The DOI matches its Crossref record; 300 of the 300 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 324 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior
Open accessAbstract
The suicide death toll is alarmingly high, outnumbering deaths from war and homicide worldwide (1). Many factors contribute to suicide death, making it difficult to prevent because it is much more than a response to life stressors. Campaigns to lower U.S. suicide rates by 20% by 2025, and even to zero, confront hard realities such as not knowing why the annual suicide rate in the United States has risen every year since 2000 (2). The concurrent fall in suicide rates worldwide (1) is largely driven by restricting access to one highly lethal suicide method, namely, pesticides, which are commonly used in a few very populous countries, including China, India, and Sri Lanka (3-5). That approach saves lives without addressing the reasons people want to die by suicide. Currently empirically proven suicide prevention methods (Figure 1) include 1) better training of nonpsychiatrist physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of depression, the most common psychiatric disorder associated with suicide (6); 2) better outreach during the highest risk period, after suicidal patients are discharged from hospital or the emergency department (7); and 3) means restriction, focused on the commonest methods in each country (8). To prevent suicide in the short term, we need to scale up the use of these proven methods. To use these methods more effectively, we need to know who is at risk and when the risk is greater. Progress in both domains has stalled. Rehashing older approaches does not improve suicide risk assessment or prevention (9). While universal approaches like training primary care physicians to manage depression and means restriction work (10), for targeted prevention approaches we need to find new risk detection methods. The explosion of new information about the causes of suicidal behavior (11) needs to be built into a
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Mann proposes a brain-centric stress-diathesis model in which suicide risk arises from the interaction of acute stressors with suicide-related traits—subjective distress, altered decision making, neuropsychological deficits, and social distortions—linked to specific neural circuitry, neurotransmitter, stress-response, neurotrophic, and inflammatory abnormalities. The paper argues that suicidal behavior should be considered a distinct mental disorder and that these diathesis-related biological pathways can guide risk detection and prevention.
Key findings
- The stress-diathesis model identifies four risk-moderating trait domains: excessive subjective distress/attentional bias, altered decision making with impulsive-aggressive tendencies, neuropsychological abnormalities (learning, cognitive rigidity, memory), and social distortions such as thwarted belongingness.
- Biological correlates include deficient serotonin release: low CSF 5-HIAA predicts suicide risk in depressed individuals with an odds ratio of 4.6; up-regulated serotonin 1A autoreceptors are associated with fatal and nonfatal suicide attempts.
- Clinical/prevention findings cited include that major depressive episodes account for about 60% of psychiatric diagnoses in suicide decedents, suicide death rate is 300 times higher in the first week and 200 times higher in the first month after inpatient psychiatric discharge versus the general population, and over 80% of suicide attempt survivors do not end up dying by suicide.
- Around 60% of individuals denying suicidal ideation on weekly self-report reported suicidal thoughts using ecological momentary assessment delivered six times a day over the same 1-week period; a recent review reported 40 genes associated with suicidal behavior independently of psychiatric diagnoses.
Methods
- Design: conceptual/review article presenting a heuristic brain-centric stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior; no primary experimental study is reported.
- Data/sample: synthesis of prior human genetic, epigenetic, neuroimaging, neurotransmitter, stress-response, neurotrophic, inflammatory, clinical, and treatment literature; no new sample or dataset is described.
- Main analysis: narrative integration of cited findings into a model linking stressors, diathesis traits, neural circuitry, and prevention targets; no systematic review, meta-analysis, or statistical analysis is reported.
Limitations
- Paper-stated limitations include that passive sensing/phonotype approaches lack replicated data on prediction of suicidal behavior risk; longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether fluctuating suicide risk correlates with inflammation; ketamine has never been tested for preventing suicidal behavior; and rTMS results are preliminary because most studies have small sample sizes and lack control groups.
- The paper also notes mixed or inconclusive evidence in several domains, including neuroimaging studies of suicidal behavior and ideation disagreeing about details, DTI studies of suicidal ideation being inconclusive, and mixed results for HPA axis abnormalities and suicidal ideation.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review/model paper, it does not use a systematic search strategy or quantitative synthesis, and many cited genetic, neuroimaging, and biomarker findings remain unreplicated or heterogeneous.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 324 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The stress-diathesis model (13, 14) depicts suicidal behavior as a consequence of an interaction between acute stressors or proximal risk factors and a diathesis or distal factors (Figure 1).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > PATHWAYS TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR: A STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
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In the paper
“Second, only a minority of psychiatric patients make suicide attempts, and the presence or absence of suicidal behavior is not simply determined by the presence of a psychiatric illness or the overall severity of illness (12-14).”
What the sources say
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In the paper
“First, suicidal behavior is found in many psychiatric disorders and not just in mood disorders and borderline personality disorder, where it is part of the diagnostic symptom list.”
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Combining GWASs with transcriptome data indicates that suicide-related genes are associated with inflammation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate neurotransmission, and neurogenesis (51-56).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CAUSES OF THE DIATHESIS IN THE STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Suicide risk may be mediated by genetic and epigenetic effects of stress response genes (58-61).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CAUSES OF THE DIATHESIS IN THE STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“- Suicide risk is increased by cognitive distortions related to social reward and exclusion (40).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > PATHWAYS TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR: A STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Severity of suicide attempts is associated with genes involved in anerobic energy production, circadian clock regulation, and tyrosine catabolism (57).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CAUSES OF THE DIATHESIS IN THE STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“- Suicide attempters exhibit less language fluency and learning (38) and impaired deterministic learning in the context of complex unambiguous environments (39).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > PATHWAYS TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR: A STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Human genetic studies have made three major observations: 1) heritability of fatal or nonfatal suicidal behavior and even ideation is moderate; 2) heritability of suicidal behavior is independent of major psychiatric syndromes; and 3) heritability of suicidal behavior is mediated by many gene variants of small effect (44-47).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CAUSES OF THE DIATHESIS IN THE STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Human genetic studies have made three major observations: 1) heritability of fatal or nonfatal suicidal behavior and even ideation is moderate; 2) heritability of suicidal behavior is independent of major psychiatric syndromes; and 3) heritability of suicidal behavior is mediated by many gene variants of small effect (44-47).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CAUSES OF THE DIATHESIS IN THE STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 71
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Impaired decision making (36) and related brain circuit changes (37) are also observed in healthy relatives of suicide decedents, consistent with familial transmission of an endophenotype for suicide risk.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > PATHWAYS TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR: A STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These learning deficits scale with attempt lethality and are partially explained by impaired cognitive control (34), the most consistent deficit found in suicide attempters (17, 22, 24).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > PATHWAYS TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR: A STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Memory deficits in suicide attempters include impaired working memory and long-term memory and a shift from specific to more general autobiographical memory (18, 23).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > PATHWAYS TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR: A STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“- Suicide attempters exhibit less language fluency and learning (38) and impaired deterministic learning in the context of complex unambiguous environments (39).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > PATHWAYS TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR: A STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“- Subjective distress is linked to familial transmission of suicidal behavior and encompasses hopelessness and subjective depression, which are more severe in depressed suicide attempters compared with depressed nonattempters (27).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > PATHWAYS TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR: A STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Mann JJ, 2016, Arch Suicide Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suicidal ideation is much more prevalent than suicidal behavior, and it often does not progress to suicidal behavior (15).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A perceived lack of reciprocally caring relationships, also known as thwarted belongingness, may deter help-seeking (41), amplify sensitivity to social rejection (42), and impair social integration (43), and all enhance suicidal ideation and behavior.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > PATHWAYS TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR: A STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“High-lethality attempters have greater impairment of reward learning, hampering the search for alternative solutions (34), but they have less delayed discounting (i.e., they can suppress the desire for immediate satisfaction in favor of delayed reward) (35) and perform better on an object alternation task, indicating greater executive control and response organization (25).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > PATHWAYS TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR: A STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, other studies have reported lower rs-fMRI activity and functional connectivity (85, 86, 92, 93), probably due to use of different outcome measures of rs-fMRI activity, for example, regional homogeneity, fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations among studies, and heterogeneity of suicidal ideation.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescent suicidal behavior mostly involves smaller ventral PFC regions, particularly the OFC (74), which correlates with greater attempt lethality (75).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Auerbach RP, Biol Psychiatry
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Suicide attempters also have less OFC and rACC activity in response to positive facial expressions (78) and greater lateral OFC activity in response to angry facial expressions (95, 97, 104).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suicidal ideation–related increased frontal-subcortical connectivity may be confined to suicidal ideators who do not attempt suicide (94), because better executive control prevents acting on suicidal thoughts.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Suicidal ideation relates to greater rs-fMRI activity in the vmPFC (88) and greater resting functional connectivity between the OFC and amygdala (89) and between the posterior cingulate cortex and middle temporal gyrus (90), perhaps related to negative self-reflection or rumination (91).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“5) abnormalities of glutamate and opioid systems that may affect memory, learning, and reward mechanisms.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“2) structural and functional deficits in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) that correlate with severity of subjective depression (66) and contribute to less top-down control over vmPFC regions, resulting in impaired decision making and, in turn, suicidal behavior (”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such findings may indicate impaired top-down executive control, explaining a correlation with attempt-related impulsivity (80) and number of suicide attempts (81, 82).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Deficient serotonin release is not due to serotonin biosynthesis, because suicide decedents have greater tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (the rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin synthesis) expression per neuron, and there are more brainstem serotonin neuron cell bodies (109, 110).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The serotonin deficit likely involves less serotonin neuron firing and less release, because fatal and nonfatal suicide attempts are associated with up-regulated serotonin 1A autoreceptors that are located on serotonin neuron cell bodies and proximal dendrites (111, 112).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“3) differential activation of the OFC to pleasant versus negative facial expressions, perhaps related to excessive distress and social distortions;”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Violent attempters have greater caudate volume, and suicide attempters with familial suicidal behavior have smaller volumes in temporal regions, dlPFC, and putamen, compared with other subgroups of attempters (72).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Suicide decedents have smaller gray matter volume in the dlPFC (68) and hippocampus (69, 70), perhaps related to impaired decision making and learning/memory functions, respectively.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Altered mu opioid receptor binding is also related to suicide risk (40, 147), perhaps via dysregulation of reward circuitry and social function (40).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The kappa opioid receptor system may play a role in negative affect associated with suicidal ideation and may explain the possible antisuicidal effects of the kappa antagonist buprenorphine (139, 140).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Altered expression of glutamate receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and kainite glutamate receptors is linked to suicidal behavior (129) and may play a role in the rapid-onset antidepressant and antisuicidal effects of ketamine (130-135).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Serotonin dysfunction is more prominent in higher-lethality suicidal behavior (117), indicating localized PFC hypofunction (118).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nonsuppression on the dexamethasone suppression test, which assesses this HPA axis glucocorticoid receptor feedback loop, predicts suicide (151-153), but there is disagreement about nonfatal attempts (154-158).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Stress Response Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] source
- Not checked yetcites [152] source
- Not checked yetcites [153] source
- Not checked yetcites [154] source
- Not checked yetcites [155] source
- Not checked yetcites [156] Fountoulakis KN, 2004, Neuropsychobiology source
- Not checked yetcites [157] source
- Not checked yetcites [158] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Childhood adversity may both up-regulate HPA stress responses (122) and reduce serotonin neuron firing (108) in parallel (123), the former amplifying neuroinflammation (124) and the latter dampening neurotrophic factors (125).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Glucocorticoid receptors are subject to genetic effects via chaperone proteins like SKA1 and FKBP5 (58, 148, 149), as well as epigenetic changes (i.e., methylation) observed in response to maternal deprivation in rats (150) and in suicide decedents with a history of childhood adversity (60).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Stress Response Systems
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Kappa receptor agonists induce anxiogenic and dysphoric effects in humans (141-143) and depressive-like behavior in animals (i.e., increased immobility in the forced swim test) (144, 145).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mouse studies show that greater expression of these autoreceptors produces a biological phenotype of less serotonin neuron firing and release and a behavioral phenotype manifesting giving-up behavior in the tail suspension test and the forced swim test (113).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Richardson-Jones JW, 2011, J Neurosci source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Childhood adversity may produce a phenocopy by epigenetic effects in the promotor and thereby mediate the effect on suicidal behavior risk via less serotonin release (108).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“TSST studies find lower pretask baseline cortisol (161, 162) and blunted total cortisol output (162, 163) in suicide attempters compared with nonattempters, while heightened cortisol response to stress appears confined to suicide attempters exhibiting higher levels of impulsivity and aggression (164).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Stress Response Systems
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Enhanced glutamatergic NMDA-mediated transmission may improve memory consolidation (136) but in excess may be neurotoxic (137).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, depressed suicide attempters have lower urinary and plasma levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHGP), a major metabolite of norepinephrine, compared with control subjects, and CSF 3-methoxy-4-hydroxphenylglycol (MHPG) levels correlate negatively with lethality of future suicide attempts (127).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depressed suicide decedents have fewer brain-projecting noradrenergic neurons in the rostral locus coeruleus and higher β-adrenergic receptor binding in the PFC, both consistent with less noradrenergic activity.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126] Mathews DC, 2013, Transl Neurosci source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Less presynaptic serotonin transporter binding in major depression is seen throughout most of the PFC, but in suicide an additional deficit is confined to the ventral PFC and ACC, suggesting a role in decision making (115, 116).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neural Circuitry of Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Low brain BDNF in the hippocampus of suicide decedents (180) may underlie its smaller size in suicide decedents (69) and attempters (194) and fewer mature granule neurons in its dentate gyrus (70).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neurotrophic and Apoptotic Pathways
