systems, similar to an accelerated model mimicking aging.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.5 Primary prevention: Human space flight (1957–1961)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [540] Vernikos J Schneider VS Space, gravity and the physiology of aging: parallel or convergent disciplines? A mini-review Gerontology 2010 56 157 166 19851058 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a normalization of expression failed to occur in 20% of the 4500 genes that changed with bed rest.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These functional decrements help explain the link between reduced physical activity and the risks that have been associated with the progression of chronic disorders and premature mortality (389).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.11 Clinical significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [389] Olsen RH Krogh-Madsen R Thomsen C Booth FW Pedersen BK Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men JAMA 2008 299 1261 1263 18349087
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After reducing daily step number form 6203 to 1394 for 3 weeks, areas under the curve (AUC) for plasma insulin during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) progressively increased 53%, 61%, and 79% after 1, 2, and 3 weeks, respectively (389).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.10 Translation studies - Reduced stepping studies in humans (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [389] Olsen RH Krogh-Madsen R Thomsen C Booth FW Pedersen BK Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men JAMA 2008 299 1261 1263 18349087
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to pre-bed rest levels, 9 days of bed rest altered 4500 mRNAs.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity and inactivity reside in different mechanistic planes, and are not merely mirror images of each other as is commonly considered (discussed below).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast (right panel of Fig 1), physical activity can treat against lung cancer-induced dyspnea, a common side effect 1 to 6 years after lung cancer resection (179) (Right panel Fig. 1).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 6. Cause vs. treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [179] Feinstein MB Krebs P Coups EJ Park BJ Steingart RM Burkhalter J Logue A Ostroff JS Current dyspnea among long-term survivors of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer J Thorac Oncol 5 1221 1226 20592631 PMC4515574 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mechanisms of physical inactivity are considered anti-parallel, rather than in series (continuum) to physical activity (210, 570).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [210] Greenhaff PL Hargreaves M “Systems Biology” in Human Exercise Physiology: is it something different from Integrative Physiology? J Physiol 2011 PMC3060583 21224223 source
- Not checked yetcites [570] Witkowski S Spangenburg EE Reduced physical activity and the retired athlete: a dangerous combination? Br J Sports Med 2008 42 952 953 18981041 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, physical activity can prevent physical inactivity-induced chronic diseases (left panel of Fig 1).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 6. Cause vs. treatment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We propose that the greatest health benefit of physical activity is primary prevention of 35 chronic diseases/conditions to become clinically overt.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.11 Application of exercise to prevention categories
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A major predictor of functional capacity is maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), which while directly testing cardiovascular fitness and integrity also represents a combination of other physiologic components.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.3 Definition of functional capacity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, the epididymal adipose tissue mass at WL53 weighed 25% more than at WL5 in the same rats as studied for insulin sensitivity above.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.9 Animal wheel lock studies (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Kump DS Booth FW Alterations in insulin receptor signalling in the rat epitrochlearis muscle upon cessation of voluntary exercise J Physiol 2005 562 829 838 15550465 PMC1665545 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In rats cycling 4 times/day through periods of weight bearing and non-weight bearing (hindlimb suspension), soleus muscle atrophy was prevented by 4 × 15-min periods of ground support during 12 hrs of the day (118).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.8 Sitting studies (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] D'Aunno DS Robinson RR Smith GS Thomason DB Booth FW Intermittent acceleration as a countermeasure to soleus muscle atrophy J Appl Physiol 1992 72 428 433 1559915 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The percentage of non-responders at a given level of training progressively decreased as the exercise volume increased.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.4 Physical fitness vs. physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [478] Sisson SB Katzmarzyk PT Earnest CP Bouchard C Blair SN Church TS Volume of exercise and fitness nonresponse in sedentary, postmenopausal women Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 41 539 545 19204597 PMC2669311 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A 2011 meta-analysis concludes that exercise training has greatest beneficial effects on left ventricular remodeling in clinically stable post-MI patients when training starts one week following the MI (227).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.3 Bed rest (1945–1955)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [227] Haykowsky M Scott J Esch B Schopflocher D Myers J Paterson I Warburton D Jones L Clark AM A Meta-analysis of the effects of Exercise Training on Left Ventricular Remodeling Following Myocardial Infarction: Start early and go longer for greatest exercise benefits on remodeling Trials 2011 12 92 21463531 PMC3083361 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sisson et al. (478) concluded that the most important finding of their study was that greater volumes of exercise were associated with a lower probability of being a nonresponder.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.4 Physical fitness vs. physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [478] Sisson SB Katzmarzyk PT Earnest CP Bouchard C Blair SN Church TS Volume of exercise and fitness nonresponse in sedentary, postmenopausal women Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 41 539 545 19204597 PMC2669311 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“An aerobic functional capacity in patients under 4-metabolic equivalents (METs), a typical demand during normal daily activities, increases postoperative (time from admission to discharge from surgery) cardiac and long-term risks (155).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.3 Definition of functional capacity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [155] Eagle KA Berger PB Calkins H Chaitman BR Ewy GA Fleischmann KE Fleisher LA Froehlich JB Gusberg RJ Leppo JA Ryan T Schlant RC Winters WL Jr. Gibbons RJ Antman EM Alpert JS Faxon DP Fuster V Gregoratos G Jacobs AK Hiratzka LF Russell RO Smith SC Jr ACC/AHA guideline update for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery---executive summary a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery) Circulation 2002 105 125
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data indicates that rapid, severe physical inactivity can rapidly decrease CRF.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.5 Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, chronic physical activity levels themselves modulate fitness.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.4 Physical fitness vs. physical activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Those from the group < 4 METs had cardiologic complications in 64% of cases, the 4–7 METs group had 29%, and the 7–10 METs group had 8%.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.3 Definition of functional capacity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [265] Karapandzic VMPM Krivokapic ZV Masirevic VP Duke activity status index in coronary patients undergoing abdominal nonvascular surgery The internet journal of cardiology 2010 9 201 http://wwwispubcom/journal/the_internet_journal_of_cardiology/volume_9_number_1_16/article/duke-activity-status-index-in-coronary-patients-undergoing-abdominal-nonvascular-surgeryhtml
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The 1996 US Surgeon General's Report (531) concluded that high CRF decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.2 Higher VO2max associates with better health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [531] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General 1996 http://wwwcdcgov/nccdphp/sgr/pdf/sgrfullpdf
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Anabolic and catabolic pathways are usually separate” (491)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [491] Stein TP Bolster DR Insights into muscle atrophy and recovery pathway based on genetic models Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006 9 395 402 16778568 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“some individuals experiencing little or no gain in VO2max, whereas others gained >1.0 L/min in 481 sedentary subjects (55).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.1 Genetic Component Alone
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Bouchard C An P Rice T Skinner JS Wilmore JH Gagnon J Perusse L Leon AS Rao DC Familial aggregation of VO(2max) response to exercise training: results from the HERITAGE Family Study J Appl Physiol 1999 87 1003 1008 10484570 source
plainn = 481- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“pairs of identical twins had significantly more similar increases in VO2max than unrelated twin pairs after aerobic training in three papers in the mid-1980s (217, 421, 474).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.1 Genetic Component Alone
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [217] Hamel P Simoneau JA Lortie G Boulay MR Bouchard C Heredity and muscle adaptation to endurance training Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986 18 690 696 3784881 source
- Not checked yetcites [421] Prud'homme D Bouchard C Leblanc C Landry F Fontaine E Sensitivity of maximal aerobic power to training is genotype-dependent Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984 16 489 493 6542620 source
- Not checked yetcites [474] Simoneau JA Lortie G Boulay MR Marcotte M Thibault MC Bouchard C Inheritance of human skeletal muscle and anaerobic capacity adaptation to high-intensity intermittent training Int J Sports Med 1986 7 167 171 3733313 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“low CRF was a stronger predictor of death than clinical variables or established risk factors, such as hypertension, smoking, and diabetes, as well as other exercise-test variables, including ST-segment depression, the peak heart rate, or the development of arrhythmias during exercise in both healthy subjects and those with CVD (363).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.2 Higher VO2max associates with better health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [363] Myers J Prakash M Froelicher V Do D Partington S Atwood JE Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing N Engl J Med 2002 346 793 801 11893790 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“approximately 40–50% of VO2max was estimated to be due to genetics (57).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.1 Genetic Component Alone
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Bouchard C Lesage R Lortie G Simoneau JA Hamel P Boulay MR Perusse L Theriault G Leblanc C Aerobic performance in brothers, dizygotic and monozygotic twins Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986 18 639 646 3784876 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“exercise and inactivity are not merely opposites of each other.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“comparison of these two gene lists showed virtually no common gene names on both lists.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [491] Stein TP Bolster DR Insights into muscle atrophy and recovery pathway based on genetic models Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006 9 395 402 16778568 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“opposite processes work through entirely different mechanisms rather than altering the level of one pathway.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a single molecular paradigm to explain adaptations to exercise and inactivity does not exist.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 2.5-times greater variance existed between families than within families in the VO2max response variance.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.1 Genetic Component Alone
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“subjects aged 60 and older with low CRF had notably higher mortality risk from all causes than those with high CRF (499).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.2 Higher VO2max associates with better health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [499] Sui X Laditka JN Hardin JW Blair SN Estimated functional capacity predicts mortality in older adults J Am Geriatr Soc 2007 55 1940 1947 17979958 PMC3410432 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“provided experimental evidence that natural selection for high aerobic capacity during evolution is a feasible concept (569).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [569] Wisloff U Najjar SM Ellingsen O Haram PM Swoap S Al-Share Q Fernstrom M Rezaei K Lee SJ Koch LG Britton SL Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity Science 2005 307 418 420 15662013 source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“non-responders to for increase in VO2max comprised a total of 44.9%, 23.8%, and 19.3% of the 4-, the 8-, and the 12-kcal/kg/wk treatment groups, respectively.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [478] Sisson SB Katzmarzyk PT Earnest CP Bouchard C Blair SN Church TS Volume of exercise and fitness nonresponse in sedentary, postmenopausal women Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 41 539 545 19204597 PMC2669311 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“pretraining levels were greater in high than low responders for VO2max”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [517] Timmons JA Knudsen S Rankinen T Koch LG Sarzynski M Jensen T Keller P Scheele C Vollaard NB Nielsen S Akerstrom T MacDougald OA Jansson E Greenhaff PL Tarnopolsky MA van Loon LJ Pedersen BK Sundberg CJ Wahlestedt C Britton SL Bouchard C Using molecular classification to predict gains in maximal aerobic capacity following endurance exercise training in humans J Appl Physiol 108 1487 1496 20133430 PMC2886694 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maintaining the highest possible VO2max is a primary preventer of morbidity and mortality from low VO2max”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.2 Higher VO2max associates with better health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“low-responders did not switch on their proangiogenic network genes effectively (269).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [269] Keller P Vollaard NB Gustafsson T Gallagher IJ Sundberg CJ Rankinen T Britton SL Bouchard C Koch LG Timmons JA A transcriptional map of the impact of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle phenotype J Appl Physiol 2011 110 46 59 20930125 PMC3253010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A signature of 29 mRNAs and of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified that predicted ~50% and ~23%, respectively, of the estimated variance for VO2max plasticity following aerobic training in humans (517).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [517] Timmons JA Knudsen S Rankinen T Koch LG Sarzynski M Jensen T Keller P Scheele C Vollaard NB Nielsen S Akerstrom T MacDougald OA Jansson E Greenhaff PL Tarnopolsky MA van Loon LJ Pedersen BK Sundberg CJ Wahlestedt C Britton SL Bouchard C Using molecular classification to predict gains in maximal aerobic capacity following endurance exercise training in humans J Appl Physiol 108 1487 1496 20133430 PMC2886694 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Selection of rats on the basis of the longest or shortest running distances during a single exercise test resulted in selection of a 58% higher aerobic capacity in the high-distance line than the short-distance line over 11 generations.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [569] Wisloff U Najjar SM Ellingsen O Haram PM Swoap S Al-Share Q Fernstrom M Rezaei K Lee SJ Koch LG Britton SL Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity Science 2005 307 418 420 15662013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Each SNP seems to contribute only weakly for chronic complex human diseases.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“after genome-wide association analysis in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, 18 robust SNPs explain <7% of the total disease variance (484).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [484] Snyder M Weissman S Gerstein M Personal phenotypes to go with personal genomes Mol Syst Biol 2009 5 273 19455137 PMC2694681
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“recent observations that a small portion of the population is low responders for VO2max suggest a greater biological complexity than known in 1979.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“>90% of the 29 mRNAs did not change with aerobic training.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [517] Timmons JA Knudsen S Rankinen T Koch LG Sarzynski M Jensen T Keller P Scheele C Vollaard NB Nielsen S Akerstrom T MacDougald OA Jansson E Greenhaff PL Tarnopolsky MA van Loon LJ Pedersen BK Sundberg CJ Wahlestedt C Britton SL Bouchard C Using molecular classification to predict gains in maximal aerobic capacity following endurance exercise training in humans J Appl Physiol 108 1487 1496 20133430 PMC2886694 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“not all individuals are suited to the same guidelines for exercise intensity, because the ability to exercise seems to vary not only by training background but also by genetic predisposition.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.7 Clinical significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [289] Kujala UM Kaprio J Koskenvuo M Modifiable risk factors as predictors of all-cause mortality: the roles of genetics and childhood environment Am J Epidemiol 2002 156 985 993 12446254 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected many of the tested health parameters had both genetic and environmental components.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.3 MZ twin activity comparisons show variable chronic disease component
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“which Davidsen et al. (120) suggest means that miRNAs may play a role in regulating the translation of key gene networks responsible for human skeletal muscle growth.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.4 Phenotype responsiveness variability to resistance training (RT)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Davidsen PK Gallagher IJ Hartman JW Tarnopolsky MA Dela F Helge JW Timmons JA Phillips SM High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression J Appl Physiol 2011 110 309 317 21030674 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The twin approaches have been critical to our ability to separate genetic from environmental effects related to health and chronic disease in humans.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The efficacy of drugs is affected by physical fitness/activity status (104, 328) in addition to genetic disposition.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.5 Pharmacogenetics interactions with exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Cocco G Pandolfi S Physical exercise with weight reduction lowers blood pressure and improves abnormal left ventricular relaxation in pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2011 13 23 29 21214718 PMC8673266 source
- Not checked yetcites [328] Martin B Ji S Maudsley S Mattson MP “Control” laboratory rodents are metabolically morbid: why it matters Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010 107 6127 6133 20194732 PMC2852022 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“individualized medicine, if exclusively restricted to viewing genetic background in vacuum, will result in less than optimal prescriptive therapy.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.7 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Successful RT-induced hypertrophy in human skeletal muscle was associated with specific differences in miRNA expression to RT in high- and low- responders, respectively”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.4 Phenotype responsiveness variability to resistance training (RT)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Davidsen PK Gallagher IJ Hartman JW Tarnopolsky MA Dela F Helge JW Timmons JA Phillips SM High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression J Appl Physiol 2011 110 309 317 21030674 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in patients with abnormal left ventricular (LV) relaxation and preserved LV ejection fraction, exercise and weight loss plus drug reduced the LV relaxation dysfunction that was not reduced by the drug alone (104).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.5 Pharmacogenetics interactions with exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Cocco G Pandolfi S Physical exercise with weight reduction lowers blood pressure and improves abnormal left ventricular relaxation in pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2011 13 23 29 21214718 PMC8673266 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The higher physically active MZ had a 36%–66% lower mortality than their inactive MZ pair.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.2 MZ twin-activity comparisons show high mortality component
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Carlsson S Andersson T Lichtenstein P Michaelsson K Ahlbom A Physical activity and mortality: is the association explained by genetic selection? Am J Epidemiol 2007 166 255 259 17493950 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they must perform both types of exercise to prevent physical (endurance and strength) frailty.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Genotype is apparently not a major determinant of the changes in insulin levels and sensitivity brought about by negative energy balance with exercise (390)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.4 Important physical activity component to activity adaptation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [390] Oppert JM Nadeau A Tremblay A Despres JP Theriault G Bouchard C Negative energy balance with exercise in identical twins: plasma glucose and insulin responses Am J Physiol 1997 272 E248 254 9124331 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One type of adaptation involves hypertrophy of the muscle cells with an increase in strength; it is exemplified in its most extreme form by the muscles of weight lifters and body builders.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“twins discordant for physical activity do not differ in generalized bone mass or spinal cord bone mass (542)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.5 Important gene component to activity adaptation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [542] Videman T Battie MC Gibbons LE Manninen H Gill K Fisher LD Koskenvuo M Lifetime exercise and disk degeneration: an MRI study of monozygotic twins Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 29 1350 1356 9346167 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the nature of the exercise stimulus determines the type of adaptation (243).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [243] Holloszy JO Booth FW Biochemical adaptations to endurance exercise in muscle Annu Rev Physiol 1976 38 273 291 130825 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second type of adaptation involves an increase in the capacity of muscle for aerobic metabolism with an increase in endurance and is found in its most highly developed form in the muscles of competitive middle- and long-distance runners, long-distance cross-country skiers, bicyclists, and swimmers.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data indicate that inactivity increases both visceral and total fat masses independent of genetic disposition.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.4 Important physical activity component to activity adaptation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while the design of the studies analyzed was not optimized for elucidating the effects of physical activity independent of genotype”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.3 MZ twin activity comparisons show variable chronic disease component
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“changes in muscle morphology (length, shortening velocity, of ventricular diameter) do not exhibit compelling genetic components.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.4 Important physical activity component to activity adaptation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, data in Tables 2–6 provide conclusive evidence that physical inactivity alone is sufficient to increase chronic diseases and death.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.6 Clinical significance
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many studies, questionnaires were used to evaluate physical activity levels, a less than optimal method to collect such data.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.3 MZ twin activity comparisons show variable chronic disease component
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, the 80 monozygotic publications unequivocally show that co-twins with lower physical activity levels exhibit increased risks for chronic diseases regardless of genotype.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.6 Clinical significance
boosteddirectn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Healthy behavioral choices in Californian Adventists extend life expectancy by several years, even as much as a decade, (190).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Fraser GE Shavlik DJ Ten years of life: Is it a matter of choice? Arch Intern Med 2001 161 1645 1652 11434797 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, less lifetime physical activity shortens years of life.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Active individuals — both men and women — have approximately a 30% lower risk of dying during follow-up, compared with inactive individuals.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Various reports estimate that higher physical activity levels may extend life expectancy relative to average lifespan by 2.1 (405), 2.5 (395), 5.1 (men)(181), and 5.7 (women)(181) yrs for the physically active population.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [405] Pekkanen J Marti B Nissinen A Tuomilehto J Punsar S Karvonen MJ Reduction of premature mortality by high physical activity: a 20-year follow-up of middle-aged Finnish men Lancet 1987 1 1473 1477 2885461 source
- Not checked yetcites [395] Paffenbarger RS Jr. Hyde RT Wing AL Hsieh CC Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni N Engl J Med 1986 314 605 613 3945246 source
- Not checked yetcites [181] Ferrucci L Izmirlian G Leveille S Phillips CL Corti MC Brock DB Guralnik JM Smoking, physical activity, and active life expectancy Am J Epidemiol 1999 149 645 653 10192312 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The data very strongly support an inverse association between physical activity and all-cause mortality.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In one study of persons with impaired mobility (unable to walk 2 km and climb 1 flight with no difficulty), physical activity also appeared to be associated with lower all-cause mortality rates. (412)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the low-grade inflammatory marker, CRP was approximately 2 times greater in subjects with >4 hr/day in screen time, compared to those <2 hr/day.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [489] Stamatakis E Hamer M Dunstan DW Screen-based entertainment time, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular events population-based study with ongoing mortality and hospital events follow-up J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 57 292 299 21232666 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Convincing evidence exists that lower CRF is associated with increased mortality in both men and women, independently of other risk factors (79, 96, 277, 312, 313).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Carnethon MR Gidding SS Nehgme R Sidney S Jacobs DR Jr. Liu K Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors JAMA 2003 290 3092 3100 14679272 source
- Not checked yetcites [96] Chase NL Sui X Lee DC Blair SN The association of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity with incidence of hypertension in men Am J Hypertens 2009 22 417 424 19197248 source
- Not checked yetcites [277] Kodama S Saito K Tanaka S Maki M Yachi Y Asumi M Sugawara A Totsuka K Shimano H Ohashi Y Yamada N Sone H Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis JAMA 2009 301 2024 2035 19454641 source
- Not checked yetcites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source
- Not checked yetcites [313] Lee DC Sui X Church TS Lee IM Blair SN Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity with risks of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in men Diabetes Care 2009 32 257 262 18984778 PMC2628690 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“80-yr-old, physically active women had VO2max's that were equivalent to 50-yr-old physically inactive women. (Fig. 4) (503).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [503] Tanaka H Seals DR Invited Review: Dynamic exercise performance in Masters athletes: insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity J Appl Physiol 2003 95 2152 2162 14555676 source
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In the paper
“all-cause and CVD mortalities increased 46% and 80%, respectively for TV viewing time >4hr/day as compared to <2 hrs/day, which were independent of smoking, blood pressure, cholesterol, diet, waist circumference, and leisure-time exercise.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] Dunstan DW Barr EL Healy GN Salmon J Shaw JE Balkau B Magliano DJ Cameron AJ Zimmet PZ Owen N Television viewing time and mortality: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) Circulation 2010 121 384 391 20065160 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Fit-who-became-unfit between assessments had an increased risk of death.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Blair SN Kohl HW 3rd Barlow CE Paffenbarger RS Jr. Gibbons LW Macera CA Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men JAMA 1995 273 1093 1098 7707596 source
