The Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Significance of Exosomes as Carriers of Drug Delivery System

In the paper

“The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is accepted as molecular media by which exosomes have specific cargo sorting functions [12].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In “Knowledge in Composition and Secretion of Exosomes” (page not provided), the paper identifies ESCRT as the main mechanism for sorting specific cargo into intraluminal vesicles that become exosomes. This supports the citing sentence’s paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [12] Li, 2022, Exosomes: Potential Biomarkers and Functions in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Front. Mol. Biosci. source

In the paper

“The study by Zou et al. demonstrated that the constructs containing the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) transmembrane domain fused to single-chain variable fragments of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 Env-specific antibodies have been used to target exosomes to HIV-1-infected cells [24].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results section (‘Characterization of 10E8scFv-expressing exosomes’; page unavailable) describes fusing an HIV-1 Env-specific 10E8 scFv to pDisplay to make surface-displaying exosomes. The Discussion reports that these exosomes targeted Env-positive cells and tissues, including HIV-1-infected cells. Our copy does not identify the pDisplay transmembrane domain as PDGFR-derived, so that structural detail is not verified by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [24] Zou, 2019, Extracellular vesicles expressing a single-chain variable fragment of an HIV-1 specific antibody selectively target Env+ tissues, Theranostics sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Mel@NVs proved to be a potentially promising therapy for myocardial infarction [96].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion concludes that Mel@NVs played a therapeutic role in cardiac repair and could provide a potential strategy for treating myocardial infarction. The Results section reports improved cardiac function and reduced pathological remodeling in mice with myocardial infarction, supporting the claim as a statement of therapeutic promise rather than established clinical efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [96] Zhang, 2022, Melatonin Engineered Adipose-Derived Biomimetic Nanovesicles Regulate Mitochondrial Functions and Promote Myocardial Repair in Myocardial Infarction, Front. Cardiovasc. Med. source

In the paper

“As one of the endogenous extracellular vesicles, exosomes are 30–100 nm in diameter, which are considered a new generation of a natural nanoscale delivery system.”

• Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · boosted

  “Now, it is generally accepted that exosomes are 30–100 nm in diameter, rich in lipids (cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and ceramide), and fulfilled with active molecules including DNA, noncoding RNA, mRNA or protein (Table 1) [4].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Kowal, 2014, Biogenesis and secretion of exosomes, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. source

In the paper

“The remaining MVBs may merge with the membrane followed by secretion to the extracellular matrix to form new extracellular vesicles including exosomes.”

In the paper

“With the progress of science and technology, artificial materials such as synthetic liposomes and polylactic acid have been exploited as carriers in the last few years.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Higa, 2017, Ultra-small solid archaeolipid nanoparticles for active targeting to macrophages of the inflamed mucosa, Nanomedicine source
• Not checked yetcites [19] Lozano, 2018, Lectin-conjugated pH-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted bone cancer treatment, Acta Biomater. source

In the paper

“During the exploiting their delivery function, exosomes from human donor cells are found to be capable of transferring chemical drugs or endogenous substances (proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, lipids, etc.) to receiver cells for therapy.”

In the paper

“Thus far, the cargo biological component is fulfilled in exosomes through incubation, sonication, freeze-thaw cycling, extrusion, and electroporation once extracted from the donor cells [22].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] Mehryab, 2020, Exosomes as a next-generation drug delivery system: An update on drug loading approaches, characterization, and clinical application challenges, Acta Biomater. source

In the paper

“As a natural liposome in the human body, exosomes are considered to have the capability of high-efficiency loading and co-transmission of therapeutic drugs [21].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [21] Yang, 2018, The Advances and Challenges in Utilizing Exosomes for Delivering Cancer Therapeutics, Front. Pharmacol. source

In the paper

“Another promising feature is that simple surface modifications by bioengineering allow exosome delivery cargo more targeted.”

In the paper

“At present, exosomes have the above conditions perfectly.”

In the paper

“It is clear that the above two major modification strategies make exosomes extremely advantageous when delivering drugs as carriers.”

In the paper

“Following systemic administration of CP05-loaded exosomes, researchers found that targeting CP05-loaded exosomes increased the delivery of splice-correcting oligomers to muscle, thereby restoring muscular dystrophy [27].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Gao, 2018, Anchor peptide captures, targets, and loads exosomes of diverse origins for diagnostics and therapy, Sci. Transl. Med. source

In the paper

“Studies have shown that cancer-cell-derived exosomes tend to merge with their parental cells preferentially.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Qiao, 2020, Tumor cell-derived exosomes home to their cells of origin and can be used as Trojan horses to deliver cancer drugs, Theranostics source

In the paper

“Exosomes show faint nonspecific interactions with serum proteins.”

