Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine

In the paper

“Immunologic work has suggested that compulsive persistence, defined as the inability to disengage from an impossible, stressful task, induces higher HPA-axis response [60].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [60] Segerstrom SC Castañeda JO Spencer TE Optimism effects on cellular immunity: testing the affective and persistence models Personality and Individual Differences 2003 35 7 1615 1624

In the paper

“In this case, Conscientiousness was associated with reduced, while perfectionism was associated with increased risk.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [56] Fry PS Debats DL Perfectionism and the five-factor personality traits as predictors of mortality in older adults Journal of Health Psychology 2009 14 4 513 524 19383652

In the paper

“The strength of associations between Conscientiousness and longevity appears comparable to those between longevity and SES and IQ [59].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] Roberts BW Kuncel NR Shiner R Caspi A Goldberg L The power of personality: the comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes Perspectives in Psychological Science 2007 4 2 313 346 PMC4499872 26151971 source

In the paper

“This Big 5 dimension has been linked to lower all-cause mortality risk across a number of studies [54–57] (see also [58]).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [54] Iwasa H Masui Y Gondo Y Inagaki H Kawaai C Suzuki T Personality and all-cause mortality among older adults dwelling in a japanese community: a five-year population-based prospective cohort study American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2008 16 5 399 405 18403571 source
• Not checked yetcites [55] Wilson RS Mendes De Leon CF Bienias JL Evans DA Bennett DA Personality and mortality in old age Journals of Gerontology—Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2004 59 3 P110 P116 15118013 source
• Not checked yetcites [56] Fry PS Debats DL Perfectionism and the five-factor personality traits as predictors of mortality in older adults Journal of Health Psychology 2009 14 4 513 524 19383652 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Christensen AJ Ehlers SL Wiebe JS Patient personality and mortality: a 4-year prospective examination of chronic renal insufficiency Health Psychology 2002 21 4 315 320 12090673 source

In the paper

“Conscientiousness appears to be the one Big 5 domain for which no negative results exist.”

In the paper

“In this case, Conscientiousness was associated with reduced, while perfectionism was associated with increased risk.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [56] Fry PS Debats DL Perfectionism and the five-factor personality traits as predictors of mortality in older adults Journal of Health Psychology 2009 14 4 513 524 19383652

In the paper

“In general, there is good evidence that higher level of conscientiousness and lower levels of hostility and Type D or “distressed” personality are associated with greater longevity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [54] Iwasa H Masui Y Gondo Y Inagaki H Kawaai C Suzuki T Personality and all-cause mortality among older adults dwelling in a japanese community: a five-year population-based prospective cohort study American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2008 16 5 399 405 18403571 source
• Not checked yetcites [55] Wilson RS Mendes De Leon CF Bienias JL Evans DA Bennett DA Personality and mortality in old age Journals of Gerontology—Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2004 59 3 P110 P116 15118013 source
• Not checked yetcites [56] Fry PS Debats DL Perfectionism and the five-factor personality traits as predictors of mortality in older adults Journal of Health Psychology 2009 14 4 513 524 19383652 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Christensen AJ Ehlers SL Wiebe JS Patient personality and mortality: a 4-year prospective examination of chronic renal insufficiency Health Psychology 2002 21 4 315 320 12090673 source

In the paper

“Short-term (≤1 year) cancer mortality has also been linked to lower levels of optimism in younger patients with a diverse range of cancers [98]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] Schulz R Bookwala J Scheier M Knapp JE Williamson GM Pessimism, age, and cancer mortality Psychology and Aging 1996 11 2 304 309 8795058 source

In the paper

“One study found that higher Openness was linked to lower levels of the inflammatory marker Interleukin-6 in older persons [66].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [66] Chapman BP van Wijngaarden E Seplaki CL Talbot N Duberstein P Moynihan J Openness and conscientiousness predict 34-SSweek patterns of Interleukin-6 in older persons Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2011 25 4 667 673 PMC3358819 21241793 source

In the paper

“The latter two studies were able to decompose Openness into more specific traits and found that cognitive and behavioral flexibility [72] and interest in aesthetics [72, 73] were particularly important predictors of greater longevity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [72] Jonassaint CR Boyle SH Williams RB Mark DB Siegler IC Barefoot JC Facets of openness predict mortality in patients with cardiac disease Psychosomatic Medicine 2007 69 4 319 322 17510289 source
• Not checked yetcites [73] Turiano NA Spiro A Mcroczek DK Openness to experience and mortality in men: analysis of trait and facets under review PMC3649068 22219209 source

In the paper

“and in head and neck cancer patients [99].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [99] Allison PJ Guichard C Fung K Gilain L Dispositional optimism predicts survival status 1 year after diagnosis in head and neck cancer patients Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003 21 3 543 548 12560447 source

In the paper

“This is relevant to longevity because early Extraversion scales loaded with impulsive content predicted greater all-cause mortality risk over 21 years in a large UK cohort [80] (see also [81]).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [80] Ploubidis GB Grundy E Personality and all cause mortality: evidence for indirect links Personality and Individual Differences 2009 47 3 203 208

In the paper

“This effect was accounted for in part by smoking, a health behavior to which more Extraverted people appear susceptible, regardless of whether older or new operationalizations of Extraversion are used [82–85].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [80] Ploubidis GB Grundy E Personality and all cause mortality: evidence for indirect links Personality and Individual Differences 2009 47 3 203 208

In the paper

“Focusing more on elements such as sociability and positive mood, modern operationalizations of Extraversion, tend to find that it is associated with reduced all-cause mortality risk.”

In the paper

“and a 6-year follow-up in an older twin sample [87].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [87] Read S Vogler GP Pedersen NL Johansson B Stability and change in genetic and environmental components of personality in old age Personality and Individual Differences 2006 40 8 1637 1647

In the paper

“However, as excitement-seeking strays into impulsivity and poor self-control, mortality risk may mount.”

In the paper

“a 5-year follow-up period in a Japanese [54] community samples”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [54] Iwasa H Masui Y Gondo Y Inagaki H Kawaai C Suzuki T Personality and all-cause mortality among older adults dwelling in a japanese community: a five-year population-based prospective cohort study American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2008 16 5 399 405 18403571 source

In the paper

“Finally, one study reported nonsignificant decreases in all-cause mortality risk associated with the general Openness domain [56].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [56] Fry PS Debats DL Perfectionism and the five-factor personality traits as predictors of mortality in older adults Journal of Health Psychology 2009 14 4 513 524 19383652

In the paper

“The activity facet of Extraversion has also been associated with lower 50-year all-cause mortality risk in a US cohort [88]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [88] Terracciano A Löckenhoff CE Zonderman AB Ferrucci L Costa PT Jr. Personality predictors of longevity: activity, emotional stability, and conscientiousness Psychosomatic Medicine 2008 70 6 621 627 18596250 PMC2505356 source

In the paper

“In general, the associations between Openness associations with longevity seem to be distinct from the effects of education, which is typically controlled for in analyses.”

