The DOI matches its Crossref record; 526 of the 527 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 23 of the 524 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications
Open accessAbstract
: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Atg: autophagy-related; CHMP2B: charged multivesicular body protein 2B; DPR: dipeptide repeat; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; RNP: ribonuclear protein; sALS: sporadic ALS; SPHK1: sphingosine kinase 1; TARDBP/TDP-43: TAR DNA binding protein; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UPR: unfolded protein response; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; VCP: valosin containing protein.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes mechanistic links between autophagy dysfunction and ALS, focusing on ALS-associated mutations in autophagy-related genes and cell type-specific regulation of autophagy. It argues that effective autophagy-based therapies will require targeting the pathway in specific cell types rather than indiscriminate induction.
Key findings
- ALS-related mutations affect multiple autophagy stages and factors, including SQSTM1, C9orf72, TBK1, UBQLN2, FUS, VCP, OPTN, and CHMP2B; these mutations impair selective autophagy, mitophagy, autophagosome maturation, or autophagic flux.
- Reported mutation frequencies include C9orf72 expansion in 23–47% of familial ALS/FTD and 4–21% of sporadic disease; TBK1 mutations in ~1% of familial or sporadic ALS; OPTN mutations in ~3% of familial and ~1% of sporadic ALS; VCP mutations in ~1–2% of familial ALS; and SQSTM1 mutations in ~1–3.5% of ALS-FTD cases.
- Autophagy regulation differs by cell type: neurons are insensitive or only mildly responsive to starvation and MTOR inhibition, whereas astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and skeletal muscle respond to these stimuli; neuronal autophagy can be induced by MTOR/AKT-independent compounds such as 10-NCP.
- Therapeutic implications are mixed: rapamycin can worsen disease in SOD1G93A ALS mice, lithium showed no clinical benefit in five ALS trials, and a phase II rapamycin trial in ALS began in 2018 with results not yet published.
Methods
- Narrative review of the autophagy pathway, ALS-associated autophagy-related mutations, disease models, and cell type-specific autophagy regulation.
- No primary experimental design, sample, or statistical analysis is reported; the paper synthesizes published cell, animal, iPSC, and human data.
- Main analysis is conceptual integration of mechanistic findings to identify therapeutic targets and remaining questions.
Limitations
- The authors state that mechanistic details of autophagy’s neuroprotective role, neuronal resistance to autophagy induction, neuron-specific effects of autophagy-impairing mutations, and non-cell autonomous contributions to ALS pathogenesis remain incompletely defined.
- The authors note that cell type-specific autophagy regulation is insufficiently explored, that cell and animal models may not faithfully reproduce human autophagy regulation, and that LC3-II accumulation cannot distinguish true autophagy induction from late-stage inhibition.
- Evident from the text: this is a review without a systematic search strategy or primary data, and it relies on model systems that may not fully translate to human disease.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
268 Not checked yet · 25 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given · 4 Partly supported · 3 Supported so far · 2 Supported · 1 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Supporting the link between ALS and FTD, TBK1 mutations have also been identified in FTD patients, and in fact occur more frequently in patients with combined ALS-FTD than in those with ALS alone [207–209].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1 in disease
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [207] source
The Discussion reports TBK1 loss-of-function mutations in 4.5% of patients with FTD-ALS versus 3.4% of patients with ALS in the Belgian cohort. This supports the claimed direction of the comparison, though the figures are specific to that cohort and mutation type. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked yetcites [208] Le Ber I, 2015, Neurobiol Aging source
- Could not verifycites [209] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results identify TBK1 variants in FTLD-TDP cases, and the Discussion reports TBK1 mutation frequencies from ALS studies. The passages found when searching for ALS-FTD versus ALS-only frequencies do not compare those groups, so our copy does not verify the claimed higher frequency in combined ALS-FTD. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“but also increases the risk of death in iPSC-derived astrocytes [299].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [299] source
The Survival Analysis on iPSC-Derived Astrocytes section reports that M337V astrocytes had a 2.5-fold greater risk of death than control astrocytes under basal conditions. The Discussion likewise describes significantly greater risk of death in M337V iPSC-derived astrocytes. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“suggesting that astrocytes can exacerbate neuronal toxicity by compromising neuronal proteostasis in a non-cell autonomous fashion.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [415] source
The Results section reports that reactive astrocytes reduced human motor-neuron survival and induced intracellular protein inclusions. It also reports that astrocyte-conditioned medium induced protein aggregation, while TGF-β1 impaired motor-neuron autophagy. Together, these findings support the suggested non-cell-autonomous effect on neuronal proteostasis in the studied culture models; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“in Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 1A caused by duplication of PMP22 (peripheral myelin protein 22), Schwann cell autophagy is aberrantly elevated”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [467] Hantke J, 2014, Brain sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 2) supports that CMT1A is generally caused by a duplication containing PMP22. The discussion (p. 14) mentions Schwann cell autophagy in injured nerves and says c-Jun promotes it, but does not report that autophagy is aberrantly elevated in CMT1A Schwann cells. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked yetcites [468] Hutton EJ, 2011, J Peripher Nerv Syst source