- Not checked yetcites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source
plaindirectn = 9,777- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Changes in CRF level result in a similar change in mortality risk.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
plaincorrelationaln = 9,777- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Low muscle strength has been inversely associated with all-cause-mortality in thirteen studies using subjects > 65 yrs of age (see (451) for refs).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [451] Ruiz JR Sui X Lobelo F Morrow JR Jr. Jackson AW Sjostrom M Blair SN Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: prospective cohort study BMJ 2008 337 a439 18595904 PMC2453303
plaincorrelationaln = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When CRF in the second lowest CRF quintile is compared to the lowest quantile, the risk of all-cause death in the lowest CRF quantile is increased by 39% and 67% in a prospective study of 40,451 men and 12,831 women, respectively (312)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Likewise comparing the highest CRF quintile) to the second lowest increased all-cause death risk by 26% and 28% in men and women, respectively.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“men who changed fitness status between the two CRF assessments had intermediate risk of death between the fit-that-stayed-fit group and unfit-who-stayed-unfit group.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Blair SN Kohl HW 3rd Barlow CE Paffenbarger RS Jr. Gibbons LW Macera CA Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men JAMA 1995 273 1093 1098 7707596 source
- Not checked yetcites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source
plaincorrelationaln = 9,777- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Unfit-men who-became-fit between CRF assessments decreased their risk of death.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Blair SN Kohl HW 3rd Barlow CE Paffenbarger RS Jr. Gibbons LW Macera CA Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men JAMA 1995 273 1093 1098 7707596 source
- Not checked yetcites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source
plaindirectn = 9,777- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The modern hunter-gatherers' daily estimated energy expenditures for physical activity are at least 600 kcal more than the average U.S. sedentary adult of today, as documented in column labeled “EE PA” (Table 7) (385).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [385] O'Keefe JH Vogel R Lavie CJ Cordain L Achieving Hunter-gatherer Fitness in the 21(st) Century: Back to the Future Am J Med 2010 123 1082 1086 20843503 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, contracting skeletal muscle during exercise produces interleukin-6, which has anti-inflammatory properties (490).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 14. Metabolic syndrome (MS) > 14.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [490] Steensberg A Keller C Starkie RL Osada T Febbraio MA Pedersen BK IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression in, and release from, contracting human skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002 283 E1272 1278 12388119 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Table 7 shows that agrarian Amish men and women undertake 900 and 700 calories worth of daily physical activity, (439).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [439] Roberts WC The Amish, body weight, and exercise Am J Cardiol 2004 94 1221 15518631 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is understood that physical inactivity is a primary causal mechanism of every MS risk factor – dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, visceral obesity, prothrombsis, and pro-inflammatory events (Fig 8).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 14. Metabolic syndrome (MS) > 14.3 Mechanisms
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In the paper
“Conversely, prevention of physical inactivity through physical activity improves inflammatory markers by reducing resting CRP, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α concentration (403).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 14. Metabolic syndrome (MS) > 14.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [403] Pedersen BK The diseasome of physical inactivity--and the role of myokines in muscle-- fat cross talk J Physiol 2009 587 5559 5568 19752112 PMC2805368 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to Blair and co-authors (313), several possible biological mechanisms exist for the risk reduction of all-cause mortality in individuals with higher CRF.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.5 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [313] Lee DC Sui X Church TS Lee IM Blair SN Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity with risks of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in men Diabetes Care 2009 32 257 262 18984778 PMC2628690 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Recreational resistance training results in strength gains ranging from 10%–257% after 9–52 weeks of 2–3 days/week resistance training in subjects mainly aged between 60–80 years of age (252)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [252] Hunter GR McCarthy JP Bamman MM Effects of resistance training on older adults Sports Med 2004 34 329 348 15107011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“untrained, healthy men generate 35% less average power than male competitors at a World Masters Weight-Lifting Championships (402)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [402] Pearson SJ Young A Macaluso A Devito G Nimmo MA Cobbold M Harridge SD Muscle function in elite master weightlifters Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002 34 1199 1206 12131263 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Physical inactivity has been shown to be an important risk factor of MS (38, 186, 296, 560).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 14. Metabolic syndrome (MS) > 14.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Bianchi G Rossi V Muscari A Magalotti D Zoli M Physical activity is negatively associated with the metabolic syndrome in the elderly QJM 2008 101 713 721 18650227 source
- Not checked yetcites [186] Ford ES Kohl HW 3rd Mokdad AH Ajani UA Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults Obes Res 2005 13 608 614 15833947 source
- Not checked yetcites [296] Laaksonen DE Lakka HM Salonen JT Niskanen LK Rauramaa R Lakka TA Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome Diabetes Care 2002 25 1612 1618 12196436 source
- Not checked yetcites [560] Wijndaele K Duvigneaud N Matton L Duquet W Delecluse C Thomis M Beunen G Lefevre J Philippaerts RM Sedentary behaviour, physical activity and a continuous metabolic syndrome risk score in adults Eur J Clin Nutr 2009 63 421 429 17971826 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Several risk factors for MS are associated with physical inactivity, including low-grade inflammation and impaired metabolism (403, 404).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 14. Metabolic syndrome (MS) > 14.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The proportion of sedentary time, determined by accelerometry was strongly related to metabolic risk, independent of physical activity (22).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 14. Metabolic syndrome (MS) > 14.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Bankoski A Harris TB McClain JJ Brychta RJ Caserotti P Chen KY Berrigan D Troiano RP Koster A Sedentary activity associated with metabolic syndrome independent of physical activity Diabetes Care 2011 34 497 503 21270206 PMC3024375 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity is primary prevention for every major MS risk factor.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 14. Metabolic syndrome (MS) > 14.4 Clinical significance of primary prevention of MS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The misconception of “overnutrition” is due to a widening positive caloric balance due to food intake not falling calorie with calorie to the decline in caloric expenditure (PubMed cites >100,000 papers with the term “overnutrition”).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“James (256) shows that transfer from working in the field in China to city work would drop caloric expenditure by ~315 kcal/day (men) and ~375 kcal/day (women).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [256] James WP The fundamental drivers of the obesity epidemic Obes Rev 2008 9 Suppl 1 6 13 18307693 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Brownson et al. (67) reported the following trends in U.S. (up to 50 years when possible) according to physical activity type: relatively stable or slightly increasing levels of leisure-time physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Brownson RC Boehmer TK Luke DA Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors Annu Rev Public Health 2005 26 421 443 15760296 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“An estimated 110 kcal/d was estimated to be expended by the combined impact of domestic mechanization (304) (Table 8).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [304] Lanningham-Foster L Nysse LJ Levine JA Labor saved, calories lost: the energetic impact of domestic labor-saving devices Obes Res 2003 11 1178 1181 14569042 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, instead of walking to fields, motorized transportation is taken, reducing caloric expenditure by an additional ~200 kcal/day.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [256] James WP The fundamental drivers of the obesity epidemic Obes Rev 2008 9 Suppl 1 6 13 18307693 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, overall trends for all physical activity types were for declining caloric expenditure by physical activity in recent decade(s).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The annualization of 110 kcal/day is the caloric equivalent of 11.5 pounds of fat/yr.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Caloric expenditure estimates from domestic mechanization and walking/standing can be annualized to fat gain.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several simple observations give rise to conclusions that the lower physical activity levels of modern inactive humans contributes to the obesity epidemic more so than an increase in caloric intake.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: Contemporary hunter-gatherer and agrarian Amish physical activity levels are valid proxies for ancestral or modern active human activity levels.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Agrarian Amish physical activity expenditures exceed modern sedentary by at least 600 kcal/day (Table 7).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, highly active humans have relative physical activity-induced energy expenditure that nears that of other free-ranging mammals (Fig. 10).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unchanged slope suggests that whatever was responsible for the increasing prevalence of obesity was maintained, not increased or decreased through 2006.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Compared to other free-ranging mammals, Hayes et al. (225) calculate that sedentary humans have a significantly lower level of relative physical activity-induced energy expenditure.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [225] Hayes M Chustek M Heshka S Wang Z Pietrobelli A Heymsfield SB Low physical activity levels of modern Homo sapiens among free-ranging mammals Int J Obes (Lond) 2005 29 151 156 15534614 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Primary prevention of weight regain was calculated retrospectively, after 12 months in previously obese female, to be 80 min/day of moderate activity, 35 min/day of vigorous activity, or 0.011 kcal physical expenditure/kg body weight/day (461).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.4 Primary prevention of total-body fat gain by physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [461] Schoeller DA Shay K Kushner RF How much physical activity is needed to minimize weight gain in previously obese women? Am J Clin Nutr 1997 66 551 556 9280172 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Primary prevention of VAT obesity by physical activity has been demonstrated in numerous human studies.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Maintenance of a 10% reduced body weight in humans with BMIs >30 is associated with a significant decrease in total energy expenditure of ~300–500 kcal/day greater than that predicted by changes in body mass and composition, which is due predominantly to increased work efficiency of skeletal muscle at low work intensities (203).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.4 Primary prevention of total-body fat gain by physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [203] Goldsmith R Joanisse DR Gallagher D Pavlovich K Shamoon E Leibel RL Rosenbaum M Effects of experimental weight perturbation on skeletal muscle work efficiency, fuel utilization, and biochemistry in human subjects Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010 298 R79 88 19889869 PMC2806213 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a 3-yr sub-study, the only group having significantly less weight gain than other groups was women whom fit all 3 of the next criteria: BMI < 25, moderate-intensity exercise >60 min/day, and < 64 yrs of age (314).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.4 Primary prevention of total-body fat gain by physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [314] Lee IM Djousse L Sesso HD Wang L Buring JE Physical activity and weight gain prevention JAMA 2010 303 1173 1179 20332403 PMC2846540 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Remarkably, the non-treatment group (no exercise) had an 8.6% increase in VAT.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [479] Slentz CA Aiken LB Houmard JA Bales CW Johnson JL Tanner CJ Duscha BD Kraus WE Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount J Appl Physiol 2005 99 1613 1618 16002776 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Upon economic recovery, obesity rose 50% from 1993 to 1996.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.4 Primary prevention of total-body fat gain by physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [441] Rodriguez-Ojea A Jimenez S Berdasco A Esquivel M The nutrition transition in Cuba in the nineties: an overview Public Health Nutr 2002 5 129 133 12027275 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ross et al. (447) reported that exercise without weight change in obese men reduced VAT more than SAT.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [447] Ross R Dagnone D Jones PJ Smith H Paddags A Hudson R Janssen I Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exerciseinduced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial Ann Intern Med 2000 133 92 103 10896648 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A threshold of ~60 minutes a day of moderate-intensity activity throughout a 13-yr study was needed to gain <2.3 kg in 34,079 healthy US women consuming a usual diet.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.4 Primary prevention of total-body fat gain by physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [314] Lee IM Djousse L Sesso HD Wang L Buring JE Physical activity and weight gain prevention JAMA 2010 303 1173 1179 20332403 PMC2846540 source
plaindirectn = 34,079- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Voluntary running prevented obesity and its comorbidities [T2D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease] with no significant reductions of food intake in cholecytokinin-1 receptor (OLETF) rats having a mutant cholecystokinin gene (37, 355, 429, 470).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.6 Primary prevention of inactivity prevents obesity with predisposed obesity gene
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Bi S Scott KA Hyun J Ladenheim EE Moran TH Running wheel activity prevents hyperphagia and obesity in Otsuka long-evans Tokushima Fatty rats: role of hypothalamic signaling Endocrinology 2005 146 1676 1685 15625240 source
- Not checked yetcites [355] Morris RT Laye MJ Lees SJ Rector RS Thyfault JP Booth FW Exerciseinduced attenuation of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and skeletal muscle lipid peroxidation in the OLETF rat J Appl Physiol 2008 104 708 715 18079266 source
- Not checked yetcites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source
- Not checked yetcites [470] Shima K Shi K Sano T Iwami T Mizuno A Noma Y Is exercise training effective in preventing diabetes mellitus in the Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima fatty rat, a model of spontaneous non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus? Metabolism 1993 42 971 977 8345821 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of voluntary wheel running generalize to human obesity prevention.
In the paper
“Adolescents meeting the daily physical activity recommendations overcame the effect of the FTO rs9939609 AA polymorphism on obesity-related BMI, body fat, and waist circumference traits seen in sedentary subjects (450).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.6 Primary prevention of inactivity prevents obesity with predisposed obesity gene
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [450] Ruiz JR Labayen I Ortega FB Legry V Moreno LA Dallongeville J Martinez-Gomez D Bokor S Manios Y Ciarapica D Gottrand F De Henauw S Molnar D Sjostrom M Meirhaeghe A Attenuation of the effect of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on total and central body fat by physical activity in adolescents: the HELENA study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 164 328 333 20368485 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Physically inactive homozygous risk A-allele in rs9939609 carriers had a 2 kg/m2 greater BMI compared with homozygous T-allele carriers in a cross-sectional study of 17,000 Danes (14).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.6 Primary prevention of inactivity prevents obesity with predisposed obesity gene
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Andreasen CH Stender-Petersen KL Mogensen MS Torekov SS Wegner L Andersen G Nielsen AL Albrechtsen A Borch-Johnsen K Rasmussen SS Clausen JO Sandbaek A Lauritzen T Hansen L Jorgensen T Pedersen O Hansen T Low physical activity accentuates the effect of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on body fat accumulation Diabetes 2008 57 95 101 17942823 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lack of voluntary wheel running reveals the obesity phenotypes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.6 Primary prevention of inactivity prevents obesity with predisposed obesity gene
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of voluntary wheel running generalize to human obesity prevention.
In the paper
“Mice lacking expression of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) exhibit maturity-onset obesity with hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia, that is prevented by providing access to wheels for voluntary running (224).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.6 Primary prevention of inactivity prevents obesity with predisposed obesity gene
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [224] Haskell-Luevano C Schaub JW Andreasen A Haskell KR Moore MC Koerper LM Rouzaud F Baker HV Millard WJ Walter G Litherland SA Xiang Z Voluntary exercise prevents the obese and diabetic metabolic syndrome of the melanocortin-4 receptor knockout mouse FASEB J 2009 23 642 655 18971258 PMC2630780 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of voluntary wheel running generalize to human obesity prevention.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary then, physical inactivity is required to elicit the phenotype of obesity with polymorphisms predisposing to obesity for the human FTO gene.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.6 Primary prevention of inactivity prevents obesity with predisposed obesity gene
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The FTO polymorphism associations reflect a causal interaction between genotype and physical inactivity.
In the paper
“Kraus et al. (482) later wrote about the non-exercise group, “current levels of physical activity may be so low that significant metabolic deterioration occurs in numerous health-related parameters in as little as 6 months of continued inactivity.””
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [482] Slentz CA Houmard JA Kraus WE Modest exercise prevents the progressive disease associated with physical inactivity Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2007 35 18 23 17211189 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Obesity is primarily prevented in at least two genetically modified, obese rodent models by allowing natural, instinctive voluntary running.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.6 Primary prevention of inactivity prevents obesity with predisposed obesity gene
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Bi S Scott KA Hyun J Ladenheim EE Moran TH Running wheel activity prevents hyperphagia and obesity in Otsuka long-evans Tokushima Fatty rats: role of hypothalamic signaling Endocrinology 2005 146 1676 1685 15625240 source
- Not checked yetcites [355] Morris RT Laye MJ Lees SJ Rector RS Thyfault JP Booth FW Exerciseinduced attenuation of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and skeletal muscle lipid peroxidation in the OLETF rat J Appl Physiol 2008 104 708 715 18079266 source
- Not checked yetcites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source
- Not checked yetcites [470] Shima K Shi K Sano T Iwami T Mizuno A Noma Y Is exercise training effective in preventing diabetes mellitus in the Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima fatty rat, a model of spontaneous non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus? Metabolism 1993 42 971 977 8345821 source
- Not checked yetcites [224] Haskell-Luevano C Schaub JW Andreasen A Haskell KR Moore MC Koerper LM Rouzaud F Baker HV Millard WJ Walter G Litherland SA Xiang Z Voluntary exercise prevents the obese and diabetic metabolic syndrome of the melanocortin-4 receptor knockout mouse FASEB J 2009 23 642 655 18971258 PMC2630780 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of voluntary wheel running generalize to human obesity prevention.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sedentary lifestyle reveals an obesity phenotype that is primarily prevented by enhanced physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.6 Primary prevention of inactivity prevents obesity with predisposed obesity gene
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extrapolated to 10 years, this would have been a 172% increase in VAT.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is a cause of some obesity co-morbidities.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 17. Inactivity fosters obese co-morbidities > 17.2 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We will propose the notion that proper volumes of physical activity would essentially primarily prevent most of T2D, as illustrated by maintaining at point A in Fig. 12.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.5 T2D was preventable 35–70 years ago
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity, as one of the two components in the caloric balance equation, is an actual cause of positive caloric balance, i.e., obesity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.7 Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, only if continual physical inactivity is present can the progression to Point C, impaired glucose tolerance, and eventually into Point D, overt diabetes, occur.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.3 Insulin resistance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, even if primary prevention for the loss in body fat fails, primary prevention of some, but not all, of obesity's co-morbidities is possible with physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 17. Inactivity fosters obese co-morbidities > 17.2 Clinical significance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Poor fitness or low PA in physically unfit individuals is a greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk than obesity in physically fit individual (185).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 17. Inactivity fosters obese co-morbidities > 17.1 Obesity co-morbidities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] Fogelholm M Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review Obes Rev 2010 11 202 221 19744231 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Highly endurance trained men's high insulin sensitivity returns to sedentary levels after cessation of training for 38 hrs (391) or 60 hrs (72) as measured by euglycemic-hyperinsulimic clamp.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [391] Oshida Y Yamanouchi K Hayamizu S Nagasawa J Ohsawa I Sato Y Effects of training and training cessation on insulin action Int J Sports Med 1991 12 484 486 1752716 source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Burstein R Polychronakos C Toews CJ MacDougall JD Guyda HJ Posner BI Acute reversal of the enhanced insulin action in trained athletes. Association with insulin receptor changes Diabetes 1985 34 756 760 3894119 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A study published since the above review essentially concurs with the review by its conclusion made from veterans population that overweight and obese men with moderate CRF fitness had mortality rates similar to those of the highly fit normal-weight reference group (334).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 17. Inactivity fosters obese co-morbidities > 17.1 Obesity co-morbidities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [334] McAuley PA Kokkinos PF Oliveira RB Emerson BT Myers JN Obesity paradox and cardiorespiratory fitness in 12,417 male veterans aged 40 to 70 years Mayo Clin Proc 2010 85 115 121 20118386 PMC2813818 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is a primary cause to VAT and whole-body obesities.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.8 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most effective control of obesity is primary prevention of physical inactivity by moderate levels of physical activity, rather than secondary or tertiary prevention of obesity associated co-morbidities.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.7 Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Primary prevention of obesity is possible today for almost all able-bodied individuals able to exercise.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.8 Clinical significance
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Measured 12, 60, and 168 hrs after the last exercise bout, peripheral tissue glucose disposal dropped from 15.6 to 10.1 to 8.5 ml/kg/min, respectively, compared to 7.8 ml/kg/min in sedentary subjects (72).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Burstein R Polychronakos C Toews CJ MacDougall JD Guyda HJ Posner BI Acute reversal of the enhanced insulin action in trained athletes. Association with insulin receptor changes Diabetes 1985 34 756 760 3894119 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, only days after ceasing exercise training, endurance athletes the same insulin sensitivity as long-term sedentary subjects.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Less extreme reductions in physical activity, such as humans decreasing daily step numbers from 6203 to 1394 for 1 week lead to a 53% increase in the area under the curve for plasma insulin following an oral glucose tolerance test, a response that occurs due to reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity (389).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [389] Olsen RH Krogh-Madsen R Thomsen C Booth FW Pedersen BK Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men JAMA 2008 299 1261 1263 18349087
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: Bed rest and step reduction are valid models of chronic physical inactivity in free-living humans.
In the paper
“Like humans, rats who cease 3 weeks of voluntary wheel running drop their submaximal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake to sedentary values on the 2nd day of no running in skeletal muscle normally recruited during wheel running (293).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Kump DS Booth FW Alterations in insulin receptor signalling in the rat epitrochlearis muscle upon cessation of voluntary exercise J Physiol 2005 562 829 838 15550465 PMC1665545 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bed rest and step reduction are valid models of chronic physical inactivity in free-living humans.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, more extreme physical inactivity such as strict bed rest for 24-hr/day lasting 5 days (216), 7 days (46, 342, 495), and 9 days (7) is also associated with substantial increases in insulin resistance.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [216] Hamburg NM McMackin CJ Huang AL Shenouda SM Widlansky ME Schulz E Gokce N Ruderman NB Keaney JF Jr Vita JA Physical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteers Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007 27 2650 2656 17932315 PMC2596308 source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Blanc S Normand S Pachiaudi C Fortrat JO Laville M Gharib C Fuel homeostasis during physical inactivity induced by bed rest J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 85 2223 2233 10852455 source
- Not checked yetcites [342] Mikines KJ Dela F Tronier B Galbo H Effect of 7 days of bed rest on dose-response relation between plasma glucose and insulin secretion Am J Physiol 1989 257 E43 48 2665517 source
- Not checked yetcites [495] Stuart CA Shangraw RE Prince MJ Peters EJ Wolfe RR Bed-rest-induced insulin resistance occurs primarily in muscle Metabolism 1988 37 802 806 3043146 source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Alibegovic AC Hojbjerre L Sonne MP van Hall G Stallknecht B Dela F Vaag A Impact of 9 days of bed rest on hepatic and peripheral insulin action, insulin secretion, and whole-body lipolysis in healthy young male offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes 2009 58 2749 2756 19720789 PMC2780872 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bed rest and step reduction are valid models of chronic physical inactivity in free-living humans.
In the paper
“Two days of bed rest did not affect insulin resistance (152).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [152] Duran-Valdez E de Serna DG Schneider S Amorim F Burge M Schade DS Metabolic effects of 2 days of strict bed rest Endocr Pract 2008 14 564 569 18753098 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bed rest and step reduction are valid models of chronic physical inactivity in free-living humans.