In the paper

“Research on performance-based measures of impulsivity and self-report scales reveals low correlations [91]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [91] Edmonds GW Bogg T Roberts BW Are personality and behavioral measures of impulse control convergent or distinct predictors of health behaviors? Journal of Research in Personality 2009 43 5 806 814

In the paper

“However, links between Conscientiousness and longevity are only partly explained by commonly studied health behaviors [62–64].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 2010 171 1 83 92 19965888 PMC2800299 source
• Not checked yetcites [63] Weiss A Costa PT Jr. Domain and facet personality predictors of all-cause mortality among medicare patients aged 65 to 100 Psychosomatic Medicine 2005 67 5 724 733 16204430 source
• Not checked yetcites [64] Martin LR Friedman HS Schwartz JE Personality and mortality risk across the life span: the importance of conscientiousness as a biopsychosocial attribute Health Psychology 2007 26 4 428 436 17605562 source

In the paper

“For instance, higher levels of the inflammatory marker Interleukin (IL)-6 have recently been linked to lower Conscientiousness [65, 66].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Sutin AR Terracciano A Deiana B High Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness are associated with interleukin-6 Psychological Medicine 2010 40 9 1485 1493 19995479 PMC2933046 source
• Not checked yetcites [66] Chapman BP van Wijngaarden E Seplaki CL Talbot N Duberstein P Moynihan J Openness and conscientiousness predict 34-SSweek patterns of Interleukin-6 in older persons Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2011 25 4 667 673 PMC3358819 21241793 source

In the paper

“Reduced 5-year all-cause mortality risk has also been documented for curiosity, a facet of Openness, in a mixed-gender older community sample [74].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] Swan GE Carmelli D Curiosity and mortality in aging adults: a 5-year follow-up of the Western Collaborative Group Study Psychology and Aging 1996 11 3 449 453 8893314 source

In the paper

“This was the case over a 9-year followup period in an American [56] community sample”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [56] Fry PS Debats DL Perfectionism and the five-factor personality traits as predictors of mortality in older adults Journal of Health Psychology 2009 14 4 513 524 19383652

In the paper

“Because of the self-discipline it entails, Conscientiousness has been linked to a variety of health behaviors including maintaining healthy activity and diet, and abstaining from smoking, alcohol, and substance abuse [28].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Bogg T Roberts BW Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality Psychological Bulletin 2004 130 6 887 919 15535742 source

In the paper

“In this vein, one study found that higher impulsivity in the elderly was actually associated with greater probability of 3-year survival [63].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Weiss A Costa PT Jr. Domain and facet personality predictors of all-cause mortality among medicare patients aged 65 to 100 Psychosomatic Medicine 2005 67 5 724 733 16204430 source

In the paper

“and over 30 [97] and 40 [96] years in community midlife samples.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Maruta T Colligan RC Malinchoc M Offord KP Optimists vs pessimists: survival rate among medical patients over a 30-year period Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2000 75 2 140 143 10683651 source

In the paper

“and over 30 [97] and 40 [96] years in community midlife samples.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [96] Grossardt BR Bower JH Geda YE Colligan RC Rocca WA Pessimistic, anxious, and depressive personality traits predict all-cause mortality: the mayo clinic cohort study of personality and aging Psychosomatic Medicine 2009 71 5 491 500 19321849 PMC3087200 source

In the paper

“This effect was accounted for in part by smoking, a health behavior to which more Extraverted people appear susceptible, regardless of whether older or new operationalizations of Extraversion are used [82–85].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] Eysenck HJ Grossarth-Maticek R Everitt B Personality, stress, smoking, and genetic predisposition as synergistic risk factors for cancer and coronary heart disease Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 1991 26 4 309 322 1760380 source
• Not checked yetcites [83] Chapman B Fiscella K Duberstein P Kawachi I Education and smoking: confounding or effect modification by phenotypic personality traits? Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2009 38 3 237 248 20049661 PMC2820130 source
• Not checked yetcites [84] Chapman BP Fiscella K Duberstein P Coletta M Kawachi I Can the influence of childhood socioeconomic status on Men’s and Women’s adult body mass be explained by adult socioeconomic status or personality? Findings from a national sample Health Psychology 2009 28 4 419 427 19594266 PMC2732202 source
• Not checked yetcites [85] Grossarth-Maticek R Eysenck HJ Personality, smoking, and alcohol as synergistic risk factors for cancer of the mouth and pharynx Psychological Reports 1990 67 3, part 1 1024 1026 2287654 source

In the paper

“Higher levels of Openness have been associated with decreased risk for all-cause mortality in a Japanese community sample [54]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [54] Iwasa H Masui Y Gondo Y Inagaki H Kawaai C Suzuki T Personality and all-cause mortality among older adults dwelling in a japanese community: a five-year population-based prospective cohort study American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2008 16 5 399 405 18403571 source

In the paper

“Other studies noted no substantial effects for the general Extraversion dimension on 3-year all-cause mortality in an older, ill US community sample [63], in substance and alcohol abusers [89], or in Japanese cancer patients (with a general case-mix of cancer types) [90].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Weiss A Costa PT Jr. Domain and facet personality predictors of all-cause mortality among medicare patients aged 65 to 100 Psychosomatic Medicine 2005 67 5 724 733 16204430 source
• Not checked yetcites [89] Murray RP Barnes GE Ekuma O Does personality mediate the relation between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality? Addictive Behaviors 2005 30 3 475 488 15718065 source
• Not checked yetcites [90] Nakaya N Tsubono Y Nishino Y Personality and cancer survival: the Miyagi cohort study British Journal of Cancer 2005 92 11 2089 2094 15900301 PMC2361779 source

In the paper

“with lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in an American sample of CVD patients [72]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [72] Jonassaint CR Boyle SH Williams RB Mark DB Siegler IC Barefoot JC Facets of openness predict mortality in patients with cardiac disease Psychosomatic Medicine 2007 69 4 319 322 17510289

In the paper

“These findings provide some limited evidence that in general community samples, higher levels of Extraversion are associated with greater longevity.”

In the paper

“Optimism is associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality over 40 years in both college freshman [95, 96]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] Brummett BH Helms MJ Dahlstrom WG Siegler IC Prediction of all-cause mortality by the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory optimism-pessimism scale scores: study of a college sample during a 40-year follow-up period Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2006 81 12 1541 1544 17165632 source
• Not checked yetcites [96] Grossardt BR Bower JH Geda YE Colligan RC Rocca WA Pessimistic, anxious, and depressive personality traits predict all-cause mortality: the mayo clinic cohort study of personality and aging Psychosomatic Medicine 2009 71 5 491 500 19321849 PMC3087200 source

In the paper

“and with lower all-cause mortality risk in a cohort of men [73].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [73] Turiano NA Spiro A Mcroczek DK Openness to experience and mortality in men: analysis of trait and facets under review PMC3649068 22219209 source

In the paper

“The latter two studies were able to decompose Openness into more specific traits and found that cognitive and behavioral flexibility [72] and interest in aesthetics [72, 73] were particularly important predictors of greater longevity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [72] Jonassaint CR Boyle SH Williams RB Mark DB Siegler IC Barefoot JC Facets of openness predict mortality in patients with cardiac disease Psychosomatic Medicine 2007 69 4 319 322 17510289