- Partly supportedcites [469] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Autophagy-Lysosomal Response in Neuropathic Samples” (page unavailable), says that murine neuropathic Schwann cells show activation and recruitment of autophagy-lysosomal structures near PMP22 aggregates. The paper’s measured increases in autophagy-lysosomal proteins, however, are in human CMT1A fibroblasts, not Schwann cells; it does not establish broadly elevated Schwann-cell autophagy in people with CMT1A. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, mutations detected in the SQSTM1 promoter region are associated with reduced SQSTM1 protein levels in familial ALS-FTD [132,133].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the most commonly inherited form of ALS and FTD due to mutations in the C9orf72 gene (described below), SQSTM1 accumulates together with ubiquitin in neurons and glia [119–121] as well as muscle fibers [122].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In fact, individuals with disease-associated C9orf72 mutations display a significantly greater burden of SQSTM1-positive glial inclusions than those with sporadic ALS [82].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Lorente Pons A, 2020, J Pathol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In 2011, the seminal discovery of disease-associated expansion mutations within the C9orf72 gene uncovered the most common genetic cause of inherited ALS and FTD, accounting for 23–47% of familial cases and 4–21% of sporadic disease.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This notion is underscored by the fact that nearly every neurodegenerative disorder is marked by the accumulation of misfolded proteins within or adjacent to affected neurons and glia, in spite of heterogeneous clinical and pathological characteristics among these diseases [68,69].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SQSTM1 is a major component of neuronal and glial cytoplasmic inclusions that characterize many neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease [114,115].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although autophagic cargo can be trapped passively within the autophagosome in nonselective autophagy, direct substrate recruitment to phagophores in selective autophagy is mediated by a series of receptor proteins (e.g., SQSTM1/p62 [sequestosome 1], NBR1, AMBRA1) that contain both an LC3-interacting region (LIR) and separate motifs for binding polyubiquitinated proteins [41].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Overview of autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Antibodies specific for each dipeptide repeat (DPR) also stain SQSTM1-positive inclusions, including the star-like inclusions unique to C9orf72-related disease, suggesting that DPRs are targeted for clearance by the UPS and/or autophagy [119,169–171] (Figure 1).”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“ALS-FTD due to C9orf72 mutations displays TARDBP pathology, consisting of granular neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, diffuse neuronal cytoplasmic staining, and glial cytoplasmic inclusions rich in TARDBP [120].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the other hand, loss of endogenous murine C9orf72 results in glial activation, impaired autophagy and toxicity when combined with the C9orf72 expansion mutation [173].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Separately, the C9orf72-SMCR8-WDR41 complex acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RAB8A and RAB39B, regulating vesicle trafficking and autophagic flux [148].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, through its interactions with ULK1 and RAB1A, a GTP-binding protein involved in vesicular protein trafficking and MTOR regulation [151,152], C9orf72 promotes autophagy initiation [153].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the loss of C9orf72 function and consequent impairment in autophagy may enhance DPR accumulation in C9orf72 mutation carriers, acting synergistically to accentuate neurodegeneration [154,172,173].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Through its phosphorylation of the autophagy receptors OPTN, SQSTM1, and CALCOCO2/NDP52 (calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2) [58,59,194], TBK1 regulates several aspects of autophagy, including macroautophagy, xenophagy and mitophagy [59,90,148,194–196].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results are consistent with those in animal models, suggesting that the endogenously encoded C9orf72 repeat expansion mutation leads to toxicity by both gain and loss of function mechanisms.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Overexpression of ALS-linked UBQLN2 mutants interrupts the interaction between UBQLN2 and ATG9-ATG16L1 [225]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [225] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Consistent with this, most ALS-associated TBK1 mutations affect the kinase and the coiled-coiled domains, both of which are vital for TBK1 function [206].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1 in disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“autophagy activation via PI3K, AKT or MTOR inhibition reverses stress granule accumulation caused by ALS-linked mutant FUS [236]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [236] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In keeping with this, Tbk1 deletion disrupts the migration of T-cells [216] that may exert anti-inflammatory effects in ALS models [192,217].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1 in disease
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rare UBQLN2 mutations are associated with familial forms of ALS and ALS-FTD [221–223]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“autophagy induction extends survival in a Drosophila model of FUS-ALS [236].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [236] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“UBQLN2 can also act as an autophagy receptor by directly interacting with LC3 in autophagosomes [219,220].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suggesting that FUS-positive inclusions are autophagy substrates [235].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“UBQLN2 colocalizes with SQSTM1 and ubiquitin in neuronal aggregates characteristic of both ALS and ALS-FTD [221,224].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In cultured neurons, mutant FUS impairs stress granules clearance; this effect is exacerbated by genetic loss of ATG5, enhancing stress granule accumulation and, ultimately, leading to cell death [235].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whole exome sequencing studies revealed that mutations in TBK1 are also responsible for ~1% of patients with familial or otherwise sporadic ALS [205,206].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1 in disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whether TBK1 acts on autophagy or innate immunity may partially depend on its associations with specific adaptor proteins such as NAP1L1 (nucleosome assembly protein 1), TANK and TBKBP1/SINTBAD that bind in a mutually exclusive manner [58,200,201].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“FUS may exert a direct influence on autophagy initiation and autophagosome elongation by maintaining expression of factors including RB1CC1 and ATG16L1, which are diminished after CRISPR-mediated knockout of Fus but restored with re-introduction of wild-type FUS in N2A cells [237].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [237] Arenas A, 2020, J Neurochem
