The DOI matches its Crossref record; 226 of the 226 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 230 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics
Open accessAbstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics, largely due to an explosive growth in capabilities in the past decade. XFELs now provide unprecedented intensity (10 20 W cm −2 ) of x-rays at wavelengths down to ∼1 Ångstrom, and HHG provides unprecedented time resolution (∼50 attoseconds) and a correspondingly large coherent bandwidth at longer wavelengths. For context, timescales can be referenced to the Bohr orbital period in hydrogen atom of 150 attoseconds and the hydrogen-molecule vibrational period of 8 femtoseconds; wavelength scales can be referenced to the chemically significant carbon K-edge at a photon energy of ∼280 eV (44 Ångstroms) and the bond length in methane of ∼1 Ångstrom. With these modern x-ray sources one now has the ability to focus on individual atoms, even when embedded in a complex molecule, and view electronic and nuclear motion on their intrinsic scales (attoseconds and Ångstroms). These sources have enabled coherent diffractive imaging, where one can image non-crystalline objects in three dimensions on ultrafast timescales, potentially with atomic resolution. The unprecedented intensity available with XFELs has opened new fields of multiphoton and nonlinear x-ray physics where behavior of matter under extreme conditions can be explored. The unprecedented time resolution and pulse synchronization provided by HHG sources has kindled fundamental investigations of time delays in photoionization, charge migration in molecules, and dynamics near conical intersections that are foundational to AMO physics and chemistry. This roadmap coincides with the year when three new XFEL facilities, operating at Ångstrom wavelengths, opened for users (European XFEL, Swiss-FEL and PAL-FEL in Korea) almost doubling the present worldwide number of XFELs, and documents the remarkable progress in HHG capabilities since its discovery roughly 30 years ago, showcasing experiments in AMO physics and other applications. Here we capture the perspectives of 17 leading groups and organize the contributions into four categories: ultrafast molecular dynamics, multidimensional x-ray spectroscopies; high-intensity x-ray phenomena; attosecond x-ray science.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This roadmap surveys ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics enabled by XFELs and HHG sources, organizing perspectives from 17 leading groups into four categories: ultrafast molecular dynamics, multidimensional x-ray spectroscopies, high-intensity x-ray phenomena, and attosecond x-ray science. It documents source capabilities, scientific opportunities, and technical challenges as new Ångstrom-wavelength XFEL facilities open and HHG reaches attosecond time resolution.
Key findings
- XFELs provide unprecedented x-ray intensity of 10^20 W cm^-2 at wavelengths down to ∼1 Ångstrom, while HHG provides time resolution of ∼50 attoseconds and large coherent bandwidth at longer wavelengths.
- The roadmap frames relevant scales by the hydrogen Bohr orbital period of 150 attoseconds, the hydrogen-molecule vibrational period of 8 femtoseconds, the carbon K-edge at ∼280 eV (44 Ångstroms), and the methane bond length of ∼1 Ångstrom.
- Three new Ångstrom-wavelength XFEL facilities opened for users around the time of the roadmap—European XFEL, Swiss-FEL, and PAL-FEL in Korea—almost doubling the worldwide number of XFELs.
- Specific advances cited include attosecond pulses as short as 43 as and 53 as, charge migration across iodoacetylene in less than 1 fs, transient lattice contraction within 80 fs, and emission of more than 50 electrons within a few tens of fs at x-ray intensities exceeding 10^19 W cm^-2.
Methods
- This is a roadmap/community-perspective article, not a primary experimental study; it captures the perspectives of 17 leading groups and organizes contributions into four categories: ultrafast molecular dynamics, multidimensional x-ray spectroscopies, high-intensity x-ray phenomena, and attosecond x-ray science.
- The text reviews source capabilities and experimental techniques for XFELs and HHG, including coherent diffractive imaging, nonlinear x-ray processes, multidimensional spectroscopy, photoionization time-delay measurements, and attosecond transient absorption.
- It discusses current and future challenges and advances needed in sources, instrumentation, theory, and computation, with examples drawn from experiments and simulations across atoms, molecules, clusters, liquids, and solids.
Limitations
- The paper states that most XFELs are based on self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), lack longitudinal coherence, struggle to obtain pulse lengths shorter than a few femtoseconds, and struggle to synchronize with external sources.
- It states that HHG sources have exquisite temporal coherence and pulse duration but are challenged to obtain large photon numbers per pulse, extend to short wavelengths, and achieve high average power.
- It notes that low repetition rates at current XFELs limit coincidence measurements, that SASE spectral fluctuations hamper nonlinear x-ray spectroscopy, and that theoretical treatment of high-intensity x-ray-driven polyatomic systems remains a central challenge; the roadmap format itself is not a systematic review or meta-analysis.
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Claims the paper makes
163 Not checked yet · 137 No basis given · 135 Own interpretation · 5 Own result · 4 Partly supported · 2 Own method · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“In the soft x-ray range in gas-phase targets the Raman gain could be strongly enhanced by several orders of magnitude by pre-aligning the molecular target [62].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [62] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that unaligned molecular ensembles have smaller stimulated-emission cross sections because their transition dipoles are mismatched with the emitted radiation. This supports alignment as a possible way to improve gain, but the paper does not say that pre-aligning a gas-phase target would enhance Raman gain by several orders of magnitude. The 6–7-order amplification reported in Results and Discussion concerns an atomic target, not molecular pre-alignment. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and strong-field ionization of CF 4 [151].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [151] source
The paper reports that an ultrashort NIR pulse induces strong-field ionization of gaseous CF4 (p. 5), which it follows with time-resolved X-ray absorption. It reports a 100–350 eV source (p. 3) and a CF4 absorption peak at 298 eV (p. 3), consistent with the claim's approximate 300 eV range. (LLM, conf=0.94)
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In the paper
“electron re-collision [171, 211]”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [171] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Abstract describes a novel high-harmonic measurement that uses the photoelectron’s excursion and photorecombination to reconstruct charge migration. It measures high-harmonic emission, however, rather than reporting a direct measurement of electron re-collision itself. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [211] Haessler S, 2011, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. source
The cited tutorial describes electron recollision as the basis of molecular self-probing (section 1, p. 1). It also discusses experimental measurements using recollision, including chirp-encoded pump–probe measurements (p. 15) and experimental orbital reconstruction (p. 35), supporting the broad claim attached to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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In the paper
“We have shown that conventional electron spectroscopy in the tender x-ray domain can be used to study DCH states: one core electron is promoted into an empty orbital and another core electron is simultaneously ejected into the continuum and detected [29,30].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University
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In the paper
“The vector momenta of the ions and the photoelectrons have been recorded in a multicoincidence COLTRIMS setup revealing interesting features such as fragmentation dependence of the localization/ delocalization of a deep inner-shell hole in a symmetric molecule [27].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
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In the paper
“At high photon energy, the large kinetic energy of the escaping photoelectron induces large translational recoil observed via the atomic Doppler Auger effect [28]”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On the CS 2 molecule, a strong evolution of the RIXS spectral profile with the excitation energy much detuned below the lowest discrete resonance has been observed.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University
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In the paper
“More importantly, similarly to the 'diffract before destroy' approach of femtosecond serial crystallography, the chemical information of the oxidation state of the different Mn compounds was demonstrated to be preserved.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“Parametric down conversion (PDC), which generates entangled photon pairs in the hard x-rayregime [49,50], has been demonstrated recently with XFELs [51].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Nonlinear experiments that combine x-ray and optical beams have been reported in atoms and crystals, and all x-ray wave mixing measurements in molecules are on the horizon [39].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
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In the paper
“The current feasibility of nonlinear x-ray Raman spectroscopy is limited by the attainable peak brilliance, limited temporal coherence, control of pulse duration, and realizable experimental geometries in present-day XFEL sources.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“Despite the self-seeding, the pulses showed large shot-to-shot spectral variations.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“The ∼50 fs long SASE pulses, in addition to driving resonant transitions, also resulted in the creation of higher charged molecular and atomic ions, with absorption bands overlapping with the spectral area of the outgoing sRIXS signal, thereby producing a strong background (absorption dips in the spectral region of sRIXS), that precluded the unambiguous demonstration of Raman gain.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“A conclusive demonstration of sRIXS was, however, not demonstrated in this experiment.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“First steps have been taken to establish coherent control [69] and the challenge now is to develop the technique.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] source
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In the paper
“In general, except for some special cases, good agreement between theory and experiment, mainly based on ion spectroscopy, has been obtained.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
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In the paper
“A comparison to our comprehensive theoretical model showed that the achieved experimental conditions were only at the onset of an observable Raman gain.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“Current proof-ofprinciple experiments of sRIXS, the building block of nonlinear optical spectroscopy, focus on optically thick samples that are specifically chosen to maximize the amplification gain.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“no ionization or fragmentation studies have been reported for large systems of biological relevance containing heavy atom centers.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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In the paper
“By eliminating a key shortcoming of XMDYN, it was possible, utilizing XMOLECULE, to identify a new ionization enhancement mechanism that involves ultrafast electron redistribution through chemical bonds [87].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] source
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In the paper
“While the former three experiments match theoretical predictions reasonably well, an anomaly was observed in 2PCS involving an excessive red-shift in the energy of the nonlinearly generated photons compared to what was expected in the quasi-free-electron (impulse) approximation.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“To maintain and efficiently amplify few-cycle pulses, our team has recently demonstrated the concept of frequency-domain optical parametric amplification (FOPA) [157].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [157] source
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In the paper
“While this extension nicely demonstrates the capability of FOPA to reach high peak power few-cycle IR pulses, the current repetition rate is limited to 10 Hz as the pump laser is based on Ti-Sa technology.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“In a first attempt to demonstrate the concept of FOPA, two-cycle 1.8 μm pulses have been amplified from 0.1 to 1.5 mJ.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“Cryogenically cooled Yb:YAG technology has recently proven 1 J per pulse at 500 Hz within 5 ps duration [160].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [160] source
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In the paper
“Using a midinfrared (MIR) laser based on OPCPA (10mJ, 80 fs, 3.9 μm, 20 Hz), phase-matched HHG up to 1.6 keV of photon energy has been observed [129].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] source
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In the paper
“For this, Fan et al have recently demonstrated the extension of the HCF compression approach to the MIR by compressing the output of an Yb:KGW pumped OPA, reaching CEP stabilized, few mJ level, 20 fs pulses at 3 μm [161].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] source
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In the paper
“whereas as an example of (2), single-shot single-particle CDI measurements have been performed on sub-micron size helium droplets [100].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] source
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In the paper
“The second challenge, the extension of attosecond science to the liquid phase, has also been successfully addressed in the XUV spectral region [205].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [205] source
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In the paper
“Very recently, the first soft x-ray transientabsorption measurements have been realized on the femtosecond time scale [151] (see also section 5.6).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] source
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In the paper
“This progress has been enabled by a relatively modest increase in the average power of the driving mid-infrared laser source to ∼2.5 W by using a 20 W Ti:Sa laser system to pump an optical parametric amplifier.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“This new technique was recently applied to measure photoemission delays between liquid and gaseous water.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“The combination of a liquid microjet with an attosecond light source has enabled our group to demonstrate attosecond timeresolved photoelectron spectroscopy.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“Figure 25 shows the time-dependent x-ray absorption spectra at the carbon K-edge that trace in time the dissociation dynamics of + CF , 4 created by strong-field ionization, to + CF 3 and F.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“As shown in figure 24, an electron hole created on an iodine atom by strong-field ionization was found to migrate across the iodoacetylene cation in less than 1 fs.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“The results shown in figure 23 [192] represent the phase distortion of the ionized electron wavepacket due to the presence of a discrete state, which decays by autoionization.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [192] source
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In the paper
“The lowering of molecular symmetry from T d to D 3h manifests itself as a splitting of the dominant absorption band.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“illustrating that most atoms other than hydrogen remain intact during the XFEL pulse duration of 10 fs.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
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In the paper
“The nanoplasma formation is expected to be a general phenomenon, as it is expected to occur whenever nanometer-size particles are irradiated by an intense XFEL pulse.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Tohoku University
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In the paper