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers linked to suicide risk include elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, proinflammatory interleukins (IL), cytokines that regulate the immune response (e.g., IL-1β and IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), tissue growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and low levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-2, IL-4,”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neuroinflammation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, a recent study reports no association between suicidal ideation severity and cytokine pathway marker mRNA expression (217), and longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether fluctuating suicide risk correlates with severity of inflammation.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neuroinflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [217] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Infant maltreatment increases DNA methylation and reduces BDNF gene expression in the PFC (191).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neurotrophic and Apoptotic Pathways
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, the dentate gyrus plays a role in emotion regulation through its connection to the PFC—which also shows lower neuron density and serotonin receptor binding in suicide decedents (68).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neurotrophic and Apoptotic Pathways
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Major depressive episodes account for about 60% of psychiatric diagnoses in suicide decedents (218), and major depressive episodes are mostly untreated at the time of death (219).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Stressors and Prevention
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“IL-1β negatively correlates, whereas IL-2 positively correlates, with OFC activation during experimental social exclusion (204), a known trigger of suicidal ideation and behavior.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neuroinflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Conejero I, 2019, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Expression of BDNF and BDNF receptor tyrosine kinase B genes is lower in suicide decedents (179-181), and plasma BDNF levels are low in suicide attempters (182), perhaps reflecting a systemic genomic effect on BDNF expression.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neurotrophic and Apoptotic Pathways
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The BDNF gene Met allele, a part of BDNF functional polymorphism (rs6265), increases the risk for suicidal behavior (183, 184), particularly in depressed individuals (185) and in those exposed to early-life stress (186, 187), where it may do so by loss of ACC volume (188) and altered decision-making or depression circuitry.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neurotrophic and Apoptotic Pathways
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates neuron survival, plasticity, and synaptic function (169-174), plays an integral role in differentiation during development (175, 176), is affected by stress (177), and is associated with major depression and suicidal behavior (178).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neurotrophic and Apoptotic Pathways
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] source
- Not checked yetcites [170] McAllister AK, 2001, Cell Mol Life Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [171] Poo MM, 2001, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [172] source
- Not checked yetcites [173] source
- Not checked yetcites [174] Morse JK, 1993, J Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [175] Alcántara S, 2006, Cereb Cortex source
- Not checked yetcites [176] Engelhardt M, 2007, Eur J Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [177] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Elevated glucocorticoids may result in loss of astrocytes and glutamate transporters. This, in turn, leads to a pathological accumulation of glutamate, with subsequent loss of neuronal density (137).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neurotrophic and Apoptotic Pathways
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Greater suicidal ideation severity is associated with higher CRP (197), IL-6, and IL-10 levels (215) and with activated microglia-related alterations of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway (216).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neuroinflammation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Elevated IL-6 correlates positively with suicide attempters’ impulsivity (203), thereby linking proinflammatory responses to an impulsive, reactive endophenotype for suicidal behavior.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUICIDE RISK–RELATED DIATHESIS TRAITS > Neuroinflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [203] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Antidepressants generally act on serotonergic and noradrenergic systems (220) and may help prevent suicide by effects on both the internal stressors of depression and anxiety and the diathesis by reducing hopelessness, reducing propensity for impulsive behavior in response to aggressive or suicidal urges and enhancing cognition.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Diathesis and Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [220] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The anti–suicidal ideation effect of ketamine is only partly explained by its antidepressant action, and effects on memory and cognition may also play a role (131-133).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Diathesis and Prevention
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Forcing individuals to use a less lethal method may work because over 80% of suicide attempt survivors do not end up dying by suicide (249).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Restriction of Lethal Means
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [249] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dialectical behavior therapy prevents suicidal behavior without proven antidepressant benefit, indicating that it works via problem-solving and stress management or elements of the diathesis such as dampening amygdala reactivity to negative emotions (235).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Diathesis and Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Clozapine blocks dopamine 2 and serotonin 2A receptors, potentially mediating antiaggressive and anti-impulsive properties (227).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Diathesis and Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [227] Wilkowska A, 2019, Psychiatr Danub
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intranasal ketamine (or esketamine) also shows promise as anti–suicidal ideation treatment (134) and is less invasive, but its absorption is more erratic, and, like intravenous ketamine, it must be administered in medical settings.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Diathesis and Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [134] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CBT improves capacities for cognitive regulation of emotion and is associated with decreased activity in the amygdala-associated negative emotional reactivity (233) and enhanced activity of the emotion regulation network, including the subgenual ACC, medial PFC, and lingual gyrus (234).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Diathesis and Prevention
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a distinct diagnosis, it will be coded more consistently in medical records, raising clinician awareness of risk in individual patients, enhancing suicide research, and motivating the targeting of the suicide-related diathesis for prevention and treatment in suicidal patients.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Suicide as a Distinct Mental Disorder
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most studied are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy, and both can prevent suicide attempts (231, 232).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Diathesis and Prevention
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Switching methods is known to be difficult because restricting access to a common method—such as household coal gas in the United Kingdom (245-247) and firearms in Switzerland (248)—was followed by large reductions in suicide rates, mainly due to those methods, and very little method substitution even over several years.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Restriction of Lethal Means
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The suicide death rate is 300 times higher in the first week and 200 times higher in the first month among patients discharged from inpatient psychiatric care compared with the general population (236).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Brief Interventions and Active Postdischarge Outreach in the Emergency Department or From Inpatient Units
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [236] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It takes advantage of two key observations. The acute risk of acting on suicidal thoughts is brief, and the flexibility of the suicidal person in changing from one method to another is surprisingly limited.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Restriction of Lethal Means
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because both medications reduce the risk of suicidal behavior independently of how effective they are for mood and psychosis (225), this indicates potential effects via the diathesis.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Diathesis and Prevention
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The specific mechanisms of their antisuicidal diathesis effects are unknown and are not readily discoverable because lithium and clozapine have many different pharmacologic effects.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > STRESS-DIATHESIS-MODEL-INFORMED SUICIDE PREVENTION > Diathesis and Prevention
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Buprenorphine has antidepressant effects when used for both opioid use disorder and treatment-resistant depression (279-284)”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Medication and Neuromodulation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This may be done intentionally to thwart any intervention to prevent suicide, or because the person does not perceive a need for care (267).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Implicit Cognitions and Neuroimaging for Suicide Risk Detection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [267] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Neural decoding is an approach where machine-learning methods have been used to identify the neural activity pattern involved in the mental representation of a deceased loved one and to track unconscious deceased-related thinking (272).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Implicit Cognitions and Neuroimaging for Suicide Risk Detection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [272] Schneck N, 2017, Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The wide availability of smartphones allows accumulation of massive amounts of such personal-level data that may lead to identification of a “phonotype” (261) or “screenotype” (262).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Real-Time Monitoring of Acute Suicidal Crisis
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The IAT predicts suicidal behavior in some prospective studies (269, 270), but not others (271).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Implicit Cognitions and Neuroimaging for Suicide Risk Detection
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Buprenorphine, a mu opioid receptor partial agonist (274-276) and a kappa opioid receptor antagonist (277)”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Medication and Neuromodulation
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is another promising, low-risk, noninvasive neuromodulation technique that has effects on inhibitory control, planning, delay discounting, and risk taking in healthy individuals (289-291).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Medication and Neuromodulation
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some researchers report a decrease of suicidal ideation following treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) (287)”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Medication and Neuromodulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [287] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“minocycline decreases microglial activation in the PFC and depressive and anxiety-like traits in animals (293)”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Medication and Neuromodulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, smartphones have introduced self-guided digital interventions as novel suicide prevention methods that may prove as effective as face-to-face interventions (264).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Real-Time Monitoring of Acute Suicidal Crisis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [264] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“otherwise suicidal ideation has modest sensitivity and low predictive value for suicide (259).”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND SUICIDE PREVENTION > Real-Time Monitoring of Acute Suicidal Crisis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [259] McHugh CM, 2019, BJPsych Open source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A biological approach offers biomarkers to guide a personalized medical approach to prevention of suicide, a way to track fluctuating risk, and a way to track treatment effects.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior is a valid framework.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such biomarkers assume greater importance if they can detect risk when very suicidal patients choose to withhold information of a plan and intent to suicide in order to avoid being thwarted.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Suicidal ideation usually precedes and may signal imminent risk of a suicide attempt.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“New suicide prevention targets may be identified in seeking clinical and cognitive correlates of suicidal behavior and by an understanding of the altered brain circuitry and pathogenesis underlying the stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior.”
§ A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior > CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Very short-term risk factors for suicide are poorly understood compared with distal/trait factors.
- Rests on an assumption: The stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior is a valid framework.
The paper relies on this without support.
Very short-term risk factors for suicide are poorly understood compared with distal/trait factors.
“While many of the distal or trait risk and protective factors for suicide and their underlying biological processes are extensively studied, we know little of the very short-term risk factors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Suicidal ideation usually precedes and may signal imminent risk of a suicide attempt.
“Suicidal ideation, which usually precedes and may represent an alarm for imminent risk of a suicide attempt”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inflammation is involved in the development of depression and suicidal behavior.
“The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of depression and suicidal behavior suggests use of anti-inflammatory drugs for depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No anti-inflammatory drug has been shown to improve suicidal ideation.
“None have been shown to improve suicidal ideation”
The paper relies on this without support.
Drugs aimed at HPA axis dysregulation have not been tested for suicide prevention.
“No drugs targeting HPA axis dysregulation have been evaluated for suicide prevention.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Opioid overdose deaths in the United States have risen sharply over the last twenty years.
“which has been spiking in the United States over the past two decades.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior is a valid framework.
“underlying the stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dysfunctional neurotransmitter systems are also associated with suicide risk, such as abnormalities in serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, and opioid receptor function (for a review, see Mann & Rizk, 2020).”
From Toward objective characterizations of suicide risk: A narrative review of laboratory-based cognitive and behavioral tasks (2023) · cites this paper as Mann & Rizk, 2020
In the citing paper
“Consistent with a stress-diathesis model,29 this underscores the need to understand suicide as the result of a cumulation of multiple risk factors,2 some of which are predisposing (such as sociodemographic background and family history) and some precipitating (such as incident diagnoses and life events).”
From Risk factors for suicide in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological autopsy studies (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Just, M. A., Pan, L., Cherkassky, V. L., McMakin, D. L., Cha, C., Nock, M. K., & Brent, D. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0234-y · Cited by 210
RetractedShrestha, S., & Offer, S. M. (2016) · Medical Epigenetics · doi:10.1159/000444713 · Cited by 8,951
Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350094 · Cited by 8,526
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119004 · Cited by 6,093
The interpersonal theory of suicide.
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018697 · Cited by 5,292 · cited 1×
“Joiner’s tripartite model of suicidal behavior (30) describes a tolerance to the pain involved in suicide, sometimes developed by prior nonfatal suicide attempts, that could encompass weighing the emotional pain being suffered against the anticipated pain of a suicide attempt.”
BackgroundNeurotrophins: Roles in Neuronal Development and Function
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Favril, L., Yu, R., Uyar, A., Sharpe, M., & Fazel, S. (2022) · Evidence Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2022-300549 · Cited by 336
Xiao, Y., Cerel, J., & Mann, J. J. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13513 · Cited by 166
Self-citationDocherty, A. R., Mullins, N., Ashley-Koch, A. E., Qin, X., Coleman, J. R. I., Shabalin, A., Kang, J., Murnyak, B., Wendt, F., Adams, M., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21121266 · Cited by 160
Self-citationOn the genetic and environmental relationship between suicide attempt and death by suicide
Edwards, A. C., Ohlsson, H., Mościcki, E., Crump, C., Sundquist, J., Lichtenstein, P., Kendler, K. S., & Sundquist, K. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20121705 · Cited by 86
Genetic contributions to suicidal thoughts and behaviors
DiBlasi, E., Kang, J., & Docherty, A. R. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001720 · Cited by 83
Metadata
- Authors
- Mann, J. J., & Rizk, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2020-10-01
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 902-916
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC7676389
- OpenAlex
- W3090935559
- Semantic Scholar
- 53c097873a35a4e75ad032963458a90647e6e837
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 300
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 8.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH090964)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- suicidal behavior, suicide, brain, neurobiology of suicide, suicide risk
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Firearms, Humans, Suicide, Suicide, Attempted, United States, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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