In the paper

“First, exosomes can modulate targeting capabilities through loading specific binding principles of receptors and ligands, for example, dendritic cells (DC)-derived exosomes could transfer major histocompatibility complexes to antigen-presenting cell for regulating immunity [31].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Liu, 2016, Donor dendritic cell–derived exosomes promote allograft-targeting immune response, J. Clin. Investig. source

In the paper

“Furthermore, integrins on exosomes determine the organotropism effect of exosomes into specific tissues.”

In the paper

“The protein crowns can affect the properties of synthetic NP such as cell targeting, cell interactions, toxicity, etc.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Xiao, 2021, The protein corona hampers the transcytosis of transferrin-modified nanoparticles through blood-brain barrier and attenuates their targeting ability to brain tumor, Biomaterials source
• Not checked yetcites [37] Sutaria, 2017, Achieving the Promise of Therapeutic Extracellular Vesicles: The Devil is in Details of Therapeutic Loading, Pharm. Res. source

In the paper

“Second, the targeted homing potential and cellular uptake capacity of exosomes are enhanced with the presence of vesicle surface proteins.”

In the paper

“It was reported that serum proteins bind on the surface of synthetic nanoparticle (NP) carriers immediately after entering the bloodstream, forming so-called protein coronas [34,35].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [34] Peng, 2016, The potential of protein–nanomaterial interaction for advanced drug delivery, J. Control. Release source
• Not checked yetcites [35] Prozeller, 2018, Beyond the protein corona—Lipids matter for biological response of nanocarriers, Acta Biomater. source

In the paper

“Notably, the binding of serum proteins with exosomes is weak, mainly based on exosome’s endogenous nature.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, those nature-made vesicles are better tolerated in vivo.”

In the paper

“Exosomes may provide a more rational way for therapeutic protein delivery to exert antitumor effects as we highlighted above [42].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Yim, 2016, Exosome engineering for efficient intracellular delivery of soluble proteins using optically reversible protein-protein interaction module, Nat. Commun. source

In the paper

“Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) were also found to have strong associations with TME and cancer initiation.”

In the paper

“In addition to proteins, nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, siRNA, piRNA, etc.) have also been reported as a potential method for cancer treatment [47,48].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Belew, 2018, Differential Content of Proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs Suggests that MDSC and Their Exosomes May Mediate Distinct Immune Suppressive Functions, J. Proteome Res. source
• Not checked yetcites [48] Dvorská, D., Braný, D., Ňachajová, M., Halašová, E., and Danková, Z. (2021). Breast Cancer and the Other Non-Coding RNAs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22. source

In the paper

“Meanwhile, native M1 exosomes efficiently reprogram macrophages from pro-tumor M2 to anti-tumor M1 [44].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Nie, 2019, Responsive Exosome Nano-bioconjugates for Synergistic Cancer Therapy, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. source

In the paper

“Their result showed that the nano-bioconjugates could specifically bind with cancer by recognition of CD47.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Nie, 2019, Responsive Exosome Nano-bioconjugates for Synergistic Cancer Therapy, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. source

In the paper

“In Yang et al. research, mouse embryonic fibroblast-derived exosomes were able to deliver PTEN (phosphatase and homologous tensin) mRNA to inhibit mouse glioma growth [49].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Yang, 2020, Large-scale generation of functional mRNA-encapsulating exosomes via cellular nanoporation, Nat. Biomed. Eng. source

In the paper

“For example, the researchers used mouse macrophage exosomes to hybridize with synthetic liposomes to obtain engineered exosomes, water-soluble doxorubicin loaded in the engineered exosomes under acidic conditions had a significantly enhanced toxicity to cancer cells.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [60] Rayamajhi, 2019, Macrophage-derived exosome-mimetic hybrid vesicles for tumor targeted drug delivery, Acta Biomater. source

In the paper

“In general, exosome-loaded drugs display better efficacy than chemicals used alone.”

