Targeted therapy in chronic diseases using nanomaterial-based drug delivery vehicles

In the paper

“Apart from drugs/compounds, novel therapeutic agents, such as peptides, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and genes have also shown potential to be used as nanomedicines for the treatment of several chronic ailments.”

In the paper

“Nanomedicines address the shortcomings of conventional therapy, as evidenced by several preclinical and clinical investigations indicating site-specific drug delivery, reduced side effects, and better treatment outcome.”

In the paper

“Ideally, nanometer-sized materials with high biocompatibility8 and biodegradability9 are considered excellent drug delivery systems for biomedical applications.10”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] Kohane, D. S. & Langer, R. Biocompatibility and drug delivery systems. Chem. Sci. 1, 441–446 (2010). source
• Not checked yetcites [9] Mahapatro, A. & Singh, D. K. Biodegradable nanoparticles are excellent vehicle for site directed in-vivo delivery of drugs and vaccines. J. Nanobiotechnology 9, 55 (2011). source
• Not checked yetcites [10] Maiti, P., Senapati, S. & Saraf, S. Inhibition of Chronic Osteomyelitis using Sustained Release of Drug from Biodegradable Polymeric Chip. Clin. Oncol. 3, 1406 (2018).

In the paper

“They are generally biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic, and able to entrap lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs for site-specific drug delivery.77,78”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [77] Allison, S. D. Liposomal drug delivery. J. Infus. Nurs. 30, 89–95 (2007). source
• Not checked yetcites [78] Maurer, N., Fenske, D. B. & Cullis, P. R. Developments in liposomal drug delivery systems. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 1, 923–947 (2001). source

In the paper

“The in vivo study confirmed the effectiveness of the drug-loaded nanofibers, as a significant lowering of the blood glucose level was observed in diabetic male Wistar rats. Furthermore, the patch showed better efficiency in controlling diabetes than did the commercial formulation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [85] Sharma, A. et al. Electrospun composite nanofiber-based transmucosal patch for anti-diabetic drug delivery. J. Mater. Chem. B 1, 3410–3418 (2013). source

In the paper

“Scaffolds are employed in the position of natural fibrous collagen during bone tissue engineering, which plays a vital role in bone regeneration by regulating cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.61”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [61] Ma, P. X. & Zhang, R. Synthetic nano‐scale fibrous extracellular matrix. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 46, 60–72 (1999). source

In the paper

“The size of the nanoparticle was increased from 182 to 342 nm after the nanoparticles were modified with TMC, CSK, and INS, which decreased the zeta potential from 10 to 3 mV.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Jin, Y. et al. Goblet cell-targeting nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery and the influence of mucus on insulin transport. Biomaterials 33, 1573–1582 (2012). source

In the paper

“The liposome with a lipid:cholesterol ratio of 3:1 shows maximum insulin trapping efficiency along with good membrane fluidity and minimum insulin leakage from internal aqueous components.79”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [79] Zhang, X. et al. Enhanced hypoglycemic effect of biotin-modified liposomes loading insulin: effect of formulation variables, intracellular trafficking, and cytotoxicity. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9, 185 (2014). source

In the paper

“As a result, these nanoparticles are able to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs as well as to bind macromolecules, such as proteins, antibodies or nucleic acids.46”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] Elsabahy, M. & Wooley, K. L. Design of polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical delivery applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 2545–2561 (2012). source

In the paper

“The in vitro drug release study confirmed a sustained and controlled release pattern of the insulin from the nanofiber (Fig. 2a) and ~100% drug release from the patch occurred within 12 h. The release pattern follows first-order kinetics with an initial burst release of the drug.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [85] Sharma, A. et al. Electrospun composite nanofiber-based transmucosal patch for anti-diabetic drug delivery. J. Mater. Chem. B 1, 3410–3418 (2013). source

In the paper

“Stealth liposomes have been used successfully in the delivery of doxorubicin for the treatment of solid tumors and are presently marketed as ‘Doxil’ or ‘Caelyx’.54”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [54] Immordino, M. L., Dosio, F. & Cattel, L. Stealth liposomes: review of the basic science, rationale, and clinical applications, existing and potential. Int. J. Nanomed. 1, 297 (2006). source

In the paper

“In an alternative approach, chitosan-coated liposomes facilitate insulin delivery, and the hypoglycemic efficacy increases with increasing chitosan molecular weight.80”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [80] Wu, Z., Ping, Q., Wei, Y. & Lai, J. Hypoglycemic efficacy of chitosan-coated insulin liposomes after oral administration in mice. Acta Pharmacologica Sin. 25, 966–972 (2004).

