Cited by 285Telomeres, Telomerase, and SenescenceGenetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model OrganismsStress Responses and Cortisol

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 231 of the 231 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 179 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging

Open access

Lindqvist, Daniel, Epel, Elissa S., Mellon, Synthia H., Penninx, Brenda W., Révész, Dóra, Verhoeven, Josine E., Reus, Victor I., Lin, Jue, Mahan, Laura, Hough, Christina M., Rosser, Rebecca, Bersani, F. Saverio, Blackburn, Elizabeth H., Wolkowitz, Owen M.·2015·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.007PMC PMC4501875

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Abstract

Many psychiatric illnesses are associated with early mortality and with an increased risk of developing physical diseases that are more typically seen in the elderly. Moreover, certain psychiatric illnesses may be associated with accelerated cellular aging, evidenced by shortened leukocyte telomere length (LTL), which could underlie this association. Shortened LTL reflects a cell's mitotic history and cumulative exposure to inflammation and oxidation as well as the availability of telomerase, a telomere-lengthening enzyme. Critically short telomeres can cause cells to undergo senescence, apoptosis or genomic instability, and shorter LTL correlates with poorer health and predicts mortality. Emerging data suggest that LTL may be reduced in certain psychiatric illnesses, perhaps in proportion to exposure to the psychiatric illnesses, although conflicting data exist. Telomerase has been less well characterized in psychiatric illnesses, but a role in depression and in antidepressant and neurotrophic effects has been suggested by preclinical and clinical studies. In this article, studies on LTL and telomerase activity in psychiatric illnesses are critically reviewed, potential mediators are discussed, and future directions are suggested. A deeper understanding of cellular aging in psychiatric illnesses could lead to re-conceptualizing them as systemic illnesses with manifestations inside and outside the brain and could identify new treatment targets.

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TL;DR

This review critically examines evidence linking psychiatric disorders to shortened leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and altered telomerase activity as markers of accelerated cellular aging. It concludes that a modest preponderance of evidence supports LTL shortening in MDD, anxiety disorders, and PTSD, but findings are mixed and causality remains undetermined.

Key findings

In major depressive disorder (MDD), 11 studies examined LTL; 7 found significantly shorter LTL in currently depressed or mixed mood-disorder groups versus controls, while 4 did not. Effect sizes ranged from 0.04–0.98 (mean Cohen’s d = 0.41; weighted mean Cohen’s d = 0.23).
Evidence for bipolar disorder, psychotic disorders, anxiety disorders, and PTSD is mixed; the strongest evidence is for MDD. In bipolar disorder, lithium-treated subjects had significantly increased LTL compared with controls, and in the largest schizophrenia study, LTL was unexpectedly longer in schizophrenia subjects than controls.
“Dose-response” evidence is suggestive but mixed: one MDD study found LTL inversely associated with depression severity and 4-year duration; a longitudinal study found internalizing-disorder duration from ages 11–38 predicted LTL at age 38 in men; other studies did not support this pattern.
Telomerase activity is less well studied; unmedicated MDD subjects had substantially elevated PBMC basal telomerase activity in a small study, and a meta-analysis of four randomized controlled meditation studies found an effect size of d = 0.46 for increasing PBMC basal telomerase activity.

Methods

Design: critical/narrative review, not a formal meta-analysis.
Data: MedLine searches through January 2015 for articles containing “telomeres” or “telomerase” plus psychiatric keywords such as depression, bipolar, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, psychosis, or schizophrenia.
Analysis: reviewed studies for design, population and control group, diagnostic assessment, sample size and demographics, telomere assay methodology, main findings, effect sizes, and possible confounds; focused primarily on studies using structured DSM diagnoses, with dimensional-symptom studies briefly reviewed in text and not included in summary tables.

Limitations

Stated: interpreting LTL is complicated by possible leukocyte-subtype redistribution, uncertain relationship to telomere length in other tissues, differences in DNA extraction and assay methods across laboratories, and even slight DNA degradation yielding spurious measurements.
Stated: many subject-level variables and confounds may affect LTL independently of psychiatric illness, including age, sex, genetics, early-life adversity, socioeconomic status, health behaviors, diet, and latent or active viral infections; psychiatric and medical comorbidities and medication effects also complicate attribution.
Stated and evident: causality has not been demonstrated, many studies have small sample sizes and methodological differences, and the review is not a formal meta-analysis, so no pooled quantitative estimate or definitive conclusions can be made.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.007

Cites

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Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of studies having greater than 40 depressed subjects, all except two (Needham et al., 2014; Schaakxs et al., 2015) found significantly shorter LTL in MDD (Hartmann et al., 2010; Hoen et al., 2011; Lung et al., 2007; Simon et al., 2006; Verhoeven et al., 2014a; Wikgren et al., 2012b).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.2. Major Depressive Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Needham et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Schaakxs et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Seven studies have assessed LTL in schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders (Fernandez-Egea et al., 2009; Kao et al., 2008; Kota et al., In press; Malaspina et al., 2014 Mansour et al., 2011; Nieratschker et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2008) (Table 2).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.4. Psychotic Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fernandez-Egea et al., 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites Kao et al., 2008 source
- Not checked yetcites Kota et al., In press
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“This explanation is similar to the finding with lithium treatment reviewed above (Martinsson et al., 2013), although no clinical studies have yet directly assessed the effect of psychotropic medications on LTL.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.4. Psychotic Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martinsson et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear? Based: unclear
In the paper
“For example, the tumor suppressor protein, p53, may be activated, which inhibits oxidative defense mechanisms (such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator [PGC] 1-α and β, promoting mitochondrial damage and senescence or apoptosis (Sahin et al., 2011) (Fig. 2).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sahin et al., 2011 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“The particular medical illnesses that are more frequent in these psychiatric conditions are those that are more commonly seen with advanced age, e.g., cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, dementia, cancer, obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis (Evans et al., 2005).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans et al., 2005 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 78 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 70
Probably not a substantial claim. 19

None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of these, seven found significantly shorter LTL in currently depressed individuals (or in individuals with mixed mood disorders including MDD) compared to controls (Garcia-Rizo et al., 2013; Hartmann et al., 2010; Hoen et al., 2011; Lung et al., 2007; Simon et al., 2006; Verhoeven et al., 2014a; Wikgren et al., 2012b), while four did not (Needham et al., 2014; Schaakxs et al., 2015; Teyssier et al”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.2. Major Depressive Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Garcia-Rizo et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Hartmann et al., 2010 source
- Not checked yetcites Hoen et al., 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Telomeres shorten with repeated cell divisions in somatic cells due to incomplete replication of the telomere ends (Fig. 1), replication- and nuclease-associated telomeric DNA damage, and/or chronic exposure to oxidation, certain cytotoxins or inflammation and possibly chronic exposure to the stress hormones, cortisol and catecholamines (Wolkowitz et al., 2011b).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wolkowitz et al., 2011b
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rare Mendelian human mutations compromising telomere maintenance or protection genes cause early death and diseases involving a wide variety of tissues and organ systems (Armanios and Blackburn, 2012).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Armanios and Blackburn, 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and schizophrenia, are associated with an increased risk of serious medical illnesses (O'Donovan et al., 2011a; Penninx et al., 2013; Viron and Stern, 2010) and premature mortality from natural causes (Viron and Stern, 2010).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites O'Donovan et al., 2011a
- Not checked yetcites Penninx et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Viron and Stern, 2010
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Telomeres are dynamic structures, and LTL is in part genetically programmed, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.36–0.84 (Aviv, 2012).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aviv, 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, failure of checkpoints in pre-cancerous cells with critically short telomeres can lead to genomic instability through DNA end-to-end fusions and can promote cancer progression (Maser and DePinho, 2002).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Maser and DePinho, 2002 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although lifestyle and socioeconomic factors play a role, the psychiatric condition itself may be an independent risk factor (Viron and Stern, 2010).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Viron and Stern, 2010
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent meta-analysis, TL heritability was estimated to be 0.7 (Broer et al., 2013).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Broer et al., 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The reasons for this are unknown, but relatively long telomeres tend to shorten over time, and relatively short telomeres tend to lengthen over time, possibly due to the preferential recruitment of reparative mechanisms such as telomerase activity (TA) (Epel, 2012).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Epel, 2012 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In several studies, not only did baseline LTL correlate with medical illnesses cross-sectionally but predicted the subsequent development of cancers, CVD, diabetes or mortality (Cawthon et al., 2003; Willeit et al 2010; Zhao et al., 2014).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cawthon et al., 2003 source
- Not checked yetcites Willeit et al 2010 source
- Not checked yetcites Zhao et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some individuals maintain and may even lengthen average LTL for some periods (Epel, 2012; Muezzinler et al., 2013).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Epel, 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites Muezzinler et al., 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, immune cells that have become senescent due to critical telomere shortening (e.g., CD8+CD28− T lymphocytes) hyper-secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (Effros, 2009), which can lead to a vicious cycle of further inflammation, oxidative stress and telomere shortening.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Effros, 2009 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Also, prospective shortening of LTL over relatively short periods of time (2.5 years) has predicted long-term (12 year) cardiovascular mortality in men in one study (Epel et al., 2009a), although not all studies have found this (Weischer et al., 2014).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Epel et al., 2009a
- Not checked yetcites Weischer et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“(b) the relationship of LTL to TL in other tissues has not been well established, and TL varies by tissue (although TL is generally positively correlated across certain, but not all, tissues within individuals) (Daniali et al., 2013; Dlouha et al., 2014; Friedrich et al., 2000; Gadalla et al., 2010; Lukens et al., 2009; Mitchell et al., 2014; Nakamura et al., 2002; Takubo et al., 2002; Takubo et a”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Caveats in interpreting LTL in psychiatric illnesses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Daniali et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Dlouha et al., 2014 source
- Not checked yetcites Friedrich et al., 2000 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are some studies linking shorter LTL with premature mortality (Cawthon et al., 2003; Fitzpatrick et al., 2011; Weischer et al., 2012) and a reduction in years of healthy living (Njajou et al., 2009).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cawthon et al., 2003 source
- Not checked yetcites Fitzpatrick et al., 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Weischer et al., 2012 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Leukocyte telomere length generally decreases progressively over the lifespan, with estimates of average attrition rate ranging between 14 to 103 base pairs (bp) per year (weighted mean of 21.9 bp per year) in cross-sectional studies, and between 32.2 to 45.5 bp per year (weighted mean of 40.7 bp per year) in longitudinal studies (Muezzinler et al., 2013).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Muezzinler et al., 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the currently depressed subjects, LTL was inversely associated with severity of depression and with the duration of depression over the preceding four years (although longer-term depressive history was not available), suggesting a “dose-response” relationship (see below in sections 2 and 3).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.2. Major Depressive Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Verhoeven et al., 2014a
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The negative study by Needham et al. (2014) found that individuals with MDD who were receiving antidepressants did have significantly shorter LTL than controls, but depressed individuals not taking antidepressants did not, and the authors speculated that the former group may have had more serious depressions that required medication treatment.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.2. Major Depressive Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Needham et al. (2014)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Elvsåshagen et al found that the total lifetime number of depressive episodes (corrected for age), but not hypomanic episodes, was significantly correlated with the percentage of telomeres shorter than 3,000 bp (by two tailed criteria), consistent with a “dose-response” relationship with depression (Elvsashagen et al., 2011).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.3. Bipolar Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Elvsashagen et al., 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In that study, IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV) were significantly elevated in the BD group, and these levels were inversely correlated with LTL, suggesting that exposure to this virus might have played a role in immunosenescence and telomere shortening in the BD group.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.3. Bipolar Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rizzo et al., 2013 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The remaining small-scale study that did not find overall differences in LTL between 18 individuals with MDD and 17 controls, did find, in an exploratory analysis, significantly shorter LTL in the more chronically depressed individuals (above the median cumulative duration of active MDD of 9.2 years) (Wolkowitz et al., 2011a).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.2. Major Depressive Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wolkowitz et al., 2011a
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 18
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Across the MDD group, lifetime untreated depression duration was significantly inversely correlated with LTL, consistent with a “dose-response” relationship, although the pilot sample size was too small too draw meaningful conclusions.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.2. Major Depressive Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wolkowitz et al., 2011a
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 18
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite finding no difference in mean LTL, however, the latter study did find increased expression of p16INK4a and stathmin (STMN1) genes in the depressed sample, which are markers of cellular senescence, telomere dysfunction, microtubule dynamics and biological aging, and are regulators of cell cycle dynamics (Teyssier et al., 2012).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.2. Major Depressive Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Teyssier et al., 2012 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Elvsåshagen and colleagues (Elvsashagen et al., 2011) found the percentage of telomeres shorter than 3,000 bp (“short telomeres”) was increased in BD type II subjects (p= 0.04) and a trend for shortened absolute LTL in the BD type II subjects (p=0.08), although those statistical tests were one-tailed and would not be considered statistically significant by two-tailed criteria.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.3. Bipolar Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Elvsashagen et al., 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The authors suggested that lithium may exert a protective effect against telomere shortening, especially when therapeutically efficacious, and that lithium-induced telomerase activation might be involved, although TA was not measured (Martinsson et al., 2013).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.3. Bipolar Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martinsson et al., 2013 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since all of the individuals with schizophrenia were receiving psychotropic medication, the authors suggested a similarity of their findings with those of Savolainen et al. (2012) in a mixed inpatient psychiatric sample, which found that telomere lengthening in certain psychiatric patients may be moderated by psychotropic medication usage.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.4. Psychotic Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Savolainen et al. (2012) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedn = 539
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yu et al. (2008) found shorter LTL in individuals with schizophrenia who responded poorly to treatment but not in the schizophrenia group as a whole.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.4. Psychotic Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yu et al. (2008)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mansour et al. (2011), studying a relatively young, highly inbred population, found no significant LTL difference in schizophrenia vs. controls, but LTL was confounded by the extent of inbreeding in the schizophrenia population, and no data were available regarding comorbid diagnoses, medications or treatment response.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.4. Psychotic Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mansour et al. (2011) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The cumulative amount of time receiving lithium over the preceding 30 months was associated with increased LTL, and lithium responders had longer LTL than lithium non-responders.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.3. Bipolar Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martinsson et al., 2013 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most recently, Lima et al. (2014) corroborated shorter LTL in BD, although they lacked data on duration of illness and medication treatment.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.3. Bipolar Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lima et al. (2014)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The largest study to date (comprising 539 schizophrenia subjects and 519 controls) (Nieratschker et al., 2013) reported an unexpected increase in LTL in individuals with schizophrenia in comparison to healthy controls, especially in the younger subjects.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.4. Psychotic Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nieratschker et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 539
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In one study, LTL was significantly shortened in individuals with schizophrenia and was unrelated to antipsychotic use or duration of illness (Kao et al., 2008).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.4. Psychotic Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kao et al., 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most recently, Malaspina et al. (2014) reported no significant difference in LTL between medicated individuals with schizophrenia compared to controls, but the control sample size was small, and the psychiatric history of the controls was assessed only for the preceding two years.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.4. Psychotic Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Malaspina et al. (2014) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Oxidative stress markers are inversely correlated with LTL in MDD (Wolkowitz et al., 2011a) and in healthy pre-menopausal women (Epel et al., 2004).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 4. Potential Mediators of Telomere Shortening in Psychiatric Illness > 4.2. Inflammation, Oxidation and Increased Cell Turnover
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wolkowitz et al., 2011a
- Not checked yetcites Epel et al., 2004 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, LTL was significantly shorter among the older anxiety disorder subjects (48–87 years of age) compared to controls, and the authors suggested that more prolonged exposure to anxiety disorder-related stress might be needed for accelerated telomere shortening to be detected (Kananen et al., 2010).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.5. Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kananen et al., 2010 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In a large-scale study, while phobic anxiety was not overall significantly correlated with LTL, there was evidence of a threshold or “dose-response” effect, with more severe phobia being associated with shorter LTL (Okereke et al., 2012).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.5. Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Okereke et al., 2012 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This differed from this group’s finding, using the same study population, that remitted MDD was still associated with shortened LTL (Verhoeven et al., 2014a), and they suggested that LTL shortening with anxiety disorders may be more reversible than that associated with MDD.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 2. Telomere Length In Psychiatric Illnesses > 2.5. Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Verhoeven et al., 2014a
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations are inversely correlated with LTL in MDD (Wolkowitz et al., 2011a), in individuals with histories of early life stress (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2011), and in healthy individuals with high C-reactive protein levels or high cumulative inflammatory load (O'Donovan et al., 2011b; Revesz et al., 2013).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 4. Potential Mediators of Telomere Shortening in Psychiatric Illness > 4.2. Inflammation, Oxidation and Increased Cell Turnover
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wolkowitz et al., 2011a
- Not checked yetcites Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites O'Donovan et al., 2011b
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since such biochemical abnormalities cut across traditional psychiatric diagnoses (Pandya et al., 2013; Rosenblat et al., 2014; Smyth and Lawrie, 2013), telomere shortening may be related to specific biological processes or endophenotypes more than to specific diagnostic categories, although this remains to be adequately tested.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 4. Potential Mediators of Telomere Shortening in Psychiatric Illness > 4.1. Overview
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pandya et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Rosenblat et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Smyth and Lawrie, 2013
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Biological abnormalities seen in certain psychiatric conditions (e.g. inflammation, oxidative stress and perhaps changes in steroids or in biogenic amine activity) are associated with, and may cause, telomere shortening (Wolkowitz et al., 2011a; Wolkowitz et al., 2011b).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 4. Potential Mediators of Telomere Shortening in Psychiatric Illness > 4.1. Overview
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wolkowitz et al., 2011a
- Not checked yetcites Wolkowitz et al., 2011b
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two post-mortem studies of TL in cerebellar gray matter and occipital cortex found no significant differences between MDD subjects and controls, although correlations with LTL were not assessed (Teyssier et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 6. Relationship of Peripheral Cell Aging Markers to the Brain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Teyssier et al., 2010 source
- Not checked yetcites Zhang et al., 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent population-based study, not specifically in MDD, found that LTL was positively associated with total cerebral volume, including white and cortical matter gray volume, as well as with hippocampal volume and volumes of several other sub-regions (King et al., 2014).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 6. Relationship of Peripheral Cell Aging Markers to the Brain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites King et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without determining their relationship to neural process that are presumably more closely related to psychiatric illnesses, their ultimate informational value will be limited.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 6. Relationship of Peripheral Cell Aging Markers to the Brain