In the paper

“In addition, exosomes from MSCs had a higher amount of miR-1455p were displaying a strong effect on the inhibition of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo [52].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [52] Ding, 2019, Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells deliver exogenous miR-145-5p to inhibit pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression, Cancer Lett. source

In the paper

“Shtam et al. showed the therapeutic potential of exosome-mediated siRNA delivery to HeLa cells (cervical cancer cell line) by targeting RAD51.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [53] Shtam, 2013, Exosomes are natural carriers of exogenous siRNA to human cells in vitro, Cell Commun. Signal. source

In the paper

“The CRISPR/Cas9-loaded exosomes significantly down-regulated PARP-1 expression, thus causing ovarian cancer cell death [54].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [54] Kim, 2017, Cancer-derived exosomes as a delivery platform of CRISPR/Cas9 confer cancer cell tropism-dependent targeting, J. Control. Release source

In the paper

“After being pre-loaded with Doxorubicin, the exosome sheath enhanced tumor accumulation and vascular extravasation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [61] Yong, 2019, Tumor exosome-based nanoparticles are efficient drug carriers for chemotherapy, Nat. Commun. source

In the paper

“It strongly suggests that the engineered exosomes will be a promising platform for tumor-targeted drug delivery [60].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [60] Rayamajhi, 2019, Macrophage-derived exosome-mimetic hybrid vesicles for tumor targeted drug delivery, Acta Biomater. source

In the paper

“Similarly, Garofalo et al. showed lung tumor cell-derived exosomes can effectively carry the oncolytic virus and chemotherapeutic drugs (PTX), thus enhancing the antitumor effects in nude mice [57].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [57] Garofalo, 2018, Antitumor effect of oncolytic virus and paclitaxel encapsulated in extracellular vesicles for lung cancer treatment, J. Control. Release source

In the paper

“The efficacy of these monomeric components can be enhanced by the administration of exosome carriers [55].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Farooqi, 2018, Exosome biogenesis, bioactivities and functions as new delivery systems of natural compounds, Biotechnol. Adv. source

In the paper

“The results illustrated strong evidence for MSC-derived exosomes could successfully stimulate neurogenesis and angiogenesis in that model [69].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [69] Moon, 2019, Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Stroke: Biodistribution and MicroRNA Study, Transl. Stroke Res. source

In the paper

“Therefore, it opens up a promising possibility to deliver therapeutic substances to treat central neurological diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, strokes, etc. [63].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Ghosh, 2022, Exosome: The “Off-the-Shelf” Cellular Nanocomponent as a Potential Pathogenic Agent, a Disease Biomarker, and Neurotherapeutics, Front. Pharmacol. source

In the paper

“The RGD parts are accounting for membrane fusion to enhance cellular endocytosis and the sequential nano catalysts underwent a more effective treatment in the HCC tumor zone during a short time.”

In the paper

“In a mouse Parkinson’s disease (PD) model, exosomes with pre-loaded dopamine exhibited better performance than free dopamine after intravenous injection [74].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] Qu, 2018, Dopamine-loaded blood exosomes targeted to brain for better treatment of Parkinson’s disease, J. Control. Release source

In the paper

“Wang et al. studied engineered exosomes that silenced Bcl-2 and Bax with a promising result that suggested the exosomes had a therapeutic effect on apoptosis after TBI [72].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [72] Wei, 2019, A Nanodrug Consisting of Doxorubicin And Exosome Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells For Osteosarcoma Treatment In Vitro, Int. J. Nanomed. source

In the paper

“Others reported that exosome carriers conjugated to the surface of c (RGDyK) peptide or curcumin can target the lesion area of ischemic encephalopathy.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [71] Tian, 2018, Surface functionalized exosomes as targeted drug delivery vehicles for cerebral ischemia therapy, Biomaterials source

In the paper

“For example, traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause severe neuronal damage, and studies have shown that exosomes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and MSCs may heal neuronal damage [68].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [68] Ghosh, 2020, Cell-Derived Exosome Therapy: A Novel Approach to Treat Post-traumatic Brain Injury Mediated Neural Injury, ACS Chem. Neurosci. source

In the paper

“Additionally, exosome carriers could hold the drug stability and half-life.”

In the paper

“In a mouse model, the modified exosomes provided a safe and effective delivery vehicle for ischemic stroke therapy [71].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [71] Tian, 2018, Surface functionalized exosomes as targeted drug delivery vehicles for cerebral ischemia therapy, Biomaterials source

In the paper

“Furthermore, exosome carriers can deliver therapeutic substances across the blood–brain barrier (BBB).”