In the paper
“Similarly, 14, 38, 86, and 144 hr after the last exercise bout by endurance trained athletes glucose disposal declined from 9.40 to 7.78 to 6.82 to 7.11 mg/kg/min compared to 6.80 in sedentary subjects (391).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [391] Oshida Y Yamanouchi K Hayamizu S Nagasawa J Ohsawa I Sato Y Effects of training and training cessation on insulin action Int J Sports Med 1991 12 484 486 1752716 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Primary prevention of almost all of insulin resistance by high levels of daily physical activity is possible for almost all humans up their seventh decade of life (305).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.9 Clinical significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Lanza IR Short DK Short KR Raghavakaimal S Basu R Joyner MJ McConnell JP Nair KS Endurance exercise as a countermeasure for aging Diabetes 2008 57 2933 2942 18716044 PMC2570389 source
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In the paper
“microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy) damage in T2D seems to be non-repairable by physical activity (418).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.1 Physical activity can reverse prediabetes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [418] Powers A Fauci AS KD Braunwald E Hauser SL Longo DL Losalzo J Diabetes Mellitus Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2008 2281 McGraw-Hill New York
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is a primary cause of loss of insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, and thus whole-body.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.9 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“for individuals with BMI of 25–35 having high BMI even with high physical activity were at a greater risk for the incidence of T2D and the prevalence of cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors, compared with normal BMI with low physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.3 Primary prevention of T2D - overview
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] Fogelholm M Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review Obes Rev 2010 11 202 221 19744231 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By a direct cause of insulin resistance, physical inactivity indirectly, directly, or both in some cases (endothelial dysfunction) causes all of the aforementioned.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.9 Clinical significance
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“usage of physical activity questionnaires in large prospective cohort and cross-sectional observational studies all show that increased physical activity levels show associations with reduced risk for developing T2D.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.3 Primary prevention of T2D - overview
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A systemic review of 20 studies found that supervised resistance training improved glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in adults with T2D (206).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206] Gordon BA Benson AC Bird SR Fraser SF Resistance training improves metabolic health in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009 83 157 175 19135754 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Continued long-term reductions in physical activity are a primary cause of insulin resistance.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.9 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Seven days of aerobic training increases whole body insulin sensitivity in 22- and 58-yr-old men and women (244), 66-yr-old men and women (BMI = 33) (486); 60- to 80-yr old men and women (112), and T2D patients (274, 444).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Houmard JA Cox JH MacLean PS Barakat HA Effect of short-term exercise training on leptin and insulin action Metabolism 2000 49 858 861 10909995 source
- Not checked yetcites [486] Solomon TP Haus JM Kelly KR Cook MD Riccardi M Rocco M Kashyap SR Barkoukis H Kirwan JP Randomized trial on the effects of a 7-d low-glycemic diet and exercise intervention on insulin resistance in older obese humans Am J Clin Nutr 2009 90 1222 1229 19793849 PMC2762157 source
- Not checked yetcites [112] Cononie CC Goldberg AP Rogus E Hagberg JM Seven consecutive days of exercise lowers plasma insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge in sedentary elderly J Am Geriatr Soc 1994 42 394 398 8144824 source
- Not checked yetcites [274] Kirwan JP Solomon TP Wojta DM Staten MA Holloszy JO Effects of 7 days of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in type 2 diabetes mellitus Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009 297 E151 156 19383872 PMC2711659 source
- Not checked yetcites [444] Rogers MA Yamamoto C King DS Hagberg JM Ehsani AA Holloszy JO Improvement in glucose tolerance after 1 wk of exercise in patients with mild NIDDM Diabetes Care 1988 11 613 618 3065001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The result led Knowler et al. (276) to conclude that the lifestyle intervention was significantly more effective than metformin.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.6 Primary prevention of T2D- Lifestyle clinical trial
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [276] Knowler WC Barrett-Connor E Fowler SE Hamman RF Lachin JM Walker EA Nathan DM Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N Engl J Med 2002 346 393 403 11832527 PMC1370926 source
plaindirectn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Subjects within the upper third of total leisure-time physical activity had ~70% lower risk of T2D than those in the lowest third, in overweight, prediabetic men and women in the Finnish DPS (297, 299), despite similar baseline physical activity, age, baseline BMI and dietary variables and their changes during the study.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.7 Physical activity can prevent T2D without weight loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [297] Laaksonen DE Lindstrom J Lakka TA Eriksson JG Niskanen L Wikstrom K Aunola S Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S Laakso M Valle TT Ilanne-Parikka P Louheranta A Hamalainen H Rastas M Salminen V Cepaitis Z Hakumaki M Kaikkonen H Harkonen P Sundvall J Tuomilehto J Uusitupa M Physical activity in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: the Finnish diabetes prevention study Diabetes 2005 54 158 165 15616024 source
- Not checked yetcites [299] Lakka TA Laaksonen DE Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007 32 76 88 17332786 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the U.S. Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), T2D incidence was 11.0, 7.8, and 4.8 cases per 100 person-years in the placebo, metformin, and diet-exercise groups, respectively”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.6 Primary prevention of T2D- Lifestyle clinical trial
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [276] Knowler WC Barrett-Connor E Fowler SE Hamman RF Lachin JM Walker EA Nathan DM Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N Engl J Med 2002 346 393 403 11832527 PMC1370926 source
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“in men with a BMI of 25 or more, a history of hypertension, a positive parental history of diabetes, or any combination of these factors, the incidence of T2D declined by 41% from the lowest to the highest levels of energy expenditure (234)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.3 Primary prevention of T2D - overview
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [234] Helmrich SP Ragland DR Leung RW Paffenbarger RS Jr Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus N Engl J Med 1991 325 147 152 2052059 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Prescribed exercise was associated with a 46% reduction in risk of developing T2D in 110,000 men and women with impaired glucose tolerance in Da Qing China over a 6-yr intervention period (398).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.5 Primary prevention of T2D - Exercise clinical trial
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [398] Pan XR Li GW Hu YH Wang JX Yang WY An ZX Hu ZX Lin J Xiao JZ Cao HB Liu PA Jiang XG Jiang YY Wang JP Zheng H Zhang H Bennett PH Howard BV Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study Diabetes Care 1997 20 537 544 9096977 source
plaincorrelationaln = 110,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the biological effectiveness of diet and exercise, independent of behavior, is underestimated due to lower compliance rates in the lifestyle versus metformin groups.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.6 Primary prevention of T2D- Lifestyle clinical trial
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, intent-to-treat does not separate behavioral from biological mechanisms.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.6 Primary prevention of T2D- Lifestyle clinical trial
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Subjects who met the activity goal (>150 min/wk in the U.S. DPP, but did not meet the weight loss goal (>7%), had a 44% reduction in diabetes incidence, independent of the small weight loss (−2.9 kg) that occurred in the DPP (219).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.7 Physical activity can prevent T2D without weight loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [219] Hamman RF Wing RR Edelstein SL Lachin JM Bray GA Delahanty L Hoskin M Kriska AM Mayer-Davis EJ Pi-Sunyer X Regensteiner J Venditti B Wylie-Rosett J Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes Diabetes Care 2006 29 2102 2107 16936160 PMC1762038 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (Finnish DPS), T2D risk was reduced in prediabetics by 58% (530).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.6 Primary prevention of T2D- Lifestyle clinical trial
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [530] Tuomilehto J Lindstrom J Eriksson JG Valle TT Hamalainen H Ilanne-Parikka P Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S Laakso M Louheranta A Rastas M Salminen V Uusitupa M Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance N Engl J Med 2001 344 1343 1350 11333990
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Subjects were 80% less likely to develop T2D when they did not reach the percentage goal of weight loss, but achieved the goal with respect to exercise volume (more than four hours per week) as compared to the reference group, in the Finnish DPS (530).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.7 Physical activity can prevent T2D without weight loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [530] Tuomilehto J Lindstrom J Eriksson JG Valle TT Hamalainen H Ilanne-Parikka P Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S Laakso M Louheranta A Rastas M Salminen V Uusitupa M Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance N Engl J Med 2001 344 1343 1350 11333990
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“decreasing VAT is particularly important for BMIs between 25 and 30 (185).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] Fogelholm M Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review Obes Rev 2010 11 202 221 19744231 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A second study reported a low level of habitual physical activity was associated with higher intrahepatic fat content in healthy, nonalcoholic males and females ages 19–62 (407).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [407] Perseghin G Lattuada G De Cobelli F Ragogna F Ntali G Esposito A Belloni E Canu T Terruzzi I Scifo P Del Maschio A Luzi L Habitual physical activity is associated with intrahepatic fat content in humans Diabetes Care 2007 30 683 688 17327341 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“one of the mechanisms by which physical fitness and activity reduce health risk associated with high BMI is by decreasing fat-to-lean mass ratio and also by decreasing visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] Fogelholm M Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review Obes Rev 2010 11 202 221 19744231 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“St. Gorge et al. (488) concluded that “maintaining or increasing physical activity provides health benefits for patients with fatty liver, independent of changes in weight.””
- Also stated in: § 21.6 Intervention · plain
“Maintaining or increasing physical activity provides health benefits for patients with fatty liver, independent of changes in weight (488).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [488] St George A Bauman A Johnston A Farrell G Chey T George J Independent effects of physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Hepatology 2009 50 68 76 19444870 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § 21.6 Intervention · plain
In the paper
“Physical activity also improves glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells, likely through enhanced gastric inhibitory protein (GIP) secretion (483).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [483] Slentz CA Tanner CJ Bateman LA Durheim MT Huffman KM Houmard JA Kraus WE Effects of exercise training intensity on pancreatic beta-cell function Diabetes Care 2009 32 1807 1811 19592624 PMC2752909 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“OLETF rats have a spontaneous mutation that inactivates cholecystokinin receptor 1 protein to signal satiety.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.4 Interventions/animals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sixteen weeks of voluntary running of 4-wk-old OLETF rats totally prevented the development of NAFLD.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.4 Interventions/animals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Church found lower CRF directly associated with higher NAFLD prevalence in healthy, nonsmoking, nonalcoholic 33–73-yr-old men (101).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Church TS Kuk JL Ross R Priest EL Biltoft E Blair SN Association of cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and waist circumference to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Gastroenterology 2006 130 2023 2030 16762625 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Morphologically, livers of runners had both fewer and smaller lipid droplets compared non-runners.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.4 Interventions/animals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“reduction in liver fat was approximately twice reduction of VAT”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.6 Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [264] Kantartzis K Thamer C Peter A Machann J Schick F Schraml C Konigsrainer A Konigsrainer I Krober S Niess A Fritsche A Haring HU Stefan N High cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of the reduction in liver fat during a lifestyle intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Gut 2009 58 1281 1288 19074179
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“subjects who resolved NAFLD tended to have higher CRF at prior to the intervention”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.6 Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [264] Kantartzis K Thamer C Peter A Machann J Schick F Schraml C Konigsrainer A Konigsrainer I Krober S Niess A Fritsche A Haring HU Stefan N High cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of the reduction in liver fat during a lifestyle intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Gut 2009 58 1281 1288 19074179
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Habitual leisure-time physical activity, especially anaerobic, may play a protective role in NAFLD by a reduced rate of abdominal obesity in 24–70-yr old human subjects (578).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.5 Cross-sectional
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [578] Zelber-Sagi S Nitzan-Kaluski D Goldsmith R Webb M Zvibel I Goldiner I Blendis L Halpern Z Oren R Role of leisure-time physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study Hepatology 2008 48 1791 1798 18972405 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“VO2max at baseline was a predictor of change in liver fat, independently of total- and VAT mass (264).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.6 Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [264] Kantartzis K Thamer C Peter A Machann J Schick F Schraml C Konigsrainer A Konigsrainer I Krober S Niess A Fritsche A Haring HU Stefan N High cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of the reduction in liver fat during a lifestyle intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Gut 2009 58 1281 1288 19074179
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The study indicated that CRF fitness and liver fat are related to each other.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.6 Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [264] Kantartzis K Thamer C Peter A Machann J Schick F Schraml C Konigsrainer A Konigsrainer I Krober S Niess A Fritsche A Haring HU Stefan N High cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of the reduction in liver fat during a lifestyle intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Gut 2009 58 1281 1288 19074179
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, only the association with resistance physical activity remained significant with further adjustment for BMI.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.5 Cross-sectional
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [578] Zelber-Sagi S Nitzan-Kaluski D Goldsmith R Webb M Zvibel I Goldiner I Blendis L Halpern Z Oren R Role of leisure-time physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study Hepatology 2008 48 1791 1798 18972405 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Targeting weight loss by energy restriction alone or in combination with exercise training has been shown to reduce NAFLD pathology.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.6 Intervention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“almost one-half of risk factors by which physical activity lowers CVDs are not identified.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
plaindirectn = 27,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is an actual cause of NAFLD.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.9 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most cases of NAFLD can be primarily prevented by sufficient physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.9 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, reduced physical activity for less than 7 days initiates biochemical sequences that leads to NAFLD in OLETF rats (428).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [428] Rector RS Thyfault JP Laye MJ Morris RT Borengasser SJ Uptergrove GM Chakravarthy MV Booth FW Ibdah JA Cessation of daily exercise dramatically alters precursors of hepatic steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats J Physiol 2008 586 4241 4249 18617560 PMC2652173 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity increases the prevalence of all major CVDs.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.1 Definition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“some or all of the aforementioned risk factors have interactions, or are acting in concert, since they add up to more than 59% for CVD and 36% for CHD.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
hedgeddirectn = 27,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reversal of NAFLD with sufficient physical activity can also occur before hepatofibrosis occurs.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.9 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Increased physical activity levels in women with elevated BMI considerably reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (553).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [553] Weinstein AR Sesso HD Lee IM Rexrode KM Cook NR Manson JE Buring JE Gaziano JM The joint effects of physical activity and body mass index on coronary heart disease risk in women Arch Intern Med 2008 168 884 890 18443265 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the Surgeon General concluded in 1996 that “regular physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) decreases the risk of CVD … and CHD” (531).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [531] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General 1996 http://wwwcdcgov/nccdphp/sgr/pdf/sgrfullpdf
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, the risk is not completely eliminated, reinforcing the importance of being lean and physically active (553).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [553] Weinstein AR Sesso HD Lee IM Rexrode KM Cook NR Manson JE Buring JE Gaziano JM The joint effects of physical activity and body mass index on coronary heart disease risk in women Arch Intern Med 2008 168 884 890 18443265 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Differences in “known” risk factors explained 59.0% of CVD and 36% of coronary heart disease (CHD) of the inverse association between higher physical activity levels and fewer CVD events (349).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
plaincorrelationaln = 27,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Physical activity predicts lower CVD risk independent of obesity (552).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [552] Weinstein AR Sesso HD Joint effects of physical activity and body weight on diabetes and cardiovascular disease Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2006 34 10 15 16394809 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The NPAGCR reports the literature shows a strong inverse relation between the amount of habitual physical activity performed and CHD morbidity and mortality (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.3 Primary prevention of CHD
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“the Report does find support that physical inactivity contributes to accelerated disease progression in those who have PAD.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 25. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) > 25.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“greater than light physical activity reduces mortality (194).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 25. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) > 25.4 Clinical significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [194] Gardner AW Montgomery PS Parker DE Physical activity is a predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with intermittent claudication J Vasc Surg 2008 47 117 122 18178462 PMC2701190 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A recent review concludes that the magnitude of effect from a supervised exercise program exceeds that achieved with any of the pharmacologic agents available to treat PAD (388).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 25. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) > 25.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [388] Olin JW Sealove BA Peripheral artery disease: current insight into the disease and its diagnosis and management Mayo Clin Proc 2010 85 678 692 20592174 PMC2894725 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Some tertiary preventive evidence exists in PAD patients that walking performed 3 times or more weekly have less functional decline during the next year (336)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 25. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) > 25.4 Clinical significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [336] McDermott MM Liu K Ferrucci L Criqui MH Greenland P Guralnik JM Tian L Schneider JR Pearce WH Tan J Martin GJ Physical performance in peripheral arterial disease: a slower rate of decline in patients who walk more Ann Intern Med 2006 144 10 20 16389250 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Positive effects of chronic exercise on primary prevention of CHD could be explained by several mechanisms including: increased nitric oxide and antioxidants, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in blood by decreasing production from multiple tissues, and increased regenerative capacity of endothelium expressed by an increased number of circulating endothelial precursor cells”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.4 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [433] Ribeiro F Alves AJ Duarte JA Oliveira J Is exercise training an effective therapy targeting endothelial dysfunction and vascular wall inflammation? Int J Cardiol 2010 141 214 221 19896741 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity may be a factor increasing the risk of PAD.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 25. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) > 25.4 Clinical significance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Using those individuals with 4 MET maximal aerobic exercise capacity as a reference value of 1.0, the mortality risk was 38% lower for those who achieved 5.1 to 6.0 METs, mortality risk declining progressively to 61% for those who achieved >9 METs, regardless of age.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.3 Primary prevention of CHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [279] Kokkinos P Myers J Faselis C Panagiotakos DB Doumas M Pittaras A Manolis A Kokkinos JP Karasik P Greenberg M Papademetriou V Fletcher R Exercise capacity and mortality in older men: a 20-year follow-up study Circulation 2010 122 790 797 20697029 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Each 1-MET decrease in maximal aerobic exercise capacity increases the adjusted hazard ratio for death by 12% (279).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.3 Primary prevention of CHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [279] Kokkinos P Myers J Faselis C Panagiotakos DB Doumas M Pittaras A Manolis A Kokkinos JP Karasik P Greenberg M Papademetriou V Fletcher R Exercise capacity and mortality in older men: a 20-year follow-up study Circulation 2010 122 790 797 20697029 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Unfit individuals who improved their fitness status with serial testing had a 35% lower mortality risk compared with those who remained unfit (279).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.3 Primary prevention of CHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [279] Kokkinos P Myers J Faselis C Panagiotakos DB Doumas M Pittaras A Manolis A Kokkinos JP Karasik P Greenberg M Papademetriou V Fletcher R Exercise capacity and mortality in older men: a 20-year follow-up study Circulation 2010 122 790 797 20697029 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is a cause of at least 1 of 3 deaths from CHD.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.5 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sufficient physical activity primarily prevents CHD.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.5 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity contributes development of CHF.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 28. Congestive heart failure (CHF) > 28.4 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity is one of a number of primary preventive measures against hypertension.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 26. Hypertension > 26.4 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A 3.0 mmHg higher systolic and a 2.3 mmHg higher DBP translates into an estimated 12% increased risk for CHD and 24% increased risk for stroke (416).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 26. Hypertension > 26.4 Clinical significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [416] Poirier P Giles TD Bray GA Hong Y Stern JS Pi-Sunyer FX Eckel RH Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Circulation 2006 113 898 918 16380542 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These adaptations lead to profoundly improved cardiac performance without apparent change in contractility, which thus is largely explained by enhanced diastolic filling due to low stiffness (16).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 28. Congestive heart failure (CHF) > 28.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Arbab-Zadeh A Dijk E Prasad A Fu Q Torres P Zhang R Thomas JD Palmer D Levine BD Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance Circulation 2004 110 1799 1805 15364801 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity causes deteriorations in multiple mechanisms that cause stroke, as mentioned above.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 27. Stroke > 27.4 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The reduction of risk was only statistically significant for men (432).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 27. Stroke > 27.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [432] Reimers CD Knapp G Reimers AK Exercise as stroke prophylaxis Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009 106 715 721 19997550 PMC2788906 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“No significant risk reduction associated with moderate physical activity in women (137).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 27. Stroke > 27.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] Diep L Kwagyan J Kurantsin-Mills J Weir R Jayam-Trouth A Association of physical activity level and stroke outcomes in men and women: a meta-analysis J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010 19 1815 1822 20929415 PMC2956381 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“endothelial dysfunction has been associated not only with hypertension or atherosclerosis, but also with the following long list of conditions”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [180] Feletou M Vanhoutte PM Endothelial dysfunction: a multifaceted disorder (The Wiggers Award Lecture) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006 291 H985 1002 16632549 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity could be primary prevention of 10–30% of stroke, depending on the volume of activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 27. Stroke > 27.4 Clinical significance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“they suggest that an impaired nitric oxide/cGMP-pathway signaling is most likely not involved in endothelial dysfunction induced by a sedentary lifestyle in mice.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [501] Suvorava T Lauer N Kojda G Physical inactivity causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy young mice J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 44 1320 1327 15364339 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Expression levels for subunits nox1, p47phox and p67phox were increased, which suggests increased oxidative stress.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [307] Laufs U Wassmann S Czech T Munzel T Eisenhauer M Bohm M Nickenig G Physical inactivity increases oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005 25 809 814 15692095 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The exercise training increased depressed plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels of sedentary diabetic rats.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Claudino MA Delbin MA Franco-Penteado CF Priviero FB De Nucci G Antunes E Zanesco A Exercise training ameliorates the impairment of endothelial and nitrergic corpus cavernosum responses in diabetic rats Life Sci 2010 88 272 277 21112341 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Treadmill training of diabetic rats restored impaired endothelial-dependent and neurogenic nitrergic relaxation in corpus cavernosum (102).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Claudino MA Delbin MA Franco-Penteado CF Priviero FB De Nucci G Antunes E Zanesco A Exercise training ameliorates the impairment of endothelial and nitrergic corpus cavernosum responses in diabetic rats Life Sci 2010 88 272 277 21112341 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“50–76 yr-old, long-term, exercise-trained men do not show age impairment as they have similar endothelium-dependent dilation to acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation as healthy, 22–35-yr old men have (132, 167).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] DeSouza CA Shapiro LF Clevenger CM Dinenno FA Monahan KD Tanaka H Seals DR Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men Circulation 2000 102 1351 1357 10993851 source
- Not checked yetcites [167] Eskurza I Monahan KD Robinson JA Seals DR Effect of acute and chronic ascorbic acid on flow-mediated dilatation with sedentary and physically active human ageing J Physiol 2004 556 315 324 14754992 PMC1664895 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Seven days of dry immersion, a human model of extreme physical inactivity diminished endothelium-dependent vasodilation by 59% (371).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [371] Navasiolava NM Dignat-George F Sabatier F Larina IM Demiot C Fortrat JO Gauquelin-Koch G Kozlovskaya IB Custaud MA Enforced physical inactivity increases endothelial microparticle levels in healthy volunteers Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010 299 H248 256 20472757 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exercise improves blood lipid values.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Lakka and Laaksonen (299) caution not to underestimate the clinical significance of small changes in plasma LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG concentrations with aerobic exercise training because they occur concurrently with benefits on other cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [299] Lakka TA Laaksonen DE Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007 32 76 88 17332786 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Lack of shear stress from transient bouts of exercise initiates a cascade of unhealthy events that can be inferred if the sedentary group in exercise studies is considered (308).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [308] Laughlin MH Newcomer SC Bender SB Importance of hemodynamic forces as signals for exercise-induced changes in endothelial cell phenotype J Appl Physiol 2008 104 588 600 18063803 PMC3289055 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exercise signals a beneficial endothelial cell phenotype, at least in part through changes in shear stress and wall stretch in the arteries.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“that have pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory properties (99).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Chironi GN Boulanger CM Simon A Dignat-George F Freyssinet JM Tedgui A Endothelial microparticles in diseases Cell Tissue Res 2009 335 143 151 18989704 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Traditional lipids contribute to 19% and 13% of physical activity's contributions of “known” risk factors to reduce CVD and CHD, respectively, according to Mora et al. (349).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another report found that traditional lipid risk factors account for only 20% of total risk of CVD risk events in 27,000 women (349).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
plaincorrelationaln = 27,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is a cause of endothelial dysfunction by lack of increased blood flow by exercise in sedentary condition.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In a 1990 review, physical inactivity had been associated with the following: low plasma volume, high hematocrit, high plasma fibrinogen, elevated blood viscosity, increased platelet aggregation, and diminished fibrinolysis (158).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.3 Hemostasis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Eichner ER Exercise and arthritis. The hematology of inactivity Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990 16 815 825 2087578 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The change for HDL-C was not significant.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [270] Kelley GA Kelley KS Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Prev Med 2009 48 9 19 19013187 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR also concludes that evidence is inconsistent as to whether and if LDL-C responds favorably to exercise training.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Extreme 7-day physical inactivity in humans causes microvascular impairment with 32% and 59% decreases in basal flow and endothelium-dependent vasodilation, respectively that was associated with a selective increase in circulating endothelial microparticles (371)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [371] Navasiolava NM Dignat-George F Sabatier F Larina IM Demiot C Fortrat JO Gauquelin-Koch G Kozlovskaya IB Custaud MA Enforced physical inactivity increases endothelial microparticle levels in healthy volunteers Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010 299 H248 256 20472757 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity contributes to worsening of atherogenic dyslipidemia.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Aerobic exercise and physical activity improve cognitive health across the lifespan (239).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [239] Hillman CH Erickson KI Kramer AF Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition Nat Rev Neurosci 2008 9 58 65 18094706
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Dutch men, but not women, who were physically active at a young age (15–25 yrs old), had less of a decline in informational processing capabilities versus individuals physically inactivity early in life (138).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] Dik M Deeg DJ Visser M Jonker C Early life physical activity and cognition at old age J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2003 25 643 653 12815502 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Plasma levels of the hemostatic factors such as fibrinogen, FVIIag, FVIIa, vWFag showed an inverse relation to self-reported physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.3 Hemostasis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [364] Nagy E Janszky I Eriksson-Berg M Al-Khalili F Schenck-Gustafsson K The effects of exercise capacity and sedentary lifestyle on haemostasis among middle-aged women with coronary heart disease Thromb Haemost 2008 100 899 904 18989536 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Regular physical exercise has beneficial long-term effects on hemostasis in studies including male subjects (See (364) for refs.).”
- Also stated in: § 29.3 Hemostasis · hedged
“Numerous reviews suggest that physical activity has long-term healthy benefits on hemostasis (2, 28, 158, 320).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.3 Hemostasis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [364] Nagy E Janszky I Eriksson-Berg M Al-Khalili F Schenck-Gustafsson K The effects of exercise capacity and sedentary lifestyle on haemostasis among middle-aged women with coronary heart disease Thromb Haemost 2008 100 899 904 18989536 source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Adams M Fell J Williams A Exercise causing thrombosis Phys Sportsmed 2009 37 124 130 20048549 source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Bassuk SS Manson JE Physical activity and cardiovascular disease prevention in women: a review of the epidemiologic evidence Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010 20 467 473 20399084 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 29.3 Hemostasis · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DVT is caused by physical inactivity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 30. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Observational associations between physical inactivity and disease outcomes reflect a causal effect of inactivity rather than confounding or reverse causation.