“Indeed, to study competition between Auger cascades, charge redistribution and Coulomb explosions, a series of studies have been carried out for molecules that contain up to twelve atoms with one heavy atom as an x-ray absorber [4][5][6].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Tohoku University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4][5][6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These sources have enabled coherent diffractive imaging, where one can image non-crystalline objects in three dimensions on ultrafast timescales, potentially with atomic resolution.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Abstract
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In the paper
“A longstanding controversy over the detailed photoprotection mechanisms of nucleobases was resolved through a combination of femtosecond Auger spectroscopy and time-resolved x-ray absorption [16].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > 2.2. Methods for probing molecular dynamics with XFELs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
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In the paper
“Photon absorption leads to the coherent resonant excitation of different electronic states decaying to the same final states, giving rise to pronounced electronic lifetime interferences, as recently studied [26].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
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In the paper
“Improved spectral stability from self-seeding or even high gain harmonic generation will improve the quality of data in absorption and RIXS experiments.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > 2.2. Methods for probing molecular dynamics with XFELs
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In the paper
“The unprecedented intensity available with XFELs has opened new fields of multiphoton and nonlinear x-ray physics where behavior of matter under extreme conditions can be explored.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Abstract
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In the paper
“An XFEL pulse is so intense that it can cause multiple overlapping cycles of deep inner-shell photoemission and Auger cascades.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Tohoku University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1][2][3]
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In the paper
“The reason why such measurements were limited for the XFEL experiments (see, e.g.[4][5][6] for multiple ion coincidence) is their low repetition rates.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Tohoku University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4][5][6]
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In the paper
“With theoretical support, we understood this evolution as the onset of electron dynamics triggered by a coherent excitation of multiple electronic states [31].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Marchenko T, 2015, Phys. Rev. source
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“Ultrashort hard and soft x-ray pulses provide valuable insights to understand the connections between the initial motion and the ultimate chemical changes in excited molecules [12].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > 2.2. Methods for probing molecular dynamics with XFELs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Larsson M, 2015, 2015 Nobel Symp. Free Electron Laser Res.
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In the paper
“When an atomic cluster is exposed to an intense x-ray pulse, many free electrons are created by sequential inner-shell photoionization of many individual atoms followed by Auger cascades.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Tohoku University
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In the paper
“In the case of Fe(CO) 5 , for example, resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) [18], revealed the singlet spin nature of the photoproduct Fe(CO) 4 .”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > 2.2. Methods for probing molecular dynamics with XFELs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
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In the paper
“Diffraction from a molecule prepared in a coherent superposition state can arise from diagonal as well as offdiagonal elements of the charge-density operator.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“One notable advantage for spectroscopy is that entangled photon pairs are not subjected to the classical Fourier limitations on the joint temporal and spectral resolution.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“Multidimensional spectroscopic techniques, first developed in nuclear magnetic resonance [36], and gradually extended to higher frequency (infrared, and optical) regimes [37,38], probe the electronic structure and nuclear dynamics of molecules through their response to sequences of short pulses with variable, carefully timed delays.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“By tuning the x-ray beam to be resonant with core excitations, these experiments reveal a qualitatively higher level of many-body information related to the coupling of various core excitations connected by delocalized valence states.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“Diffraction can be extended to multiple dimensions by photon coincidence measurements obtained by subjecting the molecule to sequences of pulses [42].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Biggs J D, 2014, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. source
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In the paper
“Off-resonant x-ray pulses interact with matter through the charge density while resonant x-ray pulses interact with the current density; hybrid combinations of off and on resonance multipulse experiments are possible.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“The basic building block of these nonlinear x-ray techniques is stimulated resonant Raman scattering (see figure 8).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“They are naturally created during the passage through conical intersections.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“Off-resonant x-ray pulses interact with matter through the charge density while resonant x-ray pulses interact with the current density; hybrid combinations of off and on resonance multipulse experiments are possible.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“Optical pulses can excite vibrations impulsively.Broadband x-ray pulses can do the same to valence electronic excitations.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“Since core energy levels are highly element specific, this technique can provide structural and dynamical information with high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions not feasible with optical pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“Photon statistics [53] and coincidence detection such as Hanbury-Brown-Twiss measurements detect higher-order light intensity correlations.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] source
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In the paper
“Off-resonant x-ray pulses interact with matter through the charge density while resonant x-ray pulses interact with the current density; hybrid combinations of off and on resonance multipulse experiments are possible.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“Quantum optics techniques involving interferometric detection can be imported to the x-ray regime.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“A resonant Raman process can create valence excitations localized in the vicinity of a selected atom and probe them near another selected atom at variable delays.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“Nonlinear techniques such as sum frequency generation and time-resolved diffraction can be used for imaging the transition charge densities.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“Valence excitations prepared by a Raman process provide a much longer observation window.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“As opposed to the studies in neon, where a Raman gain of up to eight orders of magnitude has been demonstrated [59], unaligned molecular targets at currently obtainable peak brilliances will give rise to soft x-ray Raman amplification of only a few per cent [62,63].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“Changes in the dynamics of autoionizing resonances induced by the presence of a strong XUV or external optical field [78] highlighted the possibilities”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Mazza T, 2012, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. source
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In the paper
“demonstrate that the intense short-wavelength pulses open access to new phenomena and to additional information, which cannot be obtained in the one-photon regime [75].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
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In the paper
“The arrival of phase control of multicolor pulses now means that they can be designed to produce trains of very short pulses”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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In the paper
“This provides high selectivity and flexibility due to momentum and energy conservation of the interacting photons with the material.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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In the paper
“the high number of photons comprising the ultrashort femtosecond pulses gives rise to the production of high charge states, which can only be explained by the absorption of many photons from the same pulse (e.g [1,74]).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
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In the paper
“Thus particular sub-processes can be enhanced by matching the pulse frequencies to transitions between molecular eigenstates.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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In the paper
“Thus extremely fast processes can be controlled.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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In the paper
“This destructive technique is therefore not suited for sRIXS, where pump and signal x-ray beams are copropagating along the same direction.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“Similarly, a different class of resonances inaccessible by one-photon excitation were studied [77].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] source
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In the paper
“However, as the main mechanism, stepwise sequential ionization was identified (figure 12).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
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In the paper
“This challenge can be met by using stimulated emission spectroscopy with high-intensity, small-bandwidth, tunable soft x-ray beams of the appropriate color.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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In the paper
“Only for higher charges, where the energy of one photon is not sufficient to induce the next ionization step, do two (or more) photon processes have to be included for a consistent interpretation.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
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In the paper
“since a train of attosecond pulses can be constructed from a coherent superposition of coherent femtosecond pulses with commensurate wavelengths.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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In the paper
“Although already proposed in the literature [72], only recently Bencivenga et al, [39] demonstrated the feasibility of degenerate FWM in the XUV regime.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
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In the paper
“Therefore, it is particularly challenging to measure these small Raman gains with spectrally highly fluctuating SASE pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“Current timing techniques that allow for an a posteriori characterization of the relative arrival times of an external optical laser and the XFEL pulses rely on an x-ray optical cross-correlation measurement on a solid target, which typically alters the x-ray spectrum.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“However, until recently, these studies were limited to measurements in the energy domain [83] because of the lack of short x-ray pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] source
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In the paper
“However, to efficiently exploit it for revealing site-specific features of x-ray-molecule interaction, one often needs to detect the photoelectron in coincidence with ionic fragments and/or other (e.g.Auger) electrons, which is hardly feasible in the current low-repetition-rate XFELs.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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In the paper
“Combining the results of both studies enables the 'complete' experiment, i.e. the extraction of all quantum mechanical parameters.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
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In the paper
“In particular, it has been shown that at extreme x-ray intensities (exceeding 10 19 W cm -2 ), the ionization of a small molecule can be significantly enhanced via a recurrent charge redistribution resulting in the emission of more than 50 electrons within few tens of fs [87].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] source
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In the paper
“Pulses of some femtosecond durations enabled access to processes such as isomerization or charge transfer processes during dissociation [13], i.e. processes where the movement of the atomic components could be traced by measuring the electronic response”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
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In the paper
“This number provides a drastic improvement for all applications based on coincidence techniques.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
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In the paper
“In the soft x-ray regime, such a heavy atom can have a photoabsorption cross section 10 to 50 times higher than that of carbon or oxygen.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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In the paper
“Time-resolved diffractive imaging and scattering with external drive lasers [11,97] opened up opportunities for the investigation of lattice dynamics, phase transitions, and nonthermal processes.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
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In the paper
“Finally, for many interesting dynamics unfolding upon inner-shell photoabsorption, the pulse duration of the present XFEL facilities still remains too long.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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In the paper
“The experiments rapidly advanced to obtaining three-dimensional information from metallic clusters with sizes of the order of 100 nanometers [95].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] source
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In the paper
“Recently, isolated attosecond pulses in the water window have been demonstrated [91] (see sections 5.5-5.6).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] source
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In the paper
“With the current state-of-theart, coherent imaging can yield information about the particle shapes and thus their phases.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
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In the paper
“Following such ultrafast motions would require even shorter, attosecond pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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In the paper
“From the shape analysis of the superfluid droplets it could be concluded that they rotate with speeds beyond the stability limit for viscous samples.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
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In the paper
“The strong competition with one-photon processes, which are characterized by several orders higher cross sections, is limiting presently the full exploration of these new possibilities.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
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In the paper
“Proof-of-principle experiments have been demonstrated, but application was achieved due to the seeding scheme for generation of FEL pulses [69]”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] source
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In the paper