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mutations in VCP most commonly lead to the combined disorder of inclusion body myopathy, Paget disease of the bone, and FTD (IBMPFD) [240]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [240] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disrupted autophagy and proteostasis are not only apparent in experimental models of familial ALS, with defined genetic mutations impairing autophagy effectors or imparting proteotoxic stress, but also likely play a key role in the pathogenesis of sporadic ALS (sALS).”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“few phenotypes were noted in chmp2b knockout animals [271]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [271] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In humans with sALS, pathologic inclusions found in motor neurons are surrounded by LC3 and SQSTM1 [273]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“which may accentuate neuronal loss secondary to neuroinflammation [261].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [261] Akizuki M, 2013, J Neurochem source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CHMP2B mutations were subsequently identified in ALS patients with a lower motor neuron predominant syndrome [266,267].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“mutant VCP iPSC-derived astrocytes were unable to sufficiently support motor neuron survival, indicating the presence of non-cell autonomous mechanisms of neurodegeneration in VCP-related diseases [252].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [252] Hall CE, 2017, Cell Rep source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suggesting failed or stalled clearance via autophagy.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“ALS-associated OPTN mutations enhance microglial NFKB1 expression [260]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260] Sako W, 2012, Clin Neuropathol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“enlarged and acidified autophagic vacuoles accumulate in cells expressing disease-associated VCP mutants, suggesting a late-stage block in the fusion of lysosomes with autophagosomes [249].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [249] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“CHMP2B (charged multivesicular body protein 2B) is a subunit of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) [262].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [262] Ghazi-Tabatabai S, 2009, Biochem Soc Trans source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“OPTN also directly interacts with SQSTM1 to form an autophagy receptor complex that accelerates autophagy flux [257].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [257] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“suggesting predominantly gain of function toxicity in association with pathogenic CHMP2B mutations.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Histopathological analyses consistently illustrate TARDBP, ubiquitin and SQSTM1-positive inclusions in VCP-related diseases [244–247].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suggesting that disease-associated CHMP2B mutations disrupt autophagy.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [266] Cox LE, 2010, PLoS One source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suggesting a late-stage block in the fusion of lysosomes with autophagosomes [249].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [249] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“biochemical and histopathologic examination of frontotemporal cortex and spinal cord in sALS patients reveals that ubiquitin-positive inclusions contain TARDBP [274,275]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CHMP2B mutations were initially associated with rare cases of chromosome 3-linked familial FTD [264,265]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“indicating the presence of non-cell autonomous mechanisms of neurodegeneration in VCP-related diseases [252].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [252] Hall CE, 2017, Cell Rep source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“muscle from IBMPFD patients carrying VCP mutations [246] and transgenic mice expressing VCP mutants [244,248,249] display accumulations of SQSTM1- and LC3-positive autophagosomes and abnormal mitochondria [250,251].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“reduced levels of active/phosphorylated markers of the MTOR pathway [337] suggest autophagy induction.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [337] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Markers of oxidative stress, ER stress, and the UPR are upregulated in spinal cords and anterior horn cells from human patients with sALS [277–280].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“rapamycin facilitates motor neuron degeneration and rapid disease progression in SOD1G93A ALS mice [338]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [338] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“iPSC-derived motor neurons harboring the ALS-associated TARDBPM337V mutation demonstrate an accumulation of insoluble mutant TARDBP at native expression levels [298]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [298] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Inducing autophagy with lithium [361] rescues SOD1G93A-related pathology and cell death”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [361] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“expression of TARDBPM337V in astrocytes exerts cell autonomous toxicity [299].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [299] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“transplantation of SOD1G93A astrocytes into the spinal cords of wild-type mice induced motor neuron loss [347].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [347] Papadeas ST, 2011, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model of ALS, motor neurons of symptomatic animals show increased levels of LC3-II and autophagic vacuoles compared to controls or pre-symptomatic mice.