In the paper
“Women who began physical activity later in life after inactive teenage years also had lower rates of cognitive impairment in late life.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [341] Middleton LE Barnes DE Lui LY Yaffe K Physical activity over the life course and its association with cognitive performance and impairment in old age J Am Geriatr Soc 2010 58 1322 1326 20609030 PMC3662219 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Primary prevention is muscle pumping from muscle contraction that “squeezes” venous blood to return blood past venous valves back to the right atrium.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 30. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Women who reported being physically active at any point in life had a lower likelihood of cognitive impairment in late life (341).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [341] Middleton LE Barnes DE Lui LY Yaffe K Physical activity over the life course and its association with cognitive performance and impairment in old age J Am Geriatr Soc 2010 58 1322 1326 20609030 PMC3662219 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The lack of shear stress along with low blood flow likely may account for deep vein thrombosis (“economy-class syndrome”) at the back of vein valves where white cells adhere to fibrin strains (48).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 30. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Boisseau MR Roles of mechanical blood forces in vascular diseases. A clinical overview Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2005 33 201 207 16215286
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Low physical fitness and self-reported sedentary lifestyle have been associated with a pro-thrombotic blood profile in middle-aged women with CHD (364).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.3 Hemostasis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [364] Nagy E Janszky I Eriksson-Berg M Al-Khalili F Schenck-Gustafsson K The effects of exercise capacity and sedentary lifestyle on haemostasis among middle-aged women with coronary heart disease Thromb Haemost 2008 100 899 904 18989536 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity (less than 3 bouts of exercise/week) increased the risk of dementia from 13.0 per 1000 person-years to 19.7 per 1000 person-years (306).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [306] Larson EB Wang L Bowen JD McCormick WC Teri L Crane P Kukull W Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older Ann Intern Med 2006 144 73 81 16418406 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Further, an association between better cardiovascular fitness at age 18 yrs, a higher socioeconomic status, and educational attainment later in life existed.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Aberg MA Pedersen NL Toren K Svartengren M Backstrand B Johnsson T Cooper-Kuhn CM Aberg ND Nilsson M Kuhn HG Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 106 20906 20911 19948959 PMC2785721 source
plaincorrelationaln = 1,221,727- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A 2008 review concluded that exercise facilitates children's executive function, (i.e., organize thoughts and activities, prioritize tasks, manage time efficiently, and make decisions) similar to improvements reported for other age groups (520).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [520] Tomporowski PD Davis CL Miller PH Naglieri JA Exercise and Children's Intelligence, Cognition, and Academic Achievement Educ Psychol Rev 2008 20 111 131 19777141 PMC2748863 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children who have low physical activity levels have poorer academic achievement scores and inferior cognitive performance as compared to physically fit children (70, 84, 91, 92, 100, 144, 172, 174, 237, 238, 273, 417, 565).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Buck SM Hillman CH Castelli DM The relation of aerobic fitness to stroop task performance in preadolescent children Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008 40 166 172 18091008 source
- Not checked yetcites [84] Castelli DM Hillman CH Buck SM Erwin HE Physical fitness and academic achievement in third- and fifth-grade students J Sport Exerc Psychol 2007 29 239 252 17568069 source
- Not checked yetcites [91] Chaddock L Erickson KI Prakash RS Kim JS Voss MW Vanpatter M Pontifex MB Raine LB Konkel A Hillman CH Cohen NJ Kramer AF A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children Brain Res 2010 1358 172 183 20735996 PMC3953557 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Higher VO2peak was associated positively with preservation of cognitive function over a 6-year period in 349 subjects over the age of 55 (24).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Barnes DE Yaffe K Satariano WA Tager IB A longitudinal study of cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in healthy older adults J Am Geriatr Soc 2003 51 459 465 12657064 source
plaincorrelationaln = 349- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Each 10 blocks that were walked/day in women >65 years old resulted in 13% less impairment in cognitive function (574).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [574] Yaffe K Barnes D Nevitt M Lui LY Covinsky K A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk Arch Intern Med 2001 161 1703 1708 11485502 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“An inverse relationship between physical activity levels and dementia was found in men and women aged 65 years and older (413).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [413] Podewils LJ Guallar E Kuller LH Fried LP Lopez OL Carlson M Lyketsos CG Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study Am J Epidemiol 2005 161 639 651 15781953 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Highly cardiorespiratory-fit or aerobically-trained individuals had reduced activation of the anterior cingulated cortex concomitantly with lower indecision that arises when multiple conflicting responses are elicited in response to a stimulus during a task that required variable amounts of executive control, relative to untrained individuals (110).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Colcombe SJ Kramer AF Erickson KI Scalf P McAuley E Cohen NJ Webb A Jerome GJ Marquez DX Elavsky S Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 101 3316 3321 14978288 PMC373255 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Nine of 16 prospective studies had odds ratios (OR = 0.63) showing protection by physical activity from dementia or Alzheimer's Disease [Figure G8.8 in NPAGCR (412)].”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Reductions in hippocampus volume are associated with a decline in memory performance, specifically acquisition and recall measures (410)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [410] Petersen RC Jack CR Jr. Xu YC Waring SC O'Brien PC Smith GE Ivnik RJ Tangalos EG Boeve BF Kokmen E Memory and MRI-based hippocampal volumes in aging and AD Neurology 2000 54 581 587 10680786 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fit and trained subjects also had greater task-related activity in regions of the prefrontal and parietal cortices that are involved in spatial selection and inhibitory functioning (110).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Colcombe SJ Kramer AF Erickson KI Scalf P McAuley E Cohen NJ Webb A Jerome GJ Marquez DX Elavsky S Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 101 3316 3321 14978288 PMC373255 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rather across the same 37 studies designed to test the effects of fitness on cognition, the summary statistic indicated that a positive association existed between physical activity and cognitive performance (172), confirming the findings of three previous meta-analytic reviews of this literature (108, 173, 473).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Etnier JL Nowell PM Landers DM Sibley BA A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance Brain Res Rev 2006 52 119 130 16490256 source
- Not checked yetcites [108] Colcombe S Kramer AF Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study Psychol Sci 2003 14 125 130 12661673 source
- Not checked yetcites [173] Etnier JL SW, Landers DM., Petruzello M., Han M. and Nowell P.,. The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis J Sport Exerc Psychol 1997 19 249 277 source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 1,306- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Kramer et al. reported in 1999 that those who received aerobic training (walking) showed substantial improvements in performance on tasks requiring executive control compared with stretching- and toning-trained subjects aged 60–75 yrs (282).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [282] Kramer AF Hahn S Cohen NJ Banich MT McAuley E Harrison CR Chason J Vakil E Bardell L Boileau RA Colcombe A Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function Nature 1999 400 418 419 10440369 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“To date, no RCT has been performed to show that regular physical activity prevents dementia (445).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [445] Rolland Y Abellan van Kan G Vellas B Healthy brain aging: role of exercise and physical activity Clin Geriatr Med 2010 26 75 87 20176294 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Resistance exercise also had a positive impact on cognitive function in 65–75-yr-old males (83).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Cassilhas RC Viana VA Grassmann V Santos RT Santos RF Tufik S Mello MT The impact of resistance exercise on the cognitive function of the elderly Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007 39 1401 1407 17762374 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis was performed on 571 fitness effect sizes from 1306 subjects from 37 studies prior to 2005. Etnier et al. (172) concluded that the empirical literature did not support a relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Etnier JL Nowell PM Landers DM Sibley BA A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance Brain Res Rev 2006 52 119 130 16490256 source
plainn = 1,306- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the growth, development, maintenance, and function of several neuronal systems (372).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [372] Neeper SA Gomez-Pinilla F Choi J Cotman C Exercise and brain neurotrophins Nature 373 109 1995 7816089 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The human brain is responsible for ~70–80% of circulating BDNF at rest (423).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [423] Rasmussen P Brassard P Adser H Pedersen MV Leick L Hart E Secher NH Pedersen BK Pilegaard H Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise Exp Physiol 2009 94 1062 1069 19666694 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another study found that improved spatial pattern separation in 3-month-old mice was tightly correlated with increased neurogenesis and vasculature in the dentate gryus after 10 weeks of voluntary wheel running (117).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Creer DJ Romberg C Saksida LM van Praag H Bussey TJ Running enhances spatial pattern separation in mice Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010 107 2367 2372 20133882 PMC2836679 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Rat voluntary runners have longer-lasting LTP following tetanic stimulation (due to lower threshold of LTP induction) in dentate gyrus, which is dependent upon the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (538).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [538] Vasuta C Caunt C James R Samadi S Schibuk E Kannangara T Titterness AK Christie BR Effects of exercise on NMDA receptor subunit contributions to bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the mouse dentate gyrus Hippocampus 2007 17 1201 1208 17879376 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“BDNF mRNA was upregulated in a dose-response manner following 2, 4, and 7 days of voluntary distance run by rats (372).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [372] Neeper SA Gomez-Pinilla F Choi J Cotman C Exercise and brain neurotrophins Nature 373 109 1995 7816089 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity can induce local and systemic expression of many growth factors that protect the brain from physical inactivity-related declines in function.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Further, results suggest that aerobic fitness does not have a general impact on the volume of all structures in the brain in children (92).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Chaddock L Erickson KI Prakash RS VanPatter M Voss MW Pontifex MB Raine LB Hillman CH Kramer AF Basal ganglia volume is associated with aerobic fitness in preadolescent children Dev Neurosci 2010 32 249 256 20693803 PMC3696376 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Voluntary wheel running can increase blood vessel density, blood flow, and capillary perfusion of the motor cortex in rats (42, 502).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Black JE Isaacs KR Anderson BJ Alcantara AA Greenough WT Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 87 5568 5572 1695380 PMC54366 source
- Not checked yetcites [502] Swain RA Harris AB Wiener EC Dutka MV Morris HD Theien BE Konda S Engberg K Lauterbur PC Greenough WT Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat Neuroscience 2003 117 1037 1046 12654355 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Van Praag et al. (535) showed increased voluntary exercise is sufficient for enhanced survival of newborn cells in 3-month-old adult mouse dentate gyrus.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [535] van Praag H Kempermann G Gage FH Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus Nat Neurosci 1999 2 266 270 10195220 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and can be increased by aerobic training of both schizophrenic and healthy subjects' (397).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [397] Pajonk FG Wobrock T Gruber O Scherk H Berner D Kaizl I Kierer A Muller S Oest M Meyer T Backens M Schneider-Axmann T Thornton AE Honer WG Falkai P Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in schizophrenia Arch Gen Psychiatry 67 133 143 20124113 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Likewise, a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention increased grey matter volume in the frontal and superior temporal lobes(109).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Colcombe SJ Erickson KI Scalf PE Kim JS Prakash R McAuley E Elavsky S Marquez DX Hu L Kramer AF Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006 61 1166 1170 17167157 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exercise increases neurogenesis in the dentrate gyrus, a hippocampal region that is important for spatial recognition.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A number of studies show that IGF-1 increases in the brain following exercise.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Carro E Nunez A Busiguina S Torres-Aleman I Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain J Neurosci 2000 20 2926 2933 10751445 PMC6772191 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Conversely, cessation of voluntary wheel running in spontaneously hypertensive rats can decrease the BDNF and BDNF/NT-3 growth factor receptor (TrkB) system mRNA in hippocampus for a duration lasting at least 10 days (559).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [559] Widenfalk J Olson L Thoren P Deprived of habitual running, rats downregulate BDNF and TrkB messages in the brain Neurosci Res 1999 34 125 132 10515254 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Blocking hippocampal IGF-I receptors, but abolished the effect of exercise on augmenting recall in rats during 5 days of wheel running (140).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [140] Ding Q Vaynman S Akhavan M Ying Z Gomez-Pinilla F Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function Neuroscience 2006 140 823 833 16650607 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Three days of voluntary wheel running had as much effect as 28 days in increasing mRNAs for growth factors (BDNF, neural growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2), synapse related proteins (synapsin, syntaxin, synaptoginamin), neurotransmitter systems (reduced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurogenic signaling, which is associated with increased recover), and intracellular kinases (Ca2+/Calmodulin-D”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [346] Molteni R Ying Z Gomez-Pinilla F Differential effects of acute and chronic exercise on plasticity-related genes in the rat hippocampus revealed by microarray Eur J Neurosci 2002 16 1107 1116 12383240 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Blockage of peripheral VEGF prevents the increase in BrdU-positive cells and mitosis in immature neurons of exercising animals only (175).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [175] Fabel K Tam B Kaufer D Baiker A Simmons N Kuo CJ Palmer TD VEGF is necessary for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis Eur J Neurosci 2003 18 2803 2812 14656329 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Anti-IGF-I antibody can also abrogate the protective effects of exercise in many types of brain lesions (81).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Carro E Trejo JL Busiguina S Torres-Aleman I Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy J Neurosci 2001 21 5678 5684 11466439 PMC6762673 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In culture, IGF stimulates VEGF via a HIF mechanism (323).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [323] Lopez-Lopez C LeRoith D Torres-Aleman I Insulin-like growth factor I is required for vessel remodeling in the adult brain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 101 9833 9838 15210967 PMC470760 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Like BDNF, the levels of IGF-1 increase in the circulation in response to physical activity (521)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [521] Trejo JL Carro E Torres-Aleman I Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus J Neurosci 2001 21 1628 1634 11222653 PMC6762955 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Polymorphisms in the APOE4 genotype have been examined in relationship to physical activity, with mixed results (399).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [399] Payton A The impact of genetic research on our understanding of normal cognitive ageing: 1995 to 2009 Neuropsychol Rev 2009 19 451 477 19768548 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In Britain, children under the age of 15 had an 8% reduction in depression symptoms for every hour of exercise completed/week (448).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [448] Rothon C Edwards P Bhui K Viner RM Taylor S Stansfeld SA Physical activity and depressive symptoms in adolescents: a prospective study BMC Med 2010 8 32 20509868 PMC2895574 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Looking at these studies, the 2008 NPAGCR (412) concluded that active people were nearly 45% less likely to have depressive symptoms than inactive people.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Mice with the APOE4 genotype that voluntarily ran in wheels for 6 months rescued cognitive function and BDNF levels within the hippocampus by returned them to that found in APOE3 (control) mice (379).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [379] Nichol K Deeny SP Seif J Camaclang K Cotman CW Exercise improves cognition and hippocampal plasticity in APOE epsilon4 mice Alzheimers Dement 2009 5 287 294 19560099 PMC4105011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 66 of 67 cohort studies, physical inactivity increased the risk of depression.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported physical activity accurately classifies exposure in observational studies.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Likewise, lower fitness was found in depressed male patients but not female patients (350).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [350] Morgan WP Physical working capacity in depressed and non-depressed psychiatric females: a preliminary study Am Correct Ther J 1970 24 14 16 5414494
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Treatment of depression with exercise has also been shown to be effective.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [211] Greist JH Klein MH Eischens RR Faris J Gurman AS Morgan WP Running as treatment for depression Compr Psychiatry 1979 20 41 54 759100 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While many of the studies relied on self-questionnaires, 8 cohort studies contained clinical diagnosis of depression symptoms, which reported an increase of 40% in the inactive group.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nearly 4 years of physical inactivity increased risk for depression by about 49% without adjustment for depression risk factors and by 22% after adjusting for known risk factors such as age, sex, race, education, income, smoking, alcohol use, and chronic health conditions.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported physical activity accurately classifies exposure in observational studies.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A decline in cognitive function may be a cause of depression.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
hedgedconditionaln = 5,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR (412, 532) concluded that after examining 4 population-based cross-sectional studies of over 121,000 Americans that regular physical activity decreases the odds of an anxiety disorder.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [532] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2011 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/guidelines/introaspx
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, in over 5,000 elderly women (mostly white), increasing symptoms of depression were associated with reduced cognitive function in each of 3 tests, showing a negative correlation (575).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [575] Yaffe K Blackwell T Gore R Sands L Reus V Browner WS Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in nondemented elderly women: a prospective study Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999 56 425 430 10232297 source
plaincorrelationaln = 5,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“similar results were found in inactive young Germans (493).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [493] Strohle A Hofler M Pfister H Muller AG Hoyer J Wittchen HU Lieb R Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults Psychol Med 2007 37 1657 1666 17579930 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In summary of all random controls trials the Committee Report concluded a strong effect of a moderate (>25minutes/day) amount of physical activity (both resistance and aerobic) in reducing anxiety symptoms.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Those with 6 cognitive-impairment symptoms had a relative risk of 2.3 times to be depressed than those with 0–2 impairments.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [575] Yaffe K Blackwell T Gore R Sands L Reus V Browner WS Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in nondemented elderly women: a prospective study Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999 56 425 430 10232297 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 1979, Greist et al (211) found that running and time-limited/unlimited psychotherapy reduced depression symptoms similarly.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [211] Greist JH Klein MH Eischens RR Faris J Gurman AS Morgan WP Running as treatment for depression Compr Psychiatry 1979 20 41 54 759100 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Specifically, the national Co-Morbidity study found physical inactivity increased anxiety disorder by 1.75 times in raw odds and 1.38 times once adjusted for sociodemographic and illness (204).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Goodwin RD Association between physical activity and mental disorders among adults in the United States Prev Med 2003 36 698 703 12744913 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Australians reporting no activity were 2.1 times more likely to develop anxiety disorders than those conducting more than 3 hours of vigorous activity a week (30); similar results were found in inactive young Germans (493).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Beard JR Heathcote K Brooks R Earnest A Kelly B Predictors of mental disorders and their outcome in a community based cohort Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007 42 623 630 17589800 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Changes in monamines and other circulating markers may also be involved in inactivity-induced increases in depression and anxiety, similar to changes in cognitive function.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity can primarily prevent 20–30% of depression.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.4 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Observational associations between physical inactivity and disease outcomes reflect a causal effect of inactivity rather than confounding or reverse causation.
In the paper
“Levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), an important neurotransmitter for mood, and its receptor are potentially increased by acute treadmill running due to the increased lipolysis and FFA binding to albumin. By reducing albumin, tryptophan levels are higher in circulation and have an increased entry into the brain, leading to increased synthesis of serotonin (95).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Chaouloff F Effects of acute physical exercise on central serotonergic systems Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 29 58 62 9000156 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Catecholamines, specifically norepinephrine (NE) signaling and production, is increased with physical activity in the pons medulla, which is where the only NE-producing nerves are found that serve the frontal cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum; a major source of NE-serving nerves to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and spinal cord [reviewed in (142)]..”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] Dishman RK Brain monoamines, exercise, and behavioral stress: animal models Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 29 63 74 9000157 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surprising result may be in part due to the fact that the HCR selection is based on avoiding the electrical shock and, thus, avoiding stress in addition to their volitional/behavioral endurance capacity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, the most fit group had a diminished release of cortisol in response to intravenous ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (324).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [324] Luger A Deuster PA Kyle SB Gallucci WT Montgomery LC Gold PW Loriaux DL Chrousos GP Acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to the stress of treadmill exercise. Physiologic adaptations to physical training N Engl J Med 1987 316 1309 1315 3033504 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In rats, physical inactivity increases the ACTH levels rather than cortisol in response to a stressor (143, 178).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [143] Dishman RK Bunnell BN Youngstedt SD Yoo HS Mougey EH Meyerhoff JL Activity wheel running blunts increased plasma adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) after footshock and cage-switch stress Physiol Behav 1998 63 911 917 9618016 source
- Not checked yetcites [178] Fediuc S Campbell JE Riddell MC Effect of voluntary wheel running on circadian corticosterone release and on HPA axis responsiveness to restraint stress in Sprague-Dawley rats J Appl Physiol 2006 100 1867 1875 16439512 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity causes up to 1/3rd of depression.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.4 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Observational associations between physical inactivity and disease outcomes reflect a causal effect of inactivity rather than confounding or reverse causation.