In the paper

“However, nanomedicines are emerging as a novel strategy to overcome the BBB and to provide the advantage of targeted and sustained release.”

In the paper

“AChE inhibitors improve postsynaptic stimulation by maintaining the levels of acetylcholine.98”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] Bentley, P., Driver, J. & Dolan, R. J. Modulation of fusiform cortex activity by cholinesterase inhibition predicts effects on subsequent memory. Brain 132, 2356–2371 (2009). source

In the paper

“PEGylated nanolipsomes and SLNs loaded with galantamine105 and memantine106 showed increased brain-targeted delivery with neuroprotective properties.106”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [105] Mufamadi, M. S. et al. Ligand-functionalized nanoliposomes for targeted delivery of galantamine. Int. J. Pharm. 448, 267–281 (2013). source
• Not checked yetcites [106] Laserra, S. et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with lipoyl–memantine codrug: preparation and characterization. Int. J. Pharm. 485, 183–191 (2015). source

In the paper

“In another study, curcumin-loaded lactoferrin-functionalized nanolipid carriers enhanced brain uptake by 2.78-fold and could recover hippocampal damage in the AD animal model.112”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [112] Meng, F. et al. A novel LDL-mimic nanocarrier for the targeted delivery of curcumin into the brain to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 134, 88–97 (2015). source

In the paper

“The maximum drug entrapment of these SLNs was ~83 %, with greater than 90% drug release in 24 h.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [104] Misra, S., Chopra, K., Sinha, V. & Medhi, B. Galantamine-loaded solid–lipid nanoparticles for enhanced brain delivery: preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Drug Deliv. 23, 1434–1443 (2016). source

In the paper

“DNA encoding interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-4 encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles has been delivered into white blood cells to inhibit the T cell response against residual native islet cells in a prediabetic animal model. It was found to be very helpful in diabetic management because it inhibited diabetes development in 75% of the animals.94”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [94] Ko, K. S., Lee, M., Koh, J. J. & Kim, S. W. Combined administration of plasmids encoding IL-4 and IL-10 prevents the development of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Mol. Ther. 4, 313–316 (2001). source

In the paper

“Interestingly, the encapsulation of curcumin and NGF in combination led to a synergistic effect and showed a clinical application in mitigating Aβ-induced neurotoxicity.109,110”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [109] Kuo, Y.-c & Lin, C.-C. Rescuing apoptotic neurons in Alzheimer’s disease using wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated and cardiolipin-conjugated liposomes with encapsulated nerve growth factor and curcumin. Int. J. Nanomed. 10, 2653 (2015). source
• Not checked yetcites [110] Kuo, Y.-C. & Chou, P.-R. Neuroprotection against degeneration of SK-N-MC cells using neuron growth factor-encapsulated liposomes with surface cereport and transferrin. J. Pharm. Sci. 103, 2484–2497 (2014). source

In the paper

“Furthermore, RT-loaded chitosan NPs also improved memory function with reduced toxicity in a mouse model.102”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [102] Nagpal, K., Singh, S. & Mishra, D. Optimization of brain targeted chitosan nanoparticles of Rivastigmine for improved efficacy and safety. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 59, 72–83 (2013). source

In the paper

“Interestingly, SLNs loaded with galantamine hydrobromide demonstrated enhanced bioavailability (two times higher than that of the pure drug) and improved memory and cognition in animals.104”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [104] Misra, S., Chopra, K., Sinha, V. & Medhi, B. Galantamine-loaded solid–lipid nanoparticles for enhanced brain delivery: preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Drug Deliv. 23, 1434–1443 (2016). source

In the paper

“Memantine (a glutamate receptor antagonist) is a promising drug molecule that inhibits excess glutamate activity, which is important for memory and learning.99”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [99] Molinuevo, J. L., Lladó, A. & Rami, L. Memantine: targeting glutamate excitotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Am. J. Alzheimer’s. Dis. Other Demen. 20, 77–85 (2005). source

In the paper

“NGF adsorbed on PBCA-80-coated poly(butylcyanoacrylate) reversed scopolamine-induced amnesia and slowed the progression of neurodegeneration in a rat model.108”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [108] Kurakhmaeva, K. B. et al. Brain targeting of nerve growth factor using poly (butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles. J. Drug Target. 17, 564–574 (2009). source