In the paper

“In addition to, or possibly because of the coping advantage it confers, optimism appears linked to lower level of ambulatory blood pressure [102] and lower levels of inflammatory markers [103].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [102] Räikkönen K Matthews KA Flory JD Owens JF Gump BB Effects of optimism, pessimism, and trait anxiety on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during everyday life Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999 76 1 104 113 9972556 source

In the paper

“Naturalistic increases over time in Neuroticism have been linked to later all-cause mortality in a sample of older American men [115].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [115] Mroczek DK Spiro A III Personality change influences mortality in older men: research report Psychological Science 2007 18 5 371 376 17576273 PMC2643121 source

In the paper

“Death over a 10-year span related to CVD disease in men [93] and death due to stroke in a general community sample [100] have also been linked to lower optimism.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [100] Nabi H Koskenvuo M Singh-Manoux A Low pessimism protects against stroke: the health and social support (hessup) prospective cohort study Stroke 2010 41 1 187 190 19892995 PMC2884028 source

In the paper

“Limited evidence suggests that extraversion, openness, perceived control, and low levels of emotional suppression may be associated with longer lifespan.”

In the paper

“The same was true with respect to cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in a US community sample [117] and with respect to cancer mortality in a sample of Japanese cancer patients [90].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [90] Nakaya N Tsubono Y Nishino Y Personality and cancer survival: the Miyagi cohort study British Journal of Cancer 2005 92 11 2089 2094 15900301 PMC2361779 source

In the paper

“One study found no effect for optimism but elevated cancer mortality risk related to pessimism when these two constructs were conceptualized as separate variables [98].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] Schulz R Bookwala J Scheier M Knapp JE Williamson GM Pessimism, age, and cancer mortality Psychology and Aging 1996 11 2 304 309 8795058 source

In the paper

“As well, higher levels of Neuroticism predicted mortality risk in specific patient populations such as those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [57] and congestive heart failure (CHF) [114].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [57] Christensen AJ Ehlers SL Wiebe JS Patient personality and mortality: a 4-year prospective examination of chronic renal insufficiency Health Psychology 2002 21 4 315 320 12090673 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [114] Murberg TA Bru E Aarsland T Personality as predictor of mortality among patients with congestive heart failure: a two-year follow-up study Personality and Individual Differences 2001 30 5 749 757

In the paper

“With respect to health behaviors, elevated has been linked to weight gain and obesity [84, 109] and smoking [110], general etiologic factors in foreshortened longevity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [110] Terracciano A Costa PT Jr. Smoking and the five-factor Model of personality Addiction 2004 99 4 472 481 15049747 PMC2376761 source

In the paper

“Treatment-induced decreases in Neuroticism also reduced risk of mortality over 9 years in European patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) [116].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] Denollet J Brutsaert DL Reducing emotional distress improves prognosis in coronary heart disease: 9-Year mortality in a clinical trial of rehabilitation Circulation 2001 104 17 2018 2023 11673339 source

In the paper

“Limited evidence suggests that extraversion, openness, perceived control, and low levels of emotional suppression may be associated with longer lifespan.”

In the paper

“No associations between Neuroticism and all-cause mortality were observed in US [117] and Japanese [54] community samples.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [117] Almada SJ Zonderman AB Shekelle RB Neuroticism and cynicism and risk of death in middle-aged men: the Western Electric study Psychosomatic Medicine 1991 53 2 165 175 2031070 source
• Not checked yetcites [54] Iwasa H Masui Y Gondo Y Inagaki H Kawaai C Suzuki T Personality and all-cause mortality among older adults dwelling in a japanese community: a five-year population-based prospective cohort study American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2008 16 5 399 405 18403571 source

In the paper

“Death over a 10-year span related to CVD disease in men [93] and death due to stroke in a general community sample [100] have also been linked to lower optimism.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [93] Kubzansky LD Sparrow D Vokonas P Kawachi I Is the glass half empty or half full? A prospective study of optimism and coronary heart disease in the normative aging study Psychosomatic Medicine 2001 63 6 910 916 11719629 source

In the paper

“Limited evidence suggests that extraversion, openness, perceived control, and low levels of emotional suppression may be associated with longer lifespan.”

In the paper

“While these studies provide some hint that optimism may be maladaptive in some contexts, the preponderance of evidence to date suggests that it tends to promote lower mortality risk in most people in most circumstances.”

In the paper

“However, in a sample of gifted individuals, elevated Neuroticism was linked to lower all-cause mortality risk in women but higher mortality risk in men [119].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [119] Friedman HS Kern ML Reynolds CA Personality and health, subjective well-being, and longevity Journal of Personality 2010 78 1 179 216 20433617 source

In the paper

“However, in a sample of gifted individuals, elevated Neuroticism was linked to lower all-cause mortality risk in women but higher mortality risk in men [119].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [119] Friedman HS Kern ML Reynolds CA Personality and health, subjective well-being, and longevity Journal of Personality 2010 78 1 179 216 20433617 source

In the paper

“In general, there is good evidence that higher level of conscientiousness and lower levels of hostility and Type D or “distressed” personality are associated with greater longevity.”

In the paper

“With respect to health behaviors, elevated has been linked to weight gain and obesity [84, 109] and smoking [110], general etiologic factors in foreshortened longevity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] Chapman BP Fiscella K Duberstein P Coletta M Kawachi I Can the influence of childhood socioeconomic status on Men’s and Women’s adult body mass be explained by adult socioeconomic status or personality? Findings from a national sample Health Psychology 2009 28 4 419 427 19594266 PMC2732202 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [109] Brummett BH Babyak MA Williams RB Barefoot JC Costa PT Jr. Siegler IC NEO personality domains and gender predict levels and trends in body mass index over 14 years during midlife Journal of Research in Personality 2006 40 3 222 236

In the paper

“Limited evidence suggests that extraversion, openness, perceived control, and low levels of emotional suppression may be associated with longer lifespan.”

In the paper

“Finally, at least two studies have noted some confounding between socioeconomic status (SES) and Neuroticism, such that some of the socioeconomic inequalities in mortality rate can actually be explained by the fact that persons in more disadvantaged social environments are prone to higher Neuroticism [62, 113].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 2010 171 1 83 92 19965888 PMC2800299 source
• Not checked yetcites [113] Stamatakis KA Lynch J Everson SA Raghunathan T Salonen JT Kaplan GA Self-esteem and mortality: prospective evidence from a population-based study Annals of Epidemiology 2004 14 1 58 65 14664781 PMC3173508 source

In the paper

“As suggested by their high loading on the Big 5 Neuroticism dimension [108], these constructs are trait-like, even though they were developed by researchers who were less concerned with stable traits.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [108] Judge TA Erez A Bono JE Thoresen CJ Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002 83 3 693 710 12219863 source

In the paper

“In general, there is good evidence that higher level of conscientiousness and lower levels of hostility and Type D or “distressed” personality are associated with greater longevity.”