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Peripheral markers of cell aging are the only markers that are practical to obtain in living humans.
In the paper
“These preclinical studies suggest that hippocampal TA in mice is involved in the regulation of “depression-like” behaviors and possibly “antidepressant-like” mechanisms, perhaps by regulating adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (Zhou et al., 2011).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 5. Telomerase Activity (TA) in Psychiatric Illness > 5.1. Overview
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhou et al., 2011 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this study, baseline PBMC basal TA was controlled for, but potential limitations were that the active group was heterogeneous in terms of treatment received and time since treatment completion.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lengacher et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The behavioral/ psychological/ lifestyle intervention literature relating these interventions to PBMC basal TA and LTL is intriguing and points in the hypothesized direction, but it is limited by the small-scale, non-randomized, non-blinded design of the studies, as well as, in most cases, the short duration of the interventions.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: It is difficult to double-blind behavioral and psychological interventions.
In the paper
“A five-year follow-up of ten of the original participants from that study showed that their LTL significantly increased from baseline relative to control men whose prostate cancer was simply followed by active surveillance, although their PBMC basal TA had decreased somewhat compared to the baseline measurement (Ornish et al., 2013).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ornish et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedn = 10
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A potential limitation of this study was the lack of a control group and the fact that only 30 of 126 eligible patients agreed to participate in the study after learning the details and the fact that all participants were male, which may affect generalizability of the findings.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ornish et al., 2008 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedn = 126
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analyses in this study were cross-sectional, thus causality cannot be inferred, and data on diet, another lifestyle factor that can influence LTL, were not available.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Puterman et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One additional small-scale study involving telephone-based psychological stress-reduction counseling in 22 women with cervical cancer (Biegler et al., 2012), found no significant overall change in LTL following four months of counseling, but did find that changes in distress ratings over that time period were inversely correlated with changes in LTL (Biegler et al., 2012).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Biegler et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 22
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This study was limited by the small sample size (10 subjects in the intervention group and 25 controls) and by the non-randomized study design, which may introduce unknown sources of bias.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ornish et al., 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedn = 10
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The literature on exercise and telomere length is inconsistent but generally suggests that exercise is associated with a telomere-protective phenotype in leukocytes and skeletal muscles (Ludlow et al., 2013).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ludlow et al., 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The same group of investigators previously found, in a group of caregiving and non-caregiving post-menopausal women, that highly stressed women have shorter telomeres, but only if they are inactive, suggesting a protective effect of exercise (Puterman et al., 2010).”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Puterman et al., 2010 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The putative effects of certain of these interventions on cellular aging may be mediated by improvements in stress arousal and lessening of threat cognitions and ruminative thought (Epel et al., 2009b), although the biochemical intermediaries remain to be determined.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Epel et al., 2009b
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since that study was cross-sectional, though, it is difficult to draw causal interpretations, especially since the more highly stressed women were less likely to be physically active.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Puterman et al., 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This study, however, had no control group, and four months may be too short to discern significant changes in LTL.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 7. Is Cellular Aging Preventable or Reversible?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Biegler et al., 2012 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedn = 22
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In an otherwise concerning picture, findings that certain positive lifestyle changes are correlated with lowered degrees of cell aging (as indexed by LTL and/or PBMC basal TA) (Epel, 2009; Epel, 2012; Hoge et al., 2013; Puterman et al., 2010; Puterman et al., 2015) provide some encouragement, although many of the studies were small-scale, open-label or inadequately controlled.”
§ PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKING MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CELLULAR AGING > 8. Summary
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Epel, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Epel, 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites Hoge et al., 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Shorter LTL has been linked to current and future medical illnesses and to premature mortality.

79 of 79

The paper relies on this without support.
Peripheral markers of cell aging are the only markers that are practical to obtain in living humans.
“In summary, peripheral markers of cell aging are the only markers that are practical to obtain in living humans.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is difficult to double-blind behavioral and psychological interventions.
“However, it is obviously difficult to double-blind such interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Shorter LTL has been linked to current and future medical illnesses and to premature mortality.
“Evidence of significant LTL shortening in psychiatric illness would be cause for concern, since shorter LTL has been linked to current and future medical illnesses and to premature mortality, although causality has not been demonstrated.”

3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
(2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.893619 · Cited by 4,412
Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress
Epel, E. S., Blackburn, E. H., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F. S., Adler, N. E., Morrow, J. D., & Cawthon, R. M. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407162101 · Cited by 3,002
Self-citation
Oxidative stress shortens telomeres
von Zglinicki, T. (2002) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(02)02110-2 · Cited by 2,524
Highly Recurrent TERT Promoter Mutations in Human Melanoma
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Horn, S., Figl, A., Rachakonda, P. S., Fischer, C., Sucker, A., Gast, A., Kadel, S., Moll, I., Nagore, E., Hemminki, K., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1230062 · Cited by 1,799
Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older
Cawthon, R. M., Smith, K. R., O'Brien, E., Sivatchenko, A., & Kerber, R. A. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12384-7 · Cited by 1,761
Telomere dysfunction induces metabolic and mitochondrial compromise
Sahin, E., Colla, S., Liesa, M., Moslehi, J., Müller, F. L., Guo, M., Cooper, M., Kotton, D., Fabian, A. J., Walkey, C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09787 · Cited by 1,319
When not enough is too much: the role of insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders
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Evans, D. L., Charney, D. S., Lewis, L., Golden, R. N., Gorman, J. M., Krishnan, K. R. R., Nemeroff, C. B., Bremner, J. D., Carney, R. M., Coyne, J. C., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.001 · Cited by 1,071
The telomere syndromes
Armanios, M., & Blackburn, E. H. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3246 · Cited by 982
Self-citation
Identification of seven loci affecting mean telomere length and their association with disease
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Pessimism correlates with leukocyte telomere shortness and elevated interleukin-6 in post-menopausal women
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Short leukocyte telomere length predicts risk of diabetes in American Indians: the strong heart family study
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Telomere shortening in neurological disorders: an abundance of unanswered questions
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Cytomegalovirus Infection Reduces Telomere Length of the Circulating T Cell Pool
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Changes in stress, eating, and metabolic factors are related to changes in telomerase activity in a randomized mindfulness intervention pilot study
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Telomere length of patients with major depression is shortened but independent from therapy and severity of the disease
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Internalizing disorders and leukocyte telomere erosion: a prospective study of depression, generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder
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Stress appraisals and cellular aging: A key role for anticipatory threat in the relationship between psychological stress and telomere length
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Determinants of telomere attrition over 1 year in healthy older women: stress and health behaviors matter
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Accelerated Telomere Shortening in Leukocyte Subpopulations of Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
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Genetics of leukocyte telomere length and its role in atherosclerosis
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Telomere/telomerase dynamics within the human immune system: Effect of chronic infection and stress
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Telomere length in blood, buccal cells, and fibroblasts from patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes
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The load of short telomeres is increased and associated with lifetime number of depressive episodes in bipolar II disorder
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Telomere length is age-dependent and reduced in monocytes of Alzheimer patients
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Comparisons of telomere lengths in peripheral blood and cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease
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Rapid telomere erosion in schizophrenia
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Parental responsiveness moderates the association between early-life stress and reduced telomere length
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Comparison of the relative telomere length measured in leukocytes and eleven different human tissues
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Resting leukocyte telomerase activity is elevated in major depression and predicts treatment response
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Depression, anxiety and telomere length in young adults: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Genetic pathway of major depressive disorder in shortening telomeric length
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Dysregulated physiological stress systems and accelerated cellular aging
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Testing the hypothesis of accelerated cerebral white matter aging in schizophrenia and major depression
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Loving-kindness meditation practice associated with longer telomeres in women
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Life Stress, Emotional Health, and Mean Telomere Length in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk Population Study
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Shortened telomere length in white matter oligodendrocytes in major depression: potential role of oxidative stress
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Educational attainment and late life telomere length in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
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Telomere length varies by DNA extraction method: implications for epidemiologic research
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Changes of telomere length with aging
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Environmental stresses disrupt telomere length homeostasis
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Depression and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: Data From The Heart and Soul Study
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An intricate dance: life experience, multisystem resiliency, and rate of telomere decline throughout the lifespan
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Telomerase Mediates the Cell Survival-Promoting Actions of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein in Developing Hippocampal Neurons
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Hippocampal telomerase is involved in the modulation of depressive behaviors
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How “reversible” is telomeric aging?
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Telomere length and pulse pressure in newly diagnosed, antipsychotic-naive patients with nonaffective psychosis
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A randomized controlled trial of qigong exercise on fatigue symptoms, functioning, and telomerase activity in persons with chronic fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome
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The Impact of Serious Mental Illness on Health and Healthcare
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Accelerated Aging in Schizophrenia Patients: The Potential Role of Oxidative Stress
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Short telomeres in patients with chronic schizophrenia who show a poor response to treatment
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Telomerase Activation in Atherosclerosis and Induction of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Expression by Inflammatory Stimuli in Macrophages
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Effect of leukocyte telomere length on total and regional brain volumes in a large population-based cohort
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Telomere maintenance and DNA replication: how closely are these two connected?
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Chronic stress elevates telomerase activity in rats
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Do telomeres adapt to physiological stress? Exploring the effect of exercise on telomere length and telomere-related proteins
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Comparative Analysis of Telomere Lengths and Erosion with Age in Human Epidermis and Lingual Epithelium
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The Relationship Between Perceived Stress and Telomere Length: A Meta‐analysis
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Autonomic and adrenocortical reactivity and buccal cell telomere length in kindergarten children
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Two-year course of cognitive function and instrumental activities of daily living in older adults with bipolar disorder: evidence for neuroprogression?
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Greater endogenous estrogen exposure is associated with longer telomeres in postmenopausal women at risk for cognitive decline
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Abnormal glucose tolerance, white blood cell count, and telomere length in newly diagnosed, antidepressant-naive patients with depression
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Telomerase Dysregulation in the Hippocampus of a Rat Model of Depression: Normalization by Lithium
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Heroin abuse accelerates biological aging: a novel insight from telomerase and brain imaging interaction
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Wandering Minds and Aging Cells
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Tired telomeres: Poor global sleep quality, perceived stress, and telomere length in immune cell subsets in obese men and women
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Leukocyte telomere length and late-life depression
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Immunosenescence is associated with human cytomegalovirus and shortened telomeres in type I bipolar disorder
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Up-regulation of leucocytes genes implicated in telomere dysfunction and cellular senescence correlates with depression and anxiety severity scores
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High phobic anxiety is related to lower leukocyte telomere length in women
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Anxiety disorders and accelerated cellular ageing
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Pain is associated with short leukocyte telomere length in women with fibromyalgia
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The interaction between stressful life events and leukocyte telomere length is associated with PTSD
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The Neuroimmunology of Schizophrenia
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Telomere shortening and immune activity in war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
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Telomere shortening in leukocyte subpopulations in depression
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Analysis of telomere attrition in bipolar disorder
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Not Depression Is Associated with Shorter Leukocyte Telomere Length: Findings from 3,000 Participants in the Population-Based KORA F4 Study
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Longer telomere length in patients with schizophrenia
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Accelerated Cell Aging in Female APOE-ε4 Carriers: Implications for Hormone Therapy Use
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Ageing theories unified
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Relationship between cortisol and age-related memory impairments in Holocaust survivors with PTSD
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No association between mean telomere length and life stress observed in a 30 year birth cohort
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Anticipated brain molecular aging in major depression
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Investigation of telomere length and psychological stress in rape victims
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Multisystem resiliency moderates the major depression-telomere length association: findings from the Heart and Soul Study
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Hostility and Cellular Aging in Men from the Whitehall II Cohort
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Cerebellar telomere length and psychiatric disorders
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Inflammation and Not Cardiovascular Risk Factors Is Associated With Short Leukocyte Telomere Length in 13- to 16-Year-Old Adolescents
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Telomerase levels in schizophrenia: A preliminary study
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Does telomere length mediate associations between inbreeding and increased risk for bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia?
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Kleemeier Award Lecture 2008 – the canary in the coal mine: telomeres and human healthspan
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Telomere length and psychological well-being in patients with chronic heart failure
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Evidence for accelerated vascular aging in bipolar disorder
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Authors: Lindqvist, D., Epel, E. S., Mellon, S. H., Penninx, B. W., Révész, D., Verhoeven, J. E., Reus, V. I., Lin, J., Mahan, L., Hough, C. M., Rosser, R., Bersani, F. S., Blackburn, E. H., & Wolkowitz, O. M.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
Corresponding author: Wolkowitz, Owen M.
ORCID: Lindqvist, Daniel
Epel, Elissa S.
Mellon, Synthia H.
Penninx, Brenda W.
Révész, Dóra
Verhoeven, Josine E.
Reus, Victor I.
Lin, Jue
Mahan, Laura
Hough, Christina M.
Bersani, F. Saverio
Blackburn, Elizabeth H.
Wolkowitz, Owen M.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-08
Volume: 55
Pages: 333-364
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.007
PMC: PMC4501875
OpenAlex: W1733523167
Cited by: 285
References: 230
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 12
FWCI: 4.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG030424, 01AG030424-01A1)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH083784)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: leukocyte telomere length, cellular aging, mental illness, telomerase activity, depression, inflammation, oxidative stress, cellular senescence, mortality, systemic disease
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Child, Female, Humans, Leukocytes, Male, Middle Aged, Telomere, Cellular Senescence, Young Adult

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Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging

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