Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity

In the paper

“The increase in abdominal fat mass is associated with a chronic elevation of the circulating concentrations of inflammatory mediators including several acute-phase inflammatory proteins such as CRP (46,47) , proand anti-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules and pro-thrombotic molecules (22,47 -49) .”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The introduction (section “W”; page unavailable) says that circulating IL-1Ra is elevated in obese humans and that TNF-α and IL-6 are increased in human obesity. It does not establish the claimed association specifically for abdominal fat mass or address CRP, adhesion molecules, or pro-thrombotic molecules. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [47] source
• ?Could not verify

  The Highly sensitive CRP and Discussion sections report inflammatory-marker responses to probiotic intervention in healthy adults. Searches for abdominal fat, adipose tissue, adhesion molecules, and pro-thrombotic molecules found no passage linking increased abdominal fat mass to chronic elevation of these mediators. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [22] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Could not verify

  The paper’s discussion concerns renal filtration and catabolism of advanced glycation end products, particularly pentosidine. Our copy does not address abdominal fat mass or its association with circulating CRP, cytokines, adhesion molecules, or pro-thrombotic molecules (searched for abdominal fat, obesity, and these inflammatory mediators). (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [49] source

In the paper

“In line with this, it has recently been shown that ageing (two groups with a mean age of 77•9 and 102•5 years, respectively v. a group with a mean age of 43•5 years) is characterised by a profound reduction in anti-inflammatory lipoxin A 4 levels (183) .”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Abstract and Biochemical Measurements sections describe inflammation markers measured in type 2 diabetic patients, including IL-6 and C-reactive protein. Searches of our full-text copy for lipoxin A4, ageing, and the stated age groups found no passage addressing whether lipoxin A4 levels decline with age. Page numbers were not available in the indexed copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  cites [183] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Paracrine concentrations of inflammatory mediators are sufficient to induce insulin resistance (128) .”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Discussion links insulin resistance to possible lipid-storage and lipolysis mechanisms, but does not say that paracrine concentrations of inflammatory mediators induce it. Searches for inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and paracrine concentrations found only related reference titles, not evidence for the claimed sufficiency. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [128] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Studies in patients with diabetes (237) or the metabolic syndrome (238,239) have consistently demonstrated inverse associations between fitness and inflammation, independently of fatness.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Results section concerns diet and antioxidant treatment in children with hyperlipidemia; it reports no significant treatment effect on inflammation biomarkers. Neither it nor the other passages addresses fitness–inflammation associations in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome, or whether such an association is independent of fatness (searched: fitness, adiposity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome). (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [237] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Could not verify

  The Discussion and Results describe a synbiotic trial in healthy elderly subjects and report intestinal immune markers, not fitness in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Searches for fitness, adiposity, and inflammation independent of fatness found no passage addressing the claimed association; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [238] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [239] source

In the paper

“FoxO proteins are transcription factors which regulate the expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis, cell survival and inflammatory responses including NF-kB (274 -278) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [274] source
• ?Could not verify

  The Discussion addresses oxidative stress, peroxynitrite and endothelial dysfunction, but does not discuss FoxO proteins or their regulation of genes. Searches for FoxO, NF-kB and the claimed transcription-factor functions found no relevant passage in our copy; no page numbers were provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [275] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
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• Not checked yetcites [277] source
• Not checked yetcites [278] source

In the paper

“Weight loss is accompanied by decreased concentrations of circulating mediators of inflammation, such as CRP, TNF-a, IL-6 and sICAM-1 (155,268 -270) , although it is difficult to dissect whether this effect is due to the weight loss per se or to the nature of the diet used to induce weight loss.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [155] source
• ?Could not verify

  The study passage and Figure 1 describe a glucose-clamp experiment measuring nitrotyrosine and blood pressure, not weight loss. Searches for weight loss, diet, CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and sICAM-1 found no passage addressing whether those markers decrease with weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  cites [268] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) report decreased hsCRP and TNF-α after tocopherol supplementation, but this was not a weight-loss study; TNF-α was measured as whole-blood release, not as a circulating concentration. The same passage reports no change in IL-6, and the study does not report sICAM-1. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [269] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [270] source