In the paper

“However, Neuroticism has been linked to reduced quality of life [122], even controlling for objective measures of disease load [123]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [122] Jerant A Chapman B Duberstein P Franks P Effects of personality on self-rated health in a 1-year randomized controlled trial of chronic illness self-management British Journal of Health Psychology 2010 15 2 321 335 19594988 PMC3013621 source
• Not checked yetcites [123] Chapman B Duberstein P Lyness JM Personality traits, education, and health-related quality of life among older adult primary care patients Journals of Gerontology—Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2007 62 6 P343 P352 18079419 source

In the paper

“One study found no effect for optimism but elevated cancer mortality risk related to pessimism when these two constructs were conceptualized as separate variables [98].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] Schulz R Bookwala J Scheier M Knapp JE Williamson GM Pessimism, age, and cancer mortality Psychology and Aging 1996 11 2 304 309 8795058 source

In the paper

“To complicate the picture further, two studies have found that higher Neuroticism was associated with reduced all-cause mortality risk in mixed-gender older community samples in the US [63] and Australia [120].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Weiss A Costa PT Jr. Domain and facet personality predictors of all-cause mortality among medicare patients aged 65 to 100 Psychosomatic Medicine 2005 67 5 724 733 16204430 source
• Not checked yetcites [120] Korten AE Jorm AF Jiao Z Health, cognitive, and psychosocial factors as predictors of mortality in an elderly community sample Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1999 53 2 83 88 10396468 PMC1756829 source

In the paper

“In addition to, or possibly because of the coping advantage it confers, optimism appears linked to lower level of ambulatory blood pressure [102] and lower levels of inflammatory markers [103].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [103] Roy B Diez-Roux AV Seeman T Ranjit N Shea S Cushman M Association of optimism and pessimism with inflammation and hemostasis in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) Psychosomatic Medicine 2010 72 2 134 140 20100888 PMC2842951 source

In the paper

“Another study reported no association between elevated Neuroticism and increased all-cause mortality risk in a female community sample [118].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [118] Costa PT Jr. McCrae RR Neuroticism, somatic complaints, and disease: is the bark worse than the bite? Journal of personality 1987 55 2 299 316 3612472 source

In the paper

“The same was true with respect to cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in a US community sample [117] and with respect to cancer mortality in a sample of Japanese cancer patients [90].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [117] Almada SJ Zonderman AB Shekelle RB Neuroticism and cynicism and risk of death in middle-aged men: the Western Electric study Psychosomatic Medicine 1991 53 2 165 175 2031070 source

In the paper

“Findings regarding neuroticism are mixed, supporting the notion that many component(s) of neuroticism detract from life expectancy, but some components at some levels may be healthy or protective.”

In the paper

“Findings regarding neuroticism are mixed, supporting the notion that many component(s) of neuroticism detract from life expectancy, but some components at some levels may be healthy or protective.”

In the paper

“Another hint that optimism may not always be adaptive appeared in a study of high IQ children, which found that cheerfulness, defined as optimism and sense of humor, predicts greater mortality risk by midlife.”

In the paper

“Several studies have linked higher Neuroticism to all-cause mortality in general populations from the US [62], Finland [113], and the United Kingdom [80, 81] over as long a follow-up period as 50 years [88, 113], as well as in an older twin sample [87].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 2010 171 1 83 92 19965888 PMC2800299 source
• Not checked yetcites [113] Stamatakis KA Lynch J Everson SA Raghunathan T Salonen JT Kaplan GA Self-esteem and mortality: prospective evidence from a population-based study Annals of Epidemiology 2004 14 1 58 65 14664781 PMC3173508 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [80] Ploubidis GB Grundy E Personality and all cause mortality: evidence for indirect links Personality and Individual Differences 2009 47 3 203 208
• Not checked yetcites [81] Shipley BA Weiss A Der G Taylor MD Deary IJ Neuroticism, extraversion, and mortality in the UK health and lifestyle survey: a 21-year prospective cohort study Psychosomatic Medicine 2007 69 9 923 931 17991814 source

In the paper

“Others studies suggest that anxiety, associated with sympathetic nervous system disturbance [152], as well as ineffective interaction with health care providers [153], contributes to Type D-related mortality risk.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [152] van den Broek KC Nyklíček I van der Voort PH Alings M Meijer A Denollet J Risk of ventricular arrhythmia after implantable defibrillator treatment in anxious type D patients Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009 54 6 531 537 19643315 source

In the paper

“over 4 years in peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients who underwent vascular surgery [142]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [142] Aquarius AE Smolderen KG Hamming JF De Vries J Vriens PW Denollet J Type D personality and mortality in peripheral arterial disease: a pilot study Archives of Surgery 2009 144 8 728 733 19687376 source

In the paper

“This personality configuration was originally identified empirically as a predictor of all-cause mortality over 7.5 years in a sample of CVD patients [139].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [139] Denollet J Sys SU Stroobant N Rombouts H Gillebert TC Brutsaert DL Personality as independent predictor of long-term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease The Lancet 1996 347 8999 417 421 8618481

In the paper

“Finally, Type D is a risk factor for depressive episodes, which are thought to dampen prognosis of CVD via inflammation and neglectful health behavior [137, 156].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [137] Denollet J Pedersen SS Anger, depression, and anxiety in cardiac patients. The complexity of individual differences in psychological risk Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009 53 11 947 949 19281924 source
• Not checked yetcites [156] Pelle AJ Denollet J Zwisler AD Pedersen SS Overlap and distinctiveness of psychological risk factors in patients with ischemic heart disease and chronic heart failure: are we there yet? Journal of Affective Disorders 2009 113 1-2 150 156 18582950 source

In the paper

“People who are routinely prone to negative emotions and emotionally unstable may be more likely to develop depressed mood, the first cardinal symptom of depression [157].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [157] Krueger RF Caspi A Moffitt TE Silva PA McGee R Personality traits are differentially linked to mental disorders: a multitrait-multidiagnosis study of an adolescent birth cohort Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1996 105 3 299 312 8772001

In the paper

“The majority of mortality in these studies was due to cardiovascular factors.”

In the paper

“which are thought to dampen prognosis of CVD via inflammation and neglectful health behavior [137, 156].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [137] Denollet J Pedersen SS Anger, depression, and anxiety in cardiac patients. The complexity of individual differences in psychological risk Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009 53 11 947 949 19281924 source
• Not checked yetcites [156] Pelle AJ Denollet J Zwisler AD Pedersen SS Overlap and distinctiveness of psychological risk factors in patients with ischemic heart disease and chronic heart failure: are we there yet? Journal of Affective Disorders 2009 113 1-2 150 156 18582950 source

In the paper

“and for CVD mortality over 11 years, particularly in persons with low CVD risk [127, 128]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [127] Surtees PG Wainwright NWJ Luben R Wareham NJ Bingham SA Khaw KT Mastery is associated with cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women at apparently low risk Health Psychology 2010 29 4 412 420 20658829 source
• Not checked yetcites [128] Surtees P Wainwright N Luben R Khaw KT Day N Sense of coherence and mortality in Men and Women in the EPIC-Norfolk United Kingdom prospective cohort study American Journal of Epidemiology 2003 158 12 1202 1209 14652305 source

In the paper

“However, negative findings have been reported for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality over 3 years in CVD patients [144]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [144] Pelle AJ Pedersen SS Schiffer AA Szabó B Widdershoven JW Denollet J Psychological distress and mortality in systolic heart failure Circulation: Heart Failure 2010 3 2 261 267 20071656 source

In the paper

“In a large British national cohort, lower mastery was a risk factor for all-cause, CVD, and cancer death over 6 years [126]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [126] Surtees PG Wainwright NWJ Luben R Khaw KT Day NE Mastery, sense of coherence, and mortality: evidence of independent associations from the EPIC-Norfolk prospective cohort study Health Psychology 2006 25 1 102 110 16448303 source

In the paper

“as well as ineffective interaction with health care providers [153], contributes to Type D-related mortality risk.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [153] Pelle AJ Schiffer AA Smith OR Widdershoven JW Denollet J Inadequate consultation behavior modulates the relationship between Type D personality and impaired health status in chronic heart failure International Journal of Cardiology 2010 142 1 65 71 19167768 source

In the paper

“While many studies have documented poorer general health correlates of Type D in community (rather than CVD) samples [154, 155]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [154] Mols F Denollet J Type D personality among noncardiovascular patient populations: a systematic review General Hospital Psychiatry 2010 32 1 66 72 20114130 source
• Not checked yetcites [155] Mols F Denollet J Type D personality in the general population: a systematic review of health status, mechanisms of disease, and work-related problems Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2010 8, article no. 9 PMC2822747 20096129 source

In the paper

“and oxidative stress [151]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [151] Kupper N Gidron Y Winter J Denollet J Association between type D personality, depression, and oxidative stress in patients with chronic heart failure Psychosomatic Medicine 2009 71 9 973 980 19834046 source

In the paper

“and for 7-year all-cause mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [145]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [145] de Voogd JN Wempe JB Postema K More evidence that depressive symptoms predict mortality in COPD patients: is type D personality an alternative explanation? Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2009 38 2 86 93 19513800 PMC2793382 source

In the paper

“The range of findings generally suggests that these dispositions are associated with greater longevity.”

In the paper

“Those who are prone to negative emotion and socially inhibited (the Type D configuration) are similarly prone to develop formal depression syndromes.”

In the paper

“Similar findings for all-cause mortality have been reported in a Finnish cohorts [129]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [129] van Oort FVA van Lenthe FJ Mackenbach JP Material, psychosocial, and behavioural factors in the explanation of educational inequalities in mortality in the Netherlands Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2005 59 3 214 220 15710599 PMC1733027 source

In the paper

“over 2.5 years in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) [141]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [141] Schiffer AA Smith ORF Pedersen SS Widdershoven JW Denollet J Type D personality and cardiac mortality in patients with chronic heart failure International Journal of Cardiology 2010 142 3 230 235 19162343 source

In the paper

“As well, Type D is associated with inflammatory markers [147–150]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [147] Denollet J Schiffer AA Kwaijtaal M Usefulness of type D personality and kidney dysfunction as predictors of interpatient variability in inflammatory activation in chronic heart failure American Journal of Cardiology 2009 103 3 399 404 19166697 source
• Not checked yetcites [148] Conraads VM Denollet J De Clerck LS Stevens WJ Bridts C Vrints CJ Type D personality is associated with increased levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF-α receptors in chronic heart failure International Journal of Cardiology 2006 113 1 34 38 16325284 source
• Not checked yetcites [149] Denollet J Conraads VM Brutsaert DL De Clerck LS Stevens WJ Vrints CJ Cytokines and immune activation in systolic heart failure: the role of type D personality Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2003 17 4 304 309 12831833 source
• Not checked yetcites [150] Denollet J Vrints CJ Conraads VM Comparing Type D personality and older age as correlates of tumor necrosis factor-α dysregulation in chronic heart failure Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2008 22 5 736 743 18068948 source

In the paper

“One study actually found agreeableness was associated with greater 10-year all-cause mortality in a US national cohort, when combined with low Conscientiousness [62].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 2010 171 1 83 92 19965888 PMC2800299 source

In the paper

“Findings regarding neuroticism are mixed, supporting the notion that many component(s) of neuroticism detract from life expectancy, but some components at some levels may be healthy or protective.”

In the paper

“Overall, evidence suggests various personality traits are significant predictors of longevity and points to several promising directions for further study.”

In the paper

“Type D acts through many behavioral risk factors for the inception and progression of CVD, including maintaining a poor diet and smoking [146].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [146] Kupper N Denollet J Type D personality as a prognostic factor in heart disease: assessment and mediating mechanisms Journal of Personality Assessment 2007 89 3 265 276 18001227 source

In the paper

“and for CVD mortality in a German cohort [130]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [130] Stürmer T Hasselbach P Amelang M Personality, lifestyle, and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer: follow-up of population based cohort British Medical Journal 2006 332 7554 1359 1362 16687457 PMC1476723

In the paper

“Taken as a whole, these findings indicate that Type D conveys mortality risk in those with or at risk for various forms of CVD.”

In the paper

“Other symptoms of depression, such as anergia, may be more liable to emerge given certain personality vulnerabilities, such as low Extraversion.”

In the paper

“Subsequent reports have shown that Type D also increases risk of mortality in CVD patients two years after receiving stents [140]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] Pedersen S Increased risk of mortality or myocardial infarction 2 years post-pci in Type D patients treated with sirolimus-eluting stents Psychology & Health 2005 20 206 207

In the paper

“and over 6 years in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients [143]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [143] Denollet J Gidron Y Vrints CJ Conraads VM Anger, suppressed anger, and risk of adverse events in patients with coronary artery disease American Journal of Cardiology 2010 105 11 1555 1560 20494661 source

In the paper

“Agreeableness did not appear as a robust predictor of longevity in four other studies [54–57].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [54] Iwasa H Masui Y Gondo Y Inagaki H Kawaai C Suzuki T Personality and all-cause mortality among older adults dwelling in a japanese community: a five-year population-based prospective cohort study American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2008 16 5 399 405 18403571 source
• Not checked yetcites [55] Wilson RS Mendes De Leon CF Bienias JL Evans DA Bennett DA Personality and mortality in old age Journals of Gerontology—Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2004 59 3 P110 P116 15118013 source
• Not checked yetcites [56] Fry PS Debats DL Perfectionism and the five-factor personality traits as predictors of mortality in older adults Journal of Health Psychology 2009 14 4 513 524 19383652 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Christensen AJ Ehlers SL Wiebe JS Patient personality and mortality: a 4-year prospective examination of chronic renal insufficiency Health Psychology 2002 21 4 315 320 12090673 source

In the paper

“Another sample following postmenopausal women for 4 years found that hostility was associated with recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarctions, but not CVD mortality risk [172].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [172] Chaput LA Adams SH Simon JA Hostility predicts recurrent events among postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease American Journal of Epidemiology 2002 156 12 1092 1099 12480653 source

In the paper

“or 1-year [171] mortality in CVD patient samples.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [171] Kaufmann MW Fitzgibbons JP Sussman EJ Relation between myocardial infarction, depression, hostility, and death American Heart Journal 1999 138 3 549 554 10467207 source

In the paper

“although one study in a German cohort found no robust effect for anger control after adjusting for locus of control [130].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [130] Stürmer T Hasselbach P Amelang M Personality, lifestyle, and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer: follow-up of population based cohort British Medical Journal 2006 332 7554 1359 1362 16687457 PMC1476723

In the paper

“Other independent studies have noted deleterious effects of anger suppression on all-cause mortality over 17 years in a community sample [143, 185]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [143] Denollet J Gidron Y Vrints CJ Conraads VM Anger, suppressed anger, and risk of adverse events in patients with coronary artery disease American Journal of Cardiology 2010 105 11 1555 1560 20494661 source
• Not checked yetcites [185] Harburg E Julius M Kaciroti N Gleiberman L Schork MA Expressive/suppressive anger-coping responses, gender, and types of mortality: a 17-year follow-up (Tecumseh, Michigan, 1971–1988) Psychosomatic Medicine 2003 65 4 588 597 12883109 source

In the paper

“or with 5-year [170]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [170] Ketterer MW Huffman J Lumley MA Five-year follow-up for adverse outcomes in males with at least minimally positive angiograms: importance of ’denial’ in assessing psychosocial risk factors Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1998 44 2 241 250 9532553 source

In the paper

“In particular, aggressive responding, hostile affect, and cynicism predicted nearly 30-year all-cause mortality in lawyers, while hostile attributions, social avoidance, and “other” hostile items did not [173].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [173] Barefoot JC Dodge KA Peterson BL Dahlstrom WG Williams RB The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival Psychosomatic Medicine 1989 51 1 46 57 2928460 source

In the paper

“Supporting this were studies linking follow-up mortality in mixed-gender older samples to suspiciousness [174], which is similar to cynicism”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [174] Barefoot JC Siegler IC Nowlin JB Peterson BL Haney TL Williams RB Suspiciousness, health, and mortality: a follow-up study of 500 older adults Psychosomatic Medicine 1987 49 5 450 457 3671634 source

In the paper

“and all-cause and CVD mortality in other large cohorts [117, 177, 178].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [117] Almada SJ Zonderman AB Shekelle RB Neuroticism and cynicism and risk of death in middle-aged men: the Western Electric study Psychosomatic Medicine 1991 53 2 165 175 2031070 source
• Not checked yetcites [177] Everson SA Kauhanen J Kaplan GA Hostility and increased risk of mortality and acute myocardial infarction: the mediating role of behavioral risk factors American Journal of Epidemiology 1997 146 2 142 152 9230776 source
• Not checked yetcites [178] Lemogne C Nabi H Zins M Hostility may explain the association between depressive mood and mortality: evidence from the french gazel cohort study Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2010 79 3 164 171 20185973 PMC2876158 source

In the paper

“Hostility also conferred 3-year CVD and all-cause mortality in midlife Finnish men [164]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [164] Koskenvuo M Kaprio J Rose RJ Hostility as a risk factor for mortality and ischemic heart disease in men Psychosomatic Medicine 1988 50 4 330 340 3413267 source

In the paper

“elevated 6-year CVD mortality [166]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [166] Surtees PG Wainwright NWJ Luben R Day NE Khaw KT Prospective cohort study of hostility and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality International Journal of Cardiology 2005 100 1 155 161 15820299 source

In the paper

“A systematic review on repression in cancer survival yielded somewhat inconclusive results [186, 187].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [186] Petticrew M Bell R Hunter D Influence of psychological coping on survival and recurrence in people with cancer: systematic review British Medical Journal 2002 325 7372 1066 1069 12424165 PMC131179 source
• Not checked yetcites [187] Watson M Davidson-Homewood J Haviland J Bliss J Psychological coping and cancer. Study results should not have been dismissed BMJ 2003 326 7389 p. 598; author reply 598 PMC1125485 12637410 source

In the paper

“and over 6 years in CVD patients [143]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [143] Denollet J Gidron Y Vrints CJ Conraads VM Anger, suppressed anger, and risk of adverse events in patients with coronary artery disease American Journal of Cardiology 2010 105 11 1555 1560 20494661 source

In the paper

“for worse health trajectories involving earlier mortality in male veterans [163].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [163] Aldwin CM Spiro A Levenson MR Cupertino AP Longitudinal findings from the normative aging study: III. Personality, individual health trajectories, and mortality Psychology and Aging 2001 16 3 450 465 11554523 source

In the paper

“while hostile attributions, social avoidance, and “other” hostile items did not [173].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [173] Barefoot JC Dodge KA Peterson BL Dahlstrom WG Williams RB The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival Psychosomatic Medicine 1989 51 1 46 57 2928460 source

In the paper

“and 16-year all-cause mortality, [167] in mixed-gender community samples, the latter even with mean ages below 30 at baseline.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [167] Iribarren C Jacobs DR Kiefe CI Causes and demographic, medical, lifestyle and psychosocial predictors of premature mortality: the CARDIA study Social Science and Medicine 2005 60 3 471 482 15550296 source

In the paper

“elevated 25-year all-cause mortality in a mixed-gender midlife sample in Denmark [165]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [165] Barefoot JC Larsen S von der Lieth L Schroll M Hostility, incidence of acute myocardial infarction, and mortality in a sample of older Danish men and women American Journal of Epidemiology 1995 142 5 477 484 7677126 source

In the paper

“with 33-year risk for mortality from any cause among a sample of 19-year olds [169]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [169] Hearn MD Murray DM Luepker RV Hostility, coronary heart disease, and total mortality: a 33-year follow-up study of university students Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1989 12 2 105 121 2788220 source

In the paper

“Collectively, evidence that Agreeableness in and of itself promotes or detracts from longevity is not strong.”

In the paper

“for 10-year all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality among midlife men [160]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [160] Shekelle RB Gale M Ostfeld AM Paul O Hostility, risk of coronary heart disease, and mortality Psychosomatic Medicine 1983 45 2 109 114 6867229 source

In the paper

“A study in Japan found that among patients who already had cancer, moderate levels of suppression actually improved survival, compared to low levels [183].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hirokawa K Nagata C Takatsuka N Shimizu H The relationships of a rationality/antiemotionality personality scale to mortalities of cancer and cardiovascular disease in a community population in Japan Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2004 56 1 103 111 14987971

In the paper

“Within US samples, hostility appeared to elevate risk for 25-year all-cause mortality among male medical students [159]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [159] Barefoot JC Dahlstrom WG Williams RB Jr. Hostility, CHD incidence, and total mortality: a 25-year follow-up study of 255 physicians Psychosomatic Medicine 1983 45 1 59 63 6844529 source

In the paper

“Nevertheless, subsequent independent research has suggested that some of the Grossarth-Maticeck personality types may play a role in longevity.”