In the paper

“Hence, the presence of CSK peptide increases the bioavailability of the insulin-loaded nanoparticles at the targeted site, which results in effective depression of the blood glucose level.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Jin, Y. et al. Goblet cell-targeting nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery and the influence of mucus on insulin transport. Biomaterials 33, 1573–1582 (2012). source

In the paper

“The maximum DA entrapment efficiency was 63%, and the DA peak was reported to be highest at day 3 in both the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of rats while maintaining an adequate level up to 30 days compared to inherent DA levels.117”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [117] Pillay, S. et al. Design, biometric simulation and optimization of a nano-enabled scaffold device for enhanced delivery of dopamine to the brain. Int. J. Pharm. 382, 277–290 (2009). source

In the paper

“Neural stem cells of the subventricular zone treated with microRNA miR-124 NPs showed significant proliferation of neuroblasts (Ki67+/DCX+) but a lower number of proliferating glial cells or astrocyte-like cells (Ki67+/GFAP+) than in the control.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [132] Saraiva, C., Paiva, J., Santos, T., Ferreira, L. & Bernardino, L. MicroRNA-124 loaded nanoparticles enhance brain repair in Parkinson’s disease. J. Control. Release 235, 291–305 (2016). source

In the paper

“Polymeric nanoparticles containing perfluoro-1,5-crown ether mediated miR-124 delivery and increased the number of migrating neuroblasts both in healthy mice and in 6-OHDA mouse models for PD.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [132] Saraiva, C., Paiva, J., Santos, T., Ferreira, L. & Bernardino, L. MicroRNA-124 loaded nanoparticles enhance brain repair in Parkinson’s disease. J. Control. Release 235, 291–305 (2016). source

In the paper

“Intrastriatal implantation of silica-DA nanoformulation also reversed the symptoms in hemiparkinsonian rats with no observable side effects.118”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [118] López, T. et al. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease: nanostructured sol–gel silica–dopamine reservoirs for controlled drug release in the central nervous system. Int. J. Nanomed. 6, 19 (2011). source

In the paper

“Similar results were also observed by Garbayo et al., where PLGA-MS-mediated GDNF release demonstrated antiparkinsonian effects, as confirmed by the improvement in the amphetamine-induced rotational behavior test.130”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [130] Garbayo, E. et al. Effective GDNF brain delivery using microspheres—a promising strategy for Parkinson’s disease. J. Controlled Release 135, 119–126 (2009). source

In the paper

“Gujral et al. also showed that PLGA/collagen MS may be used to deliver GDNF, and in vitro application suggests that it stimulates the differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells into mature neurons.131”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [131] Gujral, C., Minagawa, Y., Fujimoto, K., Kitano, H. & Nakaji-Hirabayashi, T. Biodegradable microparticles for strictly regulating the release of neurotrophic factors. J. Control. Release 168, 307–316 (2013). source

In the paper

“DA-loaded chitosan NPs facilitate transport across the BBB and minimize the cytotoxicity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] Trapani, A. et al. Characterization and evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles for dopamine brain delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 419, 296–307 (2011). source

In the paper

“Apart from this GDNF-loaded microsphere increase in TH-positive fibers in the striatum and substantia nigra, the results suggested neuroprotection and neurorestoration activity.129,130”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [129] Jollivet, C. et al. Long-term effect of intra-striatal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-releasing microspheres in a partial rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 356, 207–210 (2004). source
• Not checked yetcites [130] Garbayo, E. et al. Effective GDNF brain delivery using microspheres—a promising strategy for Parkinson’s disease. J. Controlled Release 135, 119–126 (2009). source

In the paper

“Furthermore, decreased expression of SOX-9 and Jagged1 was observed, which promotes neurogenesis by modulating other signaling pathways (Fig. 4c, d).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [132] Saraiva, C., Paiva, J., Santos, T., Ferreira, L. & Bernardino, L. MicroRNA-124 loaded nanoparticles enhance brain repair in Parkinson’s disease. J. Control. Release 235, 291–305 (2016). source

In the paper

“Importantly, nanomaterials avoid rapid renal excretion and remain in circulation for extended durations. This characteristic feature facilitates extravasation through the vascular system and allows nanomaterials to accumulate and distribute well in the desired tissue or organs, thereby achieving maximum therapeutic efficacy at minimum drug dosage.”