In the paper

“In a 5-week intervention in healthy men, a transfatty acid-enriched diet resulted in higher CRP and IL-6 concentrations than diets rich in oleic acid, stearic acid or the combination of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids (586)”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Study design and Blood inflammatory markers sections describe a 12-week α-linolenic acid supplementation study in dyslipidaemic men, not a five-week trans-fat-enriched diet intervention in healthy men. A search for the specified fatty acids and CRP/IL-6 comparison found no passage in our copy addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [586] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In contrast to the aforementioned reports, circulating AGE levels could not be identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular or renal outcomes in diabetic subjects with diabetic nephropathy (524) , and circulating AGE levels were even inversely correlated with mortality in haemodialysis patients, the latter most probably due to a better nutritional status (525) .”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Abstract discusses AGE binding to RAGE and broadly links AGEs to vascular complications of diabetes; the Discussion addresses the structural mechanism of that binding. Neither reports an analysis of circulating AGE levels as an independent predictor of cardiovascular or renal outcomes in people with diabetic nephropathy. Searches for that risk-factor finding and for circulating AGE levels yielded no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [524] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Increased intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA results in increased proportions of those fatty acids in inflammatory cell phospholipids (610 -614) .”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Markers section describes assays for vitamin D and tumor necrosis factor-α, not fatty-acid composition in inflammatory cells. Searches for long-chain n-3 PUFA, fatty acids, and phospholipids found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed effect of increased intake. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  cites [610] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [611] source
• Not checked yetcites [612] source
• ?Could not verify

  The Discussion’s Table 2 lists EPA plus DHA intake, but the paper’s Measurement of Biochemical Variables section describes plasma inflammatory-marker assays, not measurements of inflammatory-cell phospholipids. Searches for long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA/DHA intake, and phospholipid composition found no passage linking increased intake to increased fatty-acid proportions in those cells. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [613] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [614] source

In the paper

“This was first identified by Grimble et al. (649) who showed that the ability of fish oil to lower the LPS-stimulated production of TNF-a by blood mononuclear cells was determined in part by polymorphisms within the TNF-a and TNF-b genes.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Background and Results (pages not provided) discuss fruit and vegetable intake and TNFα expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Searches for Grimble, fish oil, LPS-stimulated TNFα production, and TNF gene polymorphisms found no passage addressing the attributed finding. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  cites [649] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The variation in concentrations of most mediators among non-obese or obese individuals is at least 10-fold.”

In the paper

“Hence, there is a substantial overlap between non-obese and obese persons.”

In the paper

“who showed that white adipose tissue synthesises and releases the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] source

In the paper

“Based on these data, it was suggested that adipose tissue plays an important immune role and may be a major source of pro-inflammatory mediators which initiate the development of chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, all of which are characteristics of the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] source

In the paper

“However, there is a positive relationship between BMI and other measures of obesity such as waist circumference and circulating concentrations of CRP and other inflammatory markers (7) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] source

In the paper

“The concept of systemic, chronic, but low-grade inflammation as a risk factor for the metabolic syndrome and for type 2 diabetes is based on the observation of elevated blood levels of inflammation-associated markers in people with incident type 2 diabetes or with the metabolic syndrome (2,3) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] source
• Not checked yetcites [3] source

In the paper

“Serum or plasma concentrations of TNF-a or IL-6 in healthy adults are typically 0•01-2 pmol/l (6) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] source

In the paper

“Systemic concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators are higher in obese (BMI .30kg/m 2 ) than in normal-weight persons (4,5) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] source
• Not checked yetcites [5] source

In the paper

“In addition, the profile of adipokines produced is dissimilar between the subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissues.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [52] source
• Not checked yetcites [28] source
• Not checked yetcites [36] source
• Not checked yetcites [53] source
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In the paper

“In obese subjects, these macrophages typically aggregate in crowns around apoptotic adipocytes (31) (Figs. 1 and 2).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] source