In the paper

“exosomes carriers can efficiently load biologics or other inflammation inhibitors and deliver them to the target protected from enzyme-caused degradation, which provides tantalizing prospects in supporting the fight against autoimmune diseases.”

In the paper

“It was reported that miR-146a/miR-155-transduced MSC-derived exosome strongly increased Treg cell subpopulation and anti-inflammatory cytokines in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [77] Tavasolian, 2020, miRNA-146a Improves Immunomodulatory Effects of MSC-derived Exosomes in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Curr. Gene Ther. source

In the paper

“Ultimately, this modulation may facilitate the restoration of T-cell responses in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); therefore, the use of MSC-derived exosomes to load miRNAs that can alter immune responses could serve as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases [77].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [77] Tavasolian, 2020, miRNA-146a Improves Immunomodulatory Effects of MSC-derived Exosomes in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Curr. Gene Ther. source

In the paper

“Previous studies have proved that natural or surface-modified exosomes can be used as a treatment for autoimmune diseases [76].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [76] Zhou, 2020, The function and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in innate immune regulation, Cell. Mol. Immunol. source

In the paper

“Studies have shown that glucocorticoid-loaded exosomes show therapeutic efficacy in proteolipoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [79] Avnir, Y., Turjeman, K., Tulchinsky, D., Sigal, A., Kizelsztein, P., Tzemach, D., Gabizon, A., and Barenholz, Y. (2011). Fabrication Principles and Their Contribution to the Superior In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy of Nano-Liposomes Remote Loaded with Glucocorticoids. PLoS ONE, 6. source

In the paper

“In addition, ExoCAT showed effective neuroprotection in vivo models of PD [75].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [75] Haney, 2015, Exosomes as drug delivery vehicles for Parkinson’s disease therapy, J. Control. Release source

In the paper

“The prognostic marker malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein levels were lower than the free glutathione group [81].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [81] Kadry, 2019, Liposomal glutathione as a promising candidate for immunological rheumatoid arthritis therapy, Heliyon source

In the paper

“Animals treated with glucocorticoid-loaded exosomes recovered from acute illness more rapidly than clinically used multiple sclerosis (MS) drugs, such as betafalon and copasone [79].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [79] Avnir, Y., Turjeman, K., Tulchinsky, D., Sigal, A., Kizelsztein, P., Tzemach, D., Gabizon, A., and Barenholz, Y. (2011). Fabrication Principles and Their Contribution to the Superior In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy of Nano-Liposomes Remote Loaded with Glucocorticoids. PLoS ONE, 6. source

In the paper

“Riazifar et al. showed that exosome-stimulated MSCs produced by γ-interferon have been shown to have significant effects in the treatment of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) [78].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [78] Riazifar, 2019, Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as Nanotherapeutics for Autoimmune and Neurodegenerative Disorders, ACS Nano source

In the paper

“Intravenous administration of STExos could not improve osteoporotic phenotypes in mouse models.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [87] Luo, 2019, Aptamer-functionalized exosomes from bone marrow stromal cells target bone to promote bone regeneration, Nanoscale source

In the paper

“However, the prolonged use of high doses of drugs that can cause secondary adverse effects, including affecting normal osteocytes [84].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] Kennel, 2009, Adverse effects of bisphosphonates: Implications for osteoporosis management, Mayo. Clin. Proc. source

In the paper

“Furthermore, exosomes can be modified with biological or synthetic ligands on the unique surface to enhance the targeting specific possibility to deliver cargo in different autoimmune diseases.”

In the paper

“The engineered exosomes can also deliver a variety of functional molecules to treat inflammatory diseases [83].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [83] Casella, 2018, Extracellular Vesicles Containing IL-4 Modulate Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis, Mol. Ther. source

In the paper

“Exosomes show promising prospects for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.”

In the paper

“Clearly, bone drug delivery applications are not yet perfect in targeting and eliminating side effects.”

In the paper

“Luo et al. showed that bone marrow stromal cell (ST)-derived exosomes (STExos) could significantly enhance the osteoblast differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro by simple surface chemical modifications.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [87] Luo, 2019, Aptamer-functionalized exosomes from bone marrow stromal cells target bone to promote bone regeneration, Nanoscale source

In the paper

“Traditional drug therapy for diseases of the skeletal system is mainly based on inhibiting osteoclast formation (estrogen, etc.) or inhibiting osteoclast activity (bisphosphonates, etc.).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] Kennel, 2009, Adverse effects of bisphosphonates: Implications for osteoporosis management, Mayo. Clin. Proc. source

In the paper

“Zha et al. extracted ATDC5 (chondrogenic progenitor cell line)-derived exosomes to load the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, which can effectively restore segmental bone defects by increasing osteogenesis and angiogenesis [86].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Zha, 2021, Progenitor cell-derived exosomes endowed with VEGF plasmids enhance osteogenic induction and vascular remodeling in large segmental bone defects, Theranostics source

In the paper

“Due to the advent of exosome carriers, great progress in the management of drug delivery to the bone has been made [85].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [85] Yang, 2019, Drug Delivery Based on Nanotechnology for Target Bone Disease, Curr. Drug Deliv. source

In the paper

“In addition, Zhang et al. found MSC-exosome/β-TCP composite scaffolds had better healing functions on rat calvarial defects [88].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [88] Zhang, 2016, Exosomes/tricalcium phosphate combination scaffolds can enhance bone regeneration by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, Stem. Cell Res. Ther. source

In the paper

“In a rat model, KGN loaded by engineered exosomes also showed better therapeutic effects than KGN alone [89].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [89] Xu, 2021, Exosome-mediated delivery of kartogenin for chondrogenesis of synovial fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells and cartilage regeneration, Biomaterials source

In the paper

“Meanwhile, the encapsulated hexyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride can diminish inflammation effectively by intrinsic biosynthesis and metabolism of heme [95].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] Wu, 2020, Molecularly Engineered Macrophage-Derived Exosomes with Inflammation Tropism and Intrinsic Heme Biosynthesis for Atherosclerosis Treatment, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. source

In the paper

“All cell subtypes in the cardiovascular system, including endothelial cells (ECs), cardiomyocytes, and fibroblasts, release exosomes to participate in intercellular communication and regulate cardiac function.”

In the paper

“Wu et al. reported that molecularly engineered M2 macrophage-derived exosomes may contribute to treating atherosclerosis by suppressing inflammation via chemokine receptors and inflammation inhibitory cytokines secreted by M2 macrophages.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] Wu, 2020, Molecularly Engineered Macrophage-Derived Exosomes with Inflammation Tropism and Intrinsic Heme Biosynthesis for Atherosclerosis Treatment, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. source

In the paper

“Cardiovascular exosomes also have a significant clinical role and therapeutic value.”

In the paper

“In addition, exosomes with angiogenesis-related miRNAs were able to ameliorate cardiac function.”

In the paper

“Liu et al. investigated the role of exosomes loaded with miR-19a, miR-210, and other miRNAs against oxidative stress (OS) in coronary heart disease, and the results suggest that the ability of exosomes to target loading endogenous antioxidants may make them a more effective treatment for OS than stem cell therapy [91].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [91] Liu, Y., Wang, M., Liang, Y., Wang, C., Naruse, K., and Takahashi, K. (2021). Treatment of Oxidative Stress with Exosomes in Myocardial Ischemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22. source

In the paper

“Therefore, the superior biocompatibility of exosomes allows them potentially useful as drug carriers in cardiovascular diseases [90].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [90] Liu, 2021, Circulating exosomes in cardiovascular disease: Novel carriers of biological information, Biomed. Pharmacother. source

In the paper

“Similarly, Chen et al. showed that bone marrow-secreted MSC exosomes carrying miRNA-125b could prevent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by targeting SIRT7 [93].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [93] Chen, 2020, Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosomes carrying microRNA-125b protect against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury via targeting SIRT7, Mol. Cell. Biochem. source

In the paper

“Notably, exosomes are used as carriers to load therapeutic substances such as proteins and RNAs with extremely high stability, which provides an attractive method as novel therapeutic carriers for kidney disease treatment.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] Bruno, 2016, Extracellular vesicles in renal tissue damage and regeneration, Eur. J. Pharmacol. source

In the paper

“Previous studies have revealed that exosomes could be used as a new therapeutic option for skin repair and regeneration treatment [101].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [101] Wang, 2019, Exosomes in chronic inflammatory skin diseases and skin tumors, Exp. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“For example, recent evidence suggests that the transport of ncRNA (including miRNA and lncRNA) target cells through the role of exosomes in the pathophysiology of psoriatic arthritis [104].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [104] Yue, T., Ji, M., Qu, H., Guo, M., Bai, F., Zhang, Z., Wang, W., Gong, X., and Zhang, Z. (2019). Comprehensive analyses of long non-coding RNA expression profiles by RNA sequencing and exploration of their potency as biomarkers in psoriatic arthritis patients. BMC Immunol., 20. source

In the paper

“Furthermore, Shiekh et al. have shown that an antioxidant wound dressing, consisting of antioxidant polyurethane combined with ADSCs extracted exosomes, could shorten the diabetic wound healing time [105].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [105] Shiekh, 2020, Exosome laden oxygen releasing antioxidant and antibacterial cryogel wound dressing OxOBand alleviate diabetic and infectious wound healing, Biomaterials source

In the paper

“Compared with the control group, the results confirmed it could improve renal injury significantly by regulating different biological components [99].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [99] Kim, 2021, Exosome-based delivery of super-repressor IκBα ameliorates kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury, Kidney Int. source

In the paper

“For example, nuclear factor (NF)-ĸB signaling significantly participated in acute kidney injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion.”

In the paper

“It has been reported that exosomes can participate in renal tissue injury and regeneration by mediating inter-nephron communication [98].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] Bruno, 2016, Extracellular vesicles in renal tissue damage and regeneration, Eur. J. Pharmacol. source

In the paper

“As a DDS carrier, exosome performs ideally when delivering therapeutic substances in cardiovascular diseases [97].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Lu, 2018, Exosome-based small RNA delivery: Progress and prospects, Asian J. Pharm. Sci. source

In the paper

“Currently, there is still a great limitation in accurately detecting these characteristics and purity [129].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [129] Xie, S., Zhang, Q., and Jiang, L. (2022). Current Knowledge on Exosome Biogenesis, Cargo-Sorting Mechanism and Therapeutic Implications. Membranes, 12. source

In the paper

“In 2016, the world’s first cancer diagnostic product based on exosome miRNAs body fluid biopsy, ExoDx Lung (ALK), was launched, which could detect EML4-ALK mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in real time [113].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [113] Zhang, 2020, Exosome: A Review of Its Classification, Isolation Techniques, Storage, Diagnostic and Targeted Therapy Applications, Int. J. Nanomed. source

In the paper

“Commonly used isolation techniques, such as nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), resistive pulse sensing (RPS), etc., cannot optimally separate exosomes and non-exosomes pollutants”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [130] Tian, 2019, Quality and efficiency assessment of six extracellular vesicle isolation methods by nano-flow cytometry, J. Extracell. Vesicles source

In the paper

“Although MSCs can generate a great amount of exosomes”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [131] Bulut, 2020, Mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles: Promising immunomodulators against autoimmune, autoinflammatory disorders and SARS-CoV-2 infection, Turk. J. Biol. source

In the paper

“which has been identified as a new biomarker for lung cancer progression [114].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [114] Zhang, 2019, Hypoxic BMSC-derived exosomal miRNAs promote metastasis of lung cancer cells via STAT3-induced EMT, Mol. Cancer source

In the paper

“In addition, as carriers, exosomes provide an emerging delivery method for therapeutic miRNAs that neither penetrate the skin nor easily cross cell membranes.”

In the paper

“At the same time, engineered exosomes also have broad potential in the treatment of obesity.”

In the paper

“easy penetration of cell membranes and biological barriers, including the BBB, due to their nanometer size and specific surface molecules”

In the paper

“Thus far, the clinical application of exosomes is mainly used for body fluid biopsy and clinical diagnosis of diseases such as cancer, nervous system diseases. and immune diseases [112].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [112] Zhou, 2020, Application of exosomes as liquid biopsy in clinical diagnosis, Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. source

In the paper

“it requires a long time to obtain an effective therapeutic amount [131].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [131] Bulut, 2020, Mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles: Promising immunomodulators against autoimmune, autoinflammatory disorders and SARS-CoV-2 infection, Turk. J. Biol. source

In the paper

“This biological system induced local white adipose tissue browning through transporting Bmp7 mRNA to reduce obesity for C57BL/6 mice.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [111] Guo, 2021, Ultrasound triggered topical delivery of Bmp7 mRNA for white fat browning induction via engineered smart exosomes, J. Nanobiotechnol. source

In the paper

“playing a therapeutic role in curing diseases”

In the paper

“exosomes could deliver therapeutic drugs to target cells in a targeted manner”