In the paper
“In addition to increased NE levels at the site of production, microdialysis showed increased levels and turnover of NE where the neurons terminate in the spinal cord is found after just 1 hour of treadmill running in rats (396).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [396] Pagliari R Peyrin L Norepinephrine release in the rat frontal cortex under treadmill exercise: a study with microdialysis J Appl Physiol 1995 78 2121 2130 7665408 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a large twin-population based in the Netherlands, data about leisure-time exercise and anxiety and depression symptoms were measured. Interestingly, in genetically identical twin-pairs, the lack of leisure-time exercise did not increase anxiety or depression symptoms (126).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126] De Moor MH Boomsma DI Stubbe JH Willemsen G de Geus EJ Testing causality in the association between regular exercise and symptoms of anxiety and depression Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008 65 897 905 18678794 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Physically active individuals have less stress response to the same absolute exercise in terms of cortisol release (324).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [324] Luger A Deuster PA Kyle SB Gallucci WT Montgomery LC Gold PW Loriaux DL Chrousos GP Acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to the stress of treadmill exercise. Physiologic adaptations to physical training N Engl J Med 1987 316 1309 1315 3033504 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In spinal cord injury to one monozygotic twin, as compared to their non-injured monozygotic twin, bone mineral content and bone mineral density were reduced 42% and 35% in the legs, respectively, and 50% and 29% in the pelvis, respectively (29).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Bauman WA Spungen AM Wang J Pierson RN Jr. Schwartz E Continuous loss of bone during chronic immobilization: a monozygotic twin study Osteoporos Int 1999 10 123 127 10501792 source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Non-weight-bearing athletes (bicycling) had lower bone mineral mass of whole-body and spine than weight-bearing athletes in males (426, 427).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [426] Rector RS Rogers R Ruebel M Hinton PS Participation in road cycling vs running is associated with lower bone mineral density in men Metabolism 2008 57 226 232 18191053 source
- Not checked yetcites [427] Rector RS Rogers R Ruebel M Widzer MO Hinton PS Lean body mass and weight-bearing activity in the prediction of bone mineral density in physically active men J Strength Cond Res 2009 23 427 435 19197207 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Four cosmonauts who spent up to 7 months on the Russian space station Mir lost ~1–1.6% of bone mineral density mainly from the spine, femoral neck, trochanter and pelvis (540).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [540] Vernikos J Schneider VS Space, gravity and the physiology of aging: parallel or convergent disciplines? A mini-review Gerontology 2010 56 157 166 19851058 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The spinal cord injury and cycling data demonstrate that absence of gravitational loading is a powerful stimulus for loss of bone mass.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Bauman WA Spungen AM Wang J Pierson RN Jr. Schwartz E Continuous loss of bone during chronic immobilization: a monozygotic twin study Osteoporos Int 1999 10 123 127 10501792 source
- Not checked yetcites [426] Rector RS Rogers R Ruebel M Hinton PS Participation in road cycling vs running is associated with lower bone mineral density in men Metabolism 2008 57 226 232 18191053 source
- Not checked yetcites [427] Rector RS Rogers R Ruebel M Widzer MO Hinton PS Lean body mass and weight-bearing activity in the prediction of bone mineral density in physically active men J Strength Cond Res 2009 23 427 435 19197207 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Importantly, the non-trained group bone mineral density decreased 2–8% over the same 3-yr period.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] Engelke K Kemmler W Lauber D Beeskow C Pintag R Kalender WA Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: a 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 2006 17 133 142 16096715 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Exercise-training programs prevent or reverse almost 1% of bone loss per year in the lumbar spine and femoral neck in both pre-and postmenopausal women, who were presumably sedentary, in a meta-analysis (572).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [572] Wolff I van Croonenborg JJ Kemper HC Kostense PJ Twisk JW The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: a meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre- and postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 1999 9 1 12 10367023 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The spaceflight data shows that loading bone (gravity) is a powerful stimulus to maintenance of bone mass.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [540] Vernikos J Schneider VS Space, gravity and the physiology of aging: parallel or convergent disciplines? A mini-review Gerontology 2010 56 157 166 19851058 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a second study, site-specific increases in bone density by resistance training happened in 50–70 year-old postmenopausal women and men who exercised ~3–4 days each week for 1 yr (212).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [212] Guadalupe-Grau A Fuentes T Guerra B Calbet JA Exercise and bone mass in adults Sports Med 2009 39 439 468 19453205 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inactivity, i.e., reduced gravitational loading and muscle contraction forces on the skeleton, might contribute to aging-associated bone loss as suggested by the studies described below.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.2 Etiology
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mixed loading exercise programs combining jogging with other low-impact loading activity and programs mixing impact activity with high-magnitude resistance exercise were effective in reducing postmenopausal bone loss at the hip and spine (329).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [329] Martyn-St James M Carroll S A meta-analysis of impact exercise on postmenopausal bone loss: the case for mixed loading exercise programmes Br J Sports Med 2009 43 898 908 18981037 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Bone is lost from the lumbar spine and femoral neck at the rate of ~1% per year in sedentary pre-and postmenopausal women (Fig. 13).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fig. 13
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The small size of this study prevented this difference from reaching statistical significance.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 34. Osteoarthritis (OA) > 34 2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Chakravarty EF Hubert HB Lingala VB Zatarain E Fries JF Long distance running and knee osteoarthritis. A prospective study Am J Prev Med 2008 35 133 138 18550323 PMC2556152 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity results in reduced mechanical, both gravitational and muscle contraction, forces which in turn induces catabolism (resorption) by promoting osteoclastogenesis with concurrent suppression of both bone formation and osteoblastogenesis.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.4 Physiological mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR(412) lists sports/activities associated with an increased prevalence of incident osteoarthritis as being ballet/modern dance, orienteering, running, track and field, football (American and Australian rules), team sports (basketball, soccer, and ice hockey), boxing, weight lifting, wrestling, tennis, and handball.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 34. Osteoarthritis (OA) > 34 2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dynamic exercise alters the balance between bone formation and resorption to favor anabolism through osteoblast recruitment and activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.4 Physiological mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As in the first study, inactive “control” subjects lost bone mass.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [212] Guadalupe-Grau A Fuentes T Guerra B Calbet JA Exercise and bone mass in adults Sports Med 2009 39 439 468 19453205 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, not all “weight-bearing” exercise is equivalent when it comes to increasing bone mass/strength, e.g., comparisons of walking (which does relatively little) < jogging < jumping.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The implication, then, is that a mechanism must therefore exist to amplify strains from physical activity (compressive impact forces from striking surfaces and tensile forces from contracting skeletal muscle at attachment sites to bone) to exceed the threshold needed to activate bone cells.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.4 Physiological mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity, alone, only increases strain on bone by ~0.1%.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.4 Physiological mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mechanical loading of bone occurs in response to compressive forces from gravity during walking or running, or to in response to muscular forces at the bone attachments during contractions.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.4 Physiological mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is a primary cause of bone loss in weight-bearing bones.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.6 Clinical consequences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Observational associations between physical inactivity and disease outcomes reflect a causal effect of inactivity rather than confounding or reverse causation.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, strains of 1–10% are needed to activate bone cells.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.4 Physiological mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“People with abnormal joint anatomy or alignment, previous joint injury or surgery, osteoarthritis, joint instability, articular surface incongruity or dysplasia, disturbances of joint or muscle innervation, or inadequate muscle strength have increased risk of joint damage during participation in athletics” (71).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 34. Osteoarthritis (OA) > 34 2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Buckwalter JA Martin JA Sports and osteoarthritis Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004 16 634 639 15314507 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The type and duration of physical activity is a key factor determining whether exercise is beneficial to joint health or not.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 34. Osteoarthritis (OA) > 34 2 Etiology
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High-intensity physical activity is better than low at preventing the worsening of symptoms.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 37. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar balance dysfunctions occur with aging.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR (412) further indicates that no evidence indicates that planned physical activity reduces falls in adults and older adults who are not at risk for falls.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Primary prevention with exercises that load bones can reduce falls in those with balance irregularities, fall-related fractures, and several risk factors for falls in individuals with low bone density (124).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance > Bone fracture/falls
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] de Kam D Smulders E Weerdesteyn V Smits-Engelsman BC Exercise interventions to reduce fall-related fractures and their risk factors in individuals with low bone density: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Osteoporos Int 2009 20 2111 2125 19421702 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Based on epidemiologic studies that evaluated present dose-response associations, the minimal levels of physical activity that were significantly associated with reduced fracture risk were at least 9 to 14.9 MET-hours per week of physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance > Bone fracture/falls
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The NPAGCR (412) concluded that the strong evidence exists in old Americans that the risk of falls is reduced from physical activity programs that emphasize both balance training and muscle-strengthening activity with some aerobic activity, especially walking.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its etiology can be related to lack of usage of nervous system controlling skeletal muscle movement against gravity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is likely that improper balance upon return to Earth from spaceflight and with aging have a common denominator of insufficient exercise against gravity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While no preventive measures are currently known, physical activity is critical to not allowing RA to progress.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 37. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is directly associated with fracture risk, particularly for fractures of the proximal femur (i.e., increased physical inactivity increases fracture risk), according to NPAGCR (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance > Bone fracture/falls
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, living in space for as little as 9 days accelerates problems of equilibrium on standing, walking and coordination on return to Earth (caused by inappropriate neurovestibular responses) (540).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [540] Vernikos J Schneider VS Space, gravity and the physiology of aging: parallel or convergent disciplines? A mini-review Gerontology 2010 56 157 166 19851058 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity is a primary preventer of colon cancer.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.4 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The specificity of cancer types enhanced by physical inactivity supports a notion that mechanisms of inactivity-induced cancers are specific to each site-specific cancer.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 38. Cancer > 38.2 Comments on cancer types
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the consensus is that exercise can serve as primary prevention during pregnancy (196, 339).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.1 Pregnancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source
- Not checked yetcites [339] Melzer K Schutz Y Boulvain M Kayser B Physical activity and pregnancy: cardiovascular adaptations, recommendations and pregnancy outcomes Sports Med 2010 40 493 507 20524714 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Multiple methodological pitfalls exist in the studies published (196), so conclusions made about benefits of physical activity on female reproductive health remain for further testing.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.1 Pregnancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity would increase chances of GDM.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.2 Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity is a primary preventer of breast cancer.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 40. Breast cancer > 40.3 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity is primary prevention.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.2 Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several large cross sectional studies exist to suggest that physical inactivity is a cause of ED.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.1 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Bacon CG Mittleman MA Kawachi I Giovannucci E Glasser DB Rimm EB Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: results from the health professionals follow-up study Ann Intern Med 2003 139 161 168 12899583 source
- Not checked yetcites [295] Kupelian V Araujo AB Chiu GR Rosen RC McKinlay JB Relative contributions of modifiable risk factors to erectile dysfunction: results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey Prev Med 2010 50 19 25 19944117 PMC2813912 source
- Not checked yetcites [131] Derby CA Mohr BA Goldstein I Feldman HA Johannes CB McKinlay JB Modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction: can lifestyle changes modify risk? Urology 2000 56 302 306 10925098 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Physical activity seems to be helpful in preventing preeclampsia from the limited numbers of studies on the topic.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.3 Preeclampsia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity can be a primary preventer of ED.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.1 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is one cause of ED.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.1 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“With sleep apnea it is difficult to determine whether physical inactivity is a cause or a result of the sleep apnea resulting in a viscous cycle of less sleep coupled with less activity (549).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.3 Physical inactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [549] Watenpaugh DE The role of sleep dysfunction in physical inactivity and its relationship to obesity Curr Sports Med Rep 2009 8 331 338 19904074 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our suggestion is that increased environmental pollution interacting with physical inactivity, rather than physical activity per se, is a major cause for increased asthma rates in athletes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.3 Physical inactivity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the article has presented evidence to prove that physical inactivity is a primary, upstream event that causes substantial increases in risk factors for 30 chronic diseases/conditions (Table 11; Fig. 3).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 48. Clinical significance of physical inactivity as one cause of 35 chronic conditions > 48.1 Volume of evidence
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, physical inactivity contributes to development of CKD.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 47. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
plaindirectn = 6,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sum of data suggests that a “J-shaped” curve exists where physical inactivity and extreme physical activity increase the risk the greatest for acquiring upper respiratory tract infections (URTI).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.3 Physical inactivity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drugs will not substitute for all health benefits from physical activity in individuals medically capable of exercise.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 49. Effectiveness of drug therapy for simultaneous primary prevention of 35 physical inactivity conditions > 49.2 Clinical significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since physical activity results in the whole body disruption of homeostasis in multiple organ systems, a drug therapy alone cannot replicate the entire ensemble its effects, without actually increasing physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 49. Effectiveness of drug therapy for simultaneous primary prevention of 35 physical inactivity conditions > 49.1 Inability to mimic adaptive health benefits of physical activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Levels of evidence-based medicine vary in strength among the 30 chronic conditions caused by physical inactivity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 48. Clinical significance of physical inactivity as one cause of 35 chronic conditions > 48.2 Levels of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The natural adaptations to exercise provide a higher therapeutic index (benefits/side effects) than any drug therapy could exceed (Fig. 3).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 49. Effectiveness of drug therapy for simultaneous primary prevention of 35 physical inactivity conditions > 49.1 Inability to mimic adaptive health benefits of physical activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Slentz, Houmard, and Kraus (481) cite evidence to support the notion, “continued sedentary lifestyle in overweight or obese individuals—particularly those who already have some metabolic abnormalities—comes at a high metabolic cost, as numerous health-related variables worsen over relatively short time periods” (51, 123, 218, 257).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 50. Risk factors worsen over 6–12 months in RCTs > 50.1 RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [481] Slentz CA Houmard JA Kraus WE Exercise, abdominal obesity, skeletal muscle, and metabolic risk: evidence for a dose response Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 17 Suppl 3 S27 33 19927142 PMC3762482 source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Booth FW Gordon SE Carlson CJ Hamilton MT Waging war on modern chronic diseases: primary prevention through exercise biology J Appl Physiol 2000 88 774 787 10658050 source
- Not checked yetcites [123] de Groot PC Bleeker MW Hopman MT Magnitude and time course of arterial vascular adaptations to inactivity in humans Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2006 34 65 71 16672803 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CKD is a secondary consequence of physical inactivity's increasing hypertension and T2D prevalence.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 47. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together the two studies illustrate contemporary inactive “control” groups have a progressive worsening for risk factors of chronic diseases that physical activity can be a primary prevention against.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 50. Risk factors worsen over 6–12 months in RCTs > 50.1 RCTs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Even with a more liberal cutoff for overweight and obesity, 36% of children and 34% of adolescents, rather than 15% were above the 85th percentile of the 1960's”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.2 Obesity in children and adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [386] Ogden CL Carroll MD Curtin LR Lamb MM Flegal KM Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007–2008 JAMA 2010 303 242 249 20071470 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The number of youth with elevated fasting blood sugar increased 87% from 1999–2000 to 2005–2006”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.3 Fasting blood glucose
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [318] Li C Ford ES Zhao G Mokdad AH Prevalence of pre-diabetes and its association with clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors and hyperinsulinemia among U.S. adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006 Diabetes Care 2009 32 342 347 18957533 PMC2628705 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, sedentary “controls” became less healthy by increasing risk factors for chronic diseases, compared to exercising groups in both the Slentz et al. (481) and the Hunter et al. (251) studies.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 50. Risk factors worsen over 6–12 months in RCTs > 50.1 RCTs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in adolescents (12–19 yrs) rose 3-fold from ~5%–6% in between 1966–1980 to 18% in 2007–2008”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.2 Obesity in children and adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [386] Ogden CL Carroll MD Curtin LR Lamb MM Flegal KM Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007–2008 JAMA 2010 303 242 249 20071470 source
- Not checked yetcites [387] Ogden CL Yanovski SZ Carroll MD Flegal KM The epidemiology of obesity Gastroenterology 2007 132 2087 2102 17498505 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in children (6–11 yrs) had risen 5-fold from ~4% in 1963–1974 to 20% in 2007–2008”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.2 Obesity in children and adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [386] Ogden CL Carroll MD Curtin LR Lamb MM Flegal KM Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007–2008 JAMA 2010 303 242 249 20071470 source
- Not checked yetcites [387] Ogden CL Yanovski SZ Carroll MD Flegal KM The epidemiology of obesity Gastroenterology 2007 132 2087 2102 17498505 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The children with high fasting blood glucose have 49% lower glucose deposition index”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.3 Fasting blood glucose
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [504] Tfayli H Lee S Arslanian S Declining beta-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity with increasing fasting glucose levels in the nondiabetic range in children Diabetes Care 2010 33 2024 2030 20805276 PMC2928357 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Higher BMI during childhood is associated with an increased risk of CHD in adulthood”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.2 Obesity in children and adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Baker JL Olsen LW Sorensen TI Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood N Engl J Med 2007 357 2329 2337 18057335 PMC3062903 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“if diagnosed with T2D at age 20 yrs, males and females would die 17 and 18 years before normal, with a reduction of 27 and 30 quality-life adjusted years”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.5 Adult-onset diabetes in our adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [366] Narayan KM Boyle JP Thompson TJ Sorensen SW Williamson DF Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States JAMA 2003 290 1884 1890 14532317
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“T2D is becoming increasingly common among adolescents”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.5 Adult-onset diabetes in our adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [376] Nesmith JD Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents Pediatr Rev 2001 22 147 152 11331736 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there are no established criteria in this population”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.6 Metabolic syndrome in adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [315] Lee S Bacha F Gungor N Arslanian S Comparison of different definitions of pediatric metabolic syndrome: relation to abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and inflammatory biomarkers J Pediatr 2008 152 177 184 18206686 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“adolescents diagnosed as having diabetes have large reductions in life expectancy”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.5 Adult-onset diabetes in our adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [366] Narayan KM Boyle JP Thompson TJ Sorensen SW Williamson DF Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States JAMA 2003 290 1884 1890 14532317
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“adolescents of Mexican Americans decent are overrepresented (15.3% of all Mexican American adolescents) relative to non-Hispanic whites (11.3%) and non-Hispanic black adolescents (7.4%)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.4 Prediabetes in children and adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Duncan GE Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 160 523 528 16651496 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Children in whom T2D develops are at earlier risks for complications as adults from the disease, including retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular and renal disease that may require decades of treatment”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.5 Adult-onset diabetes in our adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [188] Foster GD Linder B Baranowski T Cooper DM Goldberg L Harrell JS Kaufman F Marcus MD Trevino RP Hirst K A school-based intervention for diabetes risk reduction N Engl J Med 2010 363 443 453 20581420 PMC2924187 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Children with BMI and waist circumference values greater than normal values are at increased risk for the adult metabolic syndrome”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.6 Metabolic syndrome in adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [500] Sun SS Liang R Huang TT Daniels SR Arslanian S Liu K Grave GD Siervogel RM Childhood obesity predicts adult metabolic syndrome: the Fels Longitudinal Study J Pediatr 2008 152 191 200 18206688 PMC3988700 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“now almost as common as T1D in some pediatric populations”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.5 Adult-onset diabetes in our adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Duncan GE Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 160 523 528 16651496 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This risk is higher for Hispanics, at 45.4% for males and 52.5% for females”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.5 Adult-onset diabetes in our adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [366] Narayan KM Boyle JP Thompson TJ Sorensen SW Williamson DF Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States JAMA 2003 290 1884 1890 14532317
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the extent of coronary lesions in adolescents is associated with risk factors including lipids, smoking, blood pressure, obesity, and hyperglycemia”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.7 Atherosclerosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197] Gillman MW Predicting prediabetes and diabetes: can we do it? Is it worth it? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010 164 198 199 20124151 PMC4350017 source
- Not matchedcites [548] Washington RL Metabolic syndrome—no longer an adult only disease Journal of Pediatrics 2008 152
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“girls starting at ages 9–15 had substantially greater increases in bone mineral content at lumbar spine and femoral neck if they had the highest physical activity levels during the 7-year follow-up as compared with those having the lowest physical activity levels”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.10 Peak lifetime value determines years to reach clinical disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [424] Rautava E Lehtonen-Veromaa M Kautiainen H Kajander S Heinonen OJ Viikari J Mottonen T The reduction of physical activity reflects on the bone mass among young females: a follow-up study of 142 adolescent girls Osteoporos Int 2007 18 915 922 17211530 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“less load-bearing activity by children during skeletal growth is associated with smaller bone mass than in load-bearing children”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.10 Peak lifetime value determines years to reach clinical disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [438] Rizzoli R Bianchi ML Garabedian M McKay HA Moreno LA Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly Bone 2010 46 294 305 19840876 source
- Not checked yetcites [463] Schwab P Klein RF Nonpharmacological approaches to improve bone health and reduce osteoporosis Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008 20 213 217 18349754 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“childhood and adolescence is a key determinant of bone health and future fracture risk during adulthood”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.10 Peak lifetime value determines years to reach clinical disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [438] Rizzoli R Bianchi ML Garabedian M McKay HA Moreno LA Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly Bone 2010 46 294 305 19840876 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is a cause of chronic disease in children and adolescents”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.11 Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“physical activity diminishes mortality by 30% in the U.S.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The positive effect of mechanical loading on bone growth is greatest pre- and early-puberty in girls (25) and pre-puberty in boys (146)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.10 Peak lifetime value determines years to reach clinical disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Bass SL The prepubertal years: a uniquely opportune stage of growth when the skeleton is most responsive to exercise? Sports Med 2000 30 73 78 10966147 source
- Not checked yetcites [146] Ducher G Daly RM Bass SL Effects of repetitive loading on bone mass and geometry in young male tennis players: a quantitative study using MRI J Bone Miner Res 2009 24 1686 1692 19419304 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“physical activity is also a requirement to maximize health span and lifespan”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 53. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our estimate of physical inactivity's cost is in line with a) the Society of Actuaries estimate that overweight and obesity cost the U.S. $270 billion/year”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [485] Society of Actuaries Obesity and its Relation to Mortality and Morbidity Costs 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conclusive and overwhelming scientific evidence, largely ignored and prioritized as low, exists for physical inactivity as a primary and actual cause of most chronic diseases”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 53. Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 169
- Probably not a substantial claim. 50
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A cohort study of Swedish men born in 1950 through 1976 who were enlisted for military service at age 18 (N = 1,221,727) (1) reported that cardiovascular fitness, as measured by ergometer cycling, was positively associated with global intelligence scores with aerobic capacity most strongly associated with logic and verbal intelligence.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Aberg MA Pedersen NL Toren K Svartengren M Backstrand B Johnsson T Cooper-Kuhn CM Aberg ND Nilsson M Kuhn HG Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 106 20906 20911 19948959 PMC2785721 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelationaln = 1,221,727- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, from ~1980 to 1988 the increased prevalence of obesity was already occurring and the slope of the increase remained unchanged through 2006 (Fig. 9).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, much weaker evidence is available for physical activities reduction on risk of premenopausal breast cancer, so no effect existed.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 40. Breast cancer > 40.1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [347] Monninkhof EM Elias SG Vlems FA van der Tweel I Schuit AJ Voskuil DW van Leeuwen FE Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review Epidemiology 2007 18 137 157 17130685 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Carson and co-authors observed that treadmill exercise reduced polyp number and size in male, but not female ApcMin/+ mice, while voluntary wheel running did not elicit a change in polyp number or size (337).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [337] Mehl KA Davis JM Clements JM Berger FG Pena MM Carson JA Decreased intestinal polyp multiplicity is related to exercise mode and gender in ApcMin/+ mice J Appl Physiol 2005 98 2219 2225 15894538
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In their second study of ApcMin/+ mice, 10 weeks of voluntary running decreased polyp number and increased serum IGF-I in male ApcMin/+, with IGF-I not being related to polyp number (107).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Colbert LH Mai V Tooze JA Perkins SN Berrigan D Hursting SD Negative energy balance induced by voluntary wheel running inhibits polyp development in APCMin mice Carcinogenesis 2006 27 2103 2107 16699175 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“No deleterious effects of exercise on preeclampsia were found, but Gavard and Artal caution that purposes of the investigations cited by them may not have been to report deleterious effects (196).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.3 Preeclampsia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gavard and Artal (196) concluded that the balance of evidence still supports that exercise is the primary prevention against preeclampsia, with the effects being particularly strong for vigorous or intense exercise.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.3 Preeclampsia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Utilizing a randomized-single bind design 110 obese men with ED, as defined by a International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) less than 21, were either placed into an intervention group with the goal of 10% weight loss by walking 4 hours a week and reducing caloric intake or a control group. After 2 years, using an intent-to-treat analysis, the intervention group spent 195 min/wk doing physical”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.1 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Esposito K Giugliano F Di Palo C Giugliano G Marfella R D'Andrea F D'Armiento M Giugliano D Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2004 291 2978 2984 15213209 source
plaindirectn = 110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance in the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey of 2031 males aged 30–79 lifestyle contributed to 12.2% of the total subject with clinically validated ED (295). However, when all covariates were considered, lifestyle alone could only explain 0.9% of the ED.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.1 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [295] Kupelian V Araujo AB Chiu GR Rosen RC McKinlay JB Relative contributions of modifiable risk factors to erectile dysfunction: results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey Prev Med 2010 50 19 25 19944117 PMC2813912 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no studies to our knowledge showing that physical inactivity is associated with an increase in most chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.3 Physical inactivity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise reduced cutaneous and deep tissue hyperalgesia induced by acidic saline and stimulated neurotrophic factor-3 synthesis in gastrocnemius but not the soleus muscle (469).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 44. Pain > 44.4 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [469] Sharma NK Ryals JM Gajewski BJ Wright DE Aerobic exercise alters analgesia and neurotrophin-3 synthesis in an animal model of chronic widespread pain Phys Ther 2010 90 714 725 20338916 PMC3171655 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, in contrast, an older study of Finnish athletes that died between 1936 and 1985 showed that they were no more likely to have asthma and about 50% less likely to die of any pulmonary disease than non-athletes (291).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.3 Physical inactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [291] Kujala UM Sarna S Kaprio J Koskenvuo M Asthma and other pulmonary diseases in former elite athletes Thorax 1996 51 288 292 8779133 PMC1090641 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR concluded no association exists between physical activity and prostate cancer (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.2 Prostate Cancer (PCa)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Exercise training has been long suggested to reduce pain, but not to be a cure to the source of the pain [see (469) for refs.], but sufficient publications to verify the claim do not exist.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 44. Pain > 44.5 Clinical significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [469] Sharma NK Ryals JM Gajewski BJ Wright DE Aerobic exercise alters analgesia and neurotrophin-3 synthesis in an animal model of chronic widespread pain Phys Ther 2010 90 714 725 20338916 PMC3171655 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the NPAGCR states a statistically significant trend towards decreasing prostate cancer risk was observed with increasing physical activity in several studies.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 43. Activity prevention of male reproductive disorders > 43.2 Prostate Cancer (PCa)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While regular moderate exercise reduces susceptibility to infection compared to sedentary, prolonged bouts of strenuous exercise cause a temporary depression of various aspects of immune function (e.g., neutrophil respiratory burst, lymphocyte proliferation, monocyte antigen presentation) for ~3–24 hr, e.g., after prolonged (>1.5 h), of moderate to high intensity (55–75% maximum O2 uptake) without”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.5 Clinical significance
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Twelve markers that increase the risk of chronic diseases became worse in the 6-month inactive “control group”, including increases in body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, VAT, total abdominal fat, fasting insulin, LDL particle number, small dense LDL and LDL-cholesterol; and decreases in insulin sensitivity, and fitness (35, 153, 246, 257, 284, 481).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 50. Risk factors worsen over 6–12 months in RCTs > 50.1 RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Berggren JR Hulver MW Dohm GL Houmard JA Weight loss and exercise: implications for muscle lipid metabolism and insulin action Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 36 1191 1195 15235324 source
- Not checked yetcites [153] Duscha BD Slentz CA Johnson JL Houmard JA Bensimhon DR Knetzger KJ Kraus WE Effects of exercise training amount and intensity on peak oxygen consumption in middle-age men and women at risk for cardiovascular disease Chest 2005 128 2788 2793 16236956 source
- Not checked yetcites [246] Houmard JA Tanner CJ Slentz CA Duscha BD McCartney JS Kraus WE Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2004 96 101 106 12972442 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The changes in immune function include low levels of lymphocytes and lymphocyte function (301), impaired phagocytosis, impaired neutrophilic function with prolonged exercise (401), neutrophil degranulation (400), reduced monocyte function (302), reduced oxidative burst activity, and potentially lower mucosal immunoglobulin levels (201).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.4 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [301] Lancaster GI Halson SL Khan Q Drysdale P Wallace F Jeukendrup AE Drayson MT Gleeson M Effects of acute exhaustive exercise and chronic exercise training on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocytes Exerc Immunol Rev 2004 10 91 106 15633589 source
- Not checked yetcites [401] Peake JM Exercise-induced alterations in neutrophil degranulation and respiratory burst activity: possible mechanisms of action Exerc Immunol Rev 2002 8 49 100 12690938
- Not checked yetcites [400] Peake J Wilson G Hordern M Suzuki K Yamaya K Nosaka K Mackinnon L Coombes JS Changes in neutrophil surface receptor expression, degranulation, and respiratory burst activity after moderate- and high-intensity exercise J Appl Physiol 2004 97 612 618 15075305 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“58% and 92% of American children aged 6–11 and 12–19 yrs-old, respectively, do not meet the recommended 60 min of daily physical activity (527).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.1 Prevalence of physical inactivity in youth
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [527] Troiano RP Berrigan D Dodd KW Masse LC Tilert T McDowell M Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008 40 181 188 18091006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our estimations are that U.S. health care costs of inactivity will range from $2.2–3.8 trillion in the first decade of the 21st century, or $700 yearly ($7000 for the next decade) from each U.S. resident”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, even the physically active conductors who did develop CHD with age were better off, presenting with less severe disease and lower fatality rates than the inactive bus drivers (353).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.4 Initial epidemiology (1949–1953)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [353] Morris JN Heady JA Raffle PA Roberts CG Parks JW Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work Lancet 1953 265 1053 1057 13110049
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, physical activity primarily prevents, or delays, chronic diseases, implying that chronic disease need not be an inevitable outcome during life.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three millennia of evidence exist to indicate historical recognition that physical inactivity is detrimental to health by reducing the functional capacity of most organ systems in humans, mammals, and rodents.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Body composition was also significantly altered by 2 weeks of reduced stepping with visceral adipose tissue mass increased 7%, total fat-free mass decreased by 1.2 kg, 0.5 kg of it in the legs, while total-body fat mass and BMI were unchanged (286, 389).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.10 Translation studies - Reduced stepping studies in humans (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Krogh-Madsen R Thyfault JP Broholm C Mortensen OH Olsen RH Mounier R Plomgaard P van Hall G Booth FW Pedersen BK A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2010 108 1034 1040 20044474 source
- Not checked yetcites [389] Olsen RH Krogh-Madsen R Thomsen C Booth FW Pedersen BK Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men JAMA 2008 299 1261 1263 18349087 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Functional capacity is pliable; declining rapidly with extreme physical inactivity or more slowly with aging, while preventing inactivity can increase functional capacity (considered in specific detail in the aging section).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.3 Definition of functional capacity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the historical work provides overwhelming evidence that physical inactivity cause decreases in capacities of functional systems, leading to premature deterioration of health in humans.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.12 Summary: Inactivity causes loss of functional capacities
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A direct link between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After 2 weeks, VO2max decreased 7%, peripheral insulin sensitivity decreased by 17% with concurrent decreases in insulin-stimulated ratio of pAkt-Thr308/total Akt in skeletal muscle.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.10 Translation studies - Reduced stepping studies in humans (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Krogh-Madsen R Thyfault JP Broholm C Mortensen OH Olsen RH Mounier R Plomgaard P van Hall G Booth FW Pedersen BK A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2010 108 1034 1040 20044474 source
- Not checked yetcites [389] Olsen RH Krogh-Madsen R Thomsen C Booth FW Pedersen BK Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men JAMA 2008 299 1261 1263 18349087 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Physical activity, itself, rarely causes chronic conditions, e.g., participation in specific sports improves general health, but can increase the risk of osteoarthritis in specific populations (71); discussed later in section “Osteoarthritis”.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.9 Definitions of types of prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Buckwalter JA Martin JA Sports and osteoarthritis Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004 16 634 639 15314507 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance inactivity results in immediate negative remodeling of the vessel, while activity requires 4–6 weeks to positively remodel the vessel.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 7. Mechanisms of physical inactivity and activity differ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-term reductions in daily step number (producing less daily physical activity) cause decreased CRF, loss of insulin sensitivity, reduced lean mass and increased visceral adipose tissue.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.11 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, both human and rat models of reduced daily steps increased visceral adipose tissue while diminishing lean mass, independent of caloric increases.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.10 Translation studies - Reduced stepping studies in humans (2000's)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is strong evidence that physically active people have better health-related physical fitness and are at lower risk of developing many disabling medical conditions than inactive people (532).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.8 Definition of chronic diseases and their prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [532] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2011 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/guidelines/introaspx
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Within 53 hrs two major changes in functional capacities were observed, decreased submaximal insulin sensitivity and enhanced storage of TG in visceral adipose tissue.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.9 Animal wheel lock studies (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Kump DS Booth FW Alterations in insulin receptor signalling in the rat epitrochlearis muscle upon cessation of voluntary exercise J Physiol 2005 562 829 838 15550465 PMC1665545 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A 2010 review co-authored from multiple research sites concluded from an examination of 43 papers, “Limited evidence was found to support a positive relationship between occupational sitting and health risks. The heterogeneity of study designs, measures, and findings makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions at this time” (537).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 5. History of inactivity's compromising effects on function and health > 5.8 Sitting studies (2000's)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [537] van Uffelen JG Wong J Chau JY van der Ploeg HP Riphagen I Gilson ND Burton NW Healy GN Thorp AA Clark BK Gardiner PA Dunstan DW Bauman A Owen N Brown WJ Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review Am J Prev Med 2010 39 379 388 20837291 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Strength is highly dependent upon skeletal muscle mass, which contains a major genetic component (Discussed later in Twin studies-Modulation of twin health by physical activity), and is sensitive to decreased mechanical loading resulting in skeletal muscle atrophy regardless of endowed muscle mass (49, 508).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.6 Strength fitness
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Inherited genes and their interaction with activity levels determine physical fitness.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both have components of genetic inheritability and are also trainable (Discussed later in Twin studies-Modulation of twin health by physical activity).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.7 Balance and flexibility fitness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Inherited genes and their interaction with activity levels determine physical fitness.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“High VO2max is associated with “positive health”; low VO2max is associated with “negative health.””