In the paper

“Gene expression studies with human adipose tissue have demonstrated that the levels of expression of MCP-1, colony-stimulating factor-3 and the urokinase plasminogen activator CD87 increase significantly in the adipose tissue of subjects with morbid obesity (31) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] source

In the paper

“Pre-adipocytes exert 'macrophage-like' effects when exposed to strong pro-inflammatory environments (73,74) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [73] source
• Not checked yetcites [74] source

In the paper

“In this regard, the local production of the inflammatory molecules by adipose tissue within the heart may be important; the amount of this tissue and its proximity to the coronary vessels could contribute to the development of coronary pathologies (60,61) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [60] source
• Not checked yetcites [61] source

In the paper

“Adipose tissue macrophages may contribute to the maintenance of the low-grade inflammatory state linked to obesity (36) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] source

In the paper

“Finally, other adipose tissue depots in so-called 'ectopic sites', such as within the liver, heart or skeletal muscle, may contribute to the production of inflammatory mediators in the absence of obesity.”

In the paper

“In vitro studies have demonstrated that mature adipocytes express inflammatory factors such as TNF-a (56) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [56] source

In the paper

“Local hypoxia could also play an important role in the attraction and retention of macrophages within the adipose tissue (82) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] source

In the paper

“It appears that macrophage aggregates within the adipose tissue are localised around apoptotic adipocytes, suggesting that one of their functions is to clean up the debris of dying and dead cells (84) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] source

In the paper

“Consequently, secretion profiles of the adipose tissue can change depending on the phenotype of the cell population infiltrating it during the different stages of obesity (initiation, aggravation, maintenance and weight loss; Fig. 4) (77) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [77] source

In the paper

“When considering the subnanomolar systemic concentration of many proinflammatory mediators (see section 'Obesity and low-grade inflammation'), it is possible that only a few of them contribute to the metabolic derangements seen in obesity and the metabolic syndrome.”

In the paper

“Inflammatory molecules are likely candidates exerting a molecular link between the adipose tissue and the metabolic, cardiovascular, hepatic and thrombotic complications, and certain cancer types occurring in conjunction with or as a consequence of human obesity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] source
• Not checked yetcites [99] source
• Not checked yetcites [100] source

In the paper

“Many studies have shown that weight loss induced by a decrease in energy intake, and sometimes an increase in exercise, reduces systemic inflammation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [111] source

In the paper

“In another study, the expression of the MCP-1 and colony-stimulating factor-1 genes and proteins was associated with macrophage accumulation in obese subjects (107) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [107] source

In the paper

“These effects include the up-or down-regulation of the synthesis of resistin (138) , leptin, adiponectin (139) , lipocalin 2 (140) , osteopontin (141) , and of insulin itself.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [138] source
• Not checked yetcites [139] source
• Not checked yetcites [140] source
• Not checked yetcites [141] source

In the paper

“For example, a relationship between the increase in macrophages in the abdominal adipose tissue and hepatic inflammation and fibrosis has been reported (65) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65]

In the paper

“TLR-4 knockout mice are protected from insulin resistance induced by lipid infusions (97) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] source

In the paper

“TNF-a mediates insulin resistance also via the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) which interferes with the IRS -phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase -Akt pathway (129) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [129] source

In the paper

“Experimental model systems in vitro have shown that hepatocytes as well as muscle cells, adipocytes and endothelial cells respond to exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-6 and/or IL-1b with impaired insulin signalling (128) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [128] source

In the paper

“A critical mediator downstream of TNF-a appears to be MIF, since mice with a disrupted MIF gene preserve normal insulin signalling (135) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [135] source

In the paper

“Another mechanism involves cytokine-induced suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 and 3, which also prevent tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS proteins, by direct interference, or ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation (130,131) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [130] source
• Not checked yetcites [131] source

In the paper

“The impact of insulin on cellular metabolic activity, proliferation and differentiation can also be impaired by inflammatory mediators via an indirect pathway, i.e. by enhancing or suppressing the production of hormones that modulate cellular responses to insulin.”