“Detailed information about the nanocrystal lattice structure and dynamics can be obtained from Bragg diffraction [97].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] source
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In the paper
“The mechanisms that unfold on a time scale slower than ∼1 fs are necessarily interwoven with (and often driven by) nuclear motion.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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In the paper
“Coincident imaging and spectroscopy is a novel experimental strategy providing additional information about the sample or experimental conditions, information that is often lost during ensemble averaging experiments.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
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In the paper
“Since most of them have comparable x-ray absorption cross sections, the determination of the initial absorption site is experimentally challenging.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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In the paper
“Since these pulses are not intense enough for x-ray pump-x-ray probe experiments, it remains to be seen to what extent the achievable time resolution for inner-shell dynamics will be limited by the synchronized infrared laser pulse.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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In the paper
“the possibility for atom-or site-specific excitation in molecules, due to the localized core electrons, provide an unprecedented basis for stimulating specific processes and controlling the dynamics of fragmentation and electronic decay.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
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In the paper
“These are necessary requirements for producing intensities of about 10 18 W cm -2 in the interaction volume by achieving a focus of 1 micron diameter.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, recent theoretical efforts have yielded a quantitative understanding of ionization and fragmentation dynamics for CH 3 I molecules under extremely intense hard x-ray light [87].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] source
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In the paper
“For investigating electronically excited states one can exploit that the x-ray scattering signal is generated by the electrons in the sample and that strong resonances near the inner-shell ionization thresholds can leave distinct fingerprints in the diffraction signal [96].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, singleshot diffractive imaging was used to investigate quantum phenomena in nanometer-sized superfluid 4 He droplets [90].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the hard x-ray domain, the same cross section ratio is typically in the range between 100 and 1000.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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In the paper
“Since x-rays predominantly interact with inner-shell electrons, which are highly localized, x-ray photoabsorption in an extended system often occurs locally on one particular atom or atomic species.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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In the paper
“In the case of molecules, circular polarization is an especially crucial ingredient to provide new information on chiral molecules.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The optical laser creates a wavepacket in the ground state, which can be probed in a time-delayed way by the XUV pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This was first demonstrated for x-ray ionization of clusters in the high-intensity limit [89].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] source
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In the paper
“Theoretical analysis predicts these processes happening on sub-femtosecond timescales [81].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Driving higher-order nonlinearities requires even higher intensities.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“An experimentally tested approach to addressing these challenges is the model implemented in XMDYN [112,113].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“However, the transition from demonstration experiments to functional tools requires overcoming some challenges, which are mainly consequences from the small cross sections of the nonlinearities and the resulting low signal count rates.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“Due to the low repetition rate, these machines are also comparably noisy in terms of shot-to-shot parameters, such as photon number, pulse duration, longitudinal coherence, wavelength, beam pointing, and the resulting focus position and quality.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the key to useful HHG was the realization that the conversion can in general be phase-matched, with phase matching occurring transiently in the time domain, i.e. at some time during ionization of the gas.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“This discovery demonstrates that our fundamental understanding of x-ray matter interactions is still incomplete.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“The basic mechanism for HHG from single atoms was outlined in numerical [119] and then analytic [120] forms as essentially a coherent version of the Roentgen x-ray tube, through a 're-collision' process where the strong electric field of a laser pulls an electron away from an atom, then slams it back into that ionized atom.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“It is expected, based on isolated-atom calculations, that such effects provide a clean solution to the crystallographic phase problem, even at high x-ray intensity [85].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main drawback of this approach is that it cannot account for effects related to dynamical changes of the chemical-bond network.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
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- The authors state this as an assumption: Within XMDYN, neutral atoms, atomic ions, and ionized electrons are treated as classical point particles.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The force between a pair of charged particles is simply Coulombic; the force between two neutral atoms, or between a neutral atom and an atomic ion, is parametrized as in classical force-field calculations.
In the paper
“It has been demonstrated that, even at low intensity, ultrafast x-ray scattering from electron wavepackets can hold surprises, which derive from the impossibility to separate electronically elastic and inelastic scattering events when using ultrafast x-ray pulses [116].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, nonlinear effects in the hard x-ray regime that involve the simultaneous interaction of multiple incident photons have remained elusive even at the brightest synchrotron sources due to vanishingly small susceptibilities at high frequencies.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“One of the main difficulties is the separation of these small signals from the background, which mainly consists of linear scattering of the FEL fundamental and its harmonics.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The nonlinearities in this wavelength range are predominantly due to anharmonic motion of quasi-free electrons caused by, for example, the v B part of the Lorentz force.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: For interactions with hard x-rays, the electrons in a material can be approximated as quasi-free when the x-ray energy is well above the atomic resonances.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only with the billion-fold increase in peak brightness of hard XFELs and with focused intensities approaching those of the most intense optical sources has it become possible to observe multiphoton processes at x-ray wavelengths.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the observation of nonlinearities that involve the simultaneous interaction of multiple incident x-ray photons requires intensities that only XFELs can generate.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, restricting the theoretical analysis to the computation of the light-induced polarization (electric dipole moment per volume)-the standard in textbook nonlinear spectroscopy-is insufficient.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“Calculations on small biomolecules indicate that proton dynamics combined with non-Born-Oppenheimer effects can lead to electron redistribution on the time scale of one femtosecond [88].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A first step towards overcoming the molecular electronicstructure challenge in high-intensity x-ray physics is XMOLECULE [87].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It must also be realized that nonlinear spectroscopy in ultrafast AMO physics is not limited to photon(s)-in photon(s)-out schemes; electron detection is equally important.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First experiments demonstrated that the peak x-ray flux of the LCLS XFEL is sufficient to saturate atomic inner-shell absorption at soft x-ray wavelengths within a few femtoseconds (see section 4.1).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For atoms, an experimentally well-tested approach to describing the electronic response to high-intensity x-rays is the model implemented within XATOM [2,112].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The challenges outlined above can to a large extent be overcome with advances in x-ray sources, x-ray optics, diagnostics, experimental design and instrumentation.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When it comes to the development of short-wavelength nonlinear spectroscopy [75,115], the challenges for electronic-structure theory are maybe even more severe.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The signal count rates can also be increased by using sources that operate at a higher repetition rate, such as the European XFEL or LCLS-II, which can deliver beams with thousands to a million pulses per second, so long as backgrounds are kept low.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“With this objective, few laboratories in the world, including the Advanced Laser Light Source ALLS (Varennes, Canada) and Riken (Tokyo, Japan) are working on upscaling conventional OPAs to the range of 10 mJ per pulse at up to 100 Hz repetition rate [152,153].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“All these parameters push the pulse energy requirements rapidly higher in moving from EUV to x-ray HHG.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“In addition, few-cycle pulses near 2 μm, together with passive CEP stabilization have been generated with HCF compression [154].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] source
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In the paper
“Driving HHG in a highly transient regime revealed the fact, for example, that HHG phase matching is realized through generation in a weakly ionized gas [128].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] source
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In the paper
“This makes it easier to obtain optimal conversion efficiency with modest driving pulse energy.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“This technique also allows the fastest charge screening and scattering to be distinguished.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“However, it has become clear that group-velocity walk-off issues limit the utility of extremely-short, quasi-single-cycle pulses for HHG [143].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [143] Hernandez-Garcia C, 2016, New J. Phys. source
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In the paper
“Furthermore, the density-length product required for optimal conversion rapidly increases.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“Another approach to generate CEP stabilized few-cycle pulses in this spectral range is through optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA), pumped by Ti-Sa lasers [155].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] source
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In the paper
“Pertot et al have recently used such a source to time resolve gas-phase molecular dynamics using transient x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the carbon K-edge and sulfur L-edges (see section 5.5 and [151]).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] source
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In the paper
“In the 2010s, the ability to generate tunable mid-IR ultrashort pulses led to the further realization that HHG scaling made it possible to phase-match the process into the soft x-ray region of the spectrum (see figure 17) [129].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] source
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In the paper
“The latter is accessed via betatron radiation [150] while HHG can provide pulse durations down to tens of attoseconds in the XUV range [148].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] source
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In the paper
“To partially bridge this gap, optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) became extensively used over the last decade.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“The latter is accessed via betatron radiation [150] while HHG can provide pulse durations down to tens of attoseconds in the XUV range [148].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] source
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In the paper
“Increasing their performance has pushed the development of lasers delivering: a) higher peak and average power, with ps to fs pulse duration, in a challenging combination of b) CEP stabilized few-cycle pulses at long fundamental wavelength.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“To reach photon energies up to keV with HHG, a pump wavelength around 2 μm is still too short.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“First, and likely foremost, the use of mid-IR (1.5-4 μm) ultrafast lasers now makes HHG sources possible for coherent soft x-rays, even to photon energies >1 keV.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“The key enabler for both practical application and conceptual understanding has been the ability to make intense few-cycle optical pulses, enabled first by Ti:sapphire laser technology [127].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] source
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In the paper
“Furthermore, with the advances realized in the 1990s with frequency combs, hollow core fiber (HCF) compression techniques, and ultra-broadband chirped mirrors, carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stabilized NIR/VIS sub-cycle pulses are now available at kHz repetition rate and mJ level [148].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] source
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In the paper
“For HHG into the EUV, simple hollow capillary waveguides can extend the confocal parameter of propagation by 5-10×, while optimizing confinement of the nonlinear medium and minimizing gas flow.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“This diversity in scale length rapidly increases for IR-driven HHG.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“After a while, it was understood that many of the characteristic features of HHG, in particular the occurrence of a high-energy cut-off in the XUV spectrum, could be understood by a three-step picture, where (tunnel) ionization by an intense femtosecond laser sets an electron free, subsequent acceleration of the electron by the oscillatory laser electric field increases the kinetic energy of the”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] source
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In the paper
“To come full circle and look ahead, the current development of high-energy ps Ho:YAG systems will enable us to further scale these MIR lasers up to 10 μm wavelength and beyond [164].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] source
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In the paper
“Soon after the introduction of the three-step picture, it was realized that HHG produces the XUV radiation in a phase-locked manner that implies the production of attosecond laser pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“As a result, the recombination that produces the XUV light also only occurs during a small fraction of the optical cycle.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“Considering the recent conversion efficiency obtained at 3.9 μm of ∼5%, a 50 mJ class MIR laser at 500 Hz is reachable based on existing Yb laser technologies.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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- Rests on an assumption: The conversion efficiency obtained at 3.9 μm of ∼5% can be maintained at 500 Hz to reach a 50 mJ class MIR laser based on existing Yb laser technologies.