In the paper

“Other investigators also confirmed that chronic administration of rotigotine-loaded PLGA-MS in monkey and SD rats showed sustained release behavior accompanied by better safety.123,124”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [123] Ye, L. et al. Three-month subchronic intramuscular toxicity study of rotigotine-loaded microspheres in SD rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 56, 81–92 (2013). source
• Not checked yetcites [124] Tian, J. et al. Three-month subchronic intramuscular toxicity study of rotigotine-loaded microspheres in Cynomolgus monkeys. Food Chem. Toxicol. 52, 143–152 (2013). source

In the paper

“Sustained delivery and higher bioavailability of ropirinole, bromocriptine and apomorphine could be achieved through SLNs.126,127”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [126] Pardeshi, C. V., Rajput, P. V., Belgamwar, V. S., Tekade, A. R. & Surana, S. J. Novel surface modified solid lipid nanoparticles as intranasal carriers for ropinirole hydrochloride: application of factorial design approach. Drug Deliv. 20, 47–56 (2013). source
• Not checked yetcites [127] Tsai, M.-J. et al. Oral apomorphine delivery from solid lipid nanoparticles with different monostearate emulsifiers: pharmacokinetic and behavioral evaluations. J. Pharm. Sci. 100, 547–557 (2011). source

In the paper

“Similarly, a significant reduction in dyskinesis and improvement in PD symptoms and associated biochemical markers (ΔfosB, c-AMP-regulated phosphoprotein or phosphorylated dopamine) were observed in the PD animal model after the administration of levodopa/benserazide encapsulated in PLGA-NPs.120,121”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [120] Ren, T. et al. Sustained-release formulation of levodopa methyl ester/benserazide for prolonged suppressing dyskinesia expression in 6-OHDA-leisoned rats. Neurosci. Lett. 502, 117–122 (2011). source
• Not checked yetcites [121] Yang, X. et al. Controlled-release levodopa methyl ester/benserazide-loaded nanoparticles ameliorate levodopa-induced dyskinesia in rats. Int. J. Nanomed. 7, 2077 (2012).

In the paper

“PLA magnetic NPs of aliskiren showed better bioavailability and eventually better control of BP.142”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [142] Antal, I. et al. Magnetic poly (D, L-lactide) nanoparticles loaded with aliskiren: a promising tool for hypertension treatment. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 380, 280–284 (2015). source

In the paper

“Polymer-based nisoldipine eudragit S100 nanoparticles released the drug from the polymer at the pH of the colon, which could circumvent drug metabolism in the gut and liver, thereby maintaining the integrity of the drug and extending the availability in systemic circulation.139”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [139] Nepolean, R., Narayanan, N., Subramaniyan, N., Venkateswaran, K. & Vinoth, J. Colon targeted methacrylic acid copolymeric nanoparticles for improved oral bioavailability of nisoldipine. Int. J. Biol. Pharm. Res. 3, 962–967 (2012).

In the paper

“Approximately 100-fold higher resolution than conventional computed tomography scans showed promise, and this approach is being clinically tested for application in human subjects.152”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [152] Weissleder, R., Nahrendorf, M. & Pittet, M. J. Imaging macrophages with nanoparticles. Nat. Mater. 13, 125 (2014). source

In the paper

“Similarly, liposomal encapsulation of lercanidipine resulted in significantly improved drug absorption and bioavailability and eventually marked reduction in BP.147”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [147] Deshpande, P. B. et al. A novel nanoproliposomes of lercanidipine: Development, in vitro and preclinical studies to support its effectiveness in hypertension therapy. Life Sci. 162, 125–137 (2016). source

In the paper

“M12PEG was also able to mitigate lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), inflammation (COX-2) and neointimal hyperplasia (smooth muscle cell, α-actin), demonstrating its efficacy in atherosclerotic disease (Fig. 5e–g).154”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [154] Lewis, D. R. et al. Sugar-based amphiphilic nanoparticles arrest atherosclerosis in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 2693–2698 (2015). source

In the paper

“Briefly, the successful entrapment of anti-hypertensive drugs by the nanoparticulate system protects the drug in circulation and prolongs the systemic availability of drugs at the desired concentration, which eventually regulates the BP.”

In the paper

“As such, siRNA is highly prone to degradation and requires a delivery vehicle to circumvent degradation by endo- and exonucleases present in the blood circulation and cells.150”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [150] Nolte, A., Schneider, M., Walker, T. & Wendel, H. in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering-Cells and Biomaterials (IntechOpen, 2011).