In the paper

“When revised scales focusing on these components were utilized, they predicted 15-year CVD mortality in CVD patients [176]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [176] Boyle SH Williams RB Mark DB Hostility as a predictor of survival in patients with coronary artery disease Psychosomatic Medicine 2004 66 5 629 632 15385683 source

In the paper

“but not CVD mortality risk [172].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [172] Chaput LA Adams SH Simon JA Hostility predicts recurrent events among postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease American Journal of Epidemiology 2002 156 12 1092 1099 12480653 source

In the paper

“As a result, many have concluded that despite earlier mixed findings, hostility defined by cynicism, interpersonal antagonism, and angry affect confers risk for foreshortened lifespan, particularly via CVD death [47].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Smith TW Glazer K Ruiz JM Gallo LC Hostility, anger, aggressiveness, and coronary heart disease: an interpersonal perspective on personality, emotion, and health Journal of Personality 2004 72 6 1217 1270 15509282 source

In the paper

“Ultimately, less is understood about the Grossarth-Maticeck types and how they affect longevity than other personality constructs, due to the earlier controversies surrounding them.”

In the paper

“These traits thus far explain less than 20% of the associations between low-SES and mortality [62, 129, 204].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 2010 171 1 83 92 19965888 PMC2800299 source
• Not checked yetcites [129] van Oort FVA van Lenthe FJ Mackenbach JP Material, psychosocial, and behavioural factors in the explanation of educational inequalities in mortality in the Netherlands Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2005 59 3 214 220 15710599 PMC1733027 source
• Not checked yetcites [204] Nabi H Kivimäki M Marmot MG Does personality explain social inequalities in mortality? The French GAZEL cohort study International Journal of Epidemiology 2008 37 3 591 602 18276626 PMC2650255 source

In the paper

“A variation of this theoretically driven approach has derived measures of similarity to theoretically important personality profiles or trait configurations, such as Type D or the “undercontrolled” personality, using general Big 5 scales, with good success in identifying personality-health links [51, 197].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Chapman B Goldberg LG Replicability and 40-year predictive power of childhood ARC types Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. In press PMC3160513 21744975 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [197] Chapman BP Duberstein PR Lyness JM The distressed personality type: replicability and general health associations European Journal of Personality 2007 21 7 911 929

In the paper

“Second, the increasing inclusion of biomarkers in personality-longevity studies is beginning to illuminate biological pathways such as systemic inflammation [65, 66, 218, 219] and artery calcification [220, 221]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Sutin AR Terracciano A Deiana B High Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness are associated with interleukin-6 Psychological Medicine 2010 40 9 1485 1493 19995479 PMC2933046 source
• Not checked yetcites [66] Chapman BP van Wijngaarden E Seplaki CL Talbot N Duberstein P Moynihan J Openness and conscientiousness predict 34-SSweek patterns of Interleukin-6 in older persons Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2011 25 4 667 673 PMC3358819 21241793 source
• Not checked yetcites [218] Sutin AR Costa PT Jr. Uda M Ferrucci L Schlessinger D Terracciano A Personality and metabolic syndrome Age 2010 32 4 513 519 20567927 PMC2980597 source
• Not checked yetcites [219] Chapman BP Khan A Harper M Gender, race/ethnicity, personality, and interleukin-6 in urban primary care patients Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2009 23 5 636 642 PMC2694851 19162168 source
• Not checked yetcites [220] Sutin AR Scuteri A Lakatta EG Trait antagonism and the progression of arterial thickening: women with antagonistic traits have similar carotid arterial thickness as men Hypertension 2010 56 4 617 622 20713913 PMC2950971 source
• Not checked yetcites [221] Sutin AR Terracciano A Deiana B Cholesterol, triglycerides, and the five-factor model of personality Biological Psychology 2010 84 2 186 191 20109519 PMC2933037 source

In the paper

“However, the resulting categories may reflect relatively heterogeneous groups of people, few of whom resemble the prototype personality profile.”

In the paper

“While major health behaviors such as poor diet, inactivity, alcohol consumption, and lack of exercise have received general support as mediators of personality-longevity links, three questions remain.”

In the paper

“Limited studies on personality, SES, and longevity to date suggest a mild degree of confounding between mortality risk related to Neuroticism and low control, and mortality risk related to low social position (supporting indirect selection).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 2010 171 1 83 92 19965888 PMC2800299 source
• Not checked yetcites [129] van Oort FVA van Lenthe FJ Mackenbach JP Material, psychosocial, and behavioural factors in the explanation of educational inequalities in mortality in the Netherlands Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2005 59 3 214 220 15710599 PMC1733027 source
• Not checked yetcites [204] Nabi H Kivimäki M Marmot MG Does personality explain social inequalities in mortality? The French GAZEL cohort study International Journal of Epidemiology 2008 37 3 591 602 18276626 PMC2650255 source

In the paper

“Thus, researchers who decompose the Big 5 tend to examine each facet separately, or create linear combinations of facets [63, 192], in order to isolate personality effects on health.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Weiss A Costa PT Jr. Domain and facet personality predictors of all-cause mortality among medicare patients aged 65 to 100 Psychosomatic Medicine 2005 67 5 724 733 16204430 source
• Not checked yetcites [192] Chapman BP Lyness JM Duberstein P Personality and medical illness burden among older adults in primary care Psychosomatic Medicine 2007 69 3 277 282 17401059 PMC3807736 source

In the paper

“However, in some cases like the NEO-FFI, subsequent psychometric work identified subscales reflecting specific constituent traits of each of the Big 5 [190, 191] useful in health studies [66, 192].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [190] Saucier G Replicable item-cluster subcomponents in the NEO five-factor Inventory Journal of Personality Assessment 1998 70 2 263 276 9697330 source
• Not checked yetcites [191] Chapman BP Bandwidth and fidelity on the NEO-five factor inventory: replicability and reliability of Saucier’s (1998) item cluster subcomponents Journal of Personality Assessment 2007 88 2 220 234 17437386 PMC3807730 source
• Not checked yetcites [66] Chapman BP van Wijngaarden E Seplaki CL Talbot N Duberstein P Moynihan J Openness and conscientiousness predict 34-SSweek patterns of Interleukin-6 in older persons Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2011 25 4 667 673 PMC3358819 21241793 source
• Not checked yetcites [192] Chapman BP Lyness JM Duberstein P Personality and medical illness burden among older adults in primary care Psychosomatic Medicine 2007 69 3 277 282 17401059 PMC3807736 source

In the paper

“In these studies, both personality and SES still exert independent mortality risks when confounding is controlled.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 2010 171 1 83 92 19965888 PMC2800299 source
• Not checked yetcites [129] van Oort FVA van Lenthe FJ Mackenbach JP Material, psychosocial, and behavioural factors in the explanation of educational inequalities in mortality in the Netherlands Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2005 59 3 214 220 15710599 PMC1733027 source
• Not checked yetcites [204] Nabi H Kivimäki M Marmot MG Does personality explain social inequalities in mortality? The French GAZEL cohort study International Journal of Epidemiology 2008 37 3 591 602 18276626 PMC2650255 source

In the paper

“One study did find that mortality risk was reduced by sense of coherence only at higher levels of SES [205]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [205] Poppius E Tenkanen L Hakama M Kalimo R Pitkänen T The sense of coherence, occupation and all-cause mortality in the Helsinki Heart Study European Journal of Epidemiology 2003 18 5 389 393 12889683 source

In the paper

“Psychological processes at the interface of cognition and behavior, such as health decision-making and risk perception, are also correlated with personality [29].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Flynn KE Smith MA Personality and health care decision-making style Journals of Gerontology—Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2007 62 5 P261 P267 PMC2211430 17906167 source

In the paper

“As a result, personality may explain some of the social inequalities in longevity.”