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In the paper
“Photoionization can be studied by pump/probe schemes in combination with photoelectron spectroscopy [185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
What the sources say
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In the paper
“While these high-energy MIR pulses are attractive to push the HHG cut-off to the keV spectral range, the generation of isolated attosecond pulses at high photon energies requires high-energy CEP stabilized few-cycle MIR pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“It follows that the production of attosecond pulses is inherent to the process of HHG.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“For the other extreme of the electromagnetic spectra, the THz spectral range, scaling the Up allows the generation of high-field single-cycle pulses based on a two-color driven plasma source, where the energy per THz pulse scales nearly with l laser 5 [159].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] source
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In the paper
“First attosecond pump-probe experiments targeting time-resolved electron dynamics focused on atomic systems (for a review see, e.g [168]).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] source
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In the paper
“A series of recent experimental reports [185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193] showed that we now have the ability to characterize an escaping photoelectron wavepacket and its interaction with the ionic core.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“The first demonstration of attosecond pulses in 2001 [166, 167] motivated experimental efforts by numerous research groups around the world.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“With the progress realized over the last decade, it is clear that the MIR laser bears the potential to become the future workhorse for strong-field laser science.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“A crucial development towards this goal is the recent invention of a flat microjet that enables the generation of thin 'liquid sheets' with thicknesses below 1 μm [207].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [207] source
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In the paper
“The difference between the calculations indicates the difficulty of describing accurately this spectral region.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“In some conditions, the twophoton delay can be written as τ 1 +τ cc , where τ cc is a correction to the photoionization time delay τ 1 due to the influence of the probe field and the induced continuumcontinuum transitions.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“The price to pay is that we cannot determine absolute photoionization delays, except if we assume that one of the delays can by sufficiently accurately calculated to serve as an absolute reference [186].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [186] source
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In the paper
“The generation and characterization of attosecond pulses with durations reaching down to 43 as [197] has provided access to the dynamics of electrons, representing the most fundamental level of AMO physics and chemistry.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197] source
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In the paper
“A third challenge appears when multiple angular channels contribute to the ionization probability amplitude.The measured angular-integrated signal then consists of an incoherent sum over the contributions.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“A detailed understanding of molecular spectroscopy is however a prerequisite for both the planning and the interpretation of attosecond time-resolved measurements.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“These sources, however, remain relatively weak.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“To access the ionization dynamics (τ 1 +τ cc ), we need a precise characterization of attosecond pulses in an independent measurement.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“The weakness of high-harmonic sources in the soft x-ray domain has so far prevented their application to time-resolved measurements.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“This region is close to the Cooper minimum of the 3s shell, where correlation effects between the 3s and 3p subshells are important and affect the phase of the ionization wavepacket in a critical way.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“X-ray measurements at atom-specific absorption edges therefore provide information about both the electronic and the structural environment of the probed atom.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“Attosecond time-resolved spectroscopy is therefore expected to provide a deeper understanding of electronic motion, in particular of the effects of electron correlation, which defines many molecular properties.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“The traditionally used titanium:sapphire laser systems indeed limit the practically applicable radiation to photon energies below ∼100 eV.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“As with ultrashort optical pulses, measuring the group delay of an electronic wavepacket can be done by observation of interference between its different spectral components.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“The development of high-vacuum-compatible liquid microjets with diameters of tens of micrometers had previously enabled photoelectron spectroscopy to be performed on liquids and solutions [206].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the case of 3s→εp→εs or εd does not lead to any difficulty since there is only one channel in the intermediate state.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The delay τ mentioned above is actually the sum of three terms: τ 2 = τ XUV + τ 1 +τ cc .”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, in the case of 3p→(εs, εd)→(εp, εf), two channels with different phase behaviors add incoherently, since both (εs, εd) contribute to the final state εp, while only εd leads to εf in the final state.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attosecond time-resolved spectroscopy in the liquid phase will greatly benefit from an extension to the x-ray domain because water is highly transmissive in the water window where the absorption edges of carbon (284 eV) and nitrogen (410 eV) lie.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Water is highly transmissive in the water window.
In the paper
“Unless one of the channels is dominant, the interpretation of the experimental results in terms of photoionization time delays (figure 22) [196] or phase retrieval (figure 23) becomes ambiguous.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The recent advance of wave-vector matched, noncollinear attosecond four-wave mixing of XUV pulses with optical pulses is a propitious step towards multidimensional coherent spectroscopies [224] (figure 27).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [224] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The field already provides novel measurements of Auger decay [209]”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [209] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This enables the rich field of attosecond science, investigations that achieve the shortest possible measurements of time dynamics in atoms, molecules, and solids [168].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“charge migration in molecules [170]”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At photon energies up to 300 eV, the state-ofthe-art in x-ray transient-absorption dynamics (based on femtosecond high harmonics) has been used to measure excited-state ring opening of cyclohexadiene [216] (figure 26)”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [216] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The background free nature of the signals gives exquisite detail on electronic and vibrational coherences in atoms and molecules.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Experiment confirms predictions that, using longer wavelength driving lasers, produces phasematched emission to shorter wavelengths for fully phase-matched HHG in weakly ionized gasses[129].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“autoionization [210]”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [210] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Excitation of the molecule with ultraviolet light leads to strong oxygen 1s-n absorption due to the half-full oxygen lone-pair orbital n.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, unless the measurements involve a field-dependent process, such as strong-field excitation or ionization, or photoelectron streaking detection, the methods can be limited by the time duration of the optical pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In solids, excitations across band gaps in basic semiconductors provide a clear separation of timescales for electronic processes versus phonon-mediated events [218]”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [218] Cushing S K
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These developments now bring attosecond x-ray spectroscopy within reach.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Controlled modification of lineshapes from Lorentz to Fano [220] is found to be a natural result of the phase imparted by the optical pulse.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [220] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transient absorption in the XUV or x-ray region is uniquely suited to the investigation of core-level transitions and higher lying states near and above ionization continua.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Attosecond transient reflectivity in the XUV and x-ray regions of the spectrum offers promise to provide the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric function in excitedstate materials [225].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [225] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“attosecond pulses as short as 53 attoseconds in the XUV or x-ray spectral regions, are reported [208].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [208] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To perform any type of traditional pump-probe measurement requires marriage of attosecond pulses with few-cycle carrier-envelope-phase stabilized optical pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“allowing mechanisms and timescales to be established for insulator-to-metal transitions [219].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [219] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Already the noncollinear FWM method provides a significant advantage for unraveling what states are coupled by the optical pulse to generate the phase-matched signals.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The strong-field ionization of an atom to two different spin-orbit states reveals that there can be several hundred attosecond time differences in the appearance of one spin-orbit state versus the other [217]”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [217] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Remarkable results for photoemission delays from orbitals, electronic timescales of dielectric properties [213] and band gap excitation [214] provide compelling evidence that attosecond methods will continue to address new frontiers in dynamics.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“electronic superpositions [212]”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [212] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 133
- Probably not a substantial claim. 133
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Optical light pulses can excite the nanoparticle as a whole and x-ray pulses can be used to induce localized, element-specific excitations [101].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [101] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory discussion states that X-ray absorption creates a hole localized at a specific atomic site and describes site-specific X-ray excitation. It mentions nanoparticles as systems that respond to X-ray absorption, but its experiment uses XeF₂ molecules; our copy does not address the claim that optical pulses excite a nanoparticle as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, high-energy MIR lasers are also ideal for direct electron acceleration to generate sub-cycle electron bunches [162] and incoherent sub-100 fs hard x-ray pulses [163] for ultrafast diffraction imaging.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [162] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports simulated direct laser acceleration producing a 730-as electron bunch (p. 2), supporting the sub-cycle electron-bunch portion cited as [162]. Its modeled laser has a wavelength of 800 nm (p. 2), not MIR, so it does not establish that high-energy MIR lasers are ideal for this purpose. The hard-x-ray-pulse portion is attached to a different citation, [163], and is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked yetcites [163] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Photon-ion and Auger electron-ion coincidences are, for the moment, impossible to measure in this energy domain because the luminosity of the x-ray or electron spectrometers are not high enough.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the carbon K-edge XFELs produce many orders of magnitude more photons/pulse/1% bandwidth than HHG sources.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Linda Young
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite the ultrahigh intensities necessary for realizing stimulated x-ray emission (10 17 -10 18 W cm -2 in the soft and 10 19 -10 20 W cm -2 in the hard x-ray range), amplified spontaneous x-ray emission [58] and stimulated resonant inelastic x-ray Raman scattering (sRIXS) [59] have been demonstrated in atomic Ne in the soft x-ray spectral range.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We, however, demonstrated that post-sorting the pair of pulses according to their total pulse energy and the electron-beam energy resulted in very stable, reproducible spectral averages, so that relative differences of >5% are measurable using this pulse combination [63].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Schemes have been developed to create multipulse and polychromatic radiation, and FEL light has been used to pump atomic lasers in the x-ray region [58,68].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, the probability for fluorescent decay in the soft x-ray range is below 1%, and this represents a challenge for signal detection.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The probability for fluorescent decay in the soft x-ray range is below 1%.