In the paper

“Inhalable montelukast-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers have been found to improve systemic bioavailability (12-fold) and eventual therapeutic outcomes compared to those of montelukast aqueous solutions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [173] Patil-Gadhe, A., Kyadarkunte, A., Patole, M. & Pokharkar, V. Montelukast-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: part II pulmonary drug delivery and in vitro–in vivo aerosol performance. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 88, 169–177 (2014). source
• Not checked yetcites [174] Patil-Gadhe, A. & Pokharkar, V. Montelukast-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: part I oral bioavailability improvement. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 88, 160–168 (2014). source

In the paper

“Nanosized chitosan-coated PLGA NPs were reported to have the ability to sustain the release of CaMKIIN with effective cellular uptake (Fig. 7a–c).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [175] Morris, A. S. et al. Cationic CaMKII inhibiting nanoparticles prevent allergic asthma. Mol. Pharm. 14, 2166–2175 (2017). source

In the paper

“Inhalable drugs reduce dosing frequency, and bypassing the first pass hepatic metabolism reduces hepatocellular toxicity.173,174”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [173] Patil-Gadhe, A., Kyadarkunte, A., Patole, M. & Pokharkar, V. Montelukast-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: part II pulmonary drug delivery and in vitro–in vivo aerosol performance. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 88, 169–177 (2014). source
• Not checked yetcites [174] Patil-Gadhe, A. & Pokharkar, V. Montelukast-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: part I oral bioavailability improvement. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 88, 160–168 (2014). source

In the paper

“Myocardial blood flow was significantly improved, accompanied by a significant decrease in infarct area (Fig. 6b, c).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [162] Yajima, S. et al. Prostacyclin analogue–loaded nanoparticles attenuate myocardial Ischemia/reperfusion Injury in rats. JACC: Basic Transl. Sci. 4, 318–331 (2019).

In the paper

“Furthermore, upregulated pro-angiogenic cytokines (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1) were reported in the ischemic myocardium, which preserves the dense vascular network and facilitates myocardial blood flow.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [162] Yajima, S. et al. Prostacyclin analogue–loaded nanoparticles attenuate myocardial Ischemia/reperfusion Injury in rats. JACC: Basic Transl. Sci. 4, 318–331 (2019).

In the paper

“Moreover, treatment reduced their number in atherosclerotic plaques and reduced the infarct size after coronary artery occlusion.158”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [158] Leuschner, F. et al. Therapeutic siRNA silencing in inflammatory monocytes in mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 1005 (2011). source

In the paper

“ONO-1301 NPs helped downregulate troponin I (Fig. 6d) along with the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, which eventually led to enhanced myocardial blood flow and reduced infarct size.162”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [162] Yajima, S. et al. Prostacyclin analogue–loaded nanoparticles attenuate myocardial Ischemia/reperfusion Injury in rats. JACC: Basic Transl. Sci. 4, 318–331 (2019).

In the paper

“Telodendrimer is a class of nanocarrier that has been reported to have higher loading capacity, higher stability and slower release of drug formulations than other types.176”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [176] Jackson, J. K., Zhang, X., Llewellen, S., Hunter, W. L. & Burt, H. M. The characterization of novel polymeric paste formulations for intratumoral delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 270, 185–198 (2004). source

In the paper

“These chitosan-coated NPs specifically localize in the lungs and fluoresce up to 48 h, which suggests that NPs are able to release CaMKIIN with higher bioavailability and high retention time (Fig. 7e, f).175”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [175] Morris, A. S. et al. Cationic CaMKII inhibiting nanoparticles prevent allergic asthma. Mol. Pharm. 14, 2166–2175 (2017). source

In the paper

“Among polymeric nanoparticles, PLGA and poly-lactic acid (PLA) are promising FDA-approved drug delivery carriers and are currently being used in clinical settings.156”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [156] Tyler, B., Gullotti, D., Mangraviti, A., Utsuki, T. & Brem, H. Polylactic acid (PLA) controlled delivery carriers for biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 107, 163–175 (2016). source

In the paper

“NPs facilitate drug delivery directly to the target tissues, thus improving the lung deposition and eventually the therapeutic effects of anti-asthmatic drugs while attenuating the adverse side effects.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [168] SILVA, A. L. et al. Nanoparticle-based therapy for respiratory diseases. An. da Academia Brasileira de. Ciências 85, 137–146 (2013). source

In the paper

“Polymeric nanomaterials entrap the drug efficiently and either allow drug release in a sustained manner or facilitate the release kinetics in response to cellular or extracellular stimuli, such as temperature, pH, and redox potential.164”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [164] Liechty, W. B., Kryscio, D. R., Slaughter, B. V. & Peppas, N. A. Polymers for drug delivery systems. Annu. Rev. Chem. biomolecular Eng. 1, 149–173 (2010). source