In the paper

“The increase in the concentrations of TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1b, IL-8, resistin and many other factors produced by macrophage activation could contribute to the deterioration of insulin sensitivity (Fig. 6) (106) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] source

In the paper

“These genes belonged to at least twelve functional families including cytokines, the complement factor cascade, acute-phase proteins of inflammation, and molecules involved in cellular adhesion and in the remodelling of the extracellular matrix.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [127] source

In the paper

“Among the candidates secreted by the adipose tissue, the increase in IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 and the decrease in adiponectin are considered to be particularly important (101,102) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [101] source
• Not checked yetcites [102] source

In the paper

“As described above, there is substantial local production of inflammatory mediators in organs affected by insulin resistance.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [66] source
• Not checked yetcites [67] source
• Not checked yetcites [142] source

In the paper

“In this context, it is of interest that adipocytes are able to secrete MIF (33) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [33] source

In the paper

“There was a significant modification in the expression of inflammatory genes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women following a hypoenergetic diet (127) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [127] source

In the paper

“Measures of endothelial activation also improve after weight reduction (108 -110) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [108] source
• Not checked yetcites [109] source
• Not checked yetcites [110] source

In the paper

“The impairment of insulin signalling by TNF-a has also been observed in vivo after infusion of the cytokine into rodents (133,134) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [133] source
• Not checked yetcites [134] source

In the paper

“The improvement of the inflammatory profile (at the level of gene expression) involved both the decreased expression of pro-inflammatory factors and the increased expression of anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 and IL-1ra.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [127] source

In the paper

“Relationships between abnormalities of cardiac function in obese subjects, the accumulation of abdominal fat and low-grade inflammation have been suggested (101,102) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [101] source
• Not checked yetcites [102] source

In the paper

“TLR-4 is the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, but data have shown that the NEFA produced by adipocytes after adrenergic stimulation are also strong inducers of the TLR-4/NF-kB system (95) (Fig. 5).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] source

In the paper

“In this study, the protein expression of IL-10 increased, suggesting a possible M1 to M2 (pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory) switch of macrophage phenotypes (31) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] source

In the paper

“In obese non-diabetic or diabetic individuals, several studies have observed improvement of insulin sensitivity after prolonged treatment with neutralising TNF-a antibodies (150,151) , whereas other trials did not report such effects of TNF-a antibody injections, despite dampening of systemic inflammation (152) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [150] source
• Not checked yetcites [151] source

In the paper

“In obese non-diabetic or diabetic individuals, several studies have observed improvement of insulin sensitivity after prolonged treatment with neutralising TNF-a antibodies (150,151) , whereas other trials did not report such effects of TNF-a antibody injections, despite dampening of systemic inflammation (152) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [152] source

In the paper

“The daily influx of TAG, SFA, glucose and other food components initiates an acute innate immune (i.e.inflammatory) response that lasts for a few hours.”

In the paper

“In animal models of insulin resistance, infusion of TNF-a antibodies has been reported to ameliorate insulin signalling (8,149) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] source
• Not checked yetcites [149] source

In the paper

“The magnitude of the postprandial inflammatory response appears to correlate with the degree of insulin resistance (165) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [165] source

In the paper

“Certain medications including statins and angiotensin II receptor antagonists ameliorate the postprandial inflammatory response in obese patients (167) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [167] source

In the paper

“Studies have reported increased plasma/serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in healthy subjects with advanced age (55-75 v. 26 -54 years) (174) , an increase of 0•016 pg/ml per year of life (175) and a significant increase with overall age (from 20 to 102 years) (176) , and in elderly diabetic subjects (65 -80 years) (177) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [176]

In the paper

“Studies have reported increased plasma/serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in healthy subjects with advanced age (55-75 v. 26 -54 years) (174) , an increase of 0•016 pg/ml per year of life (175) and a significant increase with overall age (from 20 to 102 years) (176) , and in elderly diabetic subjects (65 -80 years) (177) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [177] source

In the paper

“Interestingly, however, successful ageing (ageing without co-morbidities) has also been associated with chronic low-grade inflammation (173) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [173] source

In the paper

“Although the postprandial inflammatory response has been known for several years (154) , it is only recently that its probable importance in the generation of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis has been appreciated (155 -157) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [155] source
• Not checked yetcites [156] source
• Not checked yetcites [157] source

In the paper

“There is strong evidence that low-grade elevations of circulating inflammatory mediators are associated with the development of age-related conditions such as atherosclerosis, cognitive decline and frailty.”

In the paper

“The most efficient triggers of the postprandial inflammatory response appear to be TAG, SFA, oxysterols and glucose (158 -161) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [158] source
• Not checked yetcites [159] source
• Not checked yetcites [160] source
• Not checked yetcites [161] source

In the paper

“The foregoing discussion has dealt with chronic changes in concentrations of inflammatory mediators but a rise in inflammation also appears to take place acutely following meals.”

In the paper

“Ageing is also associated with increased concentrations of TNF-a (178,179) , CRP (180) and IL-1ra (176,181) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [178] source
• Not checked yetcites [179] source
• Not checked yetcites [180] source
• Not checked yetcites [176]
• Not checked yetcites [181] source

In the paper

“Indeed, co-culture of adipocytes with macrophages caused impairment of insulin signalling (75) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [75] source

In the paper

“The exaggerated postprandial inflammatory response of the obese is reversible upon reduction of body weight (155,164) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [155] source
• Not checked yetcites [164] source

In the paper

“Patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit a higher postprandial inflammatory response than non-diabetics, irrespective of their body weight (165,166) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [165] source
• Not checked yetcites [166] source

In the paper

“A secondary analysis of a prospective multicentre observational study of 4905 adults with rheumatoid arthritis, of whom 1808 had taken hydroxychloroquine, indicated a reduced risk of diabetes in patients using this drug (147) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [147] source

In the paper

“Related to this effect, the absorptive process may allow translocation of LPS from gut bacteria into the systemic circulation (168) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [168] source

In the paper

“Studies have reported increased plasma/serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in healthy subjects with advanced age (55-75 v. 26 -54 years) (174) , an increase of 0•016 pg/ml per year of life (175) and a significant increase with overall age (from 20 to 102 years) (176) , and in elderly diabetic subjects (65 -80 years) (177) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [174]

In the paper

“Later studies have revealed that only very high doses are effective in improving glucose metabolism (145) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [145] source

In the paper

“Studies have reported increased plasma/serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in healthy subjects with advanced age (55-75 v. 26 -54 years) (174) , an increase of 0•016 pg/ml per year of life (175) and a significant increase with overall age (from 20 to 102 years) (176) , and in elderly diabetic subjects (65 -80 years) (177) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [175] source

In the paper

“The pathophysiological significance of a postprandial inflammatory response in causing insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis is currently under investigation, and this response appears to play a much more crucial role than previously thought (162) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [162] source

In the paper

“In vivo, feeding induces STAMP2 expression in visceral white adipose tissue (170) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [170] source

In the paper

“Several cells in the body associated with the innate immune system, including abdominal adipocytes and monocytes/ macrophages, respond to acute postprandial elevation of several components of a meal by mounting a transient inflammatory response.”

In the paper

“Increases in the levels of circulating TNF-a, IL-6, IL-2R and CRP are also strong predictors of all-cause mortality risk in longitudinal studies of several elderly cohorts (190 -193) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [190] source
• Not checked yetcites [191] source
• Not checked yetcites [192] source
• Not checked yetcites [193] source

In the paper

“Furthermore, the visceral tissue of STAMP gene knockout mice is resistant to insulin action (170,171) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [170] source
• Not checked yetcites [171] source

In the paper

“The effect of ageing on the immune system, however, cannot be completely separated from the contribution of co-morbidity, medication use or malnutrition (184,185) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [184] source
• Not checked yetcites [185] source

In the paper

“In one study, the independent associations of fitness were in fact more prominent among metabolic syndrome patients compared with healthy participants (238,239) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [238] source
• Not checked yetcites [239] source

In the paper

“A non-significant reduction in CRP concentration was consistent across all groups and varied between 1•2 and 2•2 mg/l.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [221] source