In the paper
“The LCLS was specified to produce 200 fs pulses, but soon produced few fs pulses [67].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spectrometers are also inefficient (typical acceptance <10 -5 of the full solid angle), so soft x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) or RIXS are experiments where single photons have to be counted for hours in order to obtain useful information.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“coherent FEL, as the light possesses the full longitudinal coherence missing from SASE FELs [69].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recently, FOPA has been modified and pumped by 250 mJ ps pulses, delivering ∼30 mJ two-cycle, 1.8 μm pulses [158], representing ∼2.5 TW of peak power.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This sets a narrow optimum operating range that, depending on the gas and laser wavelength, results in conversion efficiency approaching 10 -3 for the VUV, decreasing slowly to ∼10 -7 for soft x-ray generation using mid-IR lasers.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With these OPA/OPCPA sources, half-cycle cut-offs in the water window spectral range have been observed, confirming the generation of isolated attosecond x-ray pulses in the water window [155,156].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As an example of (1), we have measured ionization and recombination dynamics in large rare-gas clusters [182,183] and have observed XUV-induced Rabi oscillations in two-color double ionization of Ar [184]”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While early HHG sources typically allowed the generation of focused XUV intensities <10 11 W cm -2 , significant progress in the last few years has allowed the production of intensities well beyond 10 12 W cm -2 .”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Figure 22 shows the difference in the time delays corresponding to ionization in the 3s and 3p ionization of argon [187].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [187] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many cases, τ cc can be accurately calculated (e.g. in the case shown in figure 22, its contribution amounts to -70 as).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The calculations agree well with each other and with the experimental results for sideband 22 (34 eV) and 24 (37 eV) but deviate for sideband 26 (40 eV).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that in the case presented above, the 3p→εd channel is mostly dominant.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It becomes very large at low kinetic energies, thus preventing precise time delay measurements [188,190].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“Phase variation of sideband 16 as a function of the energy of harmonic 17, close to the 3s -1 4p quasibound state.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [192] source
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In the paper
“Measured difference in photoionization time delays from the 3s and 3p shells in Ar (solid dots).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“X-ray fs identification of the key transition state labeled 2 A, blue points, for ring opening of cyclohexadiene.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [216] source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We can then have access to the different states converging toward DCH states and determine their core-hole lifetimes.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University
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In the paper
“Because a number of electrons escape from the cluster, the cluster becomes highly charged and starts trapping electrons that are emitted from the individual atoms.A nanoplasma is thus formed.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Tohoku University
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In the paper
“Rovibronic wavepackets in iodine, metal compounds in liquids and organic ring openings have all been observed with unprecedented time resolution [10,19,20].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > 2.2. Methods for probing molecular dynamics with XFELs
What the sources say
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In the paper
“HHG provides unprecedented time resolution (∼50 attoseconds) and a correspondingly large coherent bandwidth at longer wavelengths.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Abstract
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In the paper
“Because of the short core-hole lifetimes and large kinetic energies of the emitted Auger electrons, just above threshold large post collision interactions (Coulomb interactions between the photoelectron, Auger and the ion) as well as recapture of the photoelectron have been observed [23].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Piancastelli M N, 2017, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Raising the hard x-ray cut-off energy of x-ray FELs will increase the spatial resolution of scattering measurements, opening a path to measure both motion and transient geometries in excited states such as molecules approaching conical intersections.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > 2.2. Methods for probing molecular dynamics with XFELs
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Competitions between sequential photoemission and Auger cascades have been studied extensively using rare-gas atoms as a target [1][2][3].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Tohoku University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1][2][3]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics, largely due to an explosive growth in capabilities in the past decade.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Abstract
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unprecedented time resolution and pulse synchronization provided by HHG sources has kindled fundamental investigations of time delays in photoionization, charge migration in molecules, and dynamics near conical intersections that are foundational to AMO physics and chemistry.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Abstract
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In the paper
“Because of the cascade Auger effect, the ultrafast nuclear motion occurring in the first intermediate state is amplified through the different dissociative intermediate states and leads to the ultrafast dissociation as illustrated in figure 6: the Auger electron is emitted by the fragment and not by the molecule [24,25].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University
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In the paper
“X-ray imaging experiments for rare-gas clusters have also been combined with optical laser-pump techniques and have just started to probe the structural evolution of clusters heated by an optical laser [11].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Tohoku University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“XFELs now provide unprecedented intensity (10 20 W cm -2 ) of x-rays at wavelengths down to ∼1 Ångstrom”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Abstract
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“X-ray diffraction experiments of isolated molecules in photoreaction have, however, become feasible in the last few years [10], demonstrating that watching atomic motion in an isolated molecule is no longer a dream.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Tohoku University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With these modern x-ray sources one now has the ability to focus on individual atoms, even when embedded in a complex molecule, and view electronic and nuclear motion on their intrinsic scales (attoseconds and Ångstroms).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Abstract
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, x-ray techniques can be designed by learning lessons from the visible and infrared regimes.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They are further limited to XUV and soft x-ray <1 keV.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar to optical nonlinear spectroscopy, by carefully choosing the time order, frequencies and propagation direction of a series of x-ray pulses, different x-ray nonlinear response diagrams contributing to higher-order susceptibility can be addressed that probe electron dynamics with high temporal and spatial resolution, and give novel insight into dynamical properties of electronic coherence.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“The short correlation time of noisy light sources has been exploited in the optical regime to perform femtosecond experiments with stochastic nanosecond light, see chapter 10 in [37].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Mukamel S, 1995, Principles of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A combination of broadband (femtosecond) and narrowband (picosecond) pulses has proven to provide an optimal temporal and spectral resolution in Raman spectroscopy in the optical regime.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Time-resolved, off-resonant scattering (diffraction) provides movie-like snapshots of the charge density.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These signals offer new powerful windows into many-body effects in electron and nuclear dynamics.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The former, known as charge densities, are obtained in conventional diffraction and used to probe the structure of molecules in a given electronic state.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conventional nonlinear spectroscopy uses classical light to detect matter properties through the variation of its response with frequencies or time delays.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The design and interpretation of nonlinear spectroscopy of core and valence excitations pose enormous theoretical and simulation challenges.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By using femtosecond to attosecond x-ray pulses resonant with core transitions in selected atoms, these techniques can be extended to probing core electronic states and couplings, the real-time tracking of impulsively created valence electronic wavepackets and electronic coherences.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apart from the direct study of core excitations, core resonant excitations offer a fast and versatile way to trigger valence electronic excitations impulsively at selected positions and times and monitor their subsequent dynamics via stimulated Raman processes.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“At conical intersections, the energy splitting of the electronic states involved in the coherence can be read from the Raman shift and the coherent oscillation period reveals this time-dependent level splitting averaged over the nuclear wavepacket [43].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The complex nature of excited-state dynamics leads to characteristic patterns in nonlinear 2D correlation plots, which provide signatures of strongly coupled electron and nuclear dynamics.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many experiments use the HHG field itself as the signal [41].Such signals are robust but harder to interpret than, e.g., a pumpprobe, since the spectroscopic information is convoluted with the HHG multistep mechanism.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“X-ray pulses produced via high-harmonic generation are easier to create and of much higher quality than XFEL pulses, but they are of significantly lower intensity, making it harder to use them in higher-order nonlinear spectroscopies.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Historically, stimulated Raman has been the most robust nonlinear optical technique.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The key nonlinear optical spectroscopy experiments were based on earlier ideas developed and implemented in radio waves (NMR).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The latter, known as transition charge densities, are associated with electronic and vibrational coherence and carry additional dynamical information about electronic excitations and their delocalization [44].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nonlinear response of valence electrons to multiple cores excited at variable delays provides a unique window into electron structure and correlations.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same idea can be extended by combining attosecond (HHG) and femtosecond (FEL) x-ray pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These require singlemolecule photon counting and provide information on charge fluctuations through multi-point correlation functions of the charge density.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tunable, intense attosecond x-ray pulses can probe such ultrafast processes and reveal the nature of elementary photophysical and photochemical events [41].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notable advantages of Raman signals are that they do not require phase control of the pulses and their ability to probe valence excitations that are more chemically relevant than core excitations.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thanks to their broad bandwidth (10 eV for a 100 attosecond pulse), x-ray pulses can create coherent superpositions of a large number of electronic and vibrational states that are localized at a target atom, and monitor their evolution on a very short time scale.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Optical pulses can excite vibrations impulsively.Broadband x-ray pulses can do the same to valence electronic excitations.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonlinear x-ray spectroscopies can track the ultrafast passage through conical intersections and reveal the time evolution and couplings of electronic coherences.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Resonant core transitions provide a short time window, limited by the core lifetime.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note an important qualitative difference: coherent multidimensional spectroscopy involves several perturbations followed by a single measurement, whereas multidimensional diffraction consists of a series of measurements.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“Quantum light opens up new avenues for spectroscopy by utilizing parameters of the quantum state of light as novel control knobs and through the variation of photon statistics by coupling to quantum light.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Historically, coherent nonlinear spectroscopy have gradually evolved towards higher frequency regimes as phase control of the relevant light sources became feasible.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Irvine
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In the paper
“In contrast to the more sophisticated nonlinear spectroscopies involving higher-order x-ray susceptibilities, the direct signal of stimulated Raman scattering is not background free and measured in homodyne detection with the transmitted x-ray probe beam that stimulates the Stokes transition.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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In the paper
“Among wave mixing processes, four-wave mixing (FWM) has a special place, since it is at the basis of most experimental methods, besides being the lowest order nonlinear process that does not vanish by reason of sample symmetry considerations.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In nonlinear ultrafast timeresolved techniques, state-specific information is often provided through multiphoton resonances with combinations of sequential photons.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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In the paper
“Since the first short-wavelength FEL FLASH began operation in Hamburg [66], development has been very rapid.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Tiedtke K, 2009, New J. Phys. source
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In the paper
“Direct two-photon processes have been observed in the manifestation of above threshold ionization [75] and formation of double core hole states [76].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
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In the paper
“Extending FWM to the XUV and soft x-ray regime would open up the possibility to probe the sample with chemical selectivity exploiting electronic resonances.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“FWM with optical lasers is an important technique, which can be used in fields as diverse as combustion science [70] and molecular spectroscopy [71].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, in the course of the sRIXS process in optically thick samples, the x-ray pulses are generally heavily attenuated.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The different nonlinear processes can typically be ordered by the number of incident photons: sum frequency generation, two-photon absorption, and stimulated emission use two photons; other nonlinear x-ray phenomena, such as time-resolved transient gratings (XUV-TG) or four-wave mixing (XUV-FWM) spectroscopy, use three incoming photons.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fluorescent decays in the soft x-ray region allow unique access to the structure of the occupied valence states, while keeping the element selectivity and chemical state specificity of soft x-ray spectroscopies.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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In the paper
“With such techniques, two to three orders of magnitude in the signal levels can be gained through the suppression of Auger processes, while the beam directed into the spectrometer promises to gain about five orders of magnitude in detected signal levels-clearly having the potential to revolutionize how we can study matter with XES or RIXS based spectroscopies.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high pulse energies available ensure that nonlinear optics can cross the frontier into this new wavelength range.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A stimulated beam containing the same information as a fluorescence spectrum can be formed-both mitigating the low acceptance angle of the spectrometers, and suppressing the dominating Auger decays that also create electronic damage to the sample.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the quantum mechanical world this can be done by the established methods of coherent control (figure 10).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would allow monitoring charge and energy transfer and understanding photodynamics.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonlinear spectra can be either obtained by applying two sub-fs pulses tuned to specific absorption edges of the molecule of interest and measuring the integrated Raman gain of the second probe pulse as a function of the sample delay time.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Optical coherent control is temporally limited to pulses that are several times the duration of an optical cycle, which is several femtoseconds.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The x-ray optical cross-correlation measurement relies on a change of index of refraction of an insulator by the x-ray pulse and typically requires an unattenuated x-ray beam.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > CFEL/DESY and University of Hamburg
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Free-electron lasers (FELs) are extending laboratory laser experiments to shorter wavelengths, and adding element and chemical state specificity by exciting and probing electronic transitions from core levels.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depending on the different types of nonlinear x-ray spectroscopy, different pulse sequences are necessary.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the XUV to x-ray range, the periods are from hundreds to a few attoseconds.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When this approach is developed for FELs, the new frontiers opened up include control of inner valence and core levels, and consequently chemical sensitivity.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theoretically, combinations of multiple x-ray photons resonant with core transitions can also characterize different excitation processes due to specific sequences of light-matter interaction.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, for two-or multiphoton processes, the absorption of each additional photon triggers similar dynamics now unfolding on a modified set of ionic potential surfaces.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The controlled production of the FEL pulses also enables the control of the spectral phase of the pulses and few attosecond temporal resolution was realized in an experiment using the interference between ionization processes induced by two-photon absorption of the fundamental radiation and one-photon absorption of the second harmonics.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of focusing mirrors has also strongly increased and it is possible to fabricate extremely large mirrors (80 cm length) with ultrahigh surface flatness (50 nrad).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specially designed 1D imaging fluorescence spectrometers, enabling probing of the interaction of a dense molecular target with the intense XUV radiation in the direction of the FEL propagation, open up new and unique access to studies of nonlinear phenomena and their temporal evolution.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The situation has changed with the development of XFELs and high harmonic based sources capable of delivering femtosecond or even sub-femtosecond x-ray pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“at shorter wavelength the general application of the direct multiphoton process is still a challenge, although the feasibility and potential has been demonstrated [75][76][77].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75][76][77]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The spatial information from single-shot imaging experiments [89,90,92,[93][94][95] can be used to investigate particle nucleation and growth processes, morphologies of larger nanoparticle assemblies, exotic symmetries in reduced-dimensional systems, as well as phase mixes and phase separations on the nanoscale.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89,90,92,[93][94][95]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most of the typical XFEL targets, in particular, organic molecules, mainly consist of light elements.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The first proof-of-principle experiments for single-shot imaging of single nanometer-sized samples in the gas phase (figure 15) were targeted at determining cluster shapes and sizes [92], the morphologies of cluster assemblies [93], and imaging biological specimens [94].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The attosecond regime comes into reach through techniques like THz streaking allowing setting a very precise time marker and identifying pulses with subfemtosecond durations [80].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two-photon process explores, therefore, different Franck-Condon areas and gives access to different molecular geometries and dissociation dynamics.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HHG pulses are becoming intense enough to not only initiate the dynamics, but also to efficiently probe the reactions driven by a synchronized laser.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, high-resolution electron spectroscopy and the determination of the electron angular distributions for high kinetic energy electrons have been successfully developed.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in general, there can be a variety of pathways driving charge dynamics in such a core-ionized state.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under these conditions, even a single heavy atom constituent can significantly alter the total energy deposition in a large macromolecule and cause increased local radiation damage.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following this initial photoabsorption step, the induced charge and deposited energy can be efficiently redistributed to the neighboring atoms.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In atomic multiphoton processes, symmetries of resonances and of outgoing electrons depend on the polarization state of the linearly and circularly polarized light.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Massively parallel computing models can now describe the complete x-ray induced process from ionization to inner-vacancy decays, to elastic and inelastic scattering processes, and give guidance on optimized imaging parameters [98].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Doping the droplets with xenon, which acted akin to an x-ray contrast agent, it was possible to show that quantum vortices exist inside the droplets and that they form lattices with densities up to five orders of magnitude higher than in bulk superfluid helium.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The time scale of such a charge rearrangement can vary from sub-femtosecond to a few femtoseconds, depending on the particular mechanism.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is observable in the x-ray diffraction patterns from biological objects containing, e.g., sulfur, selenium, and iodine atoms [84], or heavy metal centers, and can be exploited for phasing of the acquired diffraction data [85].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“while the few-fs transfer dynamics of a double valence hole [88] created by core-shell ionization and subsequent Auger decay might be barely accessible with the few-fs pulses available at the LCLS, sub-fs charge migration discussed in [81] is currently beyond reach.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > J R Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main and, up to now, unique characteristic of the European XFEL is the high number of photon pulses, namely 27 000 pulses per second.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > European XFEL GmbH
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, strong correlations affect the electronic structure of multiradical species, which are unavoidably formed when molecules are exposed to high-intensity x-ray pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The HHG process makes it possible to generate light spanning UV to x-ray wavelengths using table-top-scale ultrafast lasers, with unprecedented temporal and spatial coherence.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, the nonlinearly induced current at the second harmonic scales as ω -2 (and thus the polarization as ω -3 ), which for x-ray wavelengths is considerably more efficient than the anharmonicities in the atomic potential.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For interactions with hard x-rays, the electrons in a material can be approximated as quasi-free when the x-ray energy is well above the atomic resonances.
In the paper
“The coincident imaging and spectroscopy approach [89] can be extended to a wide range of applications.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In HHG, an intense femtosecond laser pulse is focused into a gas to create a nanoscale quantum antenna during the process of strong field ionization, thereby upconverting laser light to much shorter wavelengths.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to the systems available to date the dynamic range needs to be improved to span more than four orders of magnitude from the intense center of the coherent image to the single-photon signal levels at large scattering angles.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A combination of monochromators and grazing incidence mirrors can be used to effectively suppress the FEL harmonics of the incident beam without dramatically affecting the spectral brightness.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“HHG for coherent XUV generation was first described in 1987 [117], with subsequent work clearly showing that HHG is a nonperturbative interaction [118].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“XMDYN is part of the start-to-end simulation package for biomolecular imaging at the European XFEL [114].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For heavier atoms, millions to billions of distinct configurations are accessible, corresponding to millions to billions of rate equations.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of the lowest (second) order nonlinearity, the induced polarization scales as ω -6 for frequencies well above atomic resonances.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The efficiency of Bragg experiments from nanoparticles in the gas phase is low, however, as the particles only stochastically satisfy the Bragg condition, and most of the time only incomplete reflections and partial cuts of the Ewald sphere are recorded.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the implications have been profound-the dynamics of the process itself not only represent the inception of attosecond science [125, 126], where sub-optical cycle dynamics drives the physics, but also where the physics intrinsically drives the HHG process toward shorter, rather than longer, pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because x-rays interact predominantly with the electronic degrees of freedom of matter (in a way that ultimately affects outer-shell electrons as much as it affects inner-shell electrons), high-intensity x-ray science presents electronic-structure theorists with unprecedented challenges.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resolution obtainable in state-of-the-art single-shot imaging experiments is currently limited by the signal levels at large scattering angles, and so is the lower sample size limit.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, for the free-electron nonlinearity, the number of scattered photons per unit timescales as ω -3 for a fixed field strength, which leads to a factor of 10 -12 smaller efficiencies for 10 keV x-rays compared to 1 eV optical photons.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For interactions with hard x-rays, the electrons in a material can be approximated as quasi-free when the x-ray energy is well above the atomic resonances.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Isolated attosecond pulse generation is a special case where the emission is confined to a single peak in the laser field [121, 122], although all HHG emission occurs in attosecond bursts.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such experiments, single-shot x-ray scattering patterns are recorded under conditions in which the x-ray absorption per nonhydrogen atom is practically saturated.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The importance of the electronic-structure problem in this context derives from the fact that the x-ray response of interacting many-electron systems governs the structure and dynamics of matter exposed to high-intensity x-rays.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nonlinearities in dielectric materials at optical wavelengths are mainly due to anharmonicity in the atomic potential.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spectroscopy fundamentally relies on the availability of quantitatively accurate theory.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, in contrast to small gas-phase systems, intramolecular impact ionization by photoelectrons and Auger electrons is particularly important.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scattering signal is generated during the pulse and therefore the obtainable temporal resolution is only limited by the imaging pulse length.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent FEL experiments have demonstrated the possibility of driving nonlinear effects at hard x-ray wavelengths.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the currently operational XFELs with comparably low repetition rates of ∼100 Hz, nonlinear experiments need to be performed at x-ray intensities near or above the sample damage threshold and typically using solid samples with a sufficiently high electron density.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The central challenge for electronic-structure theory in connection with XFELs is the quantitative treatment of the radiation-driven dynamics of polyatomic systems.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this context it is noted that the figure of merit is not necessarily the highest number of photons but the highest number of photons per Auger lifetime.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, the high-energy collision process is fully coherent, resulting in coherent dipole emission from each atom.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While nonlinearities are considerably smaller at x-ray wavelengths than in the optical regime, they offer new possibilities for understanding structure and dynamics at the atomic scale due to their short wavelength.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, because of space-charge effects, only a fraction of all ionized electrons manage to escape from the system.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > DESY and University of Hamburg
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On a final note it is important to remember that the single-shot imaging process is always a strong probe and will also strongly interfere with the sample itself.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Argonne National Laboratory
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both aspects can be improved through higher exposure intensities of the sample, i.e. higher photon output of the laser, efficient beam transport to the sample, and tighter foci.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The bottleneck for all types of table-top laser driven x-ray sources has always been the achieved flux and photon energy.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we know that HHG can, in principle, provide usable sources into the soft-and even hard x-ray region of the spectrum, actual implementation will be a continued technological challenge.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Amplifying these few-cycle pulses represents a major challenge in ultrafast optics as most amplifiers introduce gain narrowing leading to spectral losses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current Fourier plane can be further upscaled in dimension to allow a Joule level of pumping to reach 10 TW few-cycle pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These are the most promising tools to scale such HHG-based soft x-ray sources with attosecond pulse duration.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Another significant recent advance is that commercial table-top EUV light sources can now generate a coherent flux comparable to synchrotrons-with much higher peak brightness and intrinsic synchronization to a femtosecond laser [138].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138]
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In the paper
“To date, at least in the US, this potential has yet to be acknowledged in a concerted way by the funding agencies.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“Mid-IR ultrafast lasers are typically implemented through parametric down conversion (PDC) from shorter wavelengths.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“The unique combination of quantum coherence and macroscopic physics has made it possible both to optimize emission to a particular harmonic order using pulse shaping [126], and to generate the smooth supercontinuum spectrum of a single attosecond burst [135, 136].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“The current status of HHG as a light source is that we have good predictive power over optimization of HHG for simple phase matching in weakly ionized gases; optimally, the peak intensity of the focused beam should drive the ionization to the 'critical' (phase-matched) ionization level at the peak of the pulse [128,131,132].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“However, these techniques are still too difficult for truly routine implementation in complex application experiments.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“The lifetime of highly excited states in solids can be directly measured, confirming 'final state' effects in photoemission spectroscopy [142].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] source
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In the paper
“However, the peak intensity requirement for HHG is approximately constant while the spot size for a given confocal parameter of the laser increases.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“Despite the progress with CO 2 lasers, the ultrafast scientific community has widely adopted the femtosecond titanium-sapphire (Ti-Sa) laser based on the chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) technique [147].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] source
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In the paper
“Ti-Sa lasers successfully drive secondary sources of photons and particles; using a variety of nonlinear optical processes, the spectral range from the THz [149] to hard x-rays becomes available.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [149] source
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In the paper
“HHG calculations represent an elegant combination of atomic quantum dynamics with macroscopic electromagnetic propagation, with the scale lengths spanning many orders of magnitude.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“Importantly, this does not preclude isolated attosecond bursts, as the physics naturally drives the process in this direction .”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“Finally, the ultimate high-energy limit for the HHG process has not yet been identified.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“Since the ponderomotive energy (Up) of charged particles in a laser field scales with the square of the laser wavelength, intense CO 2 sources near 10 μm provide the capability to build compact, high-energy accelerators.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“Third, the generation of new polarization states represents new physics as well as an enabler for many applications [133,134].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“The focus region must sustain this (constant) intensity over a propagation length corresponding to several absorption lengths of the generated light, and the gas region must end abruptly before the laser intensity decreases significantly.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > JILA and University of Colorado, Boulder
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In the paper
“The use of these OPAs has opened new research avenues in strong-field laser science, but has also provided a unique tool to scale the HHG cut-off, and thus to generate ultrashort soft x-ray pulses up to the 1 keV range of photon energies (see sections 5.1 and [129]).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] source
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In the paper
“Given the large bandwidth of attosecond pulses, a multitude of processes are simultaneously excited and probed in an attosecond experiment, requiring a 'high-energy physics' approach to isolate the dynamics of interest.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“This has permitted the emergence of two significant and novel capabilities, namely (1) the ability to drive nonlinear ionization/excitation processes (i.e.laser-matter interactions where the sample absorbs more than one photon), and (2) the ability to use the HHG pulses for single-shot CDI measurements.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“This allows experiments where XUV absorption of selected atoms is used as a site-specific 'detector' for particular electronic processes of interest.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“Although the potential benefits of HHG radiation for time-resolved spectroscopy were immediately realized, the application of HHG radiation in pump-probe experiments remained rare for more than a decade due to a number of unsolved technical problems that frustrated successful implementation.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“Many of the benefits of HHG that were discussed above are beneficial beyond attosecond science, and are increasingly being exploited in femtosecond time-resolved experiments.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“Almost all the work in attosecond science up to now has been achieved using relatively standard, commercially available femtosecond laser amplifiers.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“To enable this forefront science, the main challenge at the horizon of 2020 consists in scaling the average power of few-cycle MIR lasers.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“Scaling of, in particular, the wavelength of the driver laser used in the HHG process has recently allowed increasing the high-energy cut-off of HHG spectra [129], and these days an increasing number of research groups are beginning to use extremely broadband XUV continua that extend into the water window, i.e. the wavelength region where light elements like C, N and O have their K-edges”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] source
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In the paper
“While this MIR laser suffers from low average power, it offers the unique opportunity of scaling its repetition rate using a recently developed high average power Yb ps laser system.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“This also triggered theoretical studies of this interaction as well as of the effect of probing the system [187,190,194].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“Although this may soon change, HHG has been, up to now, the only technique capable of producing attosecond laser pulses that can be used in pumpprobe experiments.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“More recent experiments have addressed correlated two-electron dynamics [169], attosecond to few-femtosecond charge migration in molecules [170, 171] and electric field-induced charge separation in solids [172].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“Today, lab-scale HHG sources have developed into extremely versatile and powerful sources that can be used in a multitude of different ways as shown in figure 20, complementing research efforts that are undertaken in synchrotrons and free-electron lasers.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“HHG was discovered in the late 1980s, in the course of experiments targeting a better understanding of the role of intermediate resonances in strong-field multiphoton ionization [165].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Ferray M, 1988, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. source
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In the paper
“This led to substantial progress, not only regarding the generation, characterization and application of attosecond laser pulses, but, as a consequence, regarding the application of HHG radiation in general.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“attosecond pulses generated by HHG inherently operate in the XUV/x-ray wavelength domain, the domain where photoabsorption becomes increasingly core-level specific (and hence atom-specific).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“Two of the envisioned experiments are: (i) THz pulses provide a unique tool to control the fundamental properties of matter, such as magnetization, ferroelectricity, and optical properties.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“Pump/probe schemes often use either single attosecond pulses together with a rather intense infrared probe pulse [185,186,191] or an attosecond pulse train together with a weak infrared pulse [187-190, 192, 193].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] source
- Not checked yetcites [186] source
- Not checked yetcites [191] source
- Not checked yetcites [187] source
- Not checked yetcites [188] source
- Not checked yetcites [189] Palatchi C, 2014, J. Phys. source
- Not checked yetcites [190] source
- Not checked yetcites [192] source
- Not checked yetcites [193] source
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In the paper
“Ti-Sa lasers are simply not suitable to generate high-energy pulses above 2.5 μm, with high average power, so a technology change is required.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“The initial ionization step in the three-step picture depends highly nonlinearly on the laser electric field, and hence produces bunches of electrons with a duration much shorter than the duration of the driver laser optical cycle (2.7 fs for a Ti:Sa laser).”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Max-Born Institute, Berlin
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In the paper
“In both branches, important breakthroughs have been achieved, as summarized in recent reviews [198,199].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
What the sources say
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In the paper
“This challenge has been addressed by extensive computational work in the past (see e.g.[170, 171]), but will clearly impose a limit on the complexity of the samples that can be investigated in the future.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“Similarly, an electronic ionized wavepacket created by absorbing an attosecond pulse acquires a group delay when propagating through the atomic (or molecular) potential.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“High-harmonic sources, which are being extended to the soft x-ray domain [129, 202, 203], are in principle clearly capable of achieving attosecond durations and provide pulses that are perfectly synchronized with the driving laser pulse.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“The two main branches of attosecond spectroscopy are (i) pump-probe measurements combining attosecond pulses with near-infrared femtosecond pulses and (ii) high-harmonic spectroscopy, which exploits the mechanism of HHG to record attosecond dynamics taking place in the generation medium.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“FELs are much more intense, but struggle to achieve very short pulse durations, as well as a good temporal synchronization with laser pulses.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“This challenge is one reason why frequency-domain spectroscopy of complex systems is often realized in the x-ray domain [201].Short-wavelength radiation gives access to inner shells that have element-specific binding energies.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [201] source
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In the paper
“Moving attosecond spectroscopy from the gas phase to the liquid phase represents a huge challenge.It is, however, necessary to obtain the information required to understand the dynamics of molecules in their natural environment, which will in general significantly differ from that of isolated molecules in the gas phase.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“The door is now open to the investigation of more complex problems such as the dynamics of electrons in inner shells or the migration of charge in molecules.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“To these challenges, which are coupled to the physics of the measurements, we should add more technical challenges related to the precision and stability of the optical interferometer, the laser repetition rate, which affects the length (and therefore reliability) of the measurements, the available spectral range and the resolution of the electron spectrometer.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“In this spectral region spectroscopy is complicated by the high density of molecular valence states and its interpretation is challenging due to the delocalized nature of the associated electronic wave functions.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“The next challenge is that our measurement utilizes a two-photon ionization process.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“Most recently, attosecond photoionization delays have been measured in molecules [200] and highharmonic spectroscopy has been developed further to reconstruct charge migration in spatially oriented molecules on attosecond timescales [171].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“All of the fundamental advances in attosecond science have so far been realized in the XUV.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“An extension of attosecond spectroscopy to the x-ray domain therefore appears to be the most promising future direction in this area of research.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“This is a major challenge, which we circumvent by performing two measurements simultaneously and taking the difference, as done in figure 22.As we use the same excitation pulses for ionization from the two subshells, τ XUV is eliminated.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Physics Department, Lund University
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In the paper
“One of the most interesting applications of attosecond pulse technology is the possibility to measure phases (or phase derivatives, i.e. delays) of quantum mechanical probability amplitudes.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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In the paper
“Understanding the attosecond dynamics of electrons in isolated molecules is an important first step, which is still far from being fully realized.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, an even more important goal is to understand the dynamics of molecules in solution, where most chemical and biophysical processes take place.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
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In the paper
“Such measurements allow us to completely characterize electron wavepackets in the spectral or temporal domain, giving thus access to the temporal dynamics.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Core-hole lifetimes are at the heart of many short time dynamical processes, and those timescales could stymie the desired goals of obtaining ultrashort electronic timescales in molecules and solids.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
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In the paper
“Since that time, many researchers have adopted the transient-absorption technique as a favored method for probing dynamics.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
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In the paper
“Pump-probe transient spectroscopies are simply the most basic version of measurements made in the optical region.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
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In the paper
“The work described in [6] illustrates how the molecule breaks apart and what ionic fragments are formed via the breakage of the molecular edifice shortly after the inner-shell ionization, shedding light on the role of energetic ions in the initiation of damaging reactions.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Instruments at several locations are seeking the requisite pulse energies of about 1 μJ to 1 mJ.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While tantalizing results are emerging, charge migration [170] in molecules, materials, and across junctions represents a grand challenge of the attosecond field.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The lifetime of highly excited states in solids can be directly measured, confirming 'final state' effects in photoemission spectroscopy[142].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Time decays can be obtained for autoionization processes, and even high-resolution spectroscopic information is acquired from the coherent superpositions of electronic and vibrational states.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The extreme bandwidth of the XUV pulses also requires creative solutions to resolve spectral features.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The real part of the dielectric function can derive information about the renormalization of the Coulomb potential after photoexcitation (polarization), while the imaginary part shows the increase or decrease of loss channels, i.e. changes in absorption.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Advances in science and technology to meet challenges.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Multidimensional spectroscopies [223] remain an important goal of the field to peer beneath broadened and obscured spectral features with coherent methods.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [223] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Core-level transient-absorption spectroscopy [215], a method that is element specific, and sensitive to oxidation states and spin states, is applicable to a wide range of chemical elements and species.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [215] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the successes with transient-absorption and photoelectron streaking methods, there are many desirable scientific goals that have not yet been attained.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“By selecting a nonintuitive order of the pump and probe pulses, i.e. introducing the XUV pulse first, superpositions of electronic and vibrational states can be created, which are probed as they evolve in time by using time-delayed optical pulses that modify the polarization of the medium via coupling to neighboring states [212].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [212] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measuring important electron dynamical timescales, attosecond science is the next breakthrough technology beyond femtosecond spectroscopy, which was often limited to the slower motions of nuclei.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The broad bandwidth of HHG sources is optimally exploited in energy-dispersed transient absorption because the observed linewidth is only limited by the lifetime of the final state of the x-ray transition.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > ETH Zürich
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Transient-absorption measurements at synchrotrons and in laboratory table-top systems in the XUV and x-ray were developed first, and the method was only applied to attosecond transient absorption in 2010 [222].”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Borrowing from important principles of core-level spectroscopy at synchrotrons, the field can address oxidation states, spin, and element specificity, with shorter timescales than previously possible.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While short pulses are achievable in the XUV and x-ray portions of the spectrum, the fluxes are usually extremely weak.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > University of California, Berkeley
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [221] Leone S R, 2014, Nat. Photonics source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent progress in HHG-and FELbased light sources has tremendously advanced ultrafast science.”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > Concluding remarks.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Most XFELs are based upon self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) radiation, lack longitudinal coherence, struggle to obtain pulse lengths shorter than a few femtoseconds and struggle to synchronize with external sources.
“Most XFELs are based upon self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) radiation, lack longitudinal coherence, struggle to obtain pulse lengths shorter than a few femtoseconds and struggle to synchronize with external sources.”
The paper relies on this without support.
HHG sources have exquisite temporal coherence and pulse duration, but are challenged to obtain large photon numbers per pulse, to extend their reach to short wavelengths and to obtain high average power.
“HHG sources, on the other hand, have exquisite temporal coherence and pulse duration, but are challenged to obtain large photon numbers per pulse, to extend their reach to short wavelengths and to obtain high average power.”
The paper relies on this without support.
XFEL facilities can provide x-ray pulses with durations down to a few femtoseconds.
“The XFEL facilities can provide x-ray pulses with durations down to a few femtoseconds.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Producing pulses of duration below a femtosecond is technically feasible.
“Producing pulses of duration below a femtosecond is also technically feasible.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Focused intensities up to 10^20 W cm^-2 or more permit nonlinear studies, and the high peak fluence enables single-shot diffraction based on the principle of 'diffract before destroy.'
“Focused intensities up to 10 20 W cm -2 or more permit nonlinear studies, and the high peak fluence enables single-shot diffraction based on the principle of 'diffract before destroy.'”
The paper relies on this without support.
Core energy levels are highly element specific.
“Since core energy levels are highly element specific, this technique can provide structural and dynamical information with high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions not feasible with optical pulses.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Larger chemical shifts than with single core hole states are expected for double core hole states.
“Double core hole (DCH) states have recently received growing interest, mainly because larger chemical shifts than with single core hole states are expected.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The effect of nuclear wavepacket propagation on the first excited states in a time shorter than one femtosecond plays a crucial role in the ultrafast fragmentation observed.
“One of the challenges is to control ultrafast fragmentation in the sub-femtosecond time scale; the effect of the nuclear wavepacket propagation on the first excited states in a time shorter than one femtosecond plays a crucial role in the ultrafast fragmentation observed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The future of research in this field very much depends on optical issues, synchrotron facilities upgrades and technical improvements of end-stations.
“The future of research in this field very much depends on optical issues, synchrotron facilities upgrades and technical improvements of end-stations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The probability for fluorescent decay in the soft x-ray range is below 1%.
“Unfortunately, the probability for fluorescent decay in the soft x-ray range is below 1%, and this represents a challenge for signal detection.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
For interactions with hard x-rays, the electrons in a material can be approximated as quasi-free when the x-ray energy is well above the atomic resonances.
“For interactions with hard x-rays, the electrons in a material can be approximated as quasi-free when the x-ray energy is well above the atomic resonances.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Within XMDYN, neutral atoms, atomic ions, and ionized electrons are treated as classical point particles.
“Within this framework, neutral atoms, atomic ions, and ionized electrons are treated as classical point particles.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The force between a pair of charged particles is simply Coulombic; the force between two neutral atoms, or between a neutral atom and an atomic ion, is parametrized as in classical force-field calculations.
“The force between a pair of charged particles is simply Coulombic; the force between two neutral atoms, or between a neutral atom and an atomic ion, is parametrized as in classical force-field calculations.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The ionization dynamics of the atoms in XMDYN are treated stochastically by using bound-electron-configuration-dependent cross sections and rates computed with XATOM.
“The ionization dynamics of the atoms are treated stochastically by using bound-electronconfiguration-dependent cross sections and rates computed with XATOM.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the small energy region considered in figure 23, both τXUV and τcc are constant and do not affect the measurement of the phase variation.
“In the small energy region considered in figure 23, both τ XUV and τ cc can be assumed to be constant and do not affect the measurement of the phase variation.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
One of the photoionization delays can be sufficiently accurately calculated to serve as an absolute reference.
“except if we assume that one of the delays can by sufficiently accurately calculated to serve as an absolute reference [186].”
The paper relies on this without support.
Water is highly transmissive in the water window.
“because water is highly transmissive in the water window where the absorption edges of carbon (284 eV) and nitrogen (410 eV) lie.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The conversion efficiency obtained at 3.9 μm of ∼5% can be maintained at 500 Hz to reach a 50 mJ class MIR laser based on existing Yb laser technologies.
“Considering the recent conversion efficiency obtained at 3.9 μm of ∼5%, a 50 mJ class MIR laser at 500 Hz is reachable based on existing Yb laser technologies.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Recently, developments in experimental techniques such as ultrafast spectroscopy [6], single molecule spectroscopy [7 -11], timeresolved microscopy [12 -14] and single particle imaging [15 -18] have enabled us to study biological dynamics on increasingly small length and time scales, revealing a variety of processes necessary for the function of the living system that depend on a delicate interpl”
From The future of quantum biology (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > References
“122. Baltuska A et al 2003 Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields Nature 422 189”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > References
“135. Baltuska A et al 2003 Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields Nature 421 611-5”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > References
“60. Yoneda H et al 2015 Atomic inner-shell laser at 1.5 Ångström wavelength pumped by an x-ray free-electron laser Nature 524 446-9”
§ Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics > References
“68. Hitoki Y et al 2015 Atomic inner-shell laser at 1.5 Ångström wavelength pumped by an x-ray free-electron laser Nature 524 446”
Citations
Cites
Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization
Corkum, P. B. (1993) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.71.1994 · Cited by 7,217
Krausz, F., & Ivanov, M. (2009) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.81.163 · Cited by 5,468
Principles of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy
Mukamel, S. (1995) · Cited by 4,640
Self-citationTheory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields
Lewenstein, M., Balcou, P., Ivanov, M., L’Huillier, A., & Corkum, P. B. (1994) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.49.2117 · Cited by 4,221
Self-citationPrinciples of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in One and Two Dimensions
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“Despite the progress with CO2 lasers, the ultrafast scientific community has widely adopted the femtosecond titanium-sapphire (Ti-Sa) laser based on the chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) technique [147].”
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First lasing and operation of an ångstrom-wavelength free-electron laser
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Marais, A., Adams, B., Ringsmuth, A. K., Ferretti, M., Gruber, J. M., Hendrikx, R., Schuld, M., Smith, S. L., Sinayskiy, I., Krüger, T. P. J., et al. (2018) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0640 · Cited by 274
Metadata
- Authors
- Young, L., Ueda, K., Gühr, M., Bucksbaum, P. H., Simon, M., Mukamel, S., Rohringer, N., Prince, K. C., Masciovecchio, C., Meyer, M., Rudenko, A., Rolles, D., Bostedt, C., Fuchs, M., Reis, D. A., Santra, R., Kapteyn, H., Murnane, M., Ibrahim, H., Légaré, F., Vrakking, M., Isinger, M., Kroon, D., Gisselbrecht, M., L’Huillier, A., Wörner, H. J., & Leone, S. R.
- Affiliations
- Argonne National Laboratory (US)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. (IT)
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (DE)
- Kansas State University (US)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (US)
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (CA)
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (DE)
- Lund University (SE)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Linda
- ORCID
- Young, Linda
- Ueda, Kiyoshi
- Gühr, Markus
- Bucksbaum, Philip H
- Simon, Marc
- Mukamel, Shaul
- Rohringer, Nina
- Prince, Kevin C
- Masciovecchio, Claudio
- Meyer, Michael
- Rudenko, Artem
- Rolles, Daniel
- Bostedt, Christoph
- Fuchs, Matthias
- Reis, David A
- Santra, Robin
- Kapteyn, Henry
- Murnane, Margaret
- Ibrahim, Heide
- Légaré, François
- Vrakking, Marc
- Isinger, Marcus
- Kroon, David
- Gisselbrecht, Mathieu
- L’Huillier, Anne
- Wörner, Hans Jakob
- Leone, Stephen R
- Venue
- Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2018-01-09
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 032003
- ISSN
- 0953-4075 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6455
- OpenAlex
- W2784192443
- Semantic Scholar
- 94ecaa3a47849546f2dd9cdcb89750b88eddad63
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 226
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 16
- FWCI
- 17.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DESY Publication Database (PUBDB) (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- publish.UP (University of Potsdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- European XFEL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver (cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0310717, 1125844, 1663822, 1548924)
- U.S. Department of Energy (FG02-04ER15571, DE‐FG02‐, 76SF00515, DE–AC02–76SF00515, DEFG0204ER15571, AC02‐76SF00515, DEFG0299ER14982, DESC0016494, DE-AC02-)
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (DE-AC02-76SF00515)
- University of Chicago
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique
- Volkswagen Foundation
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Universität Hamburg
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (1125844, W31P4Q, W31P4Q-13-1-0015)
- Office of Science (AC02-76SF00515, DE-AC02-76SF0051 5, DE-AC02, DEFG0204ER15571, 76SF00515)
- University of California, Irvine
- Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
- Division of Materials Research (DMR1548924, 1548924)
- Division of Chemistry (CHE1663822)
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02, DEFG02- 04ER15571, DE-FG02, 76SF00515, FG02-04ER15571, AC02-76SF00515, DE-AC-02-76SF00515)
- Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division (DE-FG02-04ER15571, DE-AC02-76SF00515)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research
- Army Research Office
- Argonne National Laboratory
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Radiation › Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Radiation › X-ray Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Analysis
- Keywords
- X-ray free-electron laser, high harmonic generation, coherent diffraction imaging, attosecond photoionization, conical intersections, ultrafast molecular dynamics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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