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [337] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“loss of nuclear TARDBP leads to reduced ATG7 expression [349]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Inhibition of MTOR likewise reduces TARDBP aggregation and toxicity in multiple cell and animal models of ALS [353,358,359].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Accumulations of dysmorphic and enlarged mitochondria, many with deficiencies of critical oxidative enzymes, in anterior horn cells, intramuscular nerves, and skeletal muscle are characteristic of sALS [281–285].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine impairs TARDBP degradation [352].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [352] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“limited overexpression of NRF2 in astrocytes mitigated neurodegeneration in SOD1G93A and SOD1H46R/H48Q mice [340].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [340] Vargas MR, 2008, J Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Transgenic expression of a C-terminal TARDBP fragment commonly associated with ALS and FTD leads to decreases in several autophagy effectors, including ATG3, ATG7, LC3, SQSTM1, and BECN1 [351].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [351] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“HSPB8 overexpression also enhances autophagic clearance of TARDBP via elevations in TFEB, SQSTM1, and LC3 [355,356].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“which is itself involved in the regulation of autophagy [276].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [276] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“excess mitophagy accelerates neurotoxicity and metabolic compromise in ALS models [363].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [363] Guo X, 2016, Nat Commun source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“transplantation of wild-type astrocytes into SOD1G93A rat spinal cords was neuroprotective [348]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [348] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Together, these findings link autophagy dysfunction to TARDBP pathology in ALS”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“glial TARDBP inclusions predominantly reside in oligodendrocytes [345,346]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such mitochondrial abnormalities, together with observations of OPTN-positive inclusions and de novo OPTN mutations found in sALS [286–289], are suggestive of attenuated mitophagy.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“which in previous models has not only been closely linked to neurodegeneration [297]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [297] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“inducing autophagy with rapamycin reduces TARDBP accumulation and mislocalization in vitro [352] and in vivo [353]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“autophagy must operate within the contexts of these localized compartments since the autophagy-lysosomal system of the soma is metabolically and temporally incapable of meeting all dendritic, axonal and synaptic demands [370].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [370] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with global expression of germline mutations associated with ALS, neural and non-neural tissues manifest the detrimental effects of compromised autophagy [11], but to varying extents [365,366]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ubiquitous expression of ALS-related TBK1 mutations, heterozygous TBK1 deletion, or motor neuron-specific TBK1 deletion result in loss of function phenotypes but are insufficient to produce ALS-related neurodegeneration in mice [214,215].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“but can also accentuate axon degeneration during excitotoxic stress [375].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similar to neurons [397], autophagy is activated in astrocytes to compensate for inhibition of the UPS [398].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [398] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the heterogeneous manifestations of autophagy dysfunction between tissues may relate to differences in autophagy regulation specific to each cell type.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genetic disruption of key autophagy effectors is sufficient to cause ALS, highlighting the integral relationship between autophagy and neuronal survival.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“despite serving as a potent autophagy inducer in most cell types [383], starvation is an ineffective means of stimulating autophagy in neurons, even in the face of starvation-related downregulation of neuronal MTOR signaling [370].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [370] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“CHMP2B mutations induce oligodendroglial pathology [267]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [267] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Autophagy initiation typically begins outside of the soma, in the distal axon tip [370,372,373].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since neuronal death and dysfunction occur regardless of the point at which autophagy is impaired by disease-causing mutations”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings not only suggest that impaired autophagy sensitizes the nervous system to key pathogenic events occurring early in ALS pathogenesis”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“individual ALS mutations affect all phases of autophagy, from early (C9orf72), intermediate (SQSTM1, CHMP2B), and late (VCP) stages of the pathway.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Purkinje-specific deletion of Atg7 (encoding an essential E1-like enzyme required for activating ATG12, ATG8, and LC3-I) results in Purkinje cell-autonomous axonal dystrophy and degeneration in mice [376].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [376] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Autophagy is also necessary for maintaining the structural integrity of the axon [375]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“VCP mutations cause extensive cardiac and skeletal muscle pathology [248].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [248] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another critical factor that uniquely impacts neuronal autophagy is the requirement of neurons to maintain protein homeostasis for the entire lifespan of an organism; this arises from the extended post-mitotic state of neurons, and the lack of their renewal and replacement [371].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [