The DOI matches its Crossref record; 389 of the 389 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 414 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex
Open accessAbstract
Anatomical and functional refinements of the meso-limbic dopamine system of the rat are discussed. Present experiments suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the posteromedial ventral tegmental area (VTA) and central linear nucleus raphe selectively project to the ventromedial striatum (medial olfactory tubercle and medial nucleus accumbens shell), whereas the anteromedial VTA has few if any projections to the ventral striatum, and the lateral VTA largely projects to the ventrolateral striatum (accumbens core, lateral shell and lateral tubercle). These findings complement the recent behavioral findings that cocaine and amphetamine are more rewarding when administered into the ventromedial striatum than into the ventrolateral striatum. Drugs such as nicotine and opiates are more rewarding when administered into the posterior VTA or the central linear nucleus than into the anterior VTA. A review of the literature suggests that (1) the midbrain has corresponding zones for the accumbens core and medial shell; (2) the striatal portion of the olfactory tubercle is a ventral extension of the nucleus accumbens shell; and (3) a model of two dopamine projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the ventral striatum is useful for understanding reward function. The medial projection system is important in the regulation of arousal characterized by affect and drive and plays a different role in goal-directed learning than the lateral projection system, as described in the variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review refines the meso-limbic dopamine system of the rat into two ventral midbrain-to-ventral striatum projection systems: a meso-ventromedial striatal system from posteromedial VTA/central linear nucleus to medial olfactory tubercle and medial accumbens shell, and a meso-ventrolateral striatal system from lateral VTA to lateral tubercle, lateral shell, and core. It argues these systems support different roles in drug reward, action-arousal, and goal-directed learning, with the medial system especially important for reward and behavioral variation.
Key findings
- Retrograde tracing showed the ventromedial striatum receives dopaminergic input mainly from posteromedial VTA, interfascicular nucleus, and central linear nucleus, whereas ventrolateral striatum receives mainly from lateral VTA. Table 1: medial tubercle received 45% from PBP, 28% from CL, 10% from PN; medial shell received 33% from CL, 22% from PN, 21% from PBP, 21% from IF; lateral tubercle received 81% from PBP; lateral shell 72% from PBP; core 53% from PBP and 14% from SNC; dorsal striatum 76% from SNC.
- Most ventral midbrain neurons projecting to ventral striatum were dopaminergic: over 96% of retrogradely labeled cell-bodies after FG deposits into olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, or dorsal striatum were also TH-positive, versus only 10% after diagonal band deposits.
- Response-independent cocaine into the medial olfactory tubercle increased lever-pressing; 60 mM and 200 mM cocaine produced significantly higher lever-press rates than vehicle (F1,4 = 9.20, P < .05 and F1,4 = 16.88, P < .05, respectively).
- The paper proposes a variation-selection hypothesis: meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine participates in action-arousal and behavioral variation, while meso-ventrolateral and meso-dorsal striatal dopamine participate in selection and associative learning.
Methods
- Review plus original experiments in male Wistar rats. Anatomy used 11 rats for TH/Nissl cytoarchitectonic mapping and 43 rats for Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing from medial/lateral tubercle, medial/lateral shell, core, dorsal striatum, and diagonal band, with TH co-localization.
- Behavioral experiment used 5 male Wistar rats with unilateral cannulae aimed at medial olfactory tubercle; cocaine was delivered response-independently at fixed intervals, lever-presses illuminated a cue light, and lever-press rates were analyzed with within-subjects ANOVAs.
- Literature review synthesized prior anatomical, electrophysiological, pharmacological, lesion, microdialysis, and behavioral studies on drug reward and motivated behavior.
Limitations
- The paper states that the anatomical study focused on limited dimensions and did not examine other VTA projection targets, nor antero-posterior differences within the ventral striatum; it notes that anterior/posterior ventral striatum differences have been reported.
- The paper notes methodological issues: FG/TH co-localization relied on intrinsic FG fluorescence, reducing detection by about 50% versus immunohistochemical detection, and overlapping TH immunofluorescence made co-expression sometimes difficult to determine.
- The text also makes evident broader interpretive limits: microinjections diffuse from target sites, permanent lesions can involve functional compensation, and much of the functional discussion is explicitly heuristic or based on limited data, especially for the lateral shell and lateral olfactory tubercle.
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Claims the paper makes
227 Not checked yet · 156 Own interpretation · 51 Own result · 27 No basis given · 4 Own method · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Drugs such as nicotine and opiates are more rewarding when administered into the posterior VTA or the central linear nucleus than into the anterior VTA.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2006 source
- Partly supportedcites Zangen et al., 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that endomorphin-1 established conditioned place preference only after injection into the posterior VTA, supporting a posterior-versus-anterior difference for this opioid. The paper does not report the same injection-site comparison for nicotine or identify the central linear nucleus as a rewarding injection site. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Present experiments suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the posteromedial ventral tegmental area (VTA) and central linear nucleus raphe selectively project to the ventromedial striatum (medial olfactory tubercle and medial nucleus accumbens shell)”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the lateral VTA largely projects to the ventrolateral striatum (accumbens core, lateral shell and lateral tubercle)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas the anteromedial VTA has few if any projections to the ventral striatum”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cell-bodies of dopaminergic neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle distribute from the posteromedial to anterolateral dimensions at an approximate 45° angle to the anteroposterior axis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The TH-positive cell-bodies in the parafasciculus retroflexus area are continuous with those in the posterior hypothalamic area including the supramammillary nucleus”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the PBP appears to send its efferents to the ventral striatum with mediolateral topography.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dopamine neurons in the PN appear to selectively project to the ventromedial striatum.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The medial part of the PBP provides a selective projection to the ventromedial striatum.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This dopamine rich sub-area is divided into two zones consistent with previous studies”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phillipson, 1979b
- Not checked yetcites Halliday and Tork, 1986
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 149
- Probably not a substantial claim. 151
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The parafasciculus retroflexus area consists of a low density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell-bodies, which are small to medium in size and light to moderate in staining”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The medial olfactory tubercle and medial accumbens shell (drug-reward trigger zones in the striatum) receive strong dopaminergic innervation from the posteromedial VTA and central linear nucleus (drug-reward trigger zones in the ventral midbrain), but little innervation from anteromedial or lateral VTA.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PN and PBP are dopaminergic cell-body rich zones, whereas the parafasciculus retroflexus area and VTT are dopaminergic cell-body poor zones.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The rostral linear nucleus appears to project into the diagonal band, as well as into the pallidal zone of the olfactory tubercle.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interfascicular nucleus, localized just dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus, contains densely packed dopaminergic neurons (Fig. 6 and 9). Its density may be characterized as the greatest in the ventral midbrain.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its TH-positive cells are relatively homogeneous, mostly medium in size, medium to dark in staining (Fig. 3), and oriented mediolaterally”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The anterior PBP contains large TH-positive cells that are continuous with those in the anterior compacta part of the substantia nigra (SNC), and is packed with large, intensely stained TH-positive cells”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As described above, the morphological features of TH-positive neurons in the parafasciculus retroflexus area are more similar to those of the supramammillary nucleus than to those in the PN or PBP, and are continuous with the posterior hypothalamic area.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of neurons projecting to the ventral striatum from the ventral midbrain appear to be dopaminergic, whereas the majority of neurons projecting to the nucleus of the diagonal band are non-dopaminergic”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This zone consists of large- and medium-sized cell-bodies, which do not have unified orientations.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The parafasciculus retroflexus area and the VTT of the VTA project little, if at all, into the ventral striatum”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the interfascicular nucleus may provide selective projection to the dorsomedial part of the shell, but not other striatal regions.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The central linear nucleus, found along the midline between the interfascicular nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus, is filled with TH-positive neurons, which are relatively homogeneous, mostly medium in size, and medium to dark in staining”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some, but not robust, projection may exist from the medial olfactory tubercle, because weak PHA-L labeling was detected after medial tubercle injection (S. Ikemoto, Unpublished observation).”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.1. Striato-mesencephalic circuits
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The medial olfactory tubercle also projects to the medial ventral pallidum, and its projections appear to be more ventrally localized than those of the medial shell (unpublished observation).”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.2. Striato-pallido-mesencephalic circuits
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our preliminary experiment, however, PHA-L injections confined in the most medial striatal part of the tubercle resulted in PHA-L labeling in the lateral hypothalamic area; terminal-like labeling of varicosities and boutons suggests synaptic contacts with local neurons (S. Ikemoto, Unpublished observation).”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.4. Striato-hypothalamic and striato-pallido-hypothalamic outputs
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the present experiment demonstrates that response-independent delivery of cocaine into the medial olfactory tubercle leads to heightened lever-pressing, an effect that the reinforcement concept alone does not readily explain.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.8. Role of ventromedial striatal dopamine in drug self-administration
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The reinforcement concept holds that behavioral response leading to drug delivery is reinforced by the direct pharmacological actions of the drug, and contingent drug delivery is essential for learning self-administration.