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.2 Higher VO2max associates with better health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical fitness and physical activity/inactivity interact with genes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the body rapidly maladapts to insufficient physical activity, and if continued, results in substantial decreases in both total and quality years of life.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A direct link between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The CDC defines physical inactivity as an actual cause of chronic conditions (213, 345).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 2. Definitions > 2.9 Definitions of types of prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213] Hahn RA Teutsch SM Rothenberg RB Marks JS Excess deaths from nine chronic diseases in the United States, 1986 JAMA 1990 264 2654 2659 2232042 source
- Not checked yetcites [345] Mokdad AH Marks JS Stroup DF Gerberding JL Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000 JAMA 2004 291 1238 1245 15010446 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“No systematic analysis allows us to be certain that a `nonresponder' for one trait does not cluster with a poor response for another” (516).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [516] Timmons JA Commentary on viewpoint: Perspective on the future use of genomics in exercise prescription J Appl Physiol 2008 104 1250 18385305 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data provides evidence of a genetic role in inter-animal variation in VO2max that is correlated with better health outcomes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Maximal heritability estimates were at least 50%, a value inflated to an undetermined degree by inclusion of nongenetic shared factors” (56).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Bouchard C Daw EW Rice T Perusse L Gagnon J Province MA Leon AS Rao DC Skinner JS Wilmore JH Familial resemblance for VO2max in the sedentary state: the HERITAGE family study Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998 30 252 258 9502354 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quotation hints that some genes were selected during evolution to support high levels of physical activity and the ability to adapt to physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Bennett and Ruben elegantly described a basis for natural selection of genes by physical activity to maximize inherited potential VO2max”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Bennett AF Ruben JA Endothermy and activity in vertebrates Science 1979 206 649 654 493968 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rats with high VO2max had healthier cardiovascular systems (12% lower mean 24-hr blood pressures and 48% better acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation), and healthier metabolic risk factors (16% less fasting plasma glucose, 39% less visceral adipose tissue, 63% lower plasma triglyceride levels, and greater mitochondrial protein concentrations).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.3 Using VO2max to identify “health” genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [569] Wisloff U Najjar SM Ellingsen O Haram PM Swoap S Al-Share Q Fernstrom M Rezaei K Lee SJ Koch LG Britton SL Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity Science 2005 307 418 420 15662013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The variability in muscle mass may, in part, be related (but not limited) to inter-individual differences in genome code (as with IGF2 in the aforementioned porcine model) (377), the individual's ability to activate intramuscular mTORC1 signaling within skeletal muscle in response to exercise (333), and/or different responses of microRNA (miRNA) to RT(120).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.4 Phenotype responsiveness variability to resistance training (RT)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [377] Nezer C Collette C Moreau L Brouwers B Kim JJ Giuffra E Buys N Andersson L Georges M Haplotype sharing refines the location of an imprinted quantitative trait locus with major effect on muscle mass to a 250-kb chromosome segment containing the porcine IGF2 gene Genetics 2003 165 277 285 14504235 PMC1462731 source
- Not matchedcites [333] Mayhew DLKJ Kosek D Petrella Cross J Bamman M The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is up-regulated during skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans FASEB J 2007 21 895
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [120] Davidsen PK Gallagher IJ Hartman JW Tarnopolsky MA Dela F Helge JW Timmons JA Phillips SM High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression J Appl Physiol 2011 110 309 317 21030674 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 585 subjects undergoing 12 weeks of RT, changes from 2 to +59%, 0 to +250%, and −32 to +149% occurred in cross sectional area, one repetition max, and maximal isometric contraction, respectively (250).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.4 Phenotype responsiveness variability to resistance training (RT)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250] Hubal MJ Gordish-Dressman H Thompson PD Price TB Hoffman EP Angelopoulos TJ Gordon PM Moyna NM Pescatello LS Visich PS Zoeller RF Seip RL Clarkson PM Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005 37 964 972 15947721
plaindirectn = 585- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many of these studies have methodological limitations including a wide range of physical activity levels and outcomes that differ from classical exercise physiology adaptations.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.3 MZ twin activity comparisons show variable chronic disease component
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One possible pathway is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which is up-regulated during skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans, and related to the ability for satellite cells to proliferate and/or differentiate (411).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 8. Gene-Exercise/physical inactivity interactions > 8.4 Phenotype responsiveness variability to resistance training (RT)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [411] Petrella JK Kim JS Mayhew DL Cross JM Bamman MM Potent myofiber hypertrophy during resistance training in humans is associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear addition: a cluster analysis J Appl Physiol 2008 104 1736 1742 18436694
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These contradictory results may simply be due to the lack of specific measures of bone mass in the active limbs, or to the variation in types of load-bearing physical activity, and thus bone health, in the physically active group.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.5 Important gene component to activity adaptation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specificity of training (i.e., adaptation to training is specific to the class of exercise (aerobic vs. resistance) is dogma.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More surprisingly is the minor effect of physical activity on overall “well-being”, which is in contrast to a number of cross-sectional studies suggesting that physical activity is strongly negatively correlated with depression and anxiety.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.5 Important gene component to activity adaptation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a major genetic component is found for both measures of strength fitness (muscle strength and power) and in endurance fitness as well as responses (lactate levels, blood pressure) to exercise.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.5 Important gene component to activity adaptation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“HIT-walking resulted in greater increases in VO2peak and thigh muscle strength and a greater reduction in SBP than moderate-intensity continuous walking in older men and women (375).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375] Nemoto K Gen-no H Masuki S Okazaki K Nose H Effects of high-intensity interval walking training on physical fitness and blood pressure in middle-aged and older people Mayo Clin Proc 2007 82 803 811 17605959 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“hypertrophied muscles of weight lifters did not have the increased mitochondria of aerobic training and that prolonged daily run training increases mitochondria, but does not hypertrophy the muscles.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while physical activity levels themselves exhibit a large genetic component; it varies tremendously between countries and cultures.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.5 Important gene component to activity adaptation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“has been said to “prove more benefit than traditional continuous exercise programs in several metabolic, muscular, and cardiovascular parameters” (278).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [278] Kokkinos P Myers J Exercise and physical activity: clinical outcomes and applications Circulation 2010 122 1637 1648 20956238 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“one HIT report indicates that HIT by untrained men produced greater (VO2max), the same (improvements in oral glucose tolerance), and less (resting bradycardia, total-body fat percentage, and reducing ratio between total and HDL plasma cholesterol.) adaptations than in a second group performing continuous training (384).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 10. Variety of training types to primarily prevent disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [384] Nybo L Sundstrup E Jakobsen MD Mohr M Hornstrup T Simonsen L Bulow J Randers MB Nielsen JJ Aagaard P Krustrup P High-intensity training versus traditional exercise interventions for promoting health Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010 42 1951 1958 20195181 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alzheimer's and dementia both have a large physical inactivity component.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 9. Twin studies - Modulation of twin phenotype by physical activity > 9.4 Important physical activity component to activity adaptation
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Katzmarzyk et al. (268) reported a dose-response association existed between sitting time and mortality from all causes and CVD, but not for cancer, independent of leisure time physical activity in 17,000 Canadians, such that hazard ratio was 1.54 for the greatest sitting time.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268] Katzmarzyk PT Church TS Craig CL Bouchard C Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 41 998 1005 19346988 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the same age for death, the high physical activity group spent less time disabled than the overall population of men (2.5 vs. 3.0 years), while the low physical activity group actually spends more time disabled than all men (2.6 vs. 1.4 years)(181).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Ferrucci L Izmirlian G Leveille S Phillips CL Corti MC Brock DB Guralnik JM Smoking, physical activity, and active life expectancy Am J Epidemiol 1999 149 645 653 10192312 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This inverse association has been observed among persons residing in the United States, as well as in other countries, older persons (aged 65 years and older), and persons of different race/ethnic groups.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Joyner and Pedersen (260) contend that it is a failure of regulation at multiple levels that causes many common diseases.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 11. Diseasome of physical inactivity (35 diseases/conditions)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260] Joyner M Pedersen BK Ten Questions About Systems Biology J Physiol 2011 PMC3060582 21224238 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They further argue that a lack of fluency to use key physiological concepts (like homeostasis, regulated systems and redundancy) as major intellectual tools to understand at multiple levels how whole animals adapt to exercise and maladapt to physical inactivity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 11. Diseasome of physical inactivity (35 diseases/conditions)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260] Joyner M Pedersen BK Ten Questions About Systems Biology J Physiol 2011 PMC3060582 21224238 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Dunstan et al. (151) found that each 1-hour increase in TV viewing time was associated with 11% and 18% increased risks of all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively, in 20,000 Australian men and women.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] Dunstan DW Barr EL Healy GN Salmon J Shaw JE Balkau B Magliano DJ Cameron AJ Zimmet PZ Owen N Television viewing time and mortality: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) Circulation 2010 121 384 391 20065160 source
plaindirectn = 20,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes at the age of 20 yrs is associated with 17.2 and 17.9 yrs of life lost in males and females, respectively (366).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [366] Narayan KM Boyle JP Thompson TJ Sorensen SW Williamson DF Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States JAMA 2003 290 1884 1890 14532317
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Low values of functional capacities for maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and for maximal skeletal muscle mass/strength, each alone, are biomarkers for death as they are associated with shorter life expectancies.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, two weeks of reduced daily stepping (286) and 5 days of bed rest (216) do not increase inflammatory markers so CRP is unlikely to be the first initiating mechanism.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Krogh-Madsen R Thyfault JP Broholm C Mortensen OH Olsen RH Mounier R Plomgaard P van Hall G Booth FW Pedersen BK A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2010 108 1034 1040 20044474 source
- Not checked yetcites [216] Hamburg NM McMackin CJ Huang AL Shenouda SM Widlansky ME Schulz E Gokce N Ruderman NB Keaney JF Jr Vita JA Physical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteers Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007 27 2650 2656 17932315 PMC2596308 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The detrimental effects of sitting have been hypothesized by Stamatakis et al. (489) to occur in the following sequence of events: excessive sitting lowers skeletal muscle blood flow, lowering shear stress on vascular endothelial cells,,and decreasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [489] Stamatakis E Hamer M Dunstan DW Screen-based entertainment time, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular events population-based study with ongoing mortality and hospital events follow-up J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 57 292 299 21232666 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While physically active and inactive individuals lose a VO2max at a similar rate (slope of the curve) due to primary aging, the inactive individuals have a leftward shift of the curve.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [503] Tanaka H Seals DR Invited Review: Dynamic exercise performance in Masters athletes: insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity J Appl Physiol 2003 95 2152 2162 14555676 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While light physical activity is associated with rather low-intensity muscle contractions, it still has favorable improvements on plasma glucose in glucose tolerance tests (228), and differs substantially from the absence of muscle activity while sitting”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [228] Healy GN Dunstan DW Salmon J Cerin E Shaw JE Zimmet PZ Owen N Objectively measured light-intensity physical activity is independently associated with 2-h plasma glucose Diabetes Care 2007 30 1384 1389 17473059 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rapid biochemical changes in a rodent models of sitting, hindlimb unloading, have demonstrated decreases in rat skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates within the first 6 hrs (54, 357, 507, 529, 550) and loss of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into the mouse soleus muscle after 1 day (466).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.3 Dose-response relationship between sitting time and prediction of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Booth FW Seider MJ Early change in skeletal muscle protein synthesis after limb immobilization of rats J Appl Physiol 1979 47 974 977 511723 source
- Not checked yetcites [357] Morrison PR Montgomery JA Wong TS Booth FW Cytochrome c proteinsynthesis rates and mRNA contents during atrophy and recovery in skeletal muscle Biochem J 1987 241 257 263 3032156 PMC1147550 source
- Not checked yetcites [507] Thomason DB Biggs RB Booth FW Protein metabolism and beta-myosin heavy-chain mRNA in unweighted soleus muscle Am J Physiol 1989 257 R300 305 2764153 source
- Not checked yetcites [529] Tucker KR Seider MJ Booth FW Protein synthesis rates in atrophied gastrocnemius muscles after limb immobilization J Appl Physiol 1981 51 73 77 7263427 source
- Not checked yetcites [550] Watson PA Stein JP Booth FW Changes in actin synthesis and alpha-actin-mRNA content in rat muscle during immobilization Am J Physiol 1984 247 C39 44 6742182 source
- Not checked yetcites [466] Seider MJ Nicholson WF Booth FW Insulin resistance for glucose metabolism in disused soleus muscle of mice Am J Physiol 1982 242 E12 18 7058883 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Men who were unfit at both visits had the highest death risk while men who were fit at both visits had the lowest death risk.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Blair SN Kohl HW 3rd Barlow CE Paffenbarger RS Jr. Gibbons LW Macera CA Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men JAMA 1995 273 1093 1098 7707596 source
- Not checked yetcites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source
plaincorrelationaln = 9,777- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, comparing the top quintile to the lowest quintile increased all-cause death risk by 75% and 113% in men and women, respectively.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Erikssen et al. (165) found similar trend and concluded that even small improvements in physical fitness are associated with a significantly lowered risk of death.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.4 Biomarkers of premature death
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Erikssen G Liestol K Bjornholt J Thaulow E Sandvik L Erikssen J Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality Lancet 1998 352 759 762 9737279 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Higher CRF is associated healthier values for risk factors including insulin sensitivity, blood lipid and lipoprotein profile, body composition, systemic inflammation, blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system functioning.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.5 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [313] Lee DC Sui X Church TS Lee IM Blair SN Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity with risks of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in men Diabetes Care 2009 32 257 262 18984778 PMC2628690 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Hayflick (226) and others argue that greater functional capacity in vital organs ensures survival, reproductive success, and thus is favored by natural selection.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 12. Inactivity accelerates loss of functional capacities with years of life > 12.5 Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, physical activity levels may have been altered downward prior to 1988 and maintained from 1988–2006 at their low levels, which could be one possible explanation for the inconsistency between the DLW results and lack of change in physical activity levels”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Levine and co-authors concluded, “the magnitude of the energetic impact of the mechanized tasks we studied was sufficiently great to contribute to the positive energy balance associated with weight gain” (304).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [304] Lanningham-Foster L Nysse LJ Levine JA Labor saved, calories lost: the energetic impact of domestic labor-saving devices Obes Res 2003 11 1178 1181 14569042 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, declines occurred in work-related activity, transportation activity, and home-related activity as well as an increase in sedentary activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Brownson RC Boehmer TK Luke DA Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors Annu Rev Public Health 2005 26 421 443 15760296 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while caloric intake has dropped between 0 and 600 kcal/day in the general population it is the lack of 600 kcal/day of physical activity has led to a large discrepancy in the obesity rates between the modern general population and Amish societies.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Amish and general population differ primarily in physical activity rather than other lifestyle or dietary factors.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, only 25% and 27% of these Amish men and women, respectively, are overweight; and 0% and 9%, respectively, are obese (439).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.3 Caloric expenditure from physical activity has decreased historically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [439] Roberts WC The Amish, body weight, and exercise Am J Cardiol 2004 94 1221 15518631 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Physical training of T2D patients produced a greater loss in VAT (48%) than subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) (18%), did not significantly affect body weight (360).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [360] Mourier A Gautier JF De Kerviler E Bigard AX Villette JM Garnier JP Duvallet A Guezennec CY Cathelineau G Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM. Effects of branchedchain amino acid supplements Diabetes Care 1997 20 385 391 9051392 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Collapse of the Soviet empire in at the end of the 1980s led to decreased food availability, increased physical activity and ~50% decrease in adult obesity prevalence in Cuba (441).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.4 Primary prevention of total-body fat gain by physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [441] Rodriguez-Ojea A Jimenez S Berdasco A Esquivel M The nutrition transition in Cuba in the nineties: an overview Public Health Nutr 2002 5 129 133 12027275 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Primary prevention of further weight gain in already overweight to obese individuals was accomplished with 8 months of low volume-moderate intensity activity (caloric equivalent of walking 12 miles/wk at 40–55% of VO2max), while high-volume (caloric equivalent of jogging 20 miles/wk at 65–80% of VO2max) decreased total fat mass by 4.8 kg (480)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.4 Primary prevention of total-body fat gain by physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [480] Slentz CA Duscha BD Johnson JL Ketchum K Aiken LB Samsa GP Houmard JA Bales CW Kraus WE Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE--a randomized controlled study Arch Intern Med 2004 164 31 39 14718319 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Low volume-moderate intensity (caloric equivalent of walking 12 miles/wk at 40–55% of VO2max) was sufficient to prevent any further gains in VAT mass, while high-volume, high-intensity activity decreased VAT by 6.9% (Fig. 11).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [479] Slentz CA Aiken LB Houmard JA Bales CW Johnson JL Tanner CJ Duscha BD Kraus WE Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount J Appl Physiol 2005 99 1613 1618 16002776 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Likewise, a greater percentage loss in VAT percentage than in body weight occurred after 12 months in a moderate-intensity exercise intervention study of sedentary, overweight, postmenopausal women. VAT loss was exercise dose-dependent (253).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Irwin ML Yasui Y Ulrich CM Bowen D Rudolph RE Schwartz RS Yukawa M Aiello E Potter JD McTiernan A Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2003 289 323 330 12525233 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 16% of sedentary adults who are homozygous for the risk allele of AA in rs9939609 in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene weighed ~3 kg more and had 1.67-fold increased odds of obesity when compared with those not inheriting a risk allele (191).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.6 Primary prevention of inactivity prevents obesity with predisposed obesity gene
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] Frayling TM Timpson NJ Weedon MN Zeggini E Freathy RM Lindgren CM Perry JR Elliott KS Lango H Rayner NW Shields B Harries LW Barrett JC Ellard S Groves CJ Knight B Patch AM Ness AR Ebrahim S Lawlor DA Ring SM Ben-Shlomo Y Jarvelin MR Sovio U Bennett AJ Melzer D Ferrucci L Loos RJ Barroso I Wareham NJ Karpe F Owen KR Cardon LR Walker M Hitman GA Palmer CN Doney AS Morris AD Smith GD Hattersley AT McCarthy MI A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity Science 2007 316 889 894 17434869 PMC2646098 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study provides the evidence that a primary cause of VAT obesity is lack of exercise and that primary prevention for the expansion of VAT is physical activity (Fig. 1).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 16. Obesity > 16.5 Preferential decrease in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by exercise
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Zimmet commented, “In conjunction with genetic susceptibility, particularly in certain ethnic groups, type 2 diabetes is brought on by environmental and behavioral factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, overly rich nutrition and obesity” (579).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.5 T2D was preventable 35–70 years ago
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [579] Zimmet P Alberti KG Shaw J Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic Nature 2001 414 782 787 11742409
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A summary of the medical literature describing U.S. population-based data on the incidence of 54 endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States found that the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance was 26% and 17%, respectively (202).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.1 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [202] Golden SH Robinson KA Saldanha I Anton B Ladenson PW Clinical review: Prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009 94 1853 1878 19494161 PMC5393375 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After adjusting for age and sex, an increased risk of CVD mortality was observed in those with postchallenge hyperglycemia (PCH) and fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l, with 2-h glucose ≥7.8 and <11.1 mmol/l and fasting glucose <7.0 mmol/l, or with PCH and fasting glucose <7.0 mmol/l (459).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.4 Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) may increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [459] Saydah SH Miret M Sung J Varas C Gause D Brancati FL Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of U.S. adults Diabetes Care 2001 24 1397 1402 11473076 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Risks for the following conditions increase with physical inactivity: Coronary heart disease, T2D, cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon), hypertension, dyslipidemia (for example, high total cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides), stroke, liver and gallbladder disease, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, osteoarthritis, and gynecological problems (abnormal menses, infertility).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 17. Inactivity fosters obese co-morbidities > 17.1 Obesity co-morbidities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As Zimmet astutely and succinctly wrote, “A large proportion of cases of type 2 diabetes is preventable” (579).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.3 Insulin resistance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [579] Zimmet P Alberti KG Shaw J Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic Nature 2001 414 782 787 11742409
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both of these conditions increase risk for the development of type 2 diabetes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.1 Etiology
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, daily physical activity prevents the progression to Point B, making it impossible to continue from Point B, to Point C and Point D, overt diabetes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.3 Insulin resistance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Diabetes prevalence has risen from 1.4% in 1950 to 7.8% in the U.S. (367) and from 1% in 1975 to 9.7% in 2007–2008 in China (576).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.5 T2D was preventable 35–70 years ago
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [367] National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse National diabetes statistics, 2007 2007 http://diabetesniddknihgov/dm/pubs/statistics/indexhtm
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [576] Yang W Lu J Weng J Jia W Ji L Xiao J Shan Z Liu J Tian H Ji Q Zhu D Ge J Lin L Chen L Guo X Zhao Z Li Q Zhou Z Shan G He J Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China N Engl J Med 2010 362 1090 1101 20335585 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A single bout of muscle contraction increases insulin sensitivity in perfused hindquarters of healthy animals (242, 255, 434) and in the whole body of healthy humans (230, 343).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [242] Holloszy JO Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2005 99 338 343 16036907 source
- Not checked yetcites [255] Ivy JL Holloszy JO Persistent increase in glucose uptake by rat skeletal muscle following exercise Am J Physiol 1981 241 C200 203 7030083 source
- Not checked yetcites [434] Richter EA Garetto LP Goodman MN Ruderman NB Muscle glucose metabolism following exercise in the rat: increased sensitivity to insulin J Clin Invest 1982 69 785 793 6804492 PMC370132 source
- Not checked yetcites [230] Heath GW Gavin JR 3rd Hinderliter JM Hagberg JM Bloomfield SA Holloszy JO Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 1983 55 512 517 6352578 source
- Not checked yetcites [343] Mikines KJ Sonne B Farrell PA Tronier B Galbo H Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans Am J Physiol 1988 254 E248 259 3126668 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prediabetics have an increased risk of developing T2D, and T2D's-associated comorbidities of heart disease, and stroke.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 19. Prediabetes > 19.1 Etiology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“daily physical can reverse insulin resistance in healthy individuals (points B to A in the modified Bergman Fig. 12), and prediabetes (to point A).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.1 Physical activity can reverse prediabetes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Type 2 diabetes progresses through a continuum from early prediabetes to late prediabetes to diabetes.