In the paper

“psychosocial interventions have successfully reduced hostility [248]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [248] Gidron Y Davidson K Bata I The short-term effects of a hostility-reduction intervention on male coronary heart disease patients Health Psychology 1999 18 4 416 420 10431944 source

In the paper

“As noted above, only some of the associations between personality and longevity are accounted for by commonly measured health behaviors.”

In the paper

“Equivalent methods for computing indirect effects for linear equations (i.e., the products versus differences of relevant coefficients) are not equivalent with one or more nonlinear (i.e., logistic, survival) models in the mediation system [223].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [223] Huang B Sivaganesan S Succop P Goodman E Statistical assessment of mediational effects for logistic mediational models Statistics in Medicine 2004 23 17 2713 2728 15316954

In the paper

“The pathways linking personality to longevity are thus only vaguely understood as a partial function of common health behaviors and largely unknown biological mechanisms.”

In the paper

“Regardless, there is emerging evidence that naturalistic declines in Conscientiousness and Extraversionover at a 10-year period are associated with worse self-rated health at follow-up [247]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [247] Turiano NA Pitzer LM Armour C Personality trait level and change as predictors of health outcomes: findings from a national study of Americans (MIDUS) Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science. In press PMC3410684 21765062 source

In the paper

“Methods exist for identifying cut points for sequential screening scales according to the outcome, scale, and whether one wishes to maximize net sensitivity or specificity from the two-step process [236].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [236] Woodward M Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis 2005 2nd edition New York, NY, USA Chapman & Hall

In the paper

“Mediational confounding by unobserved pathways may occur in studies that include only one a few mediators, making it difficult to gauge how much personality risk is transmitted through different pathways.”

In the paper

“Third, the relative strength of each mediator is far from universally established.”

In the paper

“Fourth, just as in psychometric measurement, genetic risk profiling can be error-prone [232].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [232] Ng PC Murray SS Levy S Venter JC An agenda for personalized medicine Nature 2009 461 7265 724 726 19812653 source

In the paper

“Third, genetic information without data on environmental experiences may weaken the extent to which genes can be said to have implications for health.”

In the paper

“Integrating genotypic with phenotypic measurement may offset the potential cost of measurement error in either by providing supplemental data related to important outcomes.”

In the paper

“There is some concern that this approach has not provided the additional predictive power hoped for, particularly relative to the costs of genetic screening [231].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [231] Manolio TA Genomewide association studies and assessment of risk of disease The New England Journal of Medicine 2010 363 21 2076 2077 21083406

In the paper

“Psychological tests are able to predict behavioral criteria with an accuracy similar to which medical tests predict medical criteria [230]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [230] Meyer GJ Finn SE Eyde LD Psychological testing and psychological assessment: a review of evidence and issues American Psychologist 2001 56 2 128 165 11279806 source

In the paper

“This means that personality may provide incremental predictive power in forecasting health, above and beyond the data contained by an individual's health behavior, demographic, or genetic profile.”

In the paper

“Personality also changes in neural-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's [245].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [245] Duchek JM Balota DA Storandt M Larsen R The power of personality in discriminating between healthy aging and early-stage Alzheimer’s disease Journals of Gerontology—Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2007 62 6 P353 P361 18079420

In the paper

“The converse is also true: a very large conventional effect size for a trait may not necessarily mean it is important in population health, if the level of trait necessary for the effect is relatively rare.”

In the paper

“This means that traits that have mild effects on an outcome may have a large public health impact if they are relatively common in the population.”

In the paper

“A similar result was observed for raising Conscientiousness to +1 SD in those also high on Agreeableness.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 2010 171 1 83 92 19965888 PMC2800299 source

In the paper

“The authors also placed this in the metric of a common physician-based measure of morbidity, equating it to moderate deterioration in one organ system, or mild deterioration across 2 organ systems [260].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [260] Chapman BP Roberts BW Lyness JM Duberstein PR Personality trait predictors of physician-assessed illness burden over 4 year in older adults American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, In press PMC3674148 23567416 source

In the paper

“Similar psychosocial treatment has been mounted in cancer patients [250]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [250] Grossarth-Maticek R Social Psychotherapy and course of the disease. First experiences with cancer patients Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1980 33 3 129 138 7384382 source

In the paper

“in the latter two studies, patients showed improved 9-year survival rates [116] and reductions in sclerosis in the fundus of the eye [249].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] Denollet J Brutsaert DL Reducing emotional distress improves prognosis in coronary heart disease: 9-Year mortality in a clinical trial of rehabilitation Circulation 2001 104 17 2018 2023 11673339 source

In the paper

“This illustrates the possibility that intervening to change personality traits may bring somewhat greater benefits because one is treating an underlying cause of multiple mediators (e.g., poor health behaviors) rather than targeting only one or a limited number of the intervening factors [259].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [259] Health NNIO NIH Science of Behavior Change Meeting Summary 2009 Bethesda, Md, USA National Institutes of Heath

In the paper

“in the latter two studies, patients showed improved 9-year survival rates [116] and reductions in sclerosis in the fundus of the eye [249].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [249] Grossarth-Maticek R Eysenck H Gallasch G Vetter H Frentzel-Beyme R Changes in degree of sclerosis as a function of prophylactic treatment in cancer-prone and CHD-prone probands Behaviour Research and Therapy 1991 29 4 343 351 1888324 source

In the paper

“with one study noting small improvement in sclerosis [249] and another enhanced survival time and lymphocyte breast count in breast cancer patients [251].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [249] Grossarth-Maticek R Eysenck H Gallasch G Vetter H Frentzel-Beyme R Changes in degree of sclerosis as a function of prophylactic treatment in cancer-prone and CHD-prone probands Behaviour Research and Therapy 1991 29 4 343 351 1888324 source

In the paper

“psychosocial interventions have successfully reduced hostility [248], Type D traits [116], and deficits in social and emotional functioning in CVD patients [249]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] Denollet J Brutsaert DL Reducing emotional distress improves prognosis in coronary heart disease: 9-Year mortality in a clinical trial of rehabilitation Circulation 2001 104 17 2018 2023 11673339 source

In the paper

“For instance, one study found that a difference of 1 SD in Conscientiousness and a difference of 8.8 years of age were associated with comparable amounts of physician-assessed medical burden as [192].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [192] Chapman BP Lyness JM Duberstein P Personality and medical illness burden among older adults in primary care Psychosomatic Medicine 2007 69 3 277 282 17401059 PMC3807736 source