In the paper
“Higher doses of quinpirole into the posteromedial VTA that lowered basal dopamine levels in the ventromedial striatum induced conditioned place avoidance by themselves, and in the presence of food, reduced food intake (Z. H. Liu and S. Ikemoto, unpublished observation).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Z. H. Liu and S. Ikemoto, unpublished observation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These values of co-localization are slightly higher than the 85% value for the VTA TH neurons projecting to the nucleus provided by Swanson (1982), although within the same range with 95% or higher values for the dopaminergic cells projecting to the dorsal striatum (van der Kooy et al., 1981).”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the ventromedial striatum sends both direct and indirect projections to a network of brainstem regions including the lateral hypothalamic area, which appears to be involved in visceral and emotional behavioral processes.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.2. Summary and general implications
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the ventral pallidum/medial forebrain bundle zone stains very lightly with the TH immunohistochemical procedures (Fig. 1A) and appears to receive inputs from zones different from those projecting to the striatal district.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As mentioned above, our preliminary studies found that moderate inhibition of the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system disrupts conditioned place avoidance induced by aversive stimuli (Liu and Ikemoto, 2006).”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu and Ikemoto, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant retrogradely labeled cells were not observed in the interfascicular nucleus after FG was deposited into any other striatal sites, suggesting that the interfascicular nucleus selectively projects to the dorsomedial shell within the ventral striatum.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like deposits into the lateral shell and lateral tubercle, FG deposited into the accumbens core extensively labeled cells in the lateral portion of the PBP (Fig. 10); unlike those of the lateral shell and lateral tubercle, core FG also labeled notable levels of cells in the SNC.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, the cells in medial compartments of the ventral midbrain projected to medial regions of the olfactory tubercle and accumbens shell, whereas those in lateral compartments projected to the lateral regions of the olfactory tubercle and accumbens shell and the accumbens core (Fig. 20).”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An FG deposit slightly more lateral than that of case 241 resulted in labeling cells more laterally in the ventral midbrain than 241, suggesting a mediolateral topography.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FG deposited into the dorsal striatum (cases 244–247) labeled many cells in the SNC and the anterolateral PBP and labeled some in the retrorubral area and posterolateral PBP (Fig. 10).”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, more severe inhibition of this dopamine system alone induced conditioned place avoidance and reduced food intake and locomotor activity (Z. H. Liu and S. Ikemoto, unpublished observation).”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Z. H. Liu and S. Ikemoto, unpublished observation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present data indicate that the medial part of the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex receives dopaminergic innervations from the PN, medial PBP, interfascicular nucleus and central linear nucleus, but receives little from the parafasciculus retroflexus area, lateral PBP, rostral linear nucleus or VTT, whereas the ventrolateral striatum receives innervations largely from the lateral P”
§ 5. CODA > 5.2. Summary and general implications
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the rat received 60 mM cocaine in session 3, it lever-pressed at a steady rate during the first 30 min and slowed down thereafter.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.3. Autoshaping by cocaine administration into the medial olfactory tubercle
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When it received 200 mM cocaine in session 7, it kept lever-pressing for the entire session; rates of lever-presses were faster in the beginning of the session and slowed gradually.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.3. Autoshaping by cocaine administration into the medial olfactory tubercle
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the rat received vehicle infusions in session 5, it started but stopped lever-pressing quickly.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.3. Autoshaping by cocaine administration into the medial olfactory tubercle
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, no significant FG-labeling was observed on the contralateral side, except in the contralateral sides of the midline structures, including the central and rostral linear nuclei and interfascicular nucleus, in which significant labeled cells were often found and were analyzed.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These observations are confirmed by ANOVAs on lever-press rates (Fig. 15B): lever-press rates obtained with 60-mM cocaine (sessions 3 and 4) and 200-mM cocaine (sessions 6 and 7) were significantly higher than those obtained with vehicle in sessions 1 and 5 (F1,4 = 9.20, P < .05) and in sessions 5 and 8 (F1,4 = 16.88, P < .05), respectively.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.3. Autoshaping by cocaine administration into the medial olfactory tubercle
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Fig. 15A, this rat did not respond in session 1 when it received vehicle infusions; the median responses in session 1 among the rats were 27.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.3. Autoshaping by cocaine administration into the medial olfactory tubercle
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and plays a different role in goal-directed learning than the lateral projection system, as described in the variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization correctly describes how the medial and lateral projection systems differ in goal-directed learning.
In the paper
“These findings complement the recent behavioral findings that cocaine and amphetamine are more rewarding when administered into the ventromedial striatum than into the ventrolateral striatum.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, rats and mice learn to self-administer opiates (Bozarth and Wise, 1981; Welzl et al., 1989; David and Cazala, 1994a; 1994b; Devine and Wise, 1994), cannabinoids (Zangen et al., 2006), cocaine (David et al., 2004; Rodd et al., 2005) or ethanol (Gatto et al., 1994; Rodd-Henricks et al., 2000) into the VTA.”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, rats learn to lever-press for amphetamine delivery directly into the accumbens”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoebel et al., 1983 source
- Not checked yetcites Phillips et al., 1994a
- Not checked yetcites Phillips et al., 1994b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Intra-accumbens administration of amphetamine or dopamine receptor agonists also induces conditioned place preference”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carr and White, 1983
- Not checked yetcites Carr and White, 1986
- Not checked yetcites White et al., 1991 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The meso-limbic dopamine system that projects from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mice learn to run on a Y-maze to self-administer nicotine into the VTA, an effect that can be diminished by systemic administration of dopamine antagonists”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Administration of the nicotinic receptor agonists cytisine or nicotine into the vicinity of the VTA induces conditioned place preference”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Museo and Wise, 1994
- Not checked yetcites Laviolette and van der Kooy, 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, rats readily learn to lever-press for cocaine or amphetamine into the olfactory tubercle, localized just ventral to the nucleus accumbens (Fig. 1), though the medial portion of the tubercle is more responsive to the rewarding effects of these drugs than the lateral portion”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The concept of the ventral striatum emerged in 1973 when Heimer and Wilson presented in the Golgi Centennial Symposium. They suggested that the well-established isocortico-striato-pallidal system has a parallel system consisting of limbic (piriform, hippocampal, and amygdaloid) cortices projecting to the olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens, which in turn, project to the ventral pallidum”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.1. History of relevant anatomical concepts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heimer and Wilson, 1975
- Not checked yetcites Heimer, 1978
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens are conceptualized as part of the striatal system.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.1. History of relevant anatomical concepts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heimer and Wilson, 1975
- Not checked yetcites Heimer, 1978
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Data obtained with viral technology also indicate that the anterior and posterior VTA play different roles in conditioned place preference induced by systemic cocaine or opiate administration”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rats learn to self-administer nicotine and other drugs into the central linear nucleus”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subsequent studies employing more sensitive methods showed that VTA dopamine neurons project not only to the accumbens and tubercle but also to other limbic-related regions including the septum, hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.1. History of relevant anatomical concepts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindvall and Bjorklund, 1974
- Not checked yetcites Lindvall et al., 1974
- Not checked yetcites Fallon and Moore, 1978
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that some limbic regions such as the amygdala and piriform cortex receive significant inputs from the substantia nigra”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.1. History of relevant anatomical concepts
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although rats learn to self-administer amphetamine into the medial accumbens shell, they do not readily learn to self-administer it into the lateral shell”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they further suggest that the accumbens shell is functionally heterogeneous, as is the olfactory tubercle.”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that the medial olfactory tubercle is involved in drug reward and shares a common function with the medial shell”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It should be noted that the entire portion of the olfactory tubercle does not belong to the striatal system. The olfactory tubercle consists of several heterogeneous elements (Fig. 1A) – the islands of Calleja, the zone consisting of the ventral pallidum and the medial forebrain bundle, and the striatal zone containing medium spiny neurons”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.1. History of relevant anatomical concepts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heimer, 1978
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Earlier influential work performed in the rat brain (Dahlstrom and Fuxe, 1964; Fallon and Moore, 1978; Moore and Bloom, 1978) treated the VTA as synonymous with the A10 nucleus.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.1. History of relevant anatomical concepts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dahlstrom and Fuxe, 1964
- Not checked yetcites Fallon and Moore, 1978
- Not checked yetcites Moore and Bloom, 1978
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, this midline structure contains both dopaminergic (Phillipson, 1979b; Swanson, 1982) and serotonergic (Steinbusch, 1981; Halliday and Tork, 1989) neurons.”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these data suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the VTA projecting to the nucleus accumbens, particularly the shell, are activated by administration of drugs of abuse, and the activation of this system is rewarding.”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ungerstedt (1971) originally reported the observation that the A10 dopamine nucleus projects primarily to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.1. History of relevant anatomical concepts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ungerstedt, 1971 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The VTA has been defined in several different ways. There are two popular versions, differing in their inclusion or exclusion of the midline nuclei.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.1. History of relevant anatomical concepts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dahlstrom and Fuxe, 1964
- Not checked yetcites Fallon and Moore, 1978
- Not checked yetcites Swanson, 1982 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition to the posterior VTA, the central (or caudal) linear nucleus raphe, localized posterodorsal to the VTA, is involved in drug reward.”
§ 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. The brain reward system and drugs of abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the meso-limbic dopamine system can be defined in different ways.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.1. History of relevant anatomical concepts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The administration of these drugs into the VTA triggers multiple actions, and the net effect of these actions appears to increase firing of dopamine neurons.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drug injections into the anterior VTA are likely not rewarding because either anteromedial VTA (parafasciculus retroflexus area) or anterolateral VTA (anterior PBP) do not significantly project to the ventromedial striatum, the drug-reward trigger zone in the striatum.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, they do not learn to self-administer these drugs into the anterior VTA.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although it is not demonstrated by the data presented here, recent anterograde-tracer data suggest that neurons in this structure projects to the pallidal zone of the tubercle”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Del-Fava et al., 2007 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The VTT appears to contain an aggregate of GABAergic neurons”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olson and Nestler, 2007
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and thus are not part of the meso-striatal dopamine systems.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, no other drug has been reported to trigger rewarding effects from the anterior VTA.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rewarding effects of such disparate drugs as cocaine, nicotine, heroin, alcohol and cannabis have been suggested to be mediated by a common circuitry”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Functional heterogeneity of the VTA has been described in terms of differences between the anterior and posterior VTA”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 1997b
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“which also receives innervations from the posterior hypothalamic area including the supramammillary nucleus”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.2. Ventral striatal projection and compartmentalization of the ventral midbrain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vertes, 1992 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The interfascicular nucleus projects to the dorsomedial shell (Phillipson and Griffiths, 1985; Brog et al., 1993; section 2.2.2), in which psychomotor stimulants trigger reward.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phillipson and Griffiths, 1985
- Not checked yetcites Brog et al., 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the function and projection of the central linear nucleus are similar to that of the posteromedial VTA.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, nicotinic receptors on GABAergic neurons appear to be quickly desensitized and to stay desensitized for prolonged periods (Mansvelder et al., 2002; Pidoplichko et al., 2004).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reviewed data suggest that non-dopaminergic innervations to the ventral striatum display strong mediolateral topography.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.4. Non-dopaminergic afferents to the ventral striatum vary with mediolateral gradients
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Opiate administration appears to inhibit ventral tegmental GABAergic neurons, which tonically inhibit dopaminergic neurons, thus removing tonic inhibition over dopamine neurons and, in turn, activating dopamine neurons (Gysling and Wang, 1983; Johnson and North, 1992).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gysling and Wang, 1983
- Not checked yetcites Johnson and North, 1992 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ventral striatal dopamine modulates glutamatergic input onto median spiny projection neurons (Nicola et al., 2000; O’Donnell, 2003).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.4. Non-dopaminergic afferents to the ventral striatum vary with mediolateral gradients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nicola et al., 2000 source
- Not checked yetcites O’Donnell, 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The glutamatergic innervations to the ventral striatum come from various limbic regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus, and vary with mediolateral topography (for the nucleus accumbens, see Groenewegen et al., 1999).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.4. Non-dopaminergic afferents to the ventral striatum vary with mediolateral gradients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Groenewegen et al., 1999 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, nicotinic receptors on dopaminergic neurons may be responsive to the first puff of a cigarette or the first infusion of intravenous nicotine following abstinence, but may not be responsive to subsequent administration of nicotine.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The action of nicotine on glutamatergic transmission appears to persist and does not readily desensitize (Mansvelder and McGehee, 2000; Mansvelder et al., 2002; Pidoplichko et al., 2004).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The reinforcing effects of opiates administered into the VTA are thought to be mediated via local GABAergic neurons.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gysling and Wang, 1983
- Not checked yetcites Matthews and German, 1984
- Not checked yetcites Johnson and North, 1992 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The brief excitatory capacity that nicotine has on dopaminergic neurons does not readily explain the finding that rats self-administer nicotine continuously over minutes or hours and that a single systemic injection of nicotine increases and maintains extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens for over an hour (Imperato et al., 1986; Pidoplichko et al., 2004).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The actions of cannabinoids in the VTA may be more complex than those of opiates, but appear to involve disinhibitory mechanisms to activate dopamine neurons (Lupica et al., 2004; Gardner, 2005).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.3. Notion of a common circuitry for drug reward
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, the ventral striatum receives input from the ventral pallidum with mediolateral topography. The medial ventral pallidum projects to the medial shell and medial tubercle, whereas the lateral ventral pallidum projects to the core, lateral shell and lateral tubercle (Groenewegen et al., 1993).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.4. Non-dopaminergic afferents to the ventral striatum vary with mediolateral gradients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Groenewegen et al., 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The lateral tubercle, lateral accumbens shell, and accumbens core receive afferents from the parataenial thalamic nucleus (Newman and Winans, 1980; Berendse and Groenewegen, 1990; Moga et al., 1995).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.4. Non-dopaminergic afferents to the ventral striatum vary with mediolateral gradients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Newman and Winans, 1980
- Not checked yetcites Berendse and Groenewegen, 1990
- Not checked yetcites Moga et al., 1995 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The projection from the ventromedial striatum splits between the posteromedial VTA and lateral VTA, and the projection from the ventrolateral striatum splits between the lateral VTA and medial substantia nigra (Heimer et al., 1991; Berendse et al., 1992b; Usuda et al., 1998; Zhou et al., 2003).”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.1. Striato-mesencephalic circuits
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Features such as spine density and terminal and branch segments appear to differ between the medial shell and the lateral shell, and between the shell and the core (Meredith et al., 1992; 1995).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.4. Non-dopaminergic afferents to the ventral striatum vary with mediolateral gradients
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The medial ventral pallidum, which receives its afferents from the medial shell and medial tubercle, provides its projections to both the posteromedial and lateral VTA, whereas the lateral ventral pallidum, which receives its afferents from the core, lateral shell and lateral tubercle, provides its projections to both the lateral VTA and the medial substantia nigra pars compacta/reticulata (Zahm,”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.2. Striato-pallido-mesencephalic circuits
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The medial mediodorsal thalamic nucleus then projects to the infralimbic, prelimbic and agranular insular cortices (Leonard, 1972; Groenewegen, 1988; Ray and Price, 1992), which project to the ventral striatum (Berendse et al., 1992a; Brog et al., 1993).”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.3. Striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical circuits
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It should also be noted that the lateral shell appears to receive inputs from primary olfactory regions (Luskin and Price, 1983), although these inputs are not as extensive as those to the tubercle.”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.4. Non-dopaminergic afferents to the ventral striatum vary with mediolateral gradients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luskin and Price, 1983
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that the olfactory tubercle may not be as robustly involved in the striato-mesencephalic circuits as the nucleus accumbens.”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.1. Striato-mesencephalic circuits
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, as the name suggests, the olfactory tubercle is closely connected to the olfactory system (Shipley et al., 2004).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.4. Non-dopaminergic afferents to the ventral striatum vary with mediolateral gradients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shipley et al., 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reviewed data suggest strong mediolateral topography for the outputs from the ventral striatum.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, the information conducted in the meso-ventromedial system influences the meso-ventrolateral striatal dopamine system, which in turn influences the meso-dorsal striatal dopamine system (Alexander et al., 1986; DeLong, 1990) via laterally diverging projections to the ventral midbrain as shown in Figure 13.”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.1. Striato-mesencephalic circuits
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The medial shell projects to the medial ventral pallidum, whereas the core projects to the dorsolateral ventral pallidum (Zahm and Heimer, 1990; Heimer et al., 1991; Usuda et al., 1998; Zhou et al., 2003).”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.2. Striato-pallido-mesencephalic circuits
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While some signals from the ventromedial striatum go back to the ventromedial striatum via the infralimbic cortex, some signals reach the accumbens core via the prelimbic cortex, as suggested by Zahm (1999), and via the dorsal agranular insular cortex, apparently participating in lateral information flow.”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.3. Striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical circuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zahm, 1999 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The medial tubercle receives extensive input from the posterior piriform cortex, lateral entorhinal cortex, dorsal peduncular cortex, and ventral tenia tecta, whereas the lateral tubercle receives input from the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, and anterior piriform cortex (Luskin and Price, 1983).”
§ 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM > 2.4. Non-dopaminergic afferents to the ventral striatum vary with mediolateral gradients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luskin and Price, 1983
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Disadvantages of this technique (for extended discussion, see Ikemoto and Wise, 2004) include the difficulty of identifying the exact regions of drug action, because drugs diffuse as soon as they are microinjected into a site.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto and Wise, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ventromedial striatum participates not only in the functions of the basal ganglia, but also in visceral and emotional motor processes via the lateral hypothalamus and associated regions.”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.4. Striato-hypothalamic and striato-pallido-hypothalamic outputs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Previous studies provided no evidence that the striatal part of the tubercle sends its efferent to the lateral hypothalamic area.”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.4. Striato-hypothalamic and striato-pallido-hypothalamic outputs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although not neurotransmitter-selective, brief electrical stimulation administered at a frequency of 10 Hz or higher could mimic an episode of burst firing of dopamine neurons, which results in transients (Gonon, 1988; Wightman and Zimmerman, 1990; Suaud-Chagny et al., 1992; Marinelli et al., 2006).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The compensation issue is minimal in temporal neuronal modulations induced by microinjection of drugs, because behavioral tests typically follow immediately after microinjections.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because behavioral tests are typically given following recovery periods of a week or more, permanent lesions induced by these toxins most likely involve functional compensation, a mechanism that makes interpretation of data difficult.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The meso-dorsal striatal (i.e., nigro-striatal) dopamine system has long been thought to control behavioral selection (Robbins, 1976; Cools, 1980; Wickens, 1993; Mink, 1996; Yin and Knowlton, 2006).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.1. Behavioral variation and selection
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This circuitry is consistent with the notion of the limbic/motor interaction held by Nauta and his colleagues (Nauta and Domesick, 1978; Nauta et al., 1978) and the motivation-to-action concept of Mogenson and his colleagues (Mogenson et al., 1980), in that emotional information elaborated by the ventral striatum influences cognition-guided movements.”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.3. Striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical circuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nauta and Domesick, 1978
- Not checked yetcites Nauta et al., 1978
- Not checked yetcites Mogenson et al., 1980 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The central segment projects to the ventral agranular insular cortex (Groenewegen, 1988; Ray and Price, 1992), which in turn projects back to the lateral shell and lateral tubercle.”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.3. Striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical circuits
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tonic changes may play a critical role in motivation and affect*, because motivation and affect concern tonic states.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Motivation and affect concern tonic states.
In the paper
“Based on the hierarchical organization summarized in Figure 13, the variation-selection hypothesis of goal-directed learning (Staddon and Simmelhag, 1971), and behavioral data reviewed below, it is argued that the striatal complex plays a key role in both behavioral variation and selection.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.1. Behavioral variation and selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Staddon and Simmelhag, 1971
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Via these striato-mesencephalic, striato-pallido-mesencephalic and striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical split circuits, signals conducted in the basal ganglia including the meso-ventromedial and ventrolateral striatal dopamine systems eventually reach the primary motor and premotor cortices, which control rational, intelligent and cognition-guided voluntary movements; this motor system is called “the”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.3. Striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical circuits
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Microinjection procedures can modulate selective neuronal communication when ligands of selective receptors are used.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Phasic changes, which are temporally and spatially selective, may play a critical role in learning, because in most cases associative learning depends on temporal contiguity*.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Associative learning depends on temporal contiguity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lateral segment, on the other hand, projects to the cingulate cortex, which in turn projects to the dorsal striatum, resulting in splitting signals.”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.3. Striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical circuits
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, effects induced by microinjections of drugs are transient, typically lasting for only a few minutes.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The dorsolateral ventral pallidum, which receives its afferent from the core, sends few efferent to the mediodorsal thalamus (Zahm et al., 1996).”
§ 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION > 3.3. Striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical circuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zahm et al., 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Especially when small lesions of dopaminergic terminals confined in regions such as the accumbens core or medial shell are made, it is unclear whether such lesions result in a decrease or increase in extracellular dopamine levels (Parkinson et al., 2002; Ikegami et al., 2006).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parkinson et al., 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Ikegami et al., 2006
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, the present paper adopts the perspective that the meso-striatal dopamine systems are part of the set of coordinated neuronal mechanisms that allows organisms to find biologically important stimuli from the environment, to promote and sustain life (SEEKING or expectancy/foraging system) (Panksepp, 1982; 1998).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Panksepp, 1982 source
- Not checked yetcites Panksepp, 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These behavioral data suggest functional differences between the medial shell and lateral shell and between the medial tubercle and lateral tubercle, and functional similarity between the medial shell and medial tubercle.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.3. Functional organization of the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As for the olfactory tubercle, microinjections of cocaine into the medial olfactory tubercle elicit locomotion and rearing more effectively than those into the lateral tubercle (Ikemoto, 2002), and rats readily learn to self-administer cocaine or amphetamine into the medial tubercle, but not the lateral tubercle (Ikemoto, 2003; Ikemoto et al., 2005).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.3. Functional organization of the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nucleus accumbens dopamine has been implicated in two major roles: invigoration of approach and incentive learning* (Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limited behavioral data suggest that functions of the medial shell and medial tubercle are similar to each other and different from those of the ventrolateral striatum.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.3. Functional organization of the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Microdialysis techniques are useful for detecting tonic, but not phasic, changes, whereas the fast-scan cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry are useful for detecting phasic changes in dopamine levels (Wightman and Robinson, 2002).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wightman and Robinson, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, when these rats were tested again 24 hours later without haloperidol treatment, the rats that had received the reward cue and the drug reward under the influence of haloperidol ran significantly slowly even with the presence of the reward cue. On the other hand, rats that had received the no-reward cue and no drug reward under the influence of haloperidol ran fast with the reward cue.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McFarland and Ettenberg, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To date, much of the functional analysis of the nucleus accumbens has focused on the differences between the accumbens core and shell, and many studies found that the core and shell are involved in different functions (Di Chiara, 2002; Kelley, 2004; Everitt and Robbins, 2005).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.3. Functional organization of the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Microdialysis techniques are useful for detecting tonic, but not phasic, changes, whereas the fast-scan cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry are useful for detecting phasic changes in dopamine levels (Wightman and Robinson, 2002).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.2. Methodological notes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wightman and Robinson, 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, intra-accumbens injections of dopamine receptor antagonists or 6-OHDA treatments abolishes conditioned reinforcement (Robbins and Everitt, 1982) and attenuate amphetamine-enhanced conditioned reinforcement (Taylor and Robbins, 1986; Wolterink et al., 1993).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robbins and Everitt, 1982
- Not checked yetcites Taylor and Robbins, 1986
- Not checked yetcites Wolterink et al., 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As mentioned above (section 1.2), rats readily learn to self-administer cocaine or amphetamine into the medial shell, but not the lateral shell (Ikemoto, 2003; Ikemoto et al., 2005).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.3. Functional organization of the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, these results suggest that the medial accumbens shell, but not the core, exerts excitatory control over conditioned responding.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Locomotor activity is elicited by rewarding treatments such as microinjections of the cholinergic receptor agonists carbachol (Ikemoto et al., 2003) or cytisine (Museo and Wise, 1990), NMDA receptor agonists (Ikemoto, 2004), μ-opiate receptor agonists (Joyce et al., 1981; Zangen et al., 2002) or the cannabinoid receptor agonist delta-9 THC (Zangen et al., 2006) into the posteromedial VTA, or the G”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Museo and Wise, 1990
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such electrical brain stimulation also increases blood pressure, an effect that is blocked by pretreatment with dopamine antagonists or 6-OHDA (Spring and Winkelmuller, 1975; Tan et al., 1983; Burgess et al., 1993; Cornish and van den Buuse, 1994), suggesting dopamine mediation.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Spring and Winkelmuller, 1975
- Not checked yetcites Tan et al., 1983 source
- Not checked yetcites Burgess et al., 1993
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The activation of the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system appears to lead to positive affect, a state that results in approach learning (or positive reinforcement).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This and related studies (Wyvell and Berridge, 2000; 2001; Pecina et al., 2006) demonstrate that increased activity of intra-shell dopamine does not merely enhance motor-habits, but also enhances motivation for rewards, a finding consistent with the notion of action-arousal or drive.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its inhibition, on the other hand, appears to lead to negative affect, a state that results in avoidance learning (or negative reinforcement).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Electrical brain stimulation at the medial forebrain bundle/VTA is rewarding and triggers dopamine release in the ventral striatum (Fiorino et al., 1993; Garris et al., 1999; Cheer et al., 2005; Hernandez et al., 2006) and investigatory responses of sniffing (Clarke and Trowill, 1971; Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1994).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, heightened activity of dopamine in ventromedial striatum appears to lead to forward locomotion and rearing in rats, observations that are thought to reflect an action-arousal state or general drive state.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Microinjections of amphetamine into the medial shell, more readily than the core, elicit high frequency (around 50-Hz) ultrasonic vocalizations (Burgdorf et al., 2001; Thompson et al., 2006), which have been implicated in positive motivational states in rats (Knutson et al., 2002).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, excitotoxic lesions of the core enhance locomotor activity induced by systemic amphetamine or cocaine (Parkinson et al., 1999; Ito et al., 2004), suggesting an inhibitory role of the core in psychomotor stimulant-induced locomotion.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, in animals that have extinguished conditioned responding (lever-pressing), systemic administration of cocaine reinstates the conditioned responding, and this cocaine-induced reinstatement is blocked by the administration of dopamine receptor antagonists into the medial shell, but not the core (McFarland and Kalivas, 2001; Anderson et al., 2003; Bachtell et al., 2005; Anderson et al.,”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This dopamine system is sensitized by regulatory imbalances (e.g., hunger) and activated when animals detect incentive stimuli and especially when procurement of reward is uncertain.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is sensitized by regulatory imbalances and activated when animals detect incentive stimuli and especially when procurement of reward is uncertain.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A key structure of the network may be the lateral hypothalamic area, which receives innervation from the medial ventral pallidum and ventromedial striatum and from the infralimbic prefrontal cortex and midbrain extrapyramidal area.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ventromedial striatum and its dopamine are suggested to be involved in stimulus-outcome learning, while the ventrolateral striatum, particularly that of the nucleus accumbens core, is involved in selection of stimulus-appropriate responding, a process that is referred to as stimulus-action* association.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional data confirm that both mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and midbrain extrapyramidal area are involved in locomotion and suggest that distinct mechanisms exist within the ventral pallidum projecting between these regions, to mediate locomotion.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Core dopamine may be important for the acquisition of stimulus-action association, i.e., conditioned response learning dependent on stimulus-outcome association.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, extracellular basal dopamine levels in the medial shell, but not the core, decrease after adrenalectomy, which diminishes plasma glucocorticoids (Barrot et al., 2000).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barrot et al., 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The isodendritic neurons’ morphological features enable them to receive extensive afferents and, thus, appear to be optimal for integrating a variety of inputs, including strong inputs from protopathic somato-visceral sensibility (Leontovich and Zhukova, 1963).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leontovich and Zhukova, 1963
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Action-arousal, regulated by the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system, may play an essential role in Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning tasks.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The medial ventral pallidum sends its efferents to the medial mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area (Zahm, 1989; Groenewegen et al., 1993; O’Donnell et al., 1997) and the midbrain extrapyramidal area, dorsomedial to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (Swanson et al., 1984; Rye et al., 1987).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent data suggest that the lateral hypothalamic area contains hyporcretin/orexin (de Lecea et al., 1998, Sakurai et al., 1998) neurons (Peyron et al., 1998), which appear to play a critical role in arousal (Siegel, 2004; Saper et al., 2005) and probably reward (Harris et al., 2005; Harris and Aston-Jones, 2006).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Locomotion induced by intra-pallidal DAMGO is blocked by procaine microinjections into the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, but not the midbrain extrapyramidal area, whereas locomotion induced by intra-pallidal AMPA is blocked by procaine microinjections into the midbrain extrapyramidal area, but not the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (Churchill and Kalivas, 1999).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Churchill and Kalivas, 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Exposure to foot shock increases extracellular dopamine levels in the medial shell, but not the core (Kalivas and Duffy, 1995).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kalivas and Duffy, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The lateral hypothalamic area belongs to the phylogenically old brain structure referred to as “isodendritic core” (or “reticular formation”), as do the ventral pallidum and VTA (Leontovich and Zhukova, 1963; Ramon-Moliner and Nauta, 1966; Geisler and Zahm, 2005).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leontovich and Zhukova, 1963
- Not checked yetcites Ramon-Moliner and Nauta, 1966
- Not checked yetcites Geisler and Zahm, 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stimulus-outcome association is proposed to be the foundation for selection via stimulus-action, action-outcome and stimulus-response associative mechanisms through the hierarchical organization of the striatal complex described in Figure 13.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The action-arousal state may be regulated by a network of nuclei or cell assemblies localized from the spinal cord to the telencephalon.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Microinjections of the μ-opiate-receptor agonist DAMGO or the glutamate receptor agonist AMPA into the ventral pallidum elicit locomotion.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Heightened locomotion induced by intra-accumbens dopamine is facilitated by microinjections of the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin and attenuated by GABA injections into the vicinity of medial ventral pallidum (Jones and Mogenson, 1980).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.4. Functional roles of the nucleus accumbens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jones and Mogenson, 1980
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ventromedial striatum and its dopamine are suggested to be involved in stimulus-outcome learning, while the ventrolateral striatum, particularly that of the nucleus accumbens core, is involved in selection of stimulus-appropriate responding, a process that is referred to as stimulus-action* association.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This learning process is thought to be partly mediated by the dorsomedial striatum (or the caudate) (Yin et al., 2005a; 2005b).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yin et al., 2005a
- Not checked yetcites Yin et al., 2005b
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is reasonable to postulate that ventromedial striatal dopamine is involved in the re-organization of incentive representation or reconsolidation of incentive memory in stimulus-outcome association (section 4.9.4).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.7. Roles of the ventral striatum in incentive learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The variation-selection processes are envisioned to generate adaptive responding, from unconditioned to stimulus-dependent to outcome-dependent to habit responding, as organisms adapt to a new environment.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, Pavlovian conditioning depends in part on stimulus-outcome association*, which enables animals to retrieve the representation of an outcome upon the presentation of a predictive stimulus.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that intermittent injections of cocaine into the medial olfactory tubercle have marked arousal effects in rats and lead to heightened lever-pressing.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.8. Role of ventromedial striatal dopamine in drug self-administration
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that dopamine does not appear to be essential for feeding or experiencing some pleasure out of it, while it is critical for seeking out and delivering food into the mouth.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As a result, predictive stimuli acquire the affective properties of outcomes (Rescorla, 1988).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rescorla, 1988 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, ventromedial striatal dopamine may play an important role in emotional pleasure of reward expectancy, but not sensory pleasure.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, conditioned place preference performance involves retrieval of affective information for action and has been found to involve stimulus-outcome association (Perks and Clifton, 1997; Yin and Knowlton, 2002).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perks and Clifton, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Yin and Knowlton, 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Instrumental learning tasks have been found to depend on two basic processes (Yin and Knowlton, 2006), in addition to those typically involved in Pavlovian learning.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.6. Basic processes and popular tasks in goal-directed associative learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yin and Knowlton, 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Indeed, Carr (2002) suggested that food-restriction “sensitizes” the meso-limbic dopamine system.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.8. Role of ventromedial striatal dopamine in drug self-administration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carr, 2002 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Berridge and Robinson (1998) showed that almost complete depletion of striatal dopamine does not disrupt “facial pleasure expression” induced by sucrose delivered into rats’ mouths.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berridge and Robinson, 1998 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, dopamine deficient mice prefer sweet solutions over plain water (Cannon and Palmiter, 2003).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cannon and Palmiter, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ikemoto and Panksepp (1996) showed a dissociation between reward-seeking and reward-consumption in that blockade of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens disrupts seeking for a sucrose reward, but not sucrose consumption, in rats.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1996
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be emphasized that there are multiple tasks or measures that qualify stimuli as rewarding.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Without dopamine, hungry mice are hypoactive and starve to death, even though food and water are readily available, literally in front of their noses.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhou and Palmiter, 1995 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“mice without dopamine can consume food and water (Szczypka et al., 1999; 2001) and prefer sweet solutions over plain water (Cannon and Palmiter, 2003).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Szczypka et al., 1999; 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites Cannon and Palmiter, 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Light stimulus presentation appears to be rewarding to rats especially when they are food-restricted (Stewart and Hurwitz, 1958).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.8. Role of ventromedial striatal dopamine in drug self-administration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stewart and Hurwitz, 1958
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The blockade of dopamine receptors in the medial shell just before preference testing does not change conditioned place preference induced by nicotine or morphine administration, even though the same treatments during the acquisition phase disrupt the acquisition of conditioned place preference (Fenu et al., 2006; Spina et al., 2006).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.7. Roles of the ventral striatum in incentive learning
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The same is true when rats receive the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin into the core, but not the shell or dorsolateral striatum, immediately after each learning session (Hernandez et al., 2002).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.7. Roles of the ventral striatum in incentive learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hernandez et al., 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dalley et al., (2005) injected the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 into the lateral nucleus accumbens (the core and lateral shell) immediately after a Pavlovian approach task with food in hungry rats, and found that this disrupted the acquisition of conditioned responding.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.7. Roles of the ventral striatum in incentive learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dalley et al., 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As suggested by Panksepp (1982; 1998), this type of pleasure is likely mediated, in part, by dopamine.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Panksepp, 1982 source
- Not checked yetcites Panksepp, 1998
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, rewarding and arousing effects may be dissociated on temporal grounds.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whereas intravenous administration of cocaine induces conditioned place preference mediated via a dopamine dependent mechanism (Spyraki et al., 1987), particularly that of the accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle (Sellings et al., 2006b)”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Spyraki et al., 1987 source
- Not checked yetcites Sellings et al., 2006b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, rewarding and arousal effects appear to be differentially dependent on the downstream mechanisms of this dopamine system; that is, these effects should be dissociated on anatomical grounds.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Appetitive motivation, or “wanting”, is hypothesized to be mediated partly by brain dopamine (Blackburn et al., 1992; Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1996; Berridge and Robinson, 1998).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When rats execute an action and receive a reward, ventral striatal dopamine participates in the reconsolidation of incentive memory.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present variation-selection model considers incentive learning in two forms: stimulus-outcome and stimulus-action learning (Fig. 14).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore, as Wise and Bozarth (1987) suggested, drug administration that is rewarding as assessed by instrumental tasks should elicit heightened locomotion.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wise and Bozarth (1987) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“intraperitoneal administration of cocaine induces conditioned place preference, which is not blocked by pretreatments with systemic dopamine antagonists or 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens (Spyraki et al., 1982a; Sellings et al., 2006b).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Spyraki et al., 1982a
- Not checked yetcites Sellings et al., 2006b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, conditioned place preference procedures appear to detect the rewarding effects of stimuli that are dopamine-independent.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry data indicate that the magnitude of dopaminergic signals in the accumbens occurring just after lever-pressing (the consummatory phase) becomes smaller and smaller during the extinction phase, while response intervals increase more and more (Stuber et al., 2005b)”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stuber et al., 2005b
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Goal-directed behavior is thought to be divided into two general phases, appetitive and consummatory phases (Craig, 1918; Konorski, 1967), served by distinct neuronal mechanisms.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Craig, 1918 source
- Not checked yetcites Konorski, 1967
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ikemoto and Panksepp (1999) hypothesized that dopamine in the nucleus accumbens plays an essential role in incentive learning; increased dopaminergic activity in the accumbens dopamine during the consummatory phase increases the incentive value of stimuli, while dopaminergic inactivity during the consummatory phase decreases the incentive value of stimuli.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto and Panksepp (1999) source
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, intraperitoneal administration of procaine, which induces conditioned place preference, does not increase but instead decreases forward locomotion (Wiechman et al., 1981; Reith et al., 1985).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, opiates appear to have both dopamine-dependent and -independent actions.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, these results and many other data demonstrate a dissociation between consumption and seeking/procurement (see Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999; Baldo and Kelley, 2007) suggesting that dopamine appears to be essential for seeking, but not necessary for generating preference for the oral consumption of particular stimuli.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999 source
- Not checked yetcites Baldo and Kelley, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These effects are triggered via a common mechanism, namely the meso-limbic dopamine system, especially the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed above, dopaminergic neurons fire and dopamine is released during the consummatory, or liking, phase.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that dopamine is not necessary for stimulus-outcome learning between environmental cues and some affective effects of morphine, but is necessary for expression of that learning.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, treatment with dopamine receptor antagonist does not affect immediate appetitive performance, if the task is not physically or mentally demanding or the blockade of dopamine receptors in the ventromedial striatum is not extensive (severe inhibition leads to the lack of drive, see section 4.9.6).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system interacts with various other systems: the ventrolateral and dorsal striatal dopamine systems, action-arousal system and limbic, associative and sensory cortices (Fig. 17A).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Dopamine deficient mice can learn to associate place cues and the affective action of morphine, and if they are treated with caffeine or L-DOPA, which temporarily restores their dopamine, just before the performance phase, they display a preference for the compartment paired with morphine (Hnasko et al., 2005).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hnasko et al., 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, drugs’ unconditioned motor stimulant effects, initiated via the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system, may not require elaboration of information with other meso-striatal systems or other higher systems (Fig. 17C).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggestion is in general agreement with the role of ventromedial striatal dopamine in action-arousal.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dopaminergic activity in the ventromedial striatum may determine animals’ capacity to pursue seeking tasks of varying degrees of “difficulty”.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Salamone and his colleagues (Salamone and Correa, 2002; Salamone et al., 2003) have suggested that nucleus accumbens dopamine is involved in energizing animals performing instrumental tasks.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The disruption of normal dopaminergic activity in the ventral striatum during consummatory behavior followed by appetitive behavior will lead to re-organization of a stimulus-outcome and stimulus-action association, such that the presentation of conditioned stimuli in the next trial will be ineffective in eliciting conditioned responding.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because ventromedial striatal dopamine is involved in action-arousal or general drive states, the deficiency of ventromedial striatal dopamine may affect performance based on both physical and mental challenges.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is not easy to investigate functional roles of phasic and tonic dopamine signaling because tonic signals influence phasic signals and vice versa; systemic administration of cocaine, which increases tonic dopamine signals by blocking dopamine uptake, also increases frequencies of phasic signals and transients as detected by the fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (Heien et al., 2005; Stuber et al., 200”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heien et al., 2005 source
- Not checked yetcites Stuber et al., 2005a
- Not checked yetcites Stuber et al., 2005b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ventromedial striatal dopamine during consummatory behavior is involved in the acquisition and, perhaps, the re-organization of stimulus-outcome association, and ventrolateral striatal dopamine during consummatory behavior is involved in the acquisition and re-organization of conditioned responding (stimulus-action association).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As mentioned above, tonic levels of ventral striatal dopamine correlate well with levels of locomotor activity.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some clinical data suggest that chronic psychomotor-stimulant abuse decrease activity of brain dopamine in patients (Lago and Kosten, 1994, Koob and Le Moal, 1997).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lago and Kosten, 1994
- Not checked yetcites Koob and Le Moal, 1997 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Interestingly, intra-shell administration of amphetamine in those sensitized rats did not further increase conditioned responding upon the presentation of a conditioned stimulus, but rather increased general investigatory behaviors such as sniffing and rearing not targeted at the active lever (Wyvell and Berridge, 2001).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wyvell and Berridge, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wyvell and Berridge (2000) found that amphetamine injections into the accumbens shell energize rats to respond on the active lever only when a Pavlovian-conditioned stimulus is present”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wyvell and Berridge (2000)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that chronic drug taking leading to hypo-activity of the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system may result in a negative mood state which in turn accelerates drug-taking (“self-medication”) in an attempt to improve the mood state (Markou et al., 1998).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Markou et al., 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed above, the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is involved in several behavioral functions: positive and negative affective states, general drive states and stimulus-outcome learning.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, dopaminergic neurons appear to fire not only in response to reward-related stimuli, but also those of potential importance such as loud noise (Kiyatkin, 1988; Pan et al., 2005).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presentation of a Pavlovian-conditioned stimulus energizes rats with a history of repeated administration of amphetamine to respond on the active lever, even if the rats are free of the drug at the time of testing.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This observation may be explained by the hypothesis that the combination of previous repeated amphetamine and intra-shell amphetamine activated the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system so much that it overrode inhibitory control of selection mechanisms or conditioning effects, leading to an increase in unconditioned responding.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, those phasic dopamine signals should be distinguished from tonic signals and may be critically involved in associative learning between environmental stimuli and internal states, between stimuli and actions and between actions and consequences (Fig. 14).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The way those signals change in a learning task is found to fit well with the Rescorla-Wagner equation (Rescorla and Wagner, 1972) or, more recently, temporal-difference models (Sutton and Barto, 1981)”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rescorla and Wagner, 1972
- Not checked yetcites Sutton and Barto, 1981
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present variation-selection hypothesis offers a mechanism for understanding how ventral striatal dopamine is involved in incentive salience.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Wyvell and Berridge (2001) further found that previous experience with repeated administration of amphetamine has essentially the same effect on incentive salience attribution as intra-shell administration of amphetamine.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wyvell and Berridge (2001) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differential functions may partly arise from the ways in which ventromedial striatal dopamine stimulates its target receptors.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, these electrophysiological signals are correlates of incentive stimuli during reward-seeking tasks, and the functional significance of these signals is not clearly understood.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tonically high levels of extracellular dopamine may be responsible for heightened drive states.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They found that those neurons respond to incentive stimuli as if their signals are conveying discrepancies between the expectation of a reward (with respect to timing and magnitude) and the actual result.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Schultz (1998; 2002)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system may participate in not only the positive mood state (a-process), but also the negative mood state (b-process).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Phasic dopamine signals in the ventromedial striatum and the accumbens core may be important in associative learning, stimulus-outcome and stimulus-action learning, respectively.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, it is suggested that midbrain dopaminergic neurons encode a prediction error between the actual and predicted rewards.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Latencies of firing of dopamine neurons in relation to reward-related stimuli may be too short to signal rewards (Redgrave et al., 1999).”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Redgrave et al., 1999
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased ventromedial striatal dopamine energizes responding, while activities in the ventrolateral and dorsal striatum interacting with cortical regions guide responding toward novel, salient and conditioned stimuli.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Phasic dopamine signals, therefore, may be involved in associative learning by enabling salient stimuli to be associated with internal states and actions, and actions to be associated with consequences.”
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS > 4.9. Previous hypotheses on dopamine functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“First, the present experiment utilized small injections confined in small areas within the ventral striatum, while Swanson used large injections affecting the entire nucleus accumbens, which may have affected sites outside of the nucleus such as the diagonal band.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Swanson (1982) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The functions of accumbens core are likely somewhat different from those of the lateral shell and lateral tubercle.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, it was not always easy to determine co-expression between TH and FG, because of interference by overlapping TH immunofluorescent cells in the VTA (Fig. 19).”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reward function may be regulated differently from drive and stimulus-outcome associative effects by the magnitude and speed of change in ventromedial striatal dopamine levels.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Also, lateral hypothalamic stimulation is rewarding when its duration is short (0.4 sec), whereas it elicits escape responses when its duration is several seconds or longer, suggesting that the onset of stimulation is involved in reward and the continuation of the stimulation is not (Bower and Miller, 1958).”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bower and Miller, 1958
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although drug reward was the focus of the present review, the two dopaminergic systems discussed in the paper are thought to be integral parts of the general SEEKING system (Panksepp, 1998) that has evolved from mechanisms underlying basic activities such as hunting and gathering energy sources and avoiding predators.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.2. Summary and general implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Panksepp, 1998
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on cellular connection data, the functions of the two regions are expected to be somewhat similar, but not identical.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system regulates states of mind/body interaction (or action-arousal), incentive learning and activities of the basal ganglia, which then participate in selection to shape unconditioned responding into adaptive conditioned responding.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.2. Summary and general implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In any case, the majority of FG-positive cells projecting from the ventral midbrain to the ventral striatum appear to be dopaminergic, whereas the vast majority of FG-positive cells in the parafasciculus retroflexus area projecting to the diagonal band appear to be non-dopaminergic.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These observations may be explained by hypotheses that phasic dopamine signals are important for stimulus-outcome association involving aversive stimuli, that tonic changes of dopamine from a basal level to a low level trigger a negative affective state, and that tonically low basal dopamine levels result in depression-like symptoms (Willner, 1983).”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Willner, 1983 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As mentioned above, the greater the positive velocity in dopamine receptor binding in the ventral striatum induced by the administration of psychomotor stimulants, the greater the subjective effect of “high” (Volkow et al., 1999; 2002).”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dysregulated interactions of this dopamine system with other closely-related systems may lead to mood disorders and various types of addiction.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.2. Summary and general implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the striatal zone is by far the largest in the tubercle.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies in rats found that intravenous administration, which delivers drugs into the brain in seconds (Mateo et al., 2004; Heien et al., 2005; Stuber et al., 2005), establishes robust conditioned place preference at much lower doses than slower intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration (Spyraki et al., 1982b; Nomikos and Spyraki, 1988; Sellings and Clarke, 2003), which delivers drugs into the”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Spyraki et al., 1982b
- Not checked yetcites Nomikos and Spyraki, 1988
- Not checked yetcites Sellings and Clarke, 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“TH is a specific maker for dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain, because dopamine-β-hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine, is not found in this area (Swanson and Hartman, 1975).”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.1. Cytoarchitectonic features of the VTA and surrounding area
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Swanson and Hartman, 1975
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed above, the precise boundaries of the VTA are difficult to determine.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.1. Cytoarchitectonic features of the VTA and surrounding area
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is hypothesized to be a critical component of the basic processes regulating mood states and allowing organisms to engage in effortful activities.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.2. Summary and general implications
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the meso-ventromedial and ventrolateral striatal dopamine systems are part of the hierarchically organized basal ganglia.”
§ 5. CODA > 5.2. Summary and general implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slight overlaps in the locations of the labeled neurons between the diagonal band and medial tubercle and between the diagonal band and medial shell may be explained by either minor diffusions of the tracers into each other or the existence of transition zones between them.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The meso-limbic dopamine system has been implicated in motivated behavior triggered by aversive stimuli (Salamone, 1994; Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999; Pezze and Feldon, 2004).”
§ 5. CODA > 5.1. Future investigations
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These experimental procedures were identical to those of the Ikemoto study (2003), except for response contingences.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.3. Autoshaping by cocaine administration into the medial olfactory tubercle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto, 2003
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study focused on limited anatomical dimensions and did not examine other important anatomical dimensions.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data highly varied and, thus, were square root transformed to maintain homogeneity of variance.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.3. Autoshaping by cocaine administration into the medial olfactory tubercle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study did not examine antero-posterior differences of the ventral striatum in dopaminergic projection.”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These observations are consistent with the finding that leucine and proline application confined within the anterolateral VTA anterogradely labeled axon terminals predominantly in the accumbens core, lateral accumbens shell and lateral olfactory tubercle (Beckstead et al., 1979).”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beckstead et al., 1979 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“previous studies indicated that midbrain projections to the ventral striatum are primarily unilateral (Fallon and Moore, 1978; Nauta et al., 1978; Beckstead et al., 1979; Phillipson and Griffiths, 1985; Brog et al., 1993).”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fallon and Moore, 1978
- Not checked yetcites Nauta et al., 1978
- Not checked yetcites Beckstead et al., 1979 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The anterior and posterior olfactory tubercle may also differ with respect to responses to psychomotor stimulants (Ikemoto, 2002; 2003).”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto, 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, anatomical and functional differences between the anterior and posterior ventral striatum have been reported by many researchers for the nucleus accumbens in particular (e.g., Fallon and Moore, 1978; Voorn and Docter, 1992; Zahm and Brog, 1992; Reynolds and Berridge, 2002; Zangen et al., 2006).”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.2. Locations of retrogradely-labeled cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fallon and Moore, 1978
- Not checked yetcites Voorn and Docter, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Zahm and Brog, 1992 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization correctly describes how the medial and lateral projection systems differ in goal-directed learning.
“as described in the variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The central linear nucleus provides heavy dopaminergic inputs to the ventromedial striatum.
“The central linear nucleus, into which rats quickly learn to self-administer nicotine or the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (Ikemoto et al., 1998; Ikemoto et al., 2006), provides heavy dopaminergic inputs to the ventromedial striatum.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Associative learning depends on temporal contiguity.
“because in most cases associative learning depends on temporal contiguity*.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Motivation and affect concern tonic states.
“because motivation and affect concern tonic states.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is sensitized by regulatory imbalances and activated when animals detect incentive stimuli and especially when procurement of reward is uncertain.
“This dopamine system is sensitized by regulatory imbalances (e.g., hunger) and activated when animals detect incentive stimuli and especially when procurement of reward is uncertain.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The reinforcement concept holds that behavioral response leading to drug delivery is reinforced by the direct pharmacological actions of the drug, and contingent drug delivery is essential for learning self-administration.
“It is generally assumed that behavioral response leading to drug delivery is reinforced by the direct pharmacological actions of the drug, and contingent drug delivery is thought to be essential for learning self-administration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The medial olfactory tubercle serves similar functions to the medial shell.
“The loss of medial shell function may be compensated during the “recovery” period (typically a week or more) from surgery by remaining mechanisms including the medial olfactory tubercle, which serves similar functions to the medial shell.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Retrograde tracer FG deposits confined to a region are taken up by neurons projecting to that region and do not spread to adjacent regions or fibers of passage in a way that confounds the labeling.
“FG deposits in fourteen rats were found in in-between regions including core-dorsal striatum (n = 1), core-medial shell (n = 3), medial shell-medial tubercle (n = 5), medial shell-diagonal band (n = 3), medial tubercle-diagonal band (n = 1), and ventral shell-lateral tubercle (n = 1); the sections from these rats were studied, but not included for analysis.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Dopamine release in the core appears to act to generate stimulus-impulse associations (10,11).”
From The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop (2009) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.3. Autoshaping by cocaine administration into the medial olfactory tubercle
“These observations are confirmed by ANOVAs on lever-press rates (Fig. 15B): lever-press rates obtained with 60-mM cocaine (sessions 3 and 4) and 200-mM cocaine (sessions 6 and 7) were significantly higher than those obtained with vehicle”
§ 6. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS > 6.3. Autoshaping by cocaine administration into the medial olfactory tubercle
“Effects of 60 mM cocaine on infusion rates were analyzed with 2 × 2 within-subjects ANOVAs with session and treatment (vehicle sessions 1 and 5 vs. cocaine sessions 3 and 4). Effects of 200 mM cocaine were also analyzed with 2 × 2 within-subjects ANOVAs with session and treatment (vehicle sessions 5 and 8 vs. cocaine sessions 6 and 7).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ikemoto, S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ikemoto, Satoshi
- ORCID
- Ikemoto, Satoshi
- Venue
- Brain Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-78
- ISSN
- 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2134972
- OpenAlex
- W1980571433
- Semantic Scholar
- 71fd298e83023e51e98e7a8c3d5342890b87a632
- Cited by
- 1,477
- References
- 389
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 84
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (Z01DA000480, Z01DA000439)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- mesolimbic dopamine system, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, ventral striatum, reward, cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, opiates, goal-directed learning, arousal, rats
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Brain Mapping, Cocaine, Dopamine, Efferent Pathways, Fluorescent Dyes, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Models, Neurological, Nucleus Accumbens, Olfactory Pathways, Psychotropic Drugs, Reward, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Rats, Wistar, Ventral Tegmental Area, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Rats
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