In the paper

“Several training interventions have not produced changes in basal IL-6 or CRP concentrations (213 -218) , while significant reductions in inflammatory markers have been observed following training without changes in BMI or body fat in elderly participants (219,220) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [213] source
• Not checked yetcites [214] source
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• Not checked yetcites [218] source

In the paper

“The health benefits of long-term regular exercise are ascribed to the anti-inflammatory response elicited by an acute bout of exercise, which is partly mediated by muscle-derived IL-6.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [206]
• Not checked yetcites [207] source
• Not checked yetcites [208] source

In the paper

“After a 6-month individualised, supervised exercise programme for forty-three subjects at high risk of IHD, a 35 %, albeit non-significant, reduction in CRP concentration was observed.The subjects exercised for a mean of 2•5 (range 0•3-7•4) h/week (233) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [233] source

In the paper

“Also subjects over 80 years of age show consistent inverse associations between inflammation and physical activity (190) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [190] source

In the paper

“(1) Contracting skeletal muscle is a major source of circulating IL-6 in response to acute exercise.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [206]
• Not checked yetcites [207] source
• Not checked yetcites [208] source

In the paper

“Nevertheless, two longitudinal studies in athletes show that regular training induces a reduction in CRP concentration (211,212) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [211]
• Not checked yetcites [212] source

In the paper

“A randomised trial of thirty-nine patients with intermittent claudication demonstrated that both serum CRP and SAA concentrations were significantly reduced after 3 and 6 months of supervised exercise compared with controls (235) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [235] source

In the paper

“Muscle strength was also evaluated in this study and low hand-grip strength was associated with high levels of CRP and IL-6 (231) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [231] source

In the paper

“Further stratification according to basal CRP levels showed a reduction by about 1•3 mg/l in subjects with initial CRP levels above 3•0 mg/l.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [221] source

In the paper

“(3) The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise may therefore offer protection against TNF-induced insulin resistance.”

In the paper

“During heavy exercise, such as a marathon, there is up to a 60-fold increase in plasma IL-6 concentration (209) , with the duration of the event explaining more than 50 % of the variation in concentration (210) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [210] source

In the paper

“Another study reported a decrease in basal plasma IL-6 concentration after aerobic training in patients with coronary artery disease (234) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [234] source

In the paper

“Again, the exercise training seemed to be more effective in those with the highest initial CRP concentrations, independently of changes in body weight or percentage of body fat, indicating that baseline levels of low-grade inflammation may be an important factor.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [236] source

In the paper

“During heavy exercise, such as a marathon, there is up to a 60-fold increase in plasma IL-6 concentration (209) , with the duration of the event explaining more than 50 % of the variation in concentration (210) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [209] source

In the paper

“Elderly people have higher basal levels of inflammation independently of disease status, and a considerable number of studies have been carried out in this population to assess associations between physical activity and inflammatory markers (190,223 -230) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [190] source
• Not checked yetcites [223] source
• Not checked yetcites [224] source
• Not checked yetcites [225] source
• Not checked yetcites [226] source
• Not checked yetcites [227] source
• Not checked yetcites [228] source
• Not checked yetcites [229] source
• Not checked yetcites [230] source

In the paper

“Similar findings were reported in the ATTICA study, involving 1514 men and 1528 women; specifically, subjects with greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet (those in the highest tertile) had 17 % lower IL-6 and 20 % lower CRP concentrations, compared with those in the lowest tertile in analyses that adjusted for other cardiovascular risk factors (283) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [283]

In the paper

“Although a marginal relationship between CRP concentration and the Mediterranean diet was observed, this association was no longer significant when other cardiovascular risk factors were considered in the models.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [282] source

In the paper

“In contrast, the associations found between self-reported physical activity and TNFR1, TNFR2, IL-6 and CRP concentrations in a study including healthy men from the Men's Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study and healthy women from the Nurses' Health Study (243) were no longer significant when adjusting for BMI and leptin.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [243] source

In the paper

“In another observational study with obese subjects (625 men and 712 women with abdominal adiposity), those with high CRP levels (. 3 mg/l) were less likely to adopt the Mediterranean diet (287) .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [287] source