In the paper

“In recent times, biodegradable DNA NPs have shown potential for inhaled lung gene therapy, which is capable of overcoming the mucus barrier of lung airways.183”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Mastorakos, P. et al. Highly compacted biodegradable DNA nanoparticles capable of overcoming the mucus barrier for inhaled lung gene therapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 8720–8725 (2015). source

In the paper

“Ciprofloxacin encapsulated in liposomes has been employed in anti-TB therapy, offering pulmonary delivery through nebulization.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [207] Finlay, W. & Wong, J. Regional lung deposition of nebulized liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin. Int. J. pharmaceutics 167, 121–127 (1998). source

In the paper

“The majority of the macrophages that were incubated with RITC-labeled NP-RIF internalized the fluorescent nanoparticles and exhibited 10-fold higher fluorescence intensity than the untreated control macrophages.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [204] Clemens, D. L. et al. Targeted intracellular delivery of antituberculosis drugs to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages via functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 56, 2535–2545 (2012). source

In the paper

“In this context, the inhalation route is advantageous for the pulmonary delivery of anti-TB drugs and requires lower doses to achieve therapeutic effects. The pulmonary delivery of drugs is a convenient and effective approach for the treatment of TB.202”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [202] Willis, L., Hayes, D. & Mansour, H. M. Therapeutic liposomal dry powder inhalation aerosols for targeted lung delivery. Lung 190, 251–262 (2012). source

In the paper

“This approach has the advantage of achieving pharmacologically effective drug concentrations in the AMs, which ensures better treatment outcomes.”

In the paper

“Drug-specific surface functionalization has been employed for RIF, and further functionalization with poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) yields high loading and controlled drug delivery to MTB-infected macrophages compared to uncoated MSNP.204”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [204] Clemens, D. L. et al. Targeted intracellular delivery of antituberculosis drugs to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages via functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 56, 2535–2545 (2012). source

In the paper

“The current treatment strategy for COPD includes inhaled corticosteroids, anticholinergics, and β2-agonists, which have been primarily effective in controlling the symptoms but do not cure the underlying disease.184”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [184] Vogelmeier, C. F. et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD executive summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 195, 557–582 (2017). source

In the paper

“Furthermore, the nanodrug delivery system reduces the adverse systemic side effects and frequency of drug administration, which eventually leads to better patient compliance.196,197”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [196] Pham, D.-D., Fattal, E. & Tsapis, N. Pulmonary drug delivery systems for tuberculosis treatment. Int. J. pharmaceutics 478, 517–529 (2015). source
• Not checked yetcites [197] Andrade, F. et al. Nanotechnology and pulmonary delivery to overcome resistance in infectious diseases. Adv. drug Deliv. Rev. 65, 1816–1827 (2013). source

In the paper

“Delamanid and bedaquiline have shown promise to fight against multidrug resistance (MDR) TB.200”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [200] Tadolini, M. et al. First case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis treated with both delamanid and bedaquiline. Eur. Respiratory J. 48, 935–938 (2016). source

In the paper

“Therefore, MTB can multiply and spread to other organs of the body, resulting in extrapulmonary TB.195”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [195] Krishnan, N., Robertson, B. D. & Thwaites, G. The mechanisms and consequences of the extra-pulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 90, 361–366 (2010). source

In the paper

“Finlay et al. showed high loading efficiency (90%) of liposomes made of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Chol, of which up to 30% remained encapsulated after nebulization.207”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [207] Finlay, W. & Wong, J. Regional lung deposition of nebulized liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin. Int. J. pharmaceutics 167, 121–127 (1998). source

In the paper

“A formulation of PEGylated immunoconjugated PLGA-nanoparticles demonstrated the targeted delivery of ibuprofen (an anti-inflammatory drug) to neutrophils, which inhibited neutrophilic inflammation in a lipopolysaccharide-induced murine model of obstructive lung disease.190”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [190] Vij, N., Min, T., Bodas, M., Gorde, A. & Roy, I. Neutrophil targeted nano-drug delivery system for chronic obstructive lung diseases. Nanomed.: Nanotechnol., Biol. Med. 12, 2415–2427 (2016). source

In the paper

“Several methods have been proposed for targeting tumors, e.g., the enhanced permeation and retention effect where the leaky vasculature promotes the permeation of small molecules and poor lymphatic drainage allows the retention and accumulation of chemotherapeutics in the tumor.”

In the paper

“Interestingly, all these formulations showed sustained release for up to 72 h with an initial burst drug release pattern of less than 20% in the first 6 h.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [217] Pandey, R. & Khuller, G. Solid lipid particle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system against experimental tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 85, 227–234 (2005). source

In the paper

“In another study, RIF encapsulated in liposomes (made of PC and Chol) as aerosols showed a sustained release profile with an encapsulation efficiency of ~30%.210”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [210] Gaur, P. K. et al. Targeted drug delivery of Rifampicin to the lungs: formulation, characterization, and stability studies of preformed aerosolized liposome and in situ formed aerosolized liposome. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 36, 638–646 (2010). source

In the paper

“In one of the reports, liposomes 90 nm in diameter could escape from the leaky tumor vasculature but did not permeate away from the tumor for a week.227”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [227] Yuan, F. et al. Mirovascular permeability and interstitial penetration of sterically stabilized (stealth) liposomes in a human tumor xenograft. Cancer Res. 54, 3352–3356 (1994).

In the paper

“Smaller molecules accumulate in tumors faster than larger molecules, but larger molecules can be retained for longer times within the tumor.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, in vivo studies confirmed the higher accumulation of rifabutin in lungs with less immunogenicity for mannose-coated formulations.216”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [216] Nimje, N. et al. Mannosylated nanoparticulate carriers of rifabutin for alveolar targeting. J. Drug Target. 17, 777–787 (2009). source

In the paper

“This approach reduces systemic and local toxicity and provides better results than uncoated formulations.212”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [212] Deol, P., Khuller, G. & Joshi, K. Therapeutic efficacies of isoniazid and rifampin encapsulated in lung-specific stealth liposomes against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induced in mice. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 41, 1211–1214 (1997). source

In the paper

“DPPC has also been employed for INH delivery; however, the loading efficiency was found to be lower (~37%).209”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [209] Chimote, G. & Banerjee, R. Evaluation of antitubercular drug‐loaded surfactants as inhalable drug‐delivery systems for pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 89, 281–292 (2009). source

In the paper

“In the enhanced permeation effect (EPR), the delivered agent is released locally and rapidly taken up by cancerous cells to accomplish its function.”

In the paper

“A mannose coating on SLNs made of tristearin has been found to be suitable for drug delivery, and the cellular uptake of rifabutin was enhanced up to six-fold compared to that of uncoated formulations.216”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [216] Nimje, N. et al. Mannosylated nanoparticulate carriers of rifabutin for alveolar targeting. J. Drug Target. 17, 777–787 (2009). source

In the paper

“Mannose is a common ligand associated with lipid NPs.214”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [214] Yu, W., Liu, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, N. & Xu, W. Mannan-modified solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted gene delivery to alveolar macrophages. Pharm. Res. 27, 1584–1596 (2010). source

In the paper

“This formulation was optimized with a drug entrapment efficiency of 79%, and a sustained release pattern could be achieved showing higher anti-TB activity than that of the pure drug.211”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [211] Patil, J. S., Devi, V. K., Devi, K. & Sarasija, S. A novel approach for lung delivery of rifampicin-loaded liposomes in dry powder form for the treatment of tuberculosis. Lung India. 32, 331 (2015). source

In the paper

“The main advantage of local therapy is that the pharmaceutical concentration of chemotherapeutics in the tumor environment can be maximized, and the toxicity to other nontargeted organs can be minimized.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [219] Chew, S. A. & Danti, S. Biomaterial-Based Implantable Devices for Cancer Therapy. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 6, 1600766 (2017). source

In the paper

“However, the formulation was biocompatible, and sustained release was maintained for up to 24 h with a burst release of 50% in the first 5 h.209”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [209] Chimote, G. & Banerjee, R. Evaluation of antitubercular drug‐loaded surfactants as inhalable drug‐delivery systems for pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 89, 281–292 (2009). source

In the paper

“Several classes of materials have been developed to date for targeted therapy, including biodegradable polymers, liposomes, dendrimers, nanoshells and nucleic acid-based NPs.2”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] Singh, N. K. et al. Nanostructure controlled anti-cancer drug delivery using poly (ε-caprolactone) based nanohybrids. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 17853–17863 (2012). source

In the paper

“Similarly, rifapentine-loaded proliposomal dry powder was effective in the direct delivery of the drug to the lungs and eventually had a better therapeutic effect.211”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [211] Patil, J. S., Devi, V. K., Devi, K. & Sarasija, S. A novel approach for lung delivery of rifampicin-loaded liposomes in dry powder form for the treatment of tuberculosis. Lung India. 32, 331 (2015). source

In the paper

“Polyurethane-grafted chitosan-based brush hydrogels have been used as injectable hydrogels in tissue engineering.251”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [251] Mahanta, A. K., Senapati, S. & Maiti, P. A polyurethane–chitosan brush as an injectable hydrogel for controlled drug delivery and tissue engineering. Polym. Chem. 8, 6233–6249 (2017). source

In the paper

“The coupling of hydrophilic terminal groups with folate units for active targeting showed high stability and exhibited sustained release.247”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [247] Shi, C. et al. Actively targeted delivery of anticancer drug to tumor cells by redox-responsive star-shaped micelles. Biomaterials 35, 8711–8722 (2014). source

In the paper

“The conjugation of cholesterol altered the particle size and enhanced the encapsulation efficiency.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [248] Kumari, P. et al. Cholesterol-conjugated poly(D, L-lactide)-based micelles as a nanocarrier system for effective delivery of curcumin in cancer therapy. Drug Deliv. 24, 209–223 (2017). source

In the paper

“Targeted therapy is thus the combination of targeted delivery with sustained drug release, which allows the maximum utilization of the drug delivered at the tumor site.236”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [236] Ferrari, M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5, 161 (2005). source

In the paper

“Polymeric nanoparticles can be formulated for the encapsulation of various hydrophilic and hydrophobic smaller molecules, particularly drugs and macromolecules such as proteins or peptides.232”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [232] Perez, C. et al. Poly (lactic acid)-poly (ethylene glycol) nanoparticles as new carriers for the delivery of plasmid DNA. J. Control. Release 75, 211–224 (2001). source

In the paper

“The sustained release of paclitaxel and curcumin occurred in sequential kinetics, and curcumin downregulated nuclear factor NF-kB and enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel.239”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [239] Ruttala, H. B. & Ko, Y. T. Liposomal co-delivery of curcumin and albumin/paclitaxel nanoparticle for enhanced synergistic antitumor efficacy. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 128, 419–426 (2015). source

In the paper

“Li and coworkers showed the size effect of pH-sensitive nanoparticles composed of dendrimer building blocks with better tumor penetration and their dissociation into smaller sizes in the tumor environment.245”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [245] Li, H.-J. et al. Smart superstructures with ultrahigh pH-sensitivity for targeting acidic tumor microenvironment: instantaneous size switching and improved tumor penetration. ACS nano 10, 6753–6761 (2016). source

In the paper

“The drug release was controlled, and higher cytotoxicity was observed in HeLa cells, which was further confirmed through in vivo tumor suppression in a murine model, indicating its application as a drug delivery vehicle.1,231”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [1] Senapati, S. et al. Layered double hydroxides as effective carrier for anticancer drugs and tailoring of release rate through interlayer anions. J. Control. Release 224, 186–198 (2016). source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Senapati, S. et al. Engineered cellular uptake and controlled drug delivery using two dimensional nanoparticle and polymer for cancer treatment. Mol. Pharm. 15, 679–694 (2018). source

In the paper

“The rate of release can be governed through polymer modification, the development of new polymers, or the synthesis of copolymers.233–235”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [233] Langer, R. New methods of drug delivery. Science 249, 1527–1533 (1990). source
• Not checked yetcites [234] Langer, R. Drug delivery and targeting. Nature, 392, 5–10 (1998). source
• Not checked yetcites [235] Langer, R. & Folkman, J. Polymers for the sustained release of proteins and other macromolecules. Nature 263, 797 (1976). source

In the paper

“Dendrimers are one of the important classes of drug carriers and operate by encapsulating drugs in their unique macromolecular architecture.242”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [242] Andresen, T. L., Jensen, S. S. & Jørgensen, K. Advanced strategies in liposomal cancer therapy: problems and prospects of active and tumor specific drug release. Prog. lipid Res. 44, 68–97 (2005). source

In the paper

“Liposomes are amphiphilic in nature and are composed of natural or synthetic lipids.237”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [237] Torchilin, V. P. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4, 145 (2005). source

In the paper

“Highly porous, 3D-interconnected nanohybrid scaffolds/hydrogels controlled drug release and were biocompatible as well.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [252] Mahanta, A. K. et al. Nanoparticle-induced controlled drug delivery using chitosan-based hydrogel and scaffold: application to bone regeneration. Mol. Pharm. 16, 327–338 (2018). source