The DOI matches its Crossref record; 861 of the 903 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 19 of the 770 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity
Open accessAbstract
Low-grade inflammation is a characteristic of the obese state, and adipose tissue releases many inflammatory mediators. The source of these mediators within adipose tissue is not clear, but infiltrating macrophages seem to be especially important, although adipocytes themselves play a role. Obese people have higher circulating concentrations of many inflammatory markers than lean people do, and these are believed to play a role in causing insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. Blood concentrations of inflammatory markers are lowered following weight loss. In the hours following the consumption of a meal, there is an elevation in the concentrations of inflammatory mediators in the bloodstream, which is exaggerated in obese subjects and in type 2 diabetics. Both high-glucose and high-fat meals may induce postprandial inflammation, and this is exaggerated by a high meal content of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and partly ablated by inclusion of certain antioxidants or antioxidant-containing foods within the meal. Healthy eating patterns are associated with lower circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers. Among the components of a healthy diet, whole grains, vegetables and fruits, and fish are all associated with lower inflammation. AGE are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. SFA and trans -MUFA are pro-inflammatory, while PUFA, especially long-chain n -3 PUFA, are anti-inflammatory. Hyperglycaemia induces both postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation. Vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids decrease the circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers. Potential mechanisms are described and research gaps, which limit our understanding of the interaction between diet and postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation, are identified.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
472 Not checked yet · 83 Own interpretation · 26 No basis given · 7 Couldn’t confirm · 2 Partly supported · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The increase in abdominal fat mass is associated with a chronic elevation of the circulating concentrations of inflammatory mediators including several acute-phase inflammatory proteins such as CRP (46,47) , proand anti-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules and pro-thrombotic molecules (22,47 -49) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipose tissue distribution and its impact on inflammation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introduction (section “W”; page unavailable) says that circulating IL-1Ra is elevated in obese humans and that TNF-α and IL-6 are increased in human obesity. It does not establish the claimed association specifically for abdominal fat mass or address CRP, adhesion molecules, or pro-thrombotic molecules. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
- Could not verifycites [22] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Highly sensitive CRP and Discussion sections report inflammatory-marker responses to probiotic intervention in healthy adults. Searches for abdominal fat, adipose tissue, adhesion molecules, and pro-thrombotic molecules found no passage linking increased abdominal fat mass to chronic elevation of these mediators. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s discussion concerns renal filtration and catabolism of advanced glycation end products, particularly pentosidine. Our copy does not address abdominal fat mass or its association with circulating CRP, cytokines, adhesion molecules, or pro-thrombotic molecules (searched for abdominal fat, obesity, and these inflammatory mediators). (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In line with this, it has recently been shown that ageing (two groups with a mean age of 77•9 and 102•5 years, respectively v. a group with a mean age of 43•5 years) is characterised by a profound reduction in anti-inflammatory lipoxin A 4 levels (183) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Ageing and low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [183] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Biochemical Measurements sections describe inflammation markers measured in type 2 diabetic patients, including IL-6 and C-reactive protein. Searches of our full-text copy for lipoxin A4, ageing, and the stated age groups found no passage addressing whether lipoxin A4 levels decline with age. Page numbers were not available in the indexed copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Paracrine concentrations of inflammatory mediators are sufficient to induce insulin resistance (128) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > In vivo models
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [128] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links insulin resistance to possible lipid-storage and lipolysis mechanisms, but does not say that paracrine concentrations of inflammatory mediators induce it. Searches for inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and paracrine concentrations found only related reference titles, not evidence for the claimed sufficiency. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies in patients with diabetes (237) or the metabolic syndrome (238,239) have consistently demonstrated inverse associations between fitness and inflammation, independently of fatness.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [237] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section concerns diet and antioxidant treatment in children with hyperlipidemia; it reports no significant treatment effect on inflammation biomarkers. Neither it nor the other passages addresses fitness–inflammation associations in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome, or whether such an association is independent of fatness (searched: fitness, adiposity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome). (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [238] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Results describe a synbiotic trial in healthy elderly subjects and report intestinal immune markers, not fitness in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Searches for fitness, adiposity, and inflammation independent of fatness found no passage addressing the claimed association; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked yetcites [239] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“FoxO proteins are transcription factors which regulate the expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis, cell survival and inflammatory responses including NF-kB (274 -278) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Eating patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] source
- Could not verifycites [275] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion addresses oxidative stress, peroxynitrite and endothelial dysfunction, but does not discuss FoxO proteins or their regulation of genes. Searches for FoxO, NF-kB and the claimed transcription-factor functions found no relevant passage in our copy; no page numbers were provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked yetcites [276] source
- Not checked yetcites [277] source
- Not checked yetcites [278] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Weight loss is accompanied by decreased concentrations of circulating mediators of inflammation, such as CRP, TNF-a, IL-6 and sICAM-1 (155,268 -270) , although it is difficult to dissect whether this effect is due to the weight loss per se or to the nature of the diet used to induce weight loss.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Eating patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] source
- Could not verifycites [268] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The study passage and Figure 1 describe a glucose-clamp experiment measuring nitrotyrosine and blood pressure, not weight loss. Searches for weight loss, diet, CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and sICAM-1 found no passage addressing whether those markers decrease with weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Partly supportedcites [269] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report decreased hsCRP and TNF-α after tocopherol supplementation, but this was not a weight-loss study; TNF-α was measured as whole-blood release, not as a circulating concentration. The same passage reports no change in IL-6, and the study does not report sICAM-1. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked yetcites [270] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In a 5-week intervention in healthy men, a transfatty acid-enriched diet resulted in higher CRP and IL-6 concentrations than diets rich in oleic acid, stearic acid or the combination of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids (586)”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [586] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study design and Blood inflammatory markers sections describe a 12-week α-linolenic acid supplementation study in dyslipidaemic men, not a five-week trans-fat-enriched diet intervention in healthy men. A search for the specified fatty acids and CRP/IL-6 comparison found no passage in our copy addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA results in increased proportions of those fatty acids in inflammatory cell phospholipids (610 -614) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [610] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Markers section describes assays for vitamin D and tumor necrosis factor-α, not fatty-acid composition in inflammatory cells. Searches for long-chain n-3 PUFA, fatty acids, and phospholipids found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed effect of increased intake. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked yetcites [611] source
- Not checked yetcites [612] source
- Could not verifycites [613] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion’s Table 2 lists EPA plus DHA intake, but the paper’s Measurement of Biochemical Variables section describes plasma inflammatory-marker assays, not measurements of inflammatory-cell phospholipids. Searches for long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA/DHA intake, and phospholipid composition found no passage linking increased intake to increased fatty-acid proportions in those cells. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked yetcites [614] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This was first identified by Grimble et al. (649) who showed that the ability of fish oil to lower the LPS-stimulated production of TNF-a by blood mononuclear cells was determined in part by polymorphisms within the TNF-a and TNF-b genes.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [649] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Results (pages not provided) discuss fruit and vegetable intake and TNFα expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Searches for Grimble, fish oil, LPS-stimulated TNFα production, and TNF gene polymorphisms found no passage addressing the attributed finding. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The variation in concentrations of most mediators among non-obese or obese individuals is at least 10-fold.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Obesity and low-grade inflammation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Chronic low-grade inflammation is characterized by raised concentrations of inflammatory markers in the systemic circulation.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- It may state two separate claims as one. 209
- The quote only partly states this claim. 11
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast to such distributions, there are reports that IL-6 and TNF-a seem to be equally synthesised by the different sites (28,36,53 -59) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipose tissue distribution and its impact on inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] source
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
- Not checked yetcites [53] source
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
- Not checked yetcites [55] source
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The available paper text describes reactions of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol with nitrogen dioxide, not cytokine synthesis across adipose tissue sites. Searches for IL-6, TNF-alpha, and adipose tissue depots found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked yetcites [57] source
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This association was independent of several known cardiovascular risk factors, and persisted when twins within pairs were compared, suggesting that the results were not confounded by shared environmental and genetic factors.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Mediterranean diet.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [282] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section on Ccr2-dependent circulating proteins reports IL-6 measurements in mice, not an association between Mediterranean diet and IL-6. Searches for Mediterranean diet, twin comparisons, and shared genetic or environmental factors found no passage addressing the claimed analysis; the cited paper’s methods instead compare mice by genotype and diet. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedcorrelationaln = 345- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In fact, consumption of a Western diet rich in these products was found to correlate with impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease associated with the metabolic syndrome and related conditions (449,450) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [449] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses DNA damage from metabolic byproducts, while the section on FOXO1-mediated apoptosis discusses cellular responses to that damage. Searches for a Western diet, Maillard reaction products, and dietary advanced glycation products found no passage linking their consumption to impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, or cardiovascular and renal disease. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Could not verifycites [450] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Ferrucci et al. (578) reported no association between arachidonic acid in plasma and CRP, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-10 and sIL-6R concentrations, while there was an inverse association with IL-6 and IL-1ra concentrations and a positive association with TGF-b”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [578] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages concern AGE-R1 signaling in mesangial cells, not associations between plasma arachidonic acid and TGF-β. Searches for Ferrucci, arachidonic acid, and the reported cytokine associations found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
In the paper
“Abdominal obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and CVD (50) , and also probably obesityassociated hepatic diseases (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipose tissue distribution and its impact on inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is now recognised that macrophages accumulate in the adipose tissue in obesity (10,11) (Fig. 1) and that these may represent major contributors to the production of adipokines (12,13) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Obesity and low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It should be noted that most studies identifying the roles of these hormones have been performed in rodents and the immune and insulin-sensitising effects of these hormones in humans remain unclear (20,21) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipose tissue as a source of inflammatory mediators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
- Not checked yetcites [21]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It appears that the anatomical localisation of adipose tissue is of paramount importance in relation to its physiological function, i.e. handling of lipids (lipogenesis, lipolytic activity), expression of multiple genes, and response to insulin, catecholamines, sex hormones and cortisol (51) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipose tissue distribution and its impact on inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It should be noted that the liver and the lymphoid organs are usually the major production sites of these inflammatory mediators but in obesity, adipose tissue becomes a major producer resulting in a chronic and constant local and systemic inflammatory milieu (Table 2).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipose tissue distribution and its impact on inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Table 2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The expression of TNF-a is elevated in adipocytes of obese and insulin-resistant mice, while insulin sensitivity is improved following administration of anti-TNF-a antibodies.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Obesity and low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“accumulation of adipose tissue in the thorax and abdomen (variously termed abdominal, central, visceral, splanchnic or android obesity) results in an increased risk for diabetes and atherosclerosis, while excess adipose tissue in the lower part of the body (termed gynoid obesity) does not appear to be associated with major metabolic consequences (44,45) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipose tissue distribution and its impact on inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44]
- Not checked yetcites [45] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, visfatin (16) and resistin (17) contribute to the development of insulin resistance, while omentin (18,19) appears to be an insulin sensitiser.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipose tissue as a source of inflammatory mediators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
- Not checked yetcites [17]
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Leptin appears to be pro-inflammatory (14) , while adiponectin appears to be anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitising (15) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipose tissue as a source of inflammatory mediators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
- Not checked yetcites [15]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The discovery of leptin introduced the concept of 'adipocytokines' or 'adipokines', substances produced by adipose tissue and which circulate in the bloodstream, so exerting systemic effects as hormones (9) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Obesity and low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Leptin is produced and secreted by white adipose tissue.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Obesity and low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These cellular alterations are induced in co-cultures without direct cellular contact, suggesting the key role of soluble factors, although it cannot be excluded that a direct cell -cell interaction also plays a role in modifying pre-adipocyte or adipocyte biology.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87]
- Not checked yetcites [88]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adipose tissue of obese subjects could be hypoxic in some areas and a local expression of chemokines could be induced.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the presence of a medium derived from human macrophages, human pre-adipocytes showed a drastic change in their phenotype, acquiring a pro-inflammatory phenotype and secreting significant amounts of IL-6 and IL-8, and they grew well (87) , but differentiated poorly (87,88) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87]
- Not checked yetcites [88]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most recently, it has been shown that pro-inflammatory T-lymphocytes are present in visceral adipose tissue and may contribute to local inflammatory cell activation before the appearance of macrophages, suggesting that these cells could play an important role in the initiation and perpetuation of adipose tissue inflammation as well as the development of insulin resistance (69) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The specific effects of TNF-a and IL-6 on different adipocyte functions (increased lipolysis, modification of adipocyte secretion patterns and induction of adipocyte insulin resistance) have been shown (86) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, a transcription factor normally induced by hypoxia, is overexpressed in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects and its expression is decreased during weight reduction (31) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SAA and leptin production by adipose tissue depends on adipocyte size (18,19,23,62) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Cell populations of adipose tissue
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19]
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
- Not checked yetcites [62]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SAA is overexpressed and secreted in abundance by isolated adipocytes from obese subjects, as is leptin, while secretion of adiponectin is suppressed.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Cell populations of adipose tissue
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19]
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
- Not checked yetcites [62]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Wu et al. (71) demonstrated the presence of CD3-positive T-lymphocytes in human adipose tissue and described the expression of RANTES, a T-cell-specific chemokine, and its respective receptor CCR5 in the visceral adipose tissue of morbidly obese patients.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71]
- Not checked yetcites [72]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although these macrophages express activation markers, they could be pro-or antiinflammatory depending on the degree of obesity and its evolution as suggested by studies in mice showing that weight gain is accompanied by transformation from a macrophagic M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype towards an M1 (proinflammatory) profile (75) (Fig. 3) (76) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75]
- Not checked yetcites [76]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, leptin is preferentially expressed and secreted by subcutaneous adipose tissue (52) , while the expression of adiponectin, visfatin, omentin, resistin, PAI-1, IL-8, IL-7, IL-1a, MCP-1, TGF-b, growth-related oncogena, CCL5 and MIP-1b is higher in abdominal fat.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipose tissue distribution and its impact on inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] source
- Not checked yetcites [28] source
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
- Not checked yetcites [53] source
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
- Not checked yetcites [55] source
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
- Not checked yetcites [57] source
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It should be noted that leptin, which possesses indirect chemoattractant properties, is induced by hypoxia (83) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More recent studies in mice have suggested that the infiltration of obese adipose tissue by macrophages is accompanied or even preceded by an influx of T-lymphocytes (68 -71) and that T-cells have a key early role (69) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Cell populations of adipose tissue
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68]
- Not checked yetcites [69]
- Not checked yetcites [70]
- Not checked yetcites [71]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overexpression of adiponectin results in diminished size of the lesions observed following acute ischaemic myocardial infarction, increased angiogenic properties and reduced size of atheromatous plaques in the genetically predisposed apoE 2/2 mouse (103) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipokines and chronic low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After the surgery, the concentration of IL-6 dropped slowly while the concentrations of SAA and CRP dropped more quickly (126) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipokines and chronic low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Proinflammatory cytokine signalling usually activates the kinases IkB kinase b and C-jun N-terminal kinase 1, both of which in turn phosphorylate the Ser 307 residue of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1.This prevents the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of IRS-1 by the insulin receptor and the downstream signalling cascade.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Experimental model systems in vitro
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Induction of suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 by IL-6 occurs via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (132) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Experimental model systems in vitro
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the mitigation of the systemic inflammatory profile observed during weight loss is associated with modifications of adipose tissue inflammatory gene expression, and this may be linked with altered profiles of inflammatory protein secretion.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipokines and chronic low-grade inflammation
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is convincing evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical to the effects of TNF-a on insulin signalling (136) , and also that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved (137) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > In vivo models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] source
- Not checked yetcites [137]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Weight loss induced by gastric bypass reduced the circulating concentrations of visfatin (123) and TNF-a (124,125) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipokines and chronic low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123]
- Not checked yetcites [124]
- Not checked yetcites [125] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Macrophage accumulation is more abundant in the abdominal adipose tissue (65) than in the subcutaneous tissue, and this could explain some of the risks associated with the accumulation of intra-abdominal fat.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipokines and chronic low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A reduction in concentrations of numerous inflammatory molecules and endothelial risk factors, and an increase in adiponectin concentration have been observed during weight-loss programmes, and these are sometimes associated with improvement of insulin sensitivity (111) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipokines and chronic low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the cardiovascular field, they can be considered as risk factors, and even directly play a pathophysiological role favouring the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipokines and chronic low-grade inflammation
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several inflammatory mediators produced by adipose tissue, such as CCL5, IL-1b and IL-8, as well as markers of oxidative stress, are increased in diabetic or glucose-intolerant patients, and the amelioration of hyperglycaemia by insulin therapy reduces circulating concentrations of these molecules (104,105) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipokines and chronic low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] source
- Not checked yetcites [105]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the abdominal adipose tissue is partly drained by the portal system, it cannot be excluded that some adipokines, together with high NEFA fluxes and hormones delivered by the adipose tissue, could contribute to the alteration of hepatic function observed in obese subjects, the mechanism of which needs to be better dissected.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipokines and chronic low-grade inflammation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“TLR-4 is expressed by adipocytes and is overexpressed during obesity (96) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The expression of 100 genes linked to inflammatory processes was modified after 4 weeks (41 % increased and 59 % decreased).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipokines and chronic low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other than the proinflammatory state, increased lipolysis and resistance to insulin have been observed (89,90) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Adipocytokines Adiponectin Leptin Resistin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89]
- Not checked yetcites [90]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no significant decrease in circulating TNF-a, MCP-1 or IL-8 concentrations, which indicates that there was no general down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Hypoxia/inflammation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall conclusion is that results of studies of anti-inflammatory therapy generally support the concept of inflammatory mediators as contributors to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, but have as yet not provided clear evidence of a critical pathogenic role of TNF-a or IL-1.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Hypoxia/inflammation
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The longest experience is with the use of salicylates which are weak inhibitors of IkB kinase b and of serine phosphorylation of IRS proteins (143,144) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Evidence supporting the link between inflammatory mediators and insulin resistance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [143]
- Not checked yetcites [144]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A six-transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) has been proposed as a major determinant of the postprandial inflammatory response (170) , acting to block activated inflammatory signalling pathways in adipocytes and possibly in macrophages.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Pathophysiology of the postprandial inflammatory response
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Hepatocytes, adipocytes, muscle cells and the endothelium are sites of inflammatory mediator synthesis, but local activated macrophages appear to be the dominant site of synthesis and secretion, which leads to spillover into the general circulation (66,67,142) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > In vivo models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66]
- Not checked yetcites [67]
- Not checked yetcites [142]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ageing is accompanied by a low-grade, chronic inflammatory state clearly shown by 2-to 4-fold increases in serum levels of several inflammatory mediators in older persons (173) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Ageing and low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Postprandial hyperglycaemia can suppress antioxidant capacity (169) and thus its ability to curb an inflammatory reaction.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Pathophysiology of the postprandial inflammatory response
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Hyperglycaemia induces free radicals that initiate an inflammatory reaction.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to paracrine effects, it is conceivable that the functions of liver cells are affected by inflammatory mediators released from the abdominal adipose tissue because of their blood link.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > In vivo models
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Obesity is considered an important determinant of the magnitude of the postprandial inflammatory response (163) , perhaps being more important than any specific component of a meal inducing the response.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Non-dietary factors influencing the magnitude of the postprandial inflammatory response
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [163]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, although there was a significant decrease in systemic CRP and IL-6 concentrations in response to anti-inflammatory treatment, there was no change in insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment index and euglycaemichyperinsulinaemic clamp studies).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Hypoxia/inflammation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A first controlled double-blind trial was performed with daily injections of recombinant human IL-1ra for 13 weeks.This resulted in decreased glycated Hb levels and enhanced endogenous insulin production (148) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Hypoxia/inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rather consistent inverse, BMI-independent, associations are found and the associations are suggested to be dosedependent; the more physically active the person, the lower the inflammatory markers (208,224) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several training interventions have not produced changes in basal IL-6 or CRP concentrations (213 -218) , while significant reductions in inflammatory markers have been observed following training without changes in BMI or body fat in elderly participants (219,220) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Plasma IL-6 increases in an exponential fashion with exercise and is related to exercise intensity, duration, the mass of muscle recruited and endurance capacity.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206]
- Not checked yetcites [207]
- Not checked yetcites [208] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other studies have also shown a negative association of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-a with muscle strength (228,232) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [228]
- Not checked yetcites [232]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Functional fitness was inversely associated with IL-6 and IL-1ra concentrations (but not with CRP, TNF-a, IL-10 or IL-1b) in a prospective population-based study of 1020 participants aged 65 years and older (223,231) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [223]
- Not checked yetcites [231]
plaincorrelationaln = 1,020- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“IL-6 and other cytokines that are produced and released by skeletal muscles have been suggested to be involved in mediating the health-beneficial effects of exercise and to play important roles in the protection against diseases associated with low-grade inflammation.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206]
- Not checked yetcites [207]
- Not checked yetcites [208] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) attained during a graded maximal exercise to voluntary exhaustion is considered as the single best indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness (197) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity and obesity are also increasingly recognised as modifiable behavioural risk factors for a wide range of chronic diseases, and in particular for CVD (195) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [195]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“(2) Physiological concentrations of IL-6 stimulate the appearance in the circulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ra and IL-10 and inhibit the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-a.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206]
- Not checked yetcites [207]
- Not checked yetcites [208] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a relatively large intervention study of exercise training on cardiac rehabilitation patients, the median CRP concentration was reduced by 41 %, while CRP concentrations did not change in subjects who did not exercise (236) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [236]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This indicates that these inflammatory mediators influence pathological processes or act as very sensitive markers of subclinical disorders in the elderly (173) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Ageing and low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional studies in men from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study have demonstrated that cardiorespiratory fitness levels are inversely associated with CRP concentration and also the prevalence of elevated CRP concentrations (248) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [248]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early studies have shown that reduced energy intake is paramount compared with the nature of low-energy food, i.e. decreased concentrations of inflammatory markers are observed with a low-energy, fat-rich as well as with a low-energy, carbohydrate-rich diet (279) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Eating patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [279] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analyses with fibrinogen and white blood cell count showed similar results (249) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [249] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both fitness and BMI were independently associated with increased fasting insulin and CRP concentrations.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250]
plaincorrelationaln = 2,112- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The review concluded that both fitness and fatness are associated with systemic inflammatory status, although the relative contributions of both may be dependent on age, disease status and sex.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Conclusions for effects of physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [198]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, when stratifying according to overweight status, CRP (but not C3, C4 or ceruloplasmin) concentration was associated with muscle strength in overweight, but not in normal-weight, adolescents after controlling for potential confounders, including body fat and fat-free mass (260) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this study of 9-year-old Swedish children, total physical activity was unrelated to CRP, fibrinogen, C3 or C4 concentrations, but exercise was.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [257]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, exercise is uniquely positioned to reduce inflammation, and even small non-significant reductions in CRP levels may contribute to clinical benefits by reducing cardiovascular and metabolic risk (222) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Conclusions for effects of physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“CRP levels in 2120 Finns were associated with obesity indices and physical activity among both sexes (247) ; in multivariate analyses, the determinants of CRP concentration included obesity and smoking in men, and obesity, oral contraceptive use and physical activity in women.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [247]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CRP, C3 and ceruloplasmin (but not C4) concentrations were negatively associated with muscle strength after controlling for sex, age, pubertal status, weight, height, socio-economic status and cardiorespiratory fitness, but did not remain when adjusting for body fat.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a consequence, metabolic efficiency is improved, cell defences against stress are strengthened and inflammatory activities are dampened, notably by decreasing the activation of NF-kB (271 -274) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Eating patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [271]
- Not checked yetcites [272]
- Not checked yetcites [273]
- Not checked yetcites [274] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Resveratrol, present in red wine, was found to directly or indirectly interact with sirtuins and promote their deacetylase activity.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Eating patterns
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In another study in healthy men and women, BMI, but not previous year or current physical activity, predicted CRP concentration (245) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [245]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, when patients with low, moderate and high fitness were further stratified as normal, overweight or obese, weight remained significantly associated with CRP, but fitness did not.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Influence of acute and regular physical activity and fitness on low-grade inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250]
plaincorrelationaln = 2,112- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, there are no consistent data that tea consumption (black or green) has a beneficial effect on inflammatory status, but studies of longer duration than those currently reported need to be performed.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Whole foods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The key findings were that the AHEI and alternate Mediterranean diet index scores were negatively associated with CRP, IL-6, sE-selectin and sICAM-1 concentrations, and that these associations persisted upon adjustment for potential confounding variables including BMI.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vegetarian diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [285] source
plaincorrelationaln = 690- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The fats and processed meats pattern (fats, oils, processed meats, fried potatoes, salty snacks and desserts) was positively associated with CRP and IL-6 concentrations.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vegetarian diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [306]
plaincorrelationaln = 5,089- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Significant reduction in several markers of inflammation (CRP, IL-6 and IL-18) and an increase in adiponectin concentration were noted in the Mediterranean diet group compared with the control group.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Mediterranean diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
plaindirectn = 120- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“CRP concentration decreased by 38 % (CRP at baseline 5•9-6•0 mg/l) in the whole-grain group independent of the observed weight loss (319) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Whole foods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [319] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“In one study, reduced plasma CRP, TNF-a and IL-18 concentrations were reported in postmenopausal Iranian women with the metabolic syndrome consuming soya nuts but not soya protein (347) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Whole foods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [347]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The regular consumption of alcohol-containing beverages such as wine or beer has been reported to be inversely associated with several markers of low-grade inflammation, in a dose-dependent manner: i.e. moderate daily intake (1 -2 drinks/d) was often found to be associated with decreased concentrations of inflammatory markers, although this was not the case in all studies (Table 10) (418 -432) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Whole foods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [418]
- Not checked yetcites [419]
- Not checked yetcites [420]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“AGE are formed within the body (endogenous AGE) due to at least three mechanisms (460) :”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products and advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [460]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“After adjustment for age and energy intake, women with the highest adherence to the AHEI had 24 % higher median total adiponectin and 32 % higher median high-molecular-weight adiponectin concentrations, as well as 16 % lower resistin, 41 % lower CRP and 19 % lower sE-selectin concentrations than did women with the lowest adherence to the AHEI.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vegetarian diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [301]
plaincorrelationaln = 1,922- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both Mediterranean diets were beneficial in terms of significant reductions in serum IL-6, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 concentrations, while CRP concentration was reduced only in the Mediterranean diet supplemented with olive oil.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Mediterranean diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] source
plaindirectn = 772- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Western pattern showed a positive relationship with CRP, IL-6, sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 after adjustment for all confounders except BMI; with further adjustment for BMI, the coefficients remained significant for CRP, sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vegetarian diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [303]
plaincorrelationaln = 732- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these data suggest that soya protein does not affect markers of inflammation, that soyabean processing may affect the anti-inflammatory potential of soyabean constituents and that the health status of the study subjects might determine the anti-inflammatory efficacy of specific foods.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Whole foods
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Oxidised LDL from subjects on either the Mediterranean diet or the high-carbohydrate diet decreased TNF-a-induced VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression in human umbilical endothelial cells in vitro.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Mediterranean diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [290]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Using data from the Nurses' Health Study, Schulze et al. (304) identified a dietary pattern that was significantly associated with increased concentrations of CRP, IL-6, sTNFR2, sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vegetarian diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [304] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is important to recognise that vegetarians may differ from non-vegetarians in aspects of lifestyle other than diet such as physical activity, smoking behaviour and socio-economic class.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vegetarian diets.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using the data from NHANES III on a representative sample of the US population, Ford et al. (300) found a negative correlation between the HEI and CRP concentration after adjustment for several CVD risk factors including BMI and waist:hip ratio; when stratified by sex this finding was significant in women only.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vegetarian diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [300]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, current evidence for specific effects of single vegetable and fruit varieties is not convincing, while a high overall intake of vegetables and fruits seems to be associated with a lower state of inflammation.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Whole foods
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After 2 years, body weight decreased more in the intervention group and inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-18) decreased and endothelial function improved, compared with the control group.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Mediterranean diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [284]
plaindirectn = 180- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the cell-surface RAGE appears to be involved in inducing pro-inflammatory signalling while the soluble form of RAGE appears to prevent this, by seques-tering ligands away from the cell-surface RAGE.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products receptors
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This study showed that circulating AGE correlated significantly with the AGE content of a regular diet, as estimated by means of 3 d dietary records and food questionnaires, as well as with blood urea N level (459) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Significance of dietary advanced glycation end products/ advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [459] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal are the main aldehydes generated during lipid peroxidation of n-6 PUFA (468) , whereas 4-hydroxy-2-hexanal is the predominant compound derived from the oxidation of n-3 PUFA (469) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products and advanced lipoxidation end products
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In healthy younger (aged , 45 years) and older (aged .60 years) human subjects, dietary AGE, but not energy intake, correlated with serum AGE levels and markers of oxidative stress (8-isoprostanes), which in turn correlated with serum CRP concentration and insulin resistance (514 -521) (Table 12).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Significance of dietary advanced glycation end products/ advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [514] source
- Not checked yetcites [515]
- Not checked yetcites [516]
- Not checked yetcites [517]
- Not checked yetcites [518]
- Not checked yetcites [519]
- Not checked yetcites [520]
- Not checked yetcites [521]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these studies show that dietary AGE content correlates with circulating levels of AGE and with markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and renal function.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Significance of dietary advanced glycation end products/ advanced lipoxidation end products
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, cooking was also shown to increase the bioavailability of some nutrients, especially proteins derived from some plant sources (451) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Significance of dietary advanced glycation end products/ advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [451]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The so-called advanced lipoxidation end products (ALE) are similar to AGE but, rather than originating from sugars and sugar breakdown products, ALE are derived from lipid oxidation (467) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products and advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [467]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Likewise, in non-diabetic patients on maintenance peritoneal dialysis randomly assigned to two groups consuming either a high-or low-AGE diet for 4 weeks, serum AGE levels correlated with AGE consumption as well as with blood urea N, serum creatinine, total protein, albumin and P, with AGE restriction profoundly reducing circulating AGE (523) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Significance of dietary advanced glycation end products/ advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [523]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At present, RAGE seems to be the only receptor involved in cell activation (140) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products receptors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [140] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, AGE-R1, AGE-R2 and AGE-R3 seem to behave as an AGE-receptor complex rather than individual receptor molecules and exert a predominant scavenging function (482,483) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products receptors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [482]
- Not checked yetcites [483]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, accumulation of both endogenous and exogenous AGE may be favoured by reduced kidney clearance as in the case of renal failure (466) and by impaired detoxification caused by the utilisation of cofactors of detoxifying enzymes.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products and advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [466]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, the serum AGE levels were directly related to the degree of renal dysfunction, as estimated by the increase in albuminuria and the decrease in creatinine clearance, and renal AGE excretion was inversely correlated with the degree of renal dysfunction.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Significance of dietary advanced glycation end products/ advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [456]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ROS can trigger proinflammatory signalling pathways causing MAPK-dependent activation of transcription factors such as NF-kB (474 -476) and consequent modulation of the gene expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (474,475,477) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products receptors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [474]
- Not checked yetcites [475]
- Not checked yetcites [476]
- Not checked yetcites [477]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In spontaneously diabetic db/db mice (507) and in normal mice fed high-fat diets (508) , feeding of a low-AGE diet reduced serum AGE levels and improved insulin sensitivity, compared with a high-AGE diet.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Significance of dietary advanced glycation end products/ advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [507]
- Not checked yetcites [508]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, the participation of class A and B scavenger receptors in the process of atherogenesis has been clearly established by a large body of experimental studies, with scavenger receptor AI (SR-AI) and II and CD36 showing a predominant pro-atherogenic role and scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) exerting a protective function towards lesion development (487) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products receptors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [487] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among the AGE receptors, RAGE was shown to be implicated in atherogenesis, based on the observations that soluble RAGE, which is able to bind circulating AGE and other RAGE ligands, and therefore to prevent their pro-inflammatory effects, inhibited the development of atherosclerosis in diabetic apoE 2/2 mice (489)”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products receptors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [489]
- Not checked yetcites [490] source
- Not checked yetcites [491]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some reaction products, such as carboxymethyllysine, can originate from both sugars and lipid oxidation products (470) , and have been called 'either advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products' (466) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products and advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [470]
- Not checked yetcites [466]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Likewise, in genetically hypercholesterolaemic apoE 2/2 mice, low AGE content in the diet attenuated the development of atherosclerosis after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (511) and neointimal formation after arterial injury (512) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Significance of dietary advanced glycation end products/ advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [511]
- Not checked yetcites [512]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although these have been conducted in a variety of subject/patient groups, they show rather similar effects: typically, there is an elevation of various inflammatory markers (CRP, cytokines and soluble adhesion molecules) in the hours after consumption of a high-AGE meal, and this increase does not occur with a low-AGE meal (see Table 12).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Significance of dietary advanced glycation end products/ advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Table 12
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Also AGE-R1 seems to play a protective role, as indicated by resistance to oxidant and inflammatory injury in mesangial cells overexpressing this receptor (482,502) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products receptors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [482]
- Not checked yetcites [502]
- Not checked yetcites [503]
- Not checked yetcites [504]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, galectin-3 was proposed to exert a prevailing protective role as indicated by reports that galectin-3 ablation resulted in (1) the acceleration of glomerulopathy induced by diabetes (496) , (2) increased AGE levels (497) and ( 3) accelerated ageing (498) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products receptors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [496]
- Not checked yetcites [497]
- Not checked yetcites [498]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies in experimental animals fed or injected with radiolabelled protein-bound AGE and human volunteers receiving diets enriched with MRP or specific AGE have shown that absorption of ingested MRP is variable and dependent on the MRP (464,465,527 -529) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Arguments against potentially harmful effects of dietary advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Highly cross-linked AGE and melanoidins were predominantly excreted in the faeces while absorbed MRP were in general rapidly excreted by the kidney, with limited accumulation in tissues and organs (465,528 -531) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Arguments against potentially harmful effects of dietary advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“two studies demonstrate that CLA, especially the trans-10, cis-12 isomer, increases CRP concentration, but not the concentrations of cytokines or soluble adhesion molecules (593,594)”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both pyrraline and pentosidine, the latter only in free form, were readily absorbed and excreted in the urine (532,533) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Arguments against potentially harmful effects of dietary advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [532]
- Not checked yetcites [533]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Penfold et al. (535) recently showed that only serum fractions isolated from diabetic patients with nephropathy containing high-molecular-weight proteins (. 50 kD) were able to stimulate RAGE but not medium-or low-molecular-weight serum fractions, in line with mechanistic studies that showed no binding of carboxymethyllysine-modified proteins to RAGE (536 -538) , and that supramolecular complexes”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Arguments against potentially harmful effects of dietary advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [535]
- Not checked yetcites [536] source
- Not checked yetcites [537]
- Not checked yetcites [538]
- Not checked yetcites [539]
- Not checked yetcites [540]
- Not checked yetcites [541]
- Not checked yetcites [542]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together this suggests that dietary AGE, even if they are absorbed from the gut, would have little effect on inflammatory processes via RAGE activation in target tissues, since it appears highly unlikely that free AGE-modified amino acids would be incorporated into nascent proteins.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Arguments against potentially harmful effects of dietary advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, a recent study in obese children found lower circulating AGE levels compared with lean controls while inflammatory markers were significantly elevated in obese children (517) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Arguments against potentially harmful effects of dietary advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [517]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“activated directly by SFA, especially lauric acid (12 : 0), via TLR-4 and through this mechanism induce NF-kB activity (574,575)”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [574]
- Not checked yetcites [575]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast to the aforementioned reports, circulating AGE levels could not be identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular or renal outcomes in diabetic subjects with diabetic nephropathy (524) , and circulating AGE levels were even inversely correlated with mortality in haemodialysis patients, the latter most probably due to a better nutritional status (525) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Arguments against potentially harmful effects of dietary advanced glycation end products/advanced lipoxidation end products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [525]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The concentration of either EPA or DHA in granulocyte membranes was inversely associated with CRP concentration in one study (374) ; the effect of DHA was stronger than that of EPA.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The changes in inflammatory markers seen with the a-linolenic acid diet were greater than with the linoleic acid diet (75, 80, 37•5 and 12 % decreases in CRP, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and sE-selectin concentrations, respectively).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [606]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, clinical trials have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects and clinical benefit from fish oil administration in diseases with a frank inflammatory basis including rheumatoid arthritis (615) , inflammatory bowel diseases (616) and childhood asthma (617) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [615]
- Not checked yetcites [616]
- Not checked yetcites [617]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an elderly Italian population, plasma EPA was inversely associated with IL-6 concentration and positively associated with the concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGFb (578) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [578] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that decreasing SFA status while increasing n-6 PUFA status might reduce low-grade inflammation.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, observations that classical pro-inflammatory mediators such as PGE 2 can also exert anti-inflammatory effects and that arachidonic acid gives rise to anti-inflammatory mediators such as lipoxin A 4 have started to challenge the earlier view (608)”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [608]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the linoleic acid group, the concentrations of CRP and sICAM-1 decreased by 45 and 25 %, respectively; sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin also fell (by 15 and 7 %) but these changes were not significant.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [606]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These observations suggest either that plasma arachidonic acid has little impact on low-grade inflammation (does not affect CRP or TNF-a) or that it is anti-inflammatory (lowers IL-6; increases TGF-b).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have shown that longchain n-3 PUFA lower the concentrations of CRP (621,624,639) , IL-6 (621,624,639) , TNF-a (639) , IL-18 (643) , sICAM-1 (625,628,645,646) , sVCAM-1 (605,645) and sE-selectin (618) in various subject/patient groups (see Table 16).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [621]
- Not checked yetcites [624]
- Not checked yetcites [639] source
- Not checked yetcites [643]
- Not checked yetcites [625]
- Not checked yetcites [628]
- Not checked yetcites [645]
- Not checked yetcites [646]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, plasma DHA was inversely associated with IL-6 and TNF-a concentrations and was also positively associated with the concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-b (578) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [578] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Serum non-esterified EPA and DHA were both inversely associated with concentrations of sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 in patients at risk of CHD (585) ; EPA was also inversely associated with sE-selectin concentration.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [585]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, some observations have suggested that hyperglycaemia and hypertriacylglycerolaemia/elevated NEFA levels induce independent effects and, when present together, act synergistically to generate oxidative stress, inflammation, impaired endothelial function and vascular disease (651 -653) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They first identified that the IL-1b 6054 G .A SNP was significantly associated with CRP and adiponectin concentrations and with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a group of 1120 men and women with a mean age of 49 years.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [650] source
plaincorrelationaln = 1,120- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, although the overwhelming view is that EPA þ DHA given at sufficient doses are anti-inflammatory, the evidence from measurements of markers of low-grade inflammation is not entirely consistent.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both studies identified an increase in sVCAM-1 (,10 %) and sE-selectin (20 %) concentrations, with no effect on sP-selectin and a decrease in von Willibrand factor and thrombomodulin concentrations.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [629]
- Not checked yetcites [642]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Restoration of NO availability results in normalisation of endothelial function as well as insulin sensitivity (659,660) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [659]
- Not checked yetcites [660]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among subjects with low erythrocyte n-3 PUFA content (below the median), the 6054 G allele was associated with increased risk of the metabolic syndrome (OR 3•29, 95 % CI 1 •49, 7•26 for GG and OR 1•95, 95 % CI 0•85, 4•46 for GA) compared with the AA genotype, but there were no significant genotype associations among subjects with high erythrocyte n-3 PUFA content (above the median).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [650] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The consumption of a glycaemic meal increases oxidative stress and reduces antioxidant defences, with the increase being significantly greater with higher levels of hyperglycaemia (169,664,665) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169]
- Not checked yetcites [664]
- Not checked yetcites [665]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the presence of n-3 PUFA in the diet of long-term insulin-resistant, sucrosefed rats decreased adipocyte diameter (648) and significantly reduced several inflammation-related genes (unpublished results, Guerre-Millo M, Naour N, Lombardo Y, Clement K, Rizkalla S).”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [648]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a group of overweight women with type 2 diabetes, 8 weeks of a moderate dose of long-chain n-3 PUFA (1•8 g/d of EPA þ DHA) decreased adiposity and reduced expression of a number of inflammation-related genes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (630) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [630]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ceriello et al. (652) observed that after meals LDL oxidation increases and that this phenomenon is correlated with the degree of hyperglycaemia.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [652] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Oxidative stress is known to induce damage to cell membranes, internal cell structures and DNA as well as to induce inflammatory responses (Fig. 8) (654) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [654]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The fact that such a decrease can be prevented by supplying various antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and a-lipoic acid (659 -662) or L-arginine (656,663) , the precursor of NO, suggests that increased NO oxidation and the related NO drain have an impact on cells of the vasculature.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [659]
- Not checked yetcites [660]
- Not checked yetcites [661]
- Not checked yetcites [662]
- Not checked yetcites [656]
- Not checked yetcites [663]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Nitric oxide plays a key role in linking hyperglycaemia-induced free radical production to metabolic events.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results suggest that IL-1b genetic variants are associated with measures of chronic low-grade inflammation and the risk of the metabolic syndrome, and that genetic influences were more evident among subjects with low erythrocyte n-3 PUFA status and so, most probably low n-3 PUFA intake.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Fatty acids
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They also pointed out that elevated NEFA can cause oxidative stress due to increased mitochondrial uncoupling and b-oxidation, the latter leading to an increased production of ROS and to an activation of stress-sensitive signalling pathways, which in turn impair insulin secretion and action.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [662]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is some epidemiological evidence that higher Fe intake, particularly that of haem Fe, and higher Fe status are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and CHD (702 -714) , although not all of the literature is consistent.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Iron status and low-grade inflammation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [702] source
- Not checked yetcites [703] source
- Not checked yetcites [704] source
- Not checked yetcites [705] source
- Not checked yetcites [706] source
- Not checked yetcites [707]
- Not checked yetcites [708] source
- Not checked yetcites [709] source
- Not checked yetcites [710] source
- Not checked yetcites [711] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both diets caused a reduction in CRP concentration (14 and 18 %, respectively), although this was significant only in lean normotensive subjects in either intervention arm.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [682]
plaindirectn = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, because Fe is a redox-active transition metal, it may contribute to the production of ROS, oxidative stress and inflammation (698,699) , and thus Fe excess can augment the risk for diabetes and CVD.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Iron
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [698]
- Not checked yetcites [699]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fe deficiency is associated with alterations in the immune response and increased risk of infections (695 -697) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Iron
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [695]
- Not checked yetcites [696]
- Not checked yetcites [697]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, evidence from large observational studies is highly suggestive that there is a positive association between GI/GL and low-grade inflammation, but intervention trials do not support this convincingly, perhaps because of the small size of most of the latter trials.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
hedgedcorrelationaln = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is important to indicate that ROS are produced by free, and not bound, Fe (700) and the body has evolved a metabolic system that minimises the availability of free Fe (698) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Iron
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [700]
- Not checked yetcites [698]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fe has been called a double-edged sword, as both Fe deficiency and excess can have deleterious effects (695) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Iron
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [695]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) were both positively associated with plasma CRP concentration in 18 137 healthy women aged .45 years without diagnosed diabetes (672) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [672]
plaincorrelationaln = 18,137- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most Fe in the body is not free, and is bound to proteins such as ferritin, transferrin and Hb; thus, serum ferritin, transferrin, transferrin saturation and Hb measurements do not reflect the availability of 'free' or 'labile' Fe that is implicated in the production of ROS.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Iron
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whey protein-derived peptides lowered CRP concentration (after 6 weeks) in one study in hypertensive subjects (685) , but not in another (686) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Milk peptides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [685]
- Not checked yetcites [686]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In NHANES 1999-2000 in the USA, dietary fibre intake was inversely associated with serum CRP concentrations (OR 0•49 for 32 g/d v. 5•1 g/d) in diabetic women (n 3920) (677) , as well as in subjects with diabetes, hypertension and obesity (n 7891) (678) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [677]
- Not checked yetcites [678]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vitamin D analogues selectively inhibit the inducible cyclo-oxygenase-2 (738) , which could be viewed as an anti-inflammatory action.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [738] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Within any tertile of vitamin D status, telomere length was longer in those with lower CRP concentrations, suggesting that inflammation plays a role in those processes associated with telomere shortening.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [740]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Serum vitamin D concentration was associated with leucocyte telomere length in 2160 women aged 18 -79 years (mean age 49 years) and was inversely associated with CRP concentration (740) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [740]
plaincorrelationaln = 2,160- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Jablonski et al. (746) examined the inflammatory phenotype of endothelial cells collected from the antecubital vein of middle-aged and older subjects: endothelial cell expression of NF-kB and of IL-6 were both higher in vitamin D-deficient subjects, and IL-6 expression was inversely related to 25(OH)D 3 concentration.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [746]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among forty-four morbidly obese subjects, 25(OH)D 3 did not correlate with leptin, resistin, adiponectin or IL-18.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [745]
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, vitamin D primes monocytes to respond less effectively to bacterial cell wall components, most probably due to the aforementioned suppression of TLR (735) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [735] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pittas et al. (749) provided 700 IU (17•5 mg) vitamin D 3 plus 500 mg calcium citrate daily to adult non-diabetics for 3 years in a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial and found no effect on plasma CRP or IL-6.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [749]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Jorde et al. (743) provided 40 000 or 20 000 IU (1000 or 500 mg) vitamin D 3 per week or placebo to overweight subjects for 1 year; there was no difference between groups in the changes in concentrations of CRP, sICAM-1, MCP-1, IFN-g, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 or IL-17 over the course of the study.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [743]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A concomitant improvement in Fe status (as measured by transferrin saturation) and decrease in inflammation (CRP and orosomucoid concentrations) has been observed after bariatric surgery intervention in morbidly obese women (722) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Iron status and low-grade inflammation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [722]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among 261 healthy men and women, plasma 25(OH)D 3 was not correlated with resistin, adiponectin or IL-18 concentrations but was inversely correlated with leptin concentration (745) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [745]
plaincorrelationaln = 261- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding suggests that vitamin D dose, the nature of the supplementation regimen and the health status of the individuals under study, as well as starting vitamin D status, may all be important factors in determining the effect of supplemental vitamin D.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, vitamin D affects the expression of ICAM-1 on mononuclear cells and on endothelial cells, suggesting that it suppresses the recruitment of leucocytes to sites of inflammation (732) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [732] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a small study in 8-11-year-old Guatemalan children who received twice the recommended daily amounts of Fe for 8 weeks (n 20) or placebo (n 20), no differences in CRP or orosomucoid concentrations were noted, although a-1 antichymotrypsin levels were increased with the Fe supplement (724) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Iron status and low-grade inflammation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [724]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It blunts the pro-inflammatory effects of AGE on endothelial cells, suggesting that it acts as an endogenous vascular protector counteracting the possible deleterious effects of AGE (731) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [731] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using data pooled from thirty-six healthy subjects, twenty-four type 1 diabetics and twenty-six type 1 diabetics with microvascular complications, Devaraj et al. (747) found significant inverse relationships between serum 25(OH)D 3 and CRP concentration, monocyte NF-kB activation and TLR4 expression.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [747] source
plaincorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Patients with the metabolic syndrome or diabetes showed decreased vitamin C status and increased lipid peroxidation (753 -756) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [753]
- Not checked yetcites [754]
- Not checked yetcites [755]
- Not checked yetcites [756]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Various immune cells including monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, T-cells and B-cells can convert inactive vitamin D 3 to its active form (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ), and these cells can also respond to the active vitamin D via its receptor which they express (727) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [727]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vitamin D inhibits the proliferation of lymphocytes and induces their apoptosis (732) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [732] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obese subjects have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations than non-obese, and obesity was associated with moderately elevated CRP concentrations (757) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [757]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Supplementation with a-tocopherol decreases g-tocopherol concentrations (764,765) due to a preference of the a-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver for a-tocopherol.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [764]
- Not checked yetcites [765]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 379 Dutch adults, serum lutein and lycopene concentrations were inversely associated with sICAM-1 concentrations, serum b-carotene with total blood leucocyte numbers and CRP concentrations, serum vitamin C with CRP concentrations, while plasma atocopherol concentrations were positively associated with CRP concentrations (773) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [773]
plaincorrelationaln = 379- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among 3258 healthy men (age 68 (SD 5) years; BMI 26•7 (SD 3•6) kg/m 2 ), dietary vitamin C intake and plasma vitamin C concentrations were both inversely associated with CRP concentrations (329) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [329]
plaincorrelationaln = 3,258- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent study, flaxseed-derived lignans (360 mg/d) lowered CRP concentrations in type 2 diabetic women but not in men over 12 weeks compared with placebo, with no effect on IL-6 concentrations (818) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Phyto-oestrogens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [818]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a second prospective study, a high intake of carotenoids in elderly subjects (BMI 28•8 (SD 6•8) kg/m 2 ) was associated with lower plasma IL-6 concentrations, while a-tocopherol did not correlate significantly (779) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [779]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is growing evidence that g-tocopherol, in contrast to a-tocopherol, exerts anti-inflammatory properties which can be explained by an unsubstituted position on the chromanol ring providing g-tocopherol with the ability to trap reactive N species and subsequent formation of 5-nitro-g-tocopherol (762,763) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [762]
- Not checked yetcites [763]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In another study, dietary intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E and b-carotene did not predict the concentrations of CRP, IL-6 or TNF-a in normal-weight, overweight and obese Swiss children aged 6 -14 years, but they were significant predictors of leptin concentrations (772) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [772]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is possible that a greater or lesser anti-inflammatory effect of antioxidant vitamins will be observed in people with different genotypes related to inflammatory processes.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In contrast, a lignan complex (500 mg/d) isolated from flax given to healthy postmenopausal women significantly reduced plasma CRP concentration during the 6-week placebo-controlled intervention.No significant differences were found for IL-6, TNF-a, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 or MCP-1 concentrations (817) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Phyto-oestrogens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [817]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, subjects with the metabolic syndrome received 800 mg/d a-tocopherol, 800 mg/d g-tocopherol, a combination of both (800 mg/d each) or placebo; there was a decrease in CRP concentrations only in the combined aand g-tocopherol supplementation group, while TNF-a decreased with a-tocopherol alone or in combination with g-tocopherol (790) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [790]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, although the consumption of black tea resulted in increased plasma catechin concentrations, these were not associated with changes in plasma CRP concentrations in healthy overweight and obese adults (389) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Flavonoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [389]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In subjects who had survived myocardial infarction and had received statin therapy for at least 6 months, supplementation with a chokeberry flavonoid extract for 6 weeks significantly decreased CRP and MCP-1 concentrations, while adiponectin was significantly increased (803) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Flavonoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [803]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both high-glucose and high-fat meals induce postprandial inflammation, and it is exaggerated by a high meal content of AGE and partly ablated by the inclusion of certain antioxidants or antioxidant-containing foods within the meal.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Available data indicate that SFA and trans-MUFA are pro-inflammatory, and that one isomer of conjugated linoleic acid may also be.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
In the paper
“Prebiotics escape digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and reach the large intestine virtually intact, where they are fermented by the microbiota and express their prebiotic activity (834) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Prebiotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [834]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Total SFA:”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [579]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dietary fatty acids also influence low-grade inflammation; best studied are PUFA.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
In the paper
“Ratio of PUFA to SFA: ¼ CRP; # IL-6”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [579]
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blood concentrations of inflammatory markers are lowered following weight loss, whether this is induced by diet or surgery, which most probably reflects the decrease in adipose tissue mass.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Underexplored dietary factors include milk peptides, vitamin D, probiotics and prebiotics.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
“There may also be a role for milk peptides, but these have not been sufficiently evaluated.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
“The effect of prebiotics on chronic low-grade inflammation is not clear and is underexplored.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies' findings can be combined despite differences in inflammatory outcomes and time points.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
In the paper
“Institutionalised elderly individuals (mean age 85 years) supplemented with oligofructose (8 g/d for 3 weeks) showed increased faecal bifidobacteria counts and decreased expression of IL-6 mRNA in blood monocytes (837) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Prebiotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [837]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the components of healthy diets, whole grains, vegetables and fruits, and fish are all seen to be associated with lower inflammation.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are likely to be many plant-derived substances that influence low-grade inflammation and which may have a role as part of a healthy 'anti-inflammatory diet'.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This postprandial inflammatory response is greater in obese subjects and type 2 diabetics.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cell volume regulatory mechanisms, therefore, participate in the signalling of those hormones and mediators (840) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Hydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [840]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“aLNA: ¼ CRP”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [581]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ratio of PUFA to SFA: ¼ CRP; # IL-6”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [579]
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Linoleic acid, DHA: ¼ CRP, IL-6”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [579]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chronic low-grade inflammation is believed to increase the risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and CVD.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
“Obese people have higher circulating concentrations of many inflammatory markers (measured in the 'resting' state, i.e. in fasted blood), and these are believed to play a role in causing insulin resistance and in other metabolic disturbances of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of prebiotics on chronic low-grade inflammation is not clear and is underexplored.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, although there is the potential for probiotics to lower markers of chronic low-grade inflammation, intervention studies performed to date in human volunteers rarely demonstrate this effect.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > (range 23 -58 years).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many metabolic pathways are sensitive to cell volume (841) , as a result of activation, inhibition or altered expression of enzymes.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Hydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [841]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In high-fat-fed mice, oligofructose restored gut bifidobacteria, and normalised systemic endotoxin levels and the inflammatory state (836) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Prebiotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [836]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hyperglycaemia induces both postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation, acting in part through oxidative stress.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hyperglycaemia or a high-fat meal promote postprandial inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
“Both high-glucose and high-fat meals induce postprandial inflammation, and it is exaggerated by a high meal content of AGE and partly ablated by the inclusion of certain antioxidants or antioxidant-containing foods within the meal.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dietary factors that promote inflammation are oxidised lipids, SFA and trans-fatty acids.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
“Available data indicate that SFA and trans-MUFA are pro-inflammatory, and that one isomer of conjugated linoleic acid may also be.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
In the paper
“Total SFA:”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [579]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following consumption of a meal, there is a transient state of inflammation that is linked with oxidative stress.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
“These latter observations link postprandial inflammation to oxidative stress.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, AGE and ALE are also generated in vivo and also as a result of other, non-food-related, environmental exposures (e.g.smoking), and so the overall impact of foods on the burden of AGE and ALE is not currently clear; this is compounded by technical difficulties in measuring these complex chemical entities in foods and in body fluids.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mice raised under germ-free conditions fail to develop experimental colitis, suggesting an important modulating role of intestinal microbiota on local inflammatory processes (826) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Gut microbiota and probiotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [826] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was no effect of serum TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 or IFN-g concentrations, but serum CRP concentration decreased in the L. rhamnosus group.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > (range 23 -58 years).
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [832]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There may also be a role for milk peptides, but these have not been sufficiently evaluated.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vitamin D has the potential to reduce low-grade inflammation, with plausible mechanistic actions demonstrated in model systems.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
In the paper
“There is some evidence of beneficial effects but results are inconsistent.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Prebiotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [839]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A state of chronic low-grade inflammation exists and this is exaggerated in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
“It is now recognised that a lower level of inflammation, here termed chronic low-grade inflammation, can also persist and may be a cause of, or result from, the obese state.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heated meals high in AGE and ALE enhance oxidative stress and inflammation; intervention studies with low-and high-AGE meals either acutely or chronically have associated AGE with increased inflammatory marker concentrations and show that these are decreased by meals low in AGE.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exercise itself is associated with transient and local inflammation (e.g. in muscle) that may, in fact, be important in inducing a protective and ultimately healthy anti-inflammatory response.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Important protective factors in the diet are whole grains, fibre, vegetables, fruits, fish, PUFA, especially marine n-3 PUFA, vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
“Among the components of healthy diets, whole grains, vegetables and fruits, and fish are all seen to be associated with lower inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · boosted
“There is good evidence from both model systems and from human observational and intervention studies that vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids decrease the concentrations of inflammatory markers.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies' findings can be combined despite differences in inflammatory outcomes and time points.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cellular volume has the potential to have an impact directly or indirectly on inflammation, but the effect of hydration status on low-grade inflammation is not well documented.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Hydration
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“¼ sICAM-1, sVCAM-1”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [622]
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“# von Willibrand factor, thrombomodulin”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [619]
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“# CRP, IL-6”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [624]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“¼ sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [627] source
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Chronic low-grade inflammation is characterized by raised concentrations of inflammatory markers in the systemic circulation.
“Chronic low-grade inflammation is characterised by raised concentrations of inflammatory markers in the systemic circulation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In low-grade inflammation, systemic inflammatory indicators rise modestly, usually less than twofold above controls.
“The up-regulation of systemic indicators of inflammation such as leucocyte count, and serum and plasma concentrations of acute-phase proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, soluble adhesion molecules and prothrombotic mediators is modest, usually less than 2-fold above what is observed in controls.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diagnostic criteria for low-grade inflammation are not precisely defined, but the phenotype is not disputed.
“Diagnostic criteria for low-grade inflammation have not been precisely defined, but the phenotype per se is not disputed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The vast majority of macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue in obesity originates from the circulation.
“It should be noted, however, that the vast majority of the macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue in obesity originates most probably from the circulation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In obesity and metabolic syndrome, key organs with increased insulin resistance are liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and endothelium.
“In obesity and the metabolic syndrome, key organs displaying increased insulin resistance are the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and the endothelium (Fig. 6).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The postprandial inflammatory response lasts 4-8 hours and recurs several times daily.
“The postprandial inflammatory response lasts for only few (4 -8) h but it recurs several times a day following eating.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Meals or food components may contain LPS that directly triggers systemic inflammation.
“Meals or food components may contain LPS which directly triggers systemic inflammation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hyperglycaemia induces free radicals that initiate an inflammatory reaction.
“Hyperglycaemia induces the production of free radicals which themselves initiate an inflammatory reaction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported physical activity data are subject to recall and reporting biases.
“Self-reported data of physical activity are easy and feasible to ask in a questionnaire or interview in large populations but are a measurement subject to recall and reporting biases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
IL-6 stimulates lipolysis and fat oxidation.
“Moreover, IL-6 stimulates lipolysis as well as fat oxidation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The increase in IL-6 at the end of exercise causes the increased CRP levels during late recovery.
“The increase in IL-6 at the end of exercise is responsible for the increased CRP levels during late recovery.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Regular physical activity decreases basal and post-exercise plasma IL-6 concentrations.
“In response to regular physical activity, basal as well as post-exercise plasma concentrations of IL-6 will decrease by mechanisms that might include increased glycogen content, improved antioxidant capacity and improved insulin sensitivity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lower circulating IL-6 results in lower CRP levels.
“The lower concentrations of IL-6 in the circulation will subsequently result in lower CRP levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity and obesity are often inversely related.
“Given that physical activity and obesity are often inversely related, it is not clear as to whether the antiinflammatory health benefits of a physically active lifestyle are due to exercise per se or result from favourable changes in body composition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A strong background of low-grade inflammatory status determines any possible inverse association.
“These determinants do most probably involve a strong background of low-grade inflammatory status, which consistently is shown to determine any possible inverse association.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Energy restriction itself may play an anti-inflammatory role via sirtuin and FoxO proteins.
“However, energy restriction itself may also play an anti-inflammatory role, with key mediators of the effect being proteins of the sirtuin and Forkhead box, sub-group O (FoxO) families which are induced/activated during states of limited energy supply.”
The paper relies on this without support.
IL-6 is a more sensitive marker of chronic low-grade inflammation than CRP, and CRP reflects a downstream effect associated with IL-6.
“It is likely that IL-6 is a more sensitive marker of chronic low-grade inflammation and that CRP reflects a more downstream effect associated with IL-6.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Nitric oxide plays a key role in linking hyperglycaemia-induced free radical production to metabolic events.
“NO, a potent vasodilator, is assumed to play a key role in this respect.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hyperglycaemia, elevated TAG/NEFA and hyperinsulinaemia are mutually inherent to the initial development of a diabetic state.
“Hyperglycaemia, elevated TAG/NEFA and hyperinsulinaemia are events that are mutually inherent to the initial development of a diabetic state.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Incorporation of EPA and DHA into human inflammatory cells occurs partly at the expense of arachidonic acid, reducing substrate for synthesis of classic inflammatory eicosanoids such as PGE2.
“The incorporation of EPA and DHA into human inflammatory cells is partly at the expense of arachidonic acid, resulting in less substrate available for the synthesis of the classic inflammatory eicosanoids such as PGE 2 .”
The paper relies on this without support.
The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
“Perhaps the most important is that there is no consensus regarding the inflammatory mediators which best represent chronic low-grade inflammation.”
“Most studies have measured CRP, perhaps because it is long established, is linked to the risk of CVD and is routinely measured in clinical laboratories.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The reviewed studies' findings can be combined despite differences in inflammatory outcomes and time points.
“Further, even where dietary components have been fairly well explored through intervention studies, many of the studies have been small in size and they have reported on different inflammatory outcomes at different time points.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In overweight and obese women, supplementation with 4.2 g/d EPA and DHA for 12 weeks does not affect sialic acid, fibrinogen, or PAI-1 activity.
“¼ Sialic acid, fibrinogen, PAI-1 activity”
The paper relies on this without support.
In overweight and obese women, supplementation with 4.2 g/d EPA and DHA for 12 weeks inversely affects CRP and IL-6.
“# CRP, IL-6”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a recent randomized clinical trial, individuals randomized to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil had a significant reduction in circulating oxidized LDL and inflammatory markers (48,49).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“In support of this hypothesis, data from several epidemiological studies suggest that people consuming higher quality diets have lower inflammation, independently from the classical cardiometabolic risk factors (49,50).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [49]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Whole foods
“In one study, reduced plasma CRP, TNF-a and IL-18 concentrations were reported in postmenopausal Iranian women with the metabolic syndrome consuming soya nuts but not soya protein (347) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
“Soya protein: # CRP,”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
“However, two studies that investigated cellular markers of inflammation both reported an anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D (747,748) .”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Vitamin D
“Most recently, NHANES data for 5867 adolescents aged 12 -19 years showed no relationship between serum 25(OH)D 3 and CRP concentrations (748) .”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Whole foods
“The three 'negative' trials (433 -436) used red wine or beer.”
§ Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity > Summary, conclusions and research gaps
“| Lean and overweight | 20 (M) | 18 -25 | Beer (40 g/d) | 3 weeks | ¼ Resistin, leptin | 433 | | | | | | | " Adiponectin, grehlin | |”
Citations
Cites
3 retracted
Visfatin: A Protein Secreted by Visceral Fat That Mimics the Effects of Insulin
Fukuhara, A., Matsuda, M., Nishizawa, M., Segawa, K., Tanaka, M., Kishimoto, K., Matsuki, Y., Murakami, M., Ichisaka, T., Murakami, H., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097243 · Cited by 1,906
RetractedRETRACTED: The anti-inflammatory activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in macrophages
Cohen-Lahav, M., Douvdevani, A., Chaimovitz, C., & Shany, S. (2007) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.093 · Cited by 118
RetractedRetracted: Effects of Whey Peptides on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Pins, J. J., & Keenan, J. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2006.05667.x · Cited by 71
RetractedObesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue
Weisberg, S. P., McCann, D., Desai, M., Rosenbaum, M., Leibel, R. L., & Ferrante, A. W. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319246 · Cited by 10,041
(1985) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 9,143
Adipose Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α: Direct Role in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance
Hotamisligil, G. S., Shargill, N. S., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7678183 · Cited by 7,518
Xu, H., Barnes, G. T., Yang, Q., Tan, G., Yang, D., Chou, C. J., Sole, J., Nichols, A., Ross, J. S., Tartaglia, L. A., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319451 · Cited by 6,760
Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes
Esterbauer, H., Schaur, R. J., & Zollner, H. (1991) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(91)90192-6 · Cited by 6,672
Pearson, T. A., Mensah, G. A., Alexander, R. W., Anderson, J. L., Cannon, R. O., Criqui, M., Fadl, Y. Y., Fortmann, S. P., Hong, Y., Myers, G. L., et al. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000052939.59093.45 · Cited by 6,401
Obesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102 · Cited by 6,176
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Kennedy, 1994, The Healthy Eating Index Final Report
- Schalkwijk, 2006, Is reduction of AGEs in food a potential medical nutrition therapy: are AGEs the real culprits?, IMARS Highlights, 1, 8
- 258 Wärnberg, J (2006) Inflammatory status in adolescents; the impact of health determinants such as overweight and and fitness. PhD Thesis, Karolinska Institutet.
- Hoffmeister, 2003, Moderate alcohol consumption and plasma concentration of sensitive markers of inflammation. Comment on an atheroprotective relationship, Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 128, 2237
- Bierhaus, 2005, The immune response to food and its impact on atherogenesis, Diabetes Stoffwechsel, 14
- Erbersdobler, 2001, Metabolic transit of Amadori products, Nahrung, 45, 177, 10.1002/1521-3803(20010601)45:3 · DOI
- McCord, 1998, Iron, free radicals, and oxidative injury, Semin Hematol, 35, 5
- Collins, 2002, A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain in healthy adults: assessment of its delivery, transit and influence on microbial flora and enteric immunity, Micro Ecol Health Dis, 81
- Dalgard, 2009, Supplementation with orange and blackcurrant juice, but not vitamin E, improves inflammatory markers in patients with peripheral arterial disease, Br J Nutr, 101, 263, 10.1017/s0007114508995660 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 999
Sfrp5 correlates with insulin resistance and oxidative stress
Carstensen, M., Herder, C., Kempf, K., Erlund, I., Martin, S., Köenig, W., Sundvall, J., Bidel, S., Kuha, S., Roden, M., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12052 · Cited by 63
Self-citationHealth effects of wheat lectins: A review
van Buul, V. J., & Brouns, F. J. P. H. (2014) · Journal of Cereal Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.010 · Cited by 63
Self-citationHealth benefits of Mediterranean diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Abenavoli, L., Di Renzo, L., Boccuto, L., Alwardat, N., Gratteri, S., & De Lorenzo, A. (2018) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2018.1503947 · Cited by 62
Afman, L. A., Milenković, D., & Roche, H. M. (2014) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300559 · Cited by 61
Effects of non-soy legume consumption on C-reactive protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Salehi‐Abargouei, A., Saraf‐Bank, S., Bellissimo, N., & Azadbakht, L. (2014) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.018 · Cited by 63
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Metabolism in the Regulation of Obesity/Type 2 Diabetes
Guitton, J., Bandet, C. L., Mariko, M. L., Tan, S., Bourron, O., Benomar, Y., Hajduch, É., & Stunff, H. L. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9071682 · Cited by 66
Ohlsson, B., Roth, B., Larsson, E., & Höglund, P. (2017) · Biomedical Reports · doi:10.3892/br.2017.865 · Cited by 59
TRP Channels in the Focus of Trigeminal Nociceptor Sensitization Contributing to Primary Headaches
Dux, M., Rosta, J., & Meßlinger, K. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21010342 · Cited by 56
van Bussel, B. C. T., Henry, R. M. A., Ferreira, I., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Kallen, C., Twisk, J. W. R., Feskens, E. J. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.201236 · Cited by 62
Self-citationShirouchi, B., Nagao, K., Umegatani, M., Shiraishi, A., Morita, Y., Kai, S., Yanagita, T., Ogawa, A., Kadooka, Y., & Satô, M. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516002245 · Cited by 63
Mukherjee, M. S., Han, C. Y., Sukumaran, S., Delaney, C. L., & Miller, M. (2022) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac045 · Cited by 68
Olli, K., Salli, K. M., Alhoniemi, E. J., Saarinen, M., Ibarra, A., Vasankari, T. J., Rautonen, N., & Tiihonen, K. (2015) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-14-2 · Cited by 64
Bandarra, N. M., Lopes, P. A., Martins, S. V., Ferreira, J., Alfaia, C. M., Rolo, E. A., Correia, J., Pinto, R. M. A., Ramos‐Bueno, R. P., Batista, I., et al. (2016) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.015 · Cited by 59
Menni, C., Louca, P., Berry, S. E., Vijay, A., Astbury, S., Leeming, E. R., Gibson, R., Asnicar, F., Piccinno, G., Wolf, J., et al. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-01913-w · Cited by 58
Bilal, M., Ashraf, S., & Zhao, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.931458 · Cited by 58
Spyridaki, E. C., Simos, P. G., Avgoustinaki, P. D., Dermitzaki, E., Venihaki, M., Bardos, A. N., & Margioris, A. N. (2014) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514002207 · Cited by 57
Self-citationEating dependence and weight gain; no human evidence for a ‘sugar-addiction’ model of overweight
Markus, C. R., Rogers, P. J., Brouns, F. J. P. H., & Schepers, R. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.024 · Cited by 58
Self-citationFructose, Glucocorticoids and Adipose Tissue: Implications for the Metabolic Syndrome
Legeza, B., Marcolongo, P., Gamberucci, A., Varga, V., Bánhegyi, G., Benedetti, A., & Odermatt, A. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9050426 · Cited by 60
Association between the dietary inflammatory index and common mental health disorders profile scores
Haghighatdoost, F., Feizi, A., Esmaillzadeh, A., Feinle‐Bisset, C., Keshteli, A. H., Afshar, H., & Adibi, P. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.016 · Cited by 58
Tinius, R. A., Blankenship, M. M., Furgal, K. E., Cade, W. T., Pearson, K. J., Rowland, N. S., Pearson, R. C., Hoover, D. L., & Maples, J. M. (2020) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154142 · Cited by 54
Evidence for an Interaction Between Exercise and Nutrition for Improving Bone and Muscle Health
Daly, R. M., Duckham, R. L., & Gianoudis, J. (2014) · Current Osteoporosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11914-014-0207-2 · Cited by 58
Kavak, K. S., Teter, B. E., Hagemeier, J., Zakalik, K., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Edwards, K., Goodman, A. D., Gottesman, M. H., Herbert, J., Kister, I., et al. (2014) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458514555787 · Cited by 57
Perälä, M.-M., von Bonsdorff, M. B., Männistö, S., Salonen, M. K., Simonen, M., Kanerva, N., Pohjolainen, P., Kajantie, E., Rantanen, T., & Eriksson, J. G. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515005309 · Cited by 58
Hoevenaars, F. P. M., Esser, D., Schutte, S., Priebe, M. G., Vonk, R. J., van den Brink, W. J., van der Kamp, J. W., Stroeve, J. H. M., Afman, L. A., & Wopereis, S. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz177 · Cited by 54
Suhett, L. G., Hermsdorff, H. H. M., Cota, B. C., Ribeiro, S. A. V., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., Franceschini, S. D. C. C., & de Novaes, J. F. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1734911 · Cited by 61
Klyne, D. M., Barbe, M. F., James, G., & Hodges, P. W. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147299 · Cited by 57
Zuurbier, C. J., Koeman, A., Houten, S. M., Hollmann, M. W., & Florijn, W. J. (2014) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370214524877 · Cited by 57
Brüll, V., Burak, C., Stoffel‐Wagner, B., Wolffram, S., Nickenig, G., Müller, C., Langguth, P., Alteheld, B., Fimmers, R., Stehle, P., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1267-0 · Cited by 58
Prescott, S. L., & Logan, A. C. (2017) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2017.09.004 · Cited by 55
Papier, K., Appleby, P. N., Fensom, G. K., Knüppel, A., Perez‐Cornago, A., Schmidt, J. A., Tong, T. Y. N., & Key, T. J. (2019) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-019-0074-0 · Cited by 63
Malvi, P., Chaube, B., Singh, S. V., Mohammad, N., Pandey, V., Vijayakumar, M. V., Radhakrishnan, R., Vanuopadath, M., Nair, S. S., Nair, B. G., et al. (2016) · Cancer & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s40170-016-0162-8 · Cited by 58
Fernandes, R., Beserra, B. T. S., Mocellin, M. C., Kuntz, M. G. F., da Rosa, J. S., de Miranda, R. C. D., Schreiber, C. S. O., Fröde, T. S., Nunes, E. A., & Trindade, E. B. S. D. M. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000328 · Cited by 56
Negative association between trunk fat, insulin resistance and skeleton in obese women
Greco, E. A. (2013) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v4.i2.31 · Cited by 57
Grün, F. (2014) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800095-3.00011-0 · Cited by 58
Pengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2017) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2017.6.633 · Cited by 56
Does sourdough bread provide clinically relevant health benefits?
D’Amico, V., Gänzle, M. G., Call, L., Zwirzitz, B., Grausgruber, H., D’Amico, S., & Brouns, F. J. P. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1230043 · Cited by 68
Self-citationMetabolism and Breast Cancer Risk: Frontiers in Research and Practice
Patterson, R. E., Rock, C. L., Kerr, J., Natarajan, L., Marshall, S. J., Pakiz, B., & Cadmus‐Bertram, L. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.015 · Cited by 54
Kolehmainen, M., Ulven, S. M., Paananen, J., de Mello, V. D., Schwab, U., Carlberg, C., Myhrstad, M. C. W., Pihlajamäki, J., Dungner, E., Sjölin, E., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.092783 · Cited by 55
Genomic and epigenomic regulation of adipose tissue inflammation in obesity
Toubal, A., Treuter, E., Clément, K., & Venteclef, N. (2013) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.006 · Cited by 59
Self-citationArouca, A. B., Michels, N., Moreno, L. A., González‐Gil, E. M., Marcos, A., Gómez‐Martínez, S., Díaz, L. E., Widhalm, K., Molnár, D., Μanios, Y., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1457-4 · Cited by 59
Self-citationWong, S. K., Chin, K., Suhaimi, F. H., Ahmad, F., Jamil, N. A., & Ima-Nirwana, S. (2017) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.042 · Cited by 54
Santamarina, A. B., Pisani, L. P., Baker, E. J., Marat, A. D., Valenzuela, C. A., Miles, E. A., & Calder, P. C. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo01304a · Cited by 64
Self-citationde Sousa, A. R., Moreira, M. E. D. C., Grancieri, M., Toledo, R. C. L., Araújo, F. D. O., Mantovani, H. C., Queiróz, V. A. V., & Martino, H. S. D. (2019) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.009 · Cited by 54
Chemistry, Stability, and Biological Actions of Carotenoids
Yahia, E. M., Ornelas‐Paz, J. D. J., Emanuelli, T., Lopes, E. J., Zepka, L. Q., & Cervantes‐Paz, B. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119158042.ch15 · Cited by 54
Carotenoid consumption is related to lower lipid oxidation and DNA damage in middle-aged men
Cocate, P. G., Natali, A. J., Alfenas, R. D. C. G., de Oliveira, A., dos Santos, E. C., & Hermsdorff, H. H. M. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515001622 · Cited by 52
Influence of Food Patterns on Endothelial Biomarkers: A Systematic Review
Defagó, M. D., Elorriaga, N., Irazola, V. E., & Rubinstein, A. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12431 · Cited by 53
Endothelial function and the regulation of muscle protein anabolism in older adults
Timmerman, K. L., & Volpi, E. (2013) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2012.03.013 · Cited by 53
Haynes, B. M. H., Pfeiffer, C. M., Sternberg, M., & Schleicher, R. L. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.172882 · Cited by 52
Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Decline: key features for prevention
Dominguez, L. J., Barbagallo, M., Muñoz-García, M. I., Godos, J., & Martínez‐González, M. Á. (2019) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612825666190722110458 · Cited by 52
Norde, M. M., Collese, T. S., Giovannucci, E. L., & Rogero, M. M. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa010 · Cited by 54
Sleep quality and Dietary Inflammatory Index among university students: a cross-sectional study
Masaad, A. A., Yusuf, A. M., Shakir, A. Z., Khan, M. S., Khaleel, S., Ismail, L. C., Faris, M. E., Jahrami, H., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., et al. (2020) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-020-02169-z · Cited by 58
Unraveling the Complex Relationship Triad between Lipids, Obesity, and Inflammation
Khan, S. A., Ali, A., Khan, S. A., Zahran, S. A., Damanhouri, G. A., Azhar, E. I., & Qadri, I. (2014) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2014/502749 · Cited by 55
Schwander, F., Kopf-Bolanz, K. A., Buri, C., Portmann, R., Egger, L., Chollet, M., McTernan, P. G., Piya, M. K., Gijs, M. A. M., Vionnet, N., et al. (2014) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.193565 · Cited by 56
Meningeal and choroid plexus cells—Novel drug targets for CNS disorders
Dragunow, M. (2013) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.013 · Cited by 51
Payahoo, L., Khajebishak, Y., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Ostadrahimi, A. (2018) · Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.15171/apb.2018.056 · Cited by 51
Lane, M., Howland, G., West, M., Hockey, M., Marx, W., Loughman, A., O’Hely, M., Jacka, F., & Rocks, T. (2020) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2020.04.006 · Cited by 50
Duarte, G. B. S., Reis, B. Z., Rogero, M. M., Vargas-Méndez, E., Barbosa, F., Cercato, C., & Cozzolino, S. M. F. (2019) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.02.009 · Cited by 51
Peluso, I., Romanelli, L., & Palmery, M. (2014) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2014.880670 · Cited by 48
Stress in Obesity and Associated Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders
Holvoet, P. (2012) · Scientifica · doi:10.6064/2012/205027 · Cited by 53
Defects in mitophagy promote redox‐driven metabolic syndrome in the absence of TP53INP1
Seillier, M., Pouyet, L., N’guessan, P., Nollet, M., Capo, F., Guillaumond, F., Peyta, L., Dumas, J., Varrault, A., Bertrand, G., et al. (2015) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.201404318 · Cited by 54
Schiavo, L., Pierro, R., Asteria, C., Calabrese, P., Biasio, A., Coluzzi, I., Severino, L., Giovanelli, A., Pilone, V., & Silecchia, G. (2021) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-021-05811-1 · Cited by 49
Wang, Y., Zhao, R., Wang, B., Zhao, C., Zhu, B., & Xin, T. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14040777 · Cited by 51
Cui, J., Yang, Z., Wang, J., Yin, S., Xiao, Y., Bai, Y., & Wang, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1082504 · Cited by 41
Inflammatory and metabolic responses to high-fat meals with and without dairy products in men
Schmid, A., Petry, N., Walther, B., Bütikofer, U., Luginbühl, W., Gille, D., Chollet, M., McTernan, P. G., Gijs, M. A. M., Vionnet, N., et al. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515000677 · Cited by 48
Omega‐3 PUFA supplementation and the response to evoked endotoxemia in healthy volunteers
Ferguson, J. F., Mulvey, C. K., Patel, P., Shah, R. Y., Doveikis, J., Zhang, W., Tabita‐Martinez, J., Terembula, K., Eiden, M. J., Koulman, A., et al. (2013) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300368 · Cited by 48
Nakamura, F., Ishida, Y., Aihara, K., Sawada, D., Ashida, N., Sugawara, T., Aoki, Y., Takehara, I., Takano, K., & Fujiwara, S. (2016) · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease · doi:10.3402/mehd.v27.30312 · Cited by 47
Cândido, C. J., Figueiredo, P. S., Silva, R. D. C., Portugal, L. C., Jaques, J. A. D. S., de Almeida, J. A., Penteado, B. D. B., Dias, D. A., Marcelino, G., Pott, A., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12010009 · Cited by 48
Adipose tissue macrophages as a therapeutic target in obesity‐associated diseases
Herrada, A. A., Olate‐Briones, A., Armando Rojas, R., Liu, C., Escobedo, N., & Piesche, M. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13200 · Cited by 48
Wang, Q., Sun, Y., Xu, Q., Liu, W., Wang, P., Yao, J., Zhao, A., Chen, Y., & Wang, W. (2022) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2021.12.006 · Cited by 49
Žiberna, L., Pražnikar, Z. J., & Petelin, A. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10091352 · Cited by 51
Lomax, A. R., Cheung, L. V. Y., Tuohy, K. M., Noakes, P. S., Miles, E. A., & Calder, P. C. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511007276 · Cited by 48
Self-citationOmega-3 fatty acids: Mechanisms of benefit and therapeutic effects in pediatric and adult NAFLD
Nobili, V., Alisi, A., Musso, G., Scorletti, E., Calder, P. C., & Byrne, C. D. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408363.2015.1092106 · Cited by 47
Self-citationMiyazawa, T., Nakagawa, K., Kim, S. H., Thomas, M. J., Paul, L., Zingg, J.-M., Dolnikowski, G. G., Roberts, S. B., Kimura, F., Miyazawa, T., et al. (2018) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-018-0250-6 · Cited by 47
Ostan, R., Béné, M. C., Spazzafumo, L., Pinto, A., Donini, L. M., Pryen, F., Charrouf, Z., Valentini, L., Lochs, H. H., Bourdel‐Marchasson, I., et al. (2015) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.06.010 · Cited by 47
Huang, W.-Q., Mo, X.-F., Ye, Y.-B., Shivappa, N., Lin, F.-Y., Huang, J., Hébert, J. R., Yan, B., & Zhang, C.-X. (2017) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114517001192 · Cited by 47
Corley, J., Kyle, J. A. M., Starr, J. M., McNeill, G., & Deary, I. J. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451500210x · Cited by 51
Thompson, J. R., Gustafsson, H., DeCapo, M., Takahashi, D. L., Bagley, J. L., Dean, T. A., Kievit, P., Fair, D. A., & Sullivan, E. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00161 · Cited by 45
Lie, L., Brown, L., Forrester, T., Plange‐Rhule, J., Bovet, P., Lambert, E. V., Layden, B. T., Luke, A. H., & Dugas, L. R. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10050628 · Cited by 47
Gut microbiome-mediated mechanisms in aging-related diseases: are probiotics ready for prime time?
Ren, J., Li, H., Zeng, G., Pang, B., Wang, Q., & Wei, J.-P. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1178596 · Cited by 46
Glycation and oxidative stress in the failure of dental implants: a case series
Pietropaoli, D., Ortu, E., Severino, M., Ciarrocchi, I., Gatto, R., & Monaco, A. (2013) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-296 · Cited by 47
Dietary patterns and risk of elevated C-reactive protein concentrations 12 years later
Julia, C., Meunier, N., Touvier, M., Ahluwalia, N., Sapin, V., Papet, I., Cano, N., Herçberg, S., Galan, P., & Kesse‐Guyot, E. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512005636 · Cited by 45
Self-citationDiet-Induced Obesity in the Selenocysteine Lyase Knockout Mouse
Seale, L. A., Gilman, C. L., Hashimoto, A. C., Ogawa-Wong, A. N., & Berry, M. J. (2015) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2015.6277 · Cited by 45
van Bussel, B. C. T., Henry, R. M. A., Schalkwijk, C., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Feskens, E. J. M., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2017) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1420-4 · Cited by 43
Self-citationLiddle, D. M., Hutchinson, A. L., Wellings, H. R., Power, K. A., Robinson, L. E., & Monk, J. M. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121289 · Cited by 47
Saccharide Characteristics and Their Potential Health Effects in Perspective
Brouns, F. J. P. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00075 · Cited by 47
Self-citationBilbeisi, A. H. E., Hosseini, S., & Djafarian, K. (2017) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-017-0115-z · Cited by 46
Nilholm, C., Larsson, E., Sonestedt, E., Roth, B., & Ohlsson, B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020416 · Cited by 43
Guallar‐Castillón, P., Oliveira, A., Lopes, C. M. M., López‐García, E., & Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F. (2012) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.11.035 · Cited by 45
A prospective cohort study of dietary indices and incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer
Xie, J., Poole, E. M., Terry, K. L., Fung, T. T., ROSNER, B. A., Willett, W. C., & Tworoger, S. S. (2014) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-014-0112-4 · Cited by 43
Kałuża, J., Håkansson, N., Harris, H. R., Orsini, N., Michaëlsson, K., & Wolk, A. (2018) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12823 · Cited by 45
Mokkala, K., Houttu, N., Koivuniemi, E., Sørensen, N., Nielsen, H. B., & Laitinen, K. (2020) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-020-01695-x · Cited by 42
Palmatine as an Agent Against Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Complications: A Review
Ekeuku, S. O., Pang, K.-L., & Chin, K. (2020) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s280520 · Cited by 46
Low-grade inflammation in overweight and obese adults is affected by weight loss program
Petelin, A., Bizjak, M., Černelič-Bizjak, M., Jurdana, M., Jakus, T., & Pražnikar, Z. J. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0102-9 · Cited by 43
Is vitamin D status relevant to metabolic syndrome?
Boucher, B. J. (2012) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.20012 · Cited by 40
Ahmad, R., Kochumon, S., Thomas, R., Alghanim, M., Hasan, A., Sindhu, S. T. A. K., & Behbehani, K. (2015) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-015-0067-7 · Cited by 41
McMorrow, A. M., Connaughton, R. M., Lithander, F. E., & Roche, H. M. (2014) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s002966511400158x · Cited by 43
Jakuš, V., ŠÁNDOROVÁ, E., Kalninova, J., & Krahulec, B. (2014) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.932672 · Cited by 42
Nutritional and Health Profile of Goat Products: Focus on Health Benefits of Goat Milk
Lima, M. J., Teixeira‐Lemos, E., de Oliveira, J. B. F., Teixeira-Lemos, L. P., Monteiro, A., & da Costa, J. M. C. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.70321 · Cited by 48
Mixed Nut Consumption May Improve Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults
Abbaspour, N., Roberts, T., Hooshmand, S., Kern, M., & Hong, M. Y. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071488 · Cited by 43
Metabolic Syndrome and psoriatic arthritis: considerations for the clinician
Caso, F., Chimenti, M. S., Navarini, L., Ruscitti, P., Peluso, R., Girolimetto, N., PUENTE, A. D., Giacomelli, R., Scarpa, R., & Costa, L. (2020) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2020.1740593 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Calder, P. C., Ahluwalia, N., Brouns, F., Buetler, T., Clement, K., Cunningham, K., Esposito, K., Jönsson, L. S., Kolb, H., Lansink, M., Marcos, A., Margioris, A., Matusheski, N., Nordmann, H., O'Brien, J., Pugliese, G., Rizkalla, S., Schalkwijk, C., Tuomilehto, J., Wärnberg, J., Watzl, B., & Winklhofer-Roob, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Inserm (FR)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Danone (Netherlands) (NL)
- University of Crete (GR)
- Nestlé (Switzerland) (CH)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Max Rubner Institut (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- S3
- Pages
- S1-S78
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2127855202
- Semantic Scholar
- c6e88341b8d0eb3af272b9e84fc98cf29780dd76
- Cited by
- 1,098
- References
- 903
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 6.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Danone
- Vifor Pharma
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- low-grade inflammation, obesity, overweight, dietary factors, postprandial inflammation, advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, adipose tissue macrophages, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, omega-3 fatty acids, dietary antioxidants, hyperglycemia, dietary fat, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, fish, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Diet, Food Handling, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Motor Activity, Obesity, Peroxides, Lipid Peroxidation, Glycation End Products, Advanced, Overweight
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