- Rests on an assumption: The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.
In the paper
“Thus, the risk of chronic complications that are unable to be reversed by daily physical activity increases as a function of the duration of hyperglycemia, many of which maybe present in individuals when finally diagnosed with T2D (418).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.1 Physical activity can reverse prediabetes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [418] Powers A Fauci AS KD Braunwald E Hauser SL Longo DL Losalzo J Diabetes Mellitus Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2008 2281 McGraw-Hill New York
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Resistance training also enhances insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance in a wide range of human subjects (526).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 18. Insulin sensitivity/resistance > 18.6 Inactivity/exercise rapidly change insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [526] Tresierras MA Balady GJ Resistance training in the treatment of diabetes and obesity: mechanisms and outcomes J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2009 29 67 75 19305230 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“exercise primarily acts to lower hyperglycemia by improving glucose sensitivity and mechanisms that interfere directly with endothelial metabolism (4).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Agosti V Graziano S Artiaco L Sorrentino G Biological mechanisms of stroke prevention by physical activity in type 2 diabetes Acta Neurol Scand 2009 119 213 223 18700881 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intent-to-treat values in both studies are the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for 100% of the subjects, providing data for physicians on effectiveness of prescription.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.6 Primary prevention of T2D- Lifestyle clinical trial
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Intent-to-treat values represent the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for all subjects.
In the paper
“with reductions, compared to placebo, of 31% and 58% in metformin, and diet-exercise groups, respectively (276).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.6 Primary prevention of T2D- Lifestyle clinical trial
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [276] Knowler WC Barrett-Connor E Fowler SE Hamman RF Lachin JM Walker EA Nathan DM Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N Engl J Med 2002 346 393 403 11832527 PMC1370926 source
plaindirectn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“NAFLD is recognized as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children (518).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [518] Tiniakos DG Vos MB Brunt EM Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathology and pathogenesis Annu Rev Pathol 2010 5 145 171 20078219 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“T2D is primarily prevented by primary prevention of insulin resistance (prevents movement from point A to B in the modified Bergman figure (Fig. 12), and of decreased beta-cell insulin secretion and of prediabetes (prevents movement from point B to C in Bergman's Fig. 12).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.10 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.
In the paper
“Caldwell and Lazo (74) contend that increased physical conditioning appears to be closely linked to improved hepatic metabolism independent of changes in body weight.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Caldwell S Lazo M Is exercise an effective treatment for NASH? Knowns and unknowns Ann Hepatol 2009 8 Suppl 1 S60 66 19381126 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Without the satiety signal, hyperphagia leads to concurrent obesity and NAFLD between the ages of 5 and 8 wks old, which progress to T2D (429).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.4 Interventions/animals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is an actual cause of insulin resistance and of prediabetes, and therefore, according to disease progression of T2D, itself.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 20. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) > 20.10 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Type 2 diabetes progresses through a continuum from early prediabetes to late prediabetes to diabetes.
- Rests on an assumption: The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.
In the paper
“7 days (fatty acid synthase increased and cytochrome oxidase activity and fatty acid oxidation decreased).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [428] Rector RS Thyfault JP Laye MJ Morris RT Borengasser SJ Uptergrove GM Chakravarthy MV Booth FW Ibdah JA Cessation of daily exercise dramatically alters precursors of hepatic steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats J Physiol 2008 586 4241 4249 18617560 PMC2652173 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lower VO2peak was associated with increasing NAFLD activity and with disease severity by NASH diagnosis (283).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.5 Cross-sectional
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [283] Krasnoff JB Painter PL Wallace JP Bass NM Merriman RB Health-related fitness and physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Hepatology 2008 47 1158 1166 18266250 PMC3096839 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“2 days (malonyl-CoA protein increased while phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) decreased)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [428] Rector RS Thyfault JP Laye MJ Morris RT Borengasser SJ Uptergrove GM Chakravarthy MV Booth FW Ibdah JA Cessation of daily exercise dramatically alters precursors of hepatic steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats J Physiol 2008 586 4241 4249 18617560 PMC2652173 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“OLETF rats that underwent the voluntary running had 3-fold higher rates of hepatic fatty acid oxidation (complete palmitate oxidization to CO2); lower TG synthesis [70% and 35% lower protein concentrations of fatty acid synthase and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), respectively], and higher oxidative capacity (35% and 30% higher ACC phosphorylation and cytochrome c concentrations, respectively”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.8 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An intensive lifestyle intervention program can successfully produce a 7%–10% weight reduction and significant improvements in liver chemistry and histological activity in patients with NASH (420).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 21. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) > 21.6 Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [420] Promrat K Kleiner DE Niemeier HM Jackvony E Kearns M Wands JR Fava JL Wing RR Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Hepatology 2010 51 121 129 19827166 PMC2799538 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The deduction then is 41% and 64% of mechanisms by which physical activity primary prevents CVD and CHD, respectively remained to be identified in 2007.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
plainn = 27,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“changes in individual risk factors with physical activity are on the order of 5% for blood lipids, 3 to 5 mm Hg for blood pressure, and 1% for hemoglobin A1c, in contrast to the large (30% to 50%) reductions seen in CVD risk with physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
plaindirectn = 27,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“BMI's >25 contributed only 10% and 7% of physical activity's protection from CVD and CHD, respectively (349).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The American Heart Association recognized physical inactivity as a risk factor for CHD and CVD in 1992 (183)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [183] Fletcher GF Blair SN Blumenthal J Caspersen C Chaitman B Epstein S Falls H Froelicher ES Froelicher VF Pina IL Statement on exercise. Benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart association Circulation 1992 86 340 344 1617788 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Respective contributions of “known” risk factors for CVD and CHD were inflammatory/hemostatic (33% and 21%), blood pressure/hypertension (27% and 15%), traditional lipids (19% and 13%), BMI (10% and 7%), HbA1c/diabetes (9% and 5%), and homocysteine (0.7% and 0.3%) (349).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 22. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): All types > 22.2 Known and unidentified risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381
plaincorrelationaln = 27,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“for each 10% increase in relative VO2peak, SBP decreased 1.5 mmHg and DBP 0.6 mmHg, thus showing a dose-response relationship for physical activity intensity and lowering of blood pressure post exercise (post-exercise hypotension) (156).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 26. Hypertension > 26.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] Eicher JD Maresh CM Tsongalis GJ Thompson PD Pescatello LS The additive blood pressure lowering effects of exercise intensity on post-exercise hypotension Am Heart J 160 513 520 20826261 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR concludes that a lack of RCT exercise studies exists to evaluate the effect of exercise training on preventing PAD (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 25. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) > 25.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The NPAGCR concluded that both aerobic and progressive resistance exercise cause reduced SBP and DBP in adult humans, although aerobic exercise evidence is stronger (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 26. Hypertension > 26.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these mechanisms do not totally explain the primary prevention of CHD.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.4 Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sedentary behavior is a major independent risk factor for CHD as middle aged or older individuals of both genders who have moderate or higher amounts of physical activity lower their CHD risk 20% and 30%, respectively, compared to sedentary (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 24. Coronary heart disease (CHD) > 24.3 Primary prevention of CHD
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity can primarily prevent some CHF.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 28. Congestive heart failure (CHF) > 28.4 Clinical significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sedentary men at ages of 50–76 years of age have impaired endothelium-dependent dilation in response to both acetylcholine and increased shear stress in humans (465).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [465] Seals DR Walker AE Pierce GL Lesniewski LA Habitual exercise and vascular ageing J Physiol 2009 587 5541 5549 19723776 PMC2805366 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Preservation of ventricular compliance with endurance training probably includes preservation of viscoelastic myocardial properties (absence of increased ventricular stiffening) and eccentric ventricular hypertrophy (a balanced enlargement of ventricular mass and dimensions) (16).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 28. Congestive heart failure (CHF) > 28.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Arbab-Zadeh A Dijk E Prasad A Fu Q Torres P Zhang R Thomas JD Palmer D Levine BD Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance Circulation 2004 110 1799 1805 15364801 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with low physical activity, moderate physical activity caused an 11% reduction in risk of stroke outcome and high physical activity a 19% reduction.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 27. Stroke > 27.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] Diep L Kwagyan J Kurantsin-Mills J Weir R Jayam-Trouth A Association of physical activity level and stroke outcomes in men and women: a meta-analysis J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010 19 1815 1822 20929415 PMC2956381 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Levine and co-authors (16) have concluded that prolonged, sustained endurance training preserves ventricular compliance with aging and may be an important approach to reduce the probability of heart failure with aging.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 28. Congestive heart failure (CHF) > 28.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Arbab-Zadeh A Dijk E Prasad A Fu Q Torres P Zhang R Thomas JD Palmer D Levine BD Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance Circulation 2004 110 1799 1805 15364801 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Together these are coupled with endurance training prevention of arterial stiffening with aging result in preserving ventricular-vascular coupling of compliance, lowering afterload on the left ventricle (16).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 28. Congestive heart failure (CHF) > 28.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Arbab-Zadeh A Dijk E Prasad A Fu Q Torres P Zhang R Thomas JD Palmer D Levine BD Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance Circulation 2004 110 1799 1805 15364801 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The list of associations would now have to include physical inactivity since the 2005 list is out-of-date.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“physical activity reduces the relative risk of 0.75 for fatal or non-fatal cerebral infarction, while the corresponding relative risks for cerebral hemorrhage and stroke of unspecified type are 0.67 and 0.71, respectively.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 27. Stroke > 27.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [432] Reimers CD Knapp G Reimers AK Exercise as stroke prophylaxis Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009 106 715 721 19997550 PMC2788906 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With decreased daily physical activity, increases in SBP and DBP were 2.4 mmHg and 1.6 mmHg, respectively, in normotensive; 3.1 mmHg and 1.7 mmHg in prehypertensive; and 6.9 mmHg and 4.9 mmHg in hypertensive subjects, respectively (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 26. Hypertension > 26.4 Clinical significance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Davigon and Ganz (121) contend that endothelial dysfunction is an early marker for atherosclerosis and can be detected before structural changes to the vessel wall are evident.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Davignon J Ganz P Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis Circulation 2004 109 III27 32 15198963 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“mice in cages without wheels for voluntary running had 148% higher vascular lipid peroxidation, 176–188% higher superoxide release, 154% greater NADPH oxidase, and 161% higher rac1 protein than mice voluntarily running in wheels for 6 weeks (307).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [307] Laufs U Wassmann S Czech T Munzel T Eisenhauer M Bohm M Nickenig G Physical inactivity increases oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005 25 809 814 15692095 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regular aerobic exercise can restore the loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in previously sedentary 50–76 yr-old men, implying that physical inactivity is responsible for nearly 100% of endothelial dysfunction in this group of men (132)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] DeSouza CA Shapiro LF Clevenger CM Dinenno FA Monahan KD Tanaka H Seals DR Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men Circulation 2000 102 1351 1357 10993851 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Singularly caged, healthy, young male mice had ~30% less endothelium-dependent vasodilation to acetylcholine and ~50% less eNOS protein than did five mice in large cages”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [501] Suvorava T Lauer N Kojda G Physical inactivity causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy young mice J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 44 1320 1327 15364339 source
plaincorrelationaln = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“then a prevention of endothelial dysfunction by a lifetime of physical activity would therefore also prevent most of atherosclerosis reaching a clinical level at the age of 50–76 yrs in men (132, 167) or even initiation of aerobic physical activity within lifestyle (132).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.1 Endothelial dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] DeSouza CA Shapiro LF Clevenger CM Dinenno FA Monahan KD Tanaka H Seals DR Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men Circulation 2000 102 1351 1357 10993851 source
- Not checked yetcites [167] Eskurza I Monahan KD Robinson JA Seals DR Effect of acute and chronic ascorbic acid on flow-mediated dilatation with sedentary and physically active human ageing J Physiol 2004 556 315 324 14754992 PMC1664895 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Threshold volumes are from 7 to 15 miles per week of regular aerobic exercise (equating to an approximate 600 to 800 MET-minutes), with no sex differences (412).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 29 RCTs of progressive resistance training found statistically significant improvements of −2.7% for total cholesterol, −11.6% for ratio of total cholesterol /HDL-C, −5.6% for non-HDL-C, −4.6% for LDL-C, and −6.4% for TG (−8.1 mg/dl, −14.5 to −1.8) (270).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [270] Kelley GA Kelley KS Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Prev Med 2009 48 9 19 19013187 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR concludes that habitual physical activity increases serum HDL-C and decreases serum TG.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 29. Known mechanisms for CVD risk factors > 29.2 Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A 2003 meta-analysis in children (aged 4–18 yrs) demonstrated a significant positive relationship between physical activity levels and perceptual skills, intelligence quotient, achievement, verbal tests, mathematic tests, developmental level/academic readiness, with only an effect on memory not found (172).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Etnier JL Nowell PM Landers DM Sibley BA A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance Brain Res Rev 2006 52 119 130 16490256 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of the four ages examined, teenage physical activity appeared to be most strongly related to better cognitive function and lower prevalence of cognitive impairment in old age (341).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [341] Middleton LE Barnes DE Lui LY Yaffe K Physical activity over the life course and its association with cognitive performance and impairment in old age J Am Geriatr Soc 2010 58 1322 1326 20609030 PMC3662219 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“18 RCTs (published prior to 2001) focused on aerobic physical activity interventions in older adults. Aerobic exercise had an overall effect size of 0.48 was found with the largest effect on executive functioning, followed by attention, visuospatial, and speed dependent processes (108).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Colcombe S Kramer AF Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study Psychol Sci 2003 14 125 130 12661673 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chaddock et al. (91) found improvements in relational, but not item memory in children.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] Chaddock L Erickson KI Prakash RS Kim JS Voss MW Vanpatter M Pontifex MB Raine LB Konkel A Hillman CH Cohen NJ Kramer AF A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children Brain Res 2010 1358 172 183 20735996 PMC3953557 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The longitudinal arm of the Swedish study showed that between the ages of 15 and 18 yrs of age those with the top 10% of improvement in cardiovascular fitness scores had highest enhancement of global intelligence, logical, verbal, visuospatial, and technical scores while those subjects with declines in cardiovascular fitness had less than mean intelligence scores.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Aberg MA Pedersen NL Toren K Svartengren M Backstrand B Johnsson T Cooper-Kuhn CM Aberg ND Nilsson M Kuhn HG Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 106 20906 20911 19948959 PMC2785721 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a prospective study of 18,000 women aged 71–80 yrs old, higher levels of long-term regular physical activity were strongly associated with higher levels of cognitive function and a 20% lower risk of cognitive impairment (556).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [556] Weuve J Kang JH Manson JE Breteler MM Ware JH Grodstein F Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women JAMA 2004 292 1454 1461 15383516 source
boostedcorrelationaln = 18,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moderate and high levels of physical activity were associated with significantly lower risks for Alzheimer disease and for dementia of any type (309).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [309] Laurin D Verreault R Lindsay J MacPherson K Rockwood K Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons Arch Neurol 2001 58 498 504 11255456 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“hippocampal volume is positively correlated with physical fitness in adults (163) and children 10-yr olds (91)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [163] Erickson KI Prakash RS Voss MW Chaddock L Hu L Morris KS White SM Wojcicki TR McAuley E Kramer AF Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans Hippocampus 2009 19 1030 1039 19123237 PMC3072565 source
- Not checked yetcites [91] Chaddock L Erickson KI Prakash RS Kim JS Voss MW Vanpatter M Pontifex MB Raine LB Konkel A Hillman CH Cohen NJ Kramer AF A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children Brain Res 2010 1358 172 183 20735996 PMC3953557 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR (see (412) for refs)] found that physical activity delayed the onset of cognitive decline or dementia in most studies with sample sizes >1,000 individuals, but with inconsistent findings for underpowered studies containing low subject numbers.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased aerobic fitness can be neuroprotective and can enhance cognitive function (108, 110, 282).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.2 Epidemiology of developing better cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Colcombe S Kramer AF Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study Psychol Sci 2003 14 125 130 12661673 source
- Not checked yetcites [110] Colcombe SJ Kramer AF Erickson KI Scalf P McAuley E Cohen NJ Webb A Jerome GJ Marquez DX Elavsky S Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 101 3316 3321 14978288 PMC373255 source
- Not checked yetcites [282] Kramer AF Hahn S Cohen NJ Banich MT McAuley E Harrison CR Chason J Vakil E Bardell L Boileau RA Colcombe A Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function Nature 1999 400 418 419 10440369 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“BDNF mRNA and protein expression were increased in human skeletal muscle after exercise, but muscle-derived BDNF appeared not to be released into the circulation (332).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [332] Matthews VB Astrom MB Chan MH Bruce CR Krabbe KS Prelovsek O Akerstrom T Yfanti C Broholm C Mortensen OH Penkowa M Hojman P Zankari A Watt MJ Bruunsgaard H Pedersen BK Febbraio MA Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase Diabetologia 2009 52 1409 1418 19387610 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Electrical function is increased in “high” hit older (50–62 year old) adults (154) in potentially due to increased synaptic plasticity and long-term-potentiation (544).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Dustman RE Emmerson RY Ruhling RO Shearer DE Steinhaus LA Johnson SC Bonekat HW Shigeoka JW Age and fitness effects on EEG, ERPs, visual sensitivity, and cognition Neurobiol Aging 1990 11 193 200 2362652 source
- Not checked yetcites [544] Voss MW Prakash RS Erickson KI Basak C Chaddock L Kim JS Alves H Heo S Szabo AN White SM Wojcicki TR Mailey EL Gothe N Olson EA McAuley E Kramer AF Plasticity of brain networks in a randomized intervention trial of exercise training in older adults Front Aging Neurosci 2010 2 PMC2947936 20890449 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Angiogenesis in the brain is associated with enhanced improvement in a functional outcome like water maze time (536), but not the ability to activate the motor limbs (275).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [536] van Praag H Lucero MJ Yeo GW Stecker K Heivand N Zhao C Yip E Afanador M Schroeter H Hammerstone J Gage FH Plant-derived flavanol (−)epicatechin enhances angiogenesis and retention of spatial memory in mice J Neurosci 2007 27 5869 5878 17537957 PMC6672256 source
- Not checked yetcites [275] Kleim JA Cooper NR VandenBerg PM Exercise induces angiogenesis but does not alter movement representations within rat motor cortex Brain Res 2002 934 1 6 11937064 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Potential mechanisms include the increased density of microvessels (141), angiopoietin 1 (141), VEGF protein (141), or endothelial proliferation (141, 160).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [141] Ding YH Li J Zhou Y Rafols JA Clark JC Ding Y Cerebral angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors in aging rats after exercise Curr Neurovasc Res 2006 3 15 23 16472122 source
- Not checked yetcites [160] Ekstrand J Hellsten J Tingstrom A Environmental enrichment, exercise and corticosterone affect endothelial cell proliferation in adult rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex Neurosci Lett 2008 442 203 207 18625288 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Infusion of IGF-1 mimicked the effects of exercise. while infusion of an anti-IGF-1 antibody blocked the effects (80).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Carro E Nunez A Busiguina S Torres-Aleman I Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain J Neurosci 2000 20 2926 2933 10751445 PMC6772191 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and both exercise and systemic infusion of IGF-1 increases new and survivability of BrdU+ cells in the hippocampus (323, 521), likely signaling through IGF-receptors located on the luminal side of the brain (323).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [323] Lopez-Lopez C LeRoith D Torres-Aleman I Insulin-like growth factor I is required for vessel remodeling in the adult brain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 101 9833 9838 15210967 PMC470760 source
- Not checked yetcites [521] Trejo JL Carro E Torres-Aleman I Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus J Neurosci 2001 21 1628 1634 11222653 PMC6762955 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, higher aerobic fitness levels in older women having the APOE4 genotype had better cognitive function in another cross-sectional study (171), suggesting that physical activity levels that are capable of increasing aerobic fitness are needed to improve cognitive function in those with APOE4 genotypes.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Etnier JL Caselli RJ Reiman EM Alexander GE Sibley BA Tessier D McLemore EC Cognitive performance in older women relative to ApoE-epsilon4 genotype and aerobic fitness Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007 39 199 207 17218903 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Genetic, biological, chemical, hormonal, environmental, psychological, and social factors all likely intersect to contribute to depression in women (see (369) or details).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [369] National Institute of Mental Health What causes depression in women? 2011 http://wwwnimhnihgov/health/publications/women-and-depression-discovering-hope/whatcauses- depression-in-womenshtml
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance in cross-sectional studies examining physical activity by questionnaire, two studies suggest that carriers of APOE4 benefit from physical activity (127, 462), while one does not (413).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Deeny SP Poeppel D Zimmerman JB Roth SM Brandauer J Witkowski S Hearn JW Ludlow AT Contreras-Vidal JL Brandt J Hatfield BD Exercise, APOE, and working memory: MEG and behavioral evidence for benefit of exercise in epsilon4 carriers Biol Psychol 2008 78 179 187 18395955 PMC2739983 source
- Not checked yetcites [462] Schuit AJ Feskens EJ Launer LJ Kromhout D Physical activity and cognitive decline, the role of the apolipoprotein e4 allele Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 33 772 777 11323547 source
- Not checked yetcites [413] Podewils LJ Guallar E Kuller LH Fried LP Lopez OL Carlson M Lyketsos CG Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study Am J Epidemiol 2005 161 639 651 15781953 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Morgan et al, who noted that both grip strength inversely related to hospital length stay and lower in depressed patients (351).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [351] Morgan WP Selected physiological and psychomotor correlates of depression in psychiatric patients Res Q 1968 39 1037 1043 4387891 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Epidemiological, interventions, and mechanistic insights from human and rodent studies all suggest that physical inactivity can accelerate declines in cognitive function; a decline that be attenuated or potentially reversed by physical activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 31. Cognitive Function > 31.4 Clinical Significance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from animal models and mechanistic studies can be generalized to humans.
In the paper
“An exercise dose consistent with public health recommendations in 1998–2001 (about 12 miles/week of walking for 12 weeks) reduced depressive symptoms 47% from baseline while a lower dose exercise (5 miles/week) group did not respond any better than the exercise placebo control group (150).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Dunn AL Trivedi MH Kampert JB Clark CG Chambliss HO Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response Am J Prev Med 2005 28 1 8 15626549 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and adhere to exercise (66%) greater than medication (40%).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Babyak M Blumenthal JA Herman S Khatri P Doraiswamy M Moore K Craighead WE Baldewicz TT Krishnan KR Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months Psychosom Med 2000 62 633 638 11020092 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depressed patients that participated in exercise had less of a need for medication and less relapse (18)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Babyak M Blumenthal JA Herman S Khatri P Doraiswamy M Moore K Craighead WE Baldewicz TT Krishnan KR Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months Psychosom Med 2000 62 633 638 11020092 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it is unknown whether the mechanisms of increased depression and decreased cognitive function are similar in different populations (for example young vs. old), reduced brain tissue, blood flow, or otherwise are found in both suggesting a similar cause if not similar mechanism.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A decrease in NE levels in response to repeated stress is prevented by chronic VWR in rats (142), with a threshold of as little as 30 min/day of VWR (149).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] Dishman RK Brain monoamines, exercise, and behavioral stress: animal models Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 29 63 74 9000157 source
- Not checked yetcites [149] Dunn AL Reigle TG Youngstedt SD Armstrong RB Dishman RK Brain norepinephrine and metabolites after treadmill training and wheel running in rats Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996 28 204 209 8775155 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Counter to the hypothesis, the HCR had more anxiety-like behavior on a maze test and higher levels of cortisol in response to a restraint test (547).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [547] Walters WR Renner KJ Summers CH Watt ML Forster GL Koch LG Britton SL Swallow JG Selection for intrinsic endurance modifies endocrine stress responsiveness Brain Res 2010 1357 53 61 20682296 PMC2953393 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, questions remain about the level of physical activity necessary for beneficial HPA adaptations with some studies suggesting intense physical activity can have a detrimental effect (97).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Chennaoui M Gomez Merino D Lesage J Drogou C Guezennec CY Effects of moderate and intensive training on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats Acta Physiol Scand 2002 175 113 121 12028131 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Lastly, adolescent girls with an allele for high BDNF received no protective effects against depression and anxiety symptoms by avoiding physical inactivity, while those with the allele causing lower BDNF level were protected (330).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 32. Depression and anxiety > 32.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [330] Mata J Thompson RJ Gotlib IH BDNF genotype moderates the relation between physical activity and depressive symptoms Health Psychol 2010 29 130 133 20230085 PMC2847262 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These findings emphasize the clinical importance of avoiding inactivity in the early post-menopausal period and the specificity of the lack of impact on critical bones with high fracture rates in later life (162).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] Engelke K Kemmler W Lauber D Beeskow C Pintag R Kalender WA Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: a 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 2006 17 133 142 16096715 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a first study, a 3-yr program of combined low-volume, high-resistance strength training, and high-impact aerobics maintained bone mineral density at the spine, hip, and calcaneus, but not at the forearm (which lost 3%), in early post-menopausal women (162).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] Engelke K Kemmler W Lauber D Beeskow C Pintag R Kalender WA Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: a 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 2006 17 133 142 16096715 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only bones subject to loading will become stronger as adaptations are site-specific.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.3. Primary prevention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ozcivici et al. (394) conclude that mechanical targeting of the bone marrow stem-cell pool might, therefore, represent a novel, drug-free means of slowing the age-related decline of the musculoskeletal system.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.4 Physiological mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [394] Ozcivici E Luu YK Adler B Qin YX Rubin J Judex S Rubin CT Mechanical signals as anabolic agents in bone Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010 6 50 59 20046206 PMC3743048 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In 2002 20% of runners and 32% of controls had prevalent OA, with 2.2% and 9.4% being severe.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 34. Osteoarthritis (OA) > 34 2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Chakravarty EF Hubert HB Lingala VB Zatarain E Fries JF Long distance running and knee osteoarthritis. A prospective study Am J Prev Med 2008 35 133 138 18550323 PMC2556152 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Deformation of skeletal tissues induces pressurization of interstitial fluid, producing a positive pressure gradient from the matrix to the haversian cannels, allowing bone cells perceive changes in their mechanical environment (an amplification mechanism) (437).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.5 Cellular mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [437] Riddle RC Donahue HJ From streaming-potentials to shear stress: 25 years of bone cell mechanotransduction J Orthop Res 2009 27 143 149 18683882 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participation in sports that cause minimal joint impact and torsional loading by people with normal joints and neuromuscular function may cause osteophyte (bony projections that form along joints) formation, but it has minimal, if any, effect on the risk of osteoarthritis. In contrast, participation in sports that subject joints to high levels of impact and torsional loading increases the risk of”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 34. Osteoarthritis (OA) > 34 2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Buckwalter JA Martin JA Sports and osteoarthritis Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004 16 634 639 15314507 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Current thought for how a bone strain of ~0.1% can be amplified to a 1–10% has been suggested based upon 25 years of publications by Riddle and Donahue (437).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.5 Cellular mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [437] Riddle RC Donahue HJ From streaming-potentials to shear stress: 25 years of bone cell mechanotransduction J Orthop Res 2009 27 143 149 18683882 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is not completely settled whether the conversion of the physical force of fluid flow to a biochemical signal is by means of integrin/cytoskeletal transduction of forces or chemotransport ion channels, or both.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.5 Cellular mechanisms
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity results in both gravitational and muscle-contraction loading of the skeleton and, therefore, is primary prevention of osteoporosis.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 33. Bone (Osteoporosis) > 33.6 Clinical consequences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mechanism by which physical activity has a beneficial effect on RA might be its countering the global increase in inflammation that normally occurs during the progression of RA.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 37. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The METs translate to >4 hours per week of walking (types of exercise that mechanically load the proximal femur as opposed to cycling (426) or other activities that do not load the femur).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance > Bone fracture/falls
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [426] Rector RS Rogers R Ruebel M Hinton PS Participation in road cycling vs running is associated with lower bone mineral density in men Metabolism 2008 57 226 232 18191053 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inherited genetic factors make a minor contribution to susceptibility to most types of neoplasms, implying that the environment has the principal role in causing sporadic cancer (319).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 38. Cancer > 38.2 Comments on cancer types
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [319] Lichtenstein P Holm NV Verkasalo PK Iliadou A Kaprio J Koskenvuo M Pukkala E Skytthe A Hemminki K Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland N Engl J Med 2000 343 78 85 10891514 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Studies show no harmful effects of physical activity, and some even show a positive effect in the reduction of symptoms (73).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 37. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Cairns AP McVeigh JG A systematic review of the effects of dynamic exercise in rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatol Int 2009 30 147 158 19701638 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR(412) concluded that no evidence presently exists to indicate that regular moderate to vigorous physical activity of 30–60 minutes for general health benefits increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis in those without pre-existing major joint injury.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 34. Osteoarthritis (OA) > 34 2 Etiology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The clinical significance for primary prevention requires exercises that retain normal balance to reduce falls in individuals at risk for falls (124).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] de Kam D Smulders E Weerdesteyn V Smits-Engelsman BC Exercise interventions to reduce fall-related fractures and their risk factors in individuals with low bone density: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Osteoporos Int 2009 20 2111 2125 19421702 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity, specifically lack of loading bones against gravity, will cause loss in bone density, which increases the risk of bone fracture.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 35. Balance > Bone fracture/falls
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Observational associations between physical inactivity and disease outcomes reflect a causal effect of inactivity rather than confounding or reverse causation.
In the paper
“The NPAGCR (412) states that RCTs have demonstrated effects of physical activity interventions on cancer risk factors, which further support a role of physical activity in reducing risk for cancer.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.2 Randomized control trials
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“ApcMin/+ mice have a nonsense mutation at codon 850 in the Apc (Adenomatous polyposis coli) gene that predisposes them to both small and large intestinal adenomas, thus these mice have been used as a model of colon cancer (359).”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 39. Colon cancer > 39.3 Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [359] Moser AR Pitot HC Dove WF A dominant mutation that predisposes to multiple intestinal neoplasia in the mouse Science 1990 247 322 324 2296722 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity increases the prevalence of some site-specific (colon, breast, and endometrial cancers), but, to date, not all cancer types.”
- Also stated in: § 38.2 Comments on cancer types · plain
“Stated in an opposite manner, some cancer types are not caused by physical inactivity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 38. Cancer > 38.2 Comments on cancer types
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 38.2 Comments on cancer types · plain
In the paper
“Primary prevention by physical activity may be plausible but is not sufficiently proven.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 42. Activity prevention of female reproductive disorders > 42.7 Dysmenorrhea
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Brown J Brown S Exercise for dysmenorrhoea Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 2 CD004142 20166071
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inactivity increases digestive system disorders.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 45. Digestive tract diseases > 45.1 Definition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observational studies suggest that diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder disease can be caused by physical inactivity and primarily prevented by increased activity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 45. Digestive tract diseases > 45.4 Clinical significance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, many of these studies contain methodological problems including, failure to report bouts of physical activity, UTRI are only reported never verified by virus analysis, higher medical awareness during high intensity training, contact with other infections (large marathon), stress, nutrition, supplements, and all the studies are focused on exercise not physical inactivity.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 46. Chronic respiratory diseases > 46.3 Physical inactivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“children with elevated fasting blood glucose were 3.4 and 2.1 times more likely to develop prediabetes and diabetes, respectively, as adults”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.3 Fasting blood glucose
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [378] Nguyen QM Srinivasan SR Xu JH Chen W Berenson GS Fasting plasma glucose levels within the normoglycemic range in childhood as a predictor of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010 164 124 128 20124140 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In obese adolescents only, the prevalence rates were 44.2% using the definition of Cook/Ford (113), 26.2% using the adult criteria, 14.1% using the definition of Caprio, and 12.4% using the definition of Cruz”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.6 Metabolic syndrome in adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Cook S Auinger P Li C Ford ES Metabolic syndrome rates in United States adolescents, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 J Pediatr 2008 152 165 170 18206683 source
- Not checked yetcites [315] Lee S Bacha F Gungor N Arslanian S Comparison of different definitions of pediatric metabolic syndrome: relation to abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and inflammatory biomarkers J Pediatr 2008 152 177 184 18206686 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The estimated lifetime risk of developing diabetes for children born in 2000 is 32.8% for males and 38.5% for females, about 10–15% higher than current prevalence”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.5 Adult-onset diabetes in our adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [366] Narayan KM Boyle JP Thompson TJ Sorensen SW Williamson DF Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States JAMA 2003 290 1884 1890 14532317
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“~39,005 U.S. adolescents having T2D in 1999–2002”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.5 Adult-onset diabetes in our adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Duncan GE Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 160 523 528 16651496 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The number of US adolescents with elevated fasting glucose reached ~2,769,000 in 1999–2002”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.4 Prediabetes in children and adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Duncan GE Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 160 523 528 16651496 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“physical inactivity increases mortality by 30%, or by 720,000 annual deaths (one death every 44 seconds)”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children and adolescents who are physically inactive will develop less cognitive skills than more active cohorts”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.9 Cognitive function
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Documented health benefits by prevention of physical inactivity in children and adolescents (412, 494) include increased physical fitness (both CRF and muscular strength), reduced body fatness, favorable cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk profiles, enhanced bone health, and reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.11 Summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [494] Strong WB Malina RM Blimkie CJ Daniels SR Dishman RK Gutin B Hergenroeder AC Must A Nixon PA Pivarnik JM Rowland T Trost S Trudeau F Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth J Pediatr 2005 146 732 737 15973308 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prevalence of NAFLD among normal-weight children is 3–10%, rising up to 40–70% among obese children”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.8 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Bellentani S Marino M Epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Ann Hepatol 2009 8 Suppl 1 S4 8 19381118 source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Bellentani S Scaglioni F Marino M Bedogni G Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Dig Dis 2010 28 155 161 20460905 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reversibility of childhood metabolic syndrome is rare, thus leading to high risk of adulthood cardiovascular disease”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 51. Primary prevention of physical inactivity: childhood developing adult disorders > 51.7 Atherosclerosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197] Gillman MW Predicting prediabetes and diabetes: can we do it? Is it worth it? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010 164 198 199 20124151 PMC4350017 source
- Not matchedcites [548] Washington RL Metabolic syndrome—no longer an adult only disease Journal of Pediatrics 2008 152
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the estimated nationwide cost of for physical inactivity and obesity of $507 billion with projected costs exceeding $708 billion in 2008”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Chenoweth DLJ The Economic Cost of Physical Inactivity and Excess Weight in American Adults J Phys Act Health 2008 148 163 28834464 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“lack of physical activity affects almost every cell, organ, and system in the body causing sedentary dysfunction and accelerated death”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 53. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Inherited genes and their interaction with activity levels determine physical fitness.
“Inherited genes and their interaction with physical activity levels determine physical fitness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A direct link between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.
“Importantly, a direct relationship between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Contemporary hunter-gatherer and agrarian Amish physical activity levels are valid proxies for ancestral or modern active human activity levels.
“The modern hunter-gatherers' daily estimated energy expenditures for physical activity are at least 600 kcal more than the average U.S. sedentary adult of today, as documented in column labeled “EE PA” (Table 7) (385).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from rodent models of voluntary wheel running generalize to human obesity prevention.
“Obesity is primarily prevented in at least two genetically modified, obese rodent models by allowing natural, instinctive voluntary running.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Bed rest and step reduction are valid models of chronic physical inactivity in free-living humans.
“Conversely, more extreme physical inactivity such as strict bed rest for 24-hr/day lasting 5 days (216), 7 days (46, 342, 495), and 9 days (7) is also associated with substantial increases in insulin resistance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caloric expenditure estimates from domestic mechanization and walking/standing can be annualized to fat gain.
“The annualization of 110 kcal/day is the caloric equivalent of 11.5 pounds of fat/yr.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The FTO polymorphism associations reflect a causal interaction between genotype and physical inactivity.
“In summary then, physical inactivity is required to elicit the phenotype of obesity with polymorphisms predisposing to obesity for the human FTO gene.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Amish and general population differ primarily in physical activity rather than other lifestyle or dietary factors.
“Thus, while caloric intake has dropped between 0 and 600 kcal/day in the general population it is the lack of 600 kcal/day of physical activity has led to a large discrepancy in the obesity rates between the modern general population and Amish societies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Type 2 diabetes progresses through a continuum from early prediabetes to late prediabetes to diabetes.
“While early prediabetes, late prediabetes, and diabetes are in a continuum, they differ in success of primary prevention by physical activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.
“points B to A in the modified Bergman Fig. 12”
“prevents movement from point A to B in the modified Bergman figure (Fig. 12), and of decreased beta-cell insulin secretion and of prediabetes (prevents movement from point B to C in Bergman's Fig. 12).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Intent-to-treat values represent the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for all subjects.
“Intent-to-treat values in both studies are the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for 100% of the subjects”
The paper relies on this without support.
Type 2 diabetes has 18 candidate loci that account for less than 7% of the total identifiable genetic load.
“A complex disease such as T2D has, at present, 18 multiple candidate loci that account for only a small percentage (< 7%) of the total identifiable genetic load.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hypertension precedes 75% of congestive heart failure cases.
“Hypertension precedes 75% of CHF cases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most physically active men and women have a 25% to 30% lower risk for stroke incidence and mortality.
“The most physically active men and women have a 25% to 30% lower risk for stroke incidence and mortality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For every 1% reduction in LDL-C levels, a 1% reduction occurs in relative risk for major coronary heart disease events.
“for every 1% reduction in LDL-C levels, a 1% reduction occurs in relative risk for major CHD events.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Observational associations between physical inactivity and disease outcomes reflect a causal effect of inactivity rather than confounding or reverse causation.
“Physical inactivity causes up to 1/3rd of depression.”
“Physical inactivity is a primary cause of bone loss in weight-bearing bones.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from animal models and mechanistic studies can be generalized to humans.
“Epidemiological, interventions, and mechanistic insights from human and rodent studies all suggest that physical inactivity can accelerate declines in cognitive function; a decline that be attenuated or potentially reversed by physical activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported physical activity accurately classifies exposure in observational studies.
“While many of the studies relied on self-questionnaires, 8 cohort studies contained clinical diagnosis of depression symptoms, which reported an increase of 40% in the inactive group.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The trend analysis assumes that the level of physical activity would be sustained.
“assuming that the level of activity would be sustained”
The paper relies on this without support.
Atherosclerosis results from lifetime accumulation of vascular lesions and plaques.
“Atherosclerosis is a consequence of lifetime accumulation of vascular lesions and plaques.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increases in bone mineral mass, skeletal muscle mass, and cardiorespiratory fitness occur throughout childhood and adolescence, peak in the third decade of life, and then decline with aging.
“Increases in bone mineral mass, skeletal muscle mass, and CRF occur throughout childhood and adolescence peaking and have their greatest lifetime values in the third decade of life. Thereafter with aging, their respective values progressively decline to lower values”
The paper relies on this without support.
Skeletal muscle power peaks about the third decade of life and then declines.
“Skeletal muscle power peaks about the third decade of life, and then declines thereafter”
The paper relies on this without support.
VO2max peaks at the third decade of life and then declines.
“VO2max peaks at the third decade of life, and thereafter declines”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity reduces prevalence of many conditions that are not obesity co-morbidities.
“physical activity reduces prevalence of many conditions that are not obesity co-morbidities”
The paper relies on this without support.
Exercise and chronic diseases are complex polygenic conditions.
“Exercise and chronic diseases are complex polygenic conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The scientific and technical expertise to appreciate the complexity of exercise/inactivity and chronic diseases is limited within the scientific community.
“The scientific and technical expertise to appreciate the complexity of exercise/inactivity and chronic diseases is limited within the scientific community.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity, food, and reproduction are some of the minimal requirements for life.
“Physical activity, food, and reproduction are some of the minimal requirements for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity, food, and reproduction evolved as requirements for individual and species survival, not as choices.
“They evolved not as choices, but as requirements for individual and species survival.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Modern humans have been able to engineer most physical activity out of daily life.
“Modern humans have been able to engineer most physical activity out of daily life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Humans now have a choice not to be physically active.
“Humans now have a choice not to be physically active.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Physical inactivity is a global health problem that is vital to the primary prevention of over 35 chronic diseases [1, 2].”
From Pre-exercise screening: role of the primary care physician (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“although most people know the relevance of having an active life as a part of a healthy lifestyle, inactivity is still a major concern and the number of sedentary people has not been properly reduced [8,9].”
From Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Unlike normal aging, the deleterious effects of secondary aging on the SM can be delayed through engagement in healthy lifestyle behaviours such as exercise and increased physical activity [17,35].”
From Optimised Skeletal Muscle Mass as a Key Strategy for Obesity Management (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“These effects can, in turn, promote several inflammation-related pathophysiologic alterations, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, high blood pressure and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia)100, that have been found to increase risk for a variety of conditions, including CVD, type 2 diabetes, NAFLD, osteoporosis, various types of cancer, depression, dementia and”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“physical inactivity can increase individuals’ risk for various non-communicable diseases because it is linked to obesity100 and, in particular, excessive visceral adipose tissue (VAT), which is a significant trigger of inflammation104–106.”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“However, physical activity is nonetheless a key target for health initiatives given its important positive effects on cardiovascular health, metabolism and a variety of other diseases [61], [62].”
From Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians (2013) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Lastly, evidence tracks a temporal relationship between changes in food supply at the population level (as proxy for food intake after adjusting for food wastage) and weight gain patterns over the past several decades [60], [61], [62].”
From Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians (2013) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Most of the waking time of the elderly is spent in sedentary activities, which can result in reduced mitochondrial biogenesis, excessive apoptosis, and deficient mitochondrial turnover, thus accelerating the progression of senescent skeletal muscle atrophy [13].”
From Lifelong Aerobic Exercise Alleviates Sarcopenia by Activating Autophagy and Inhibiting Protein Degradation via the AMPK/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
“The NPAGCR (412) indicates that physical activity diminishes mortality by 30% in the U.S.”
§ Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases > 52. Public policy > 52.1 Underappreciated cost
“Stated alternatively, physical inactivity increases mortality by 30%, or by 720,000 annual deaths (one death every 44 seconds).”
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Brown, J., & Brown, S. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004142.pub2 · Cited by 82
RetractedReduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Alberti, K. G. M. M., Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., Zimmet, P. Z., Cleeman, J. I., Donato, K. A., Fruchart, J.-C., James, W. P. T., Loria, C. M., & Smith, S. C. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192644 · Cited by 14,860
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001123 · Cited by 8,300
Physical Activity in the United States Measured by Accelerometer
TROIANO, R. P., BERRIGAN, D., DODD, K. W., MÂSSE, L. C., TILERT, T., & MCDOWELL, M. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a51b3 · Cited by 7,638
Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008
Flegal, K. M. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.2014 · Cited by 7,580
Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., & Shaw, J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414782a · Cited by 5,883
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R. J., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M., Dai, S., De Simone, G., Ferguson, T. B., Ford, E., Furie, K., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192667 · Cited by 5,700
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Brooks GA, 2005, Exercise Physiology
- Cameron C, 2007, Physical Activity and Sport: Encouraging Children to be Active, 14
- Cordain L, 2005, The Paleo Diet for Athletes: A Nutritional Formula for Peak Athletic Performance
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span
Furman, D., Campisi, J., Verdin, E., Carrera-Bastos, P., Targ, S., Franceschi, C., Ferrucci, L., Gilroy, D. W., Fasano, A., Miller, G. W., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0 · Cited by 4,915
Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12581 · Cited by 3,514
Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation
Egan, B., & Zierath, J. R. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012 · Cited by 2,084
Welcome to the ICD‐10 code for sarcopenia
Anker, S. D., Morley, J. E., & von Haehling, S. (2016) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12147 · Cited by 983
Collado-Mateo, D., Lavín-Pérez, A. M., Peñacoba, C., Del Coso, J., Leyton-Román, M., Luque-Casado, A., Gasque, P., Fernández-del-Olmo, M. Á., & Amado-Alonso, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042023 · Cited by 791
Metadata
- Authors
- Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., & Laye, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging (US)
- Venue
- Comprehensive Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1143-1211
- ISSN
- 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4241367
- OpenAlex
- W2135019055
- Cited by
- 2,575
- References
- 587
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 312 · 2023: 273 · 2022: 329 · 2021: 326 · 2020: 277 · 2019: 241 · 2018: 179 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 5
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Comprehensive physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR019393)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- physical inactivity, chronic disease prevention, physical activity, gene-environment interaction, cardiorespiratory fitness, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, osteoporosis, sedentary behavior, public health policy, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Chronic Disease, Humans, Motor Activity, Pharmacogenetics, Physical Fitness, Risk Factors, Exercise, Twin Studies as Topic, Metabolic Syndrome, Sedentary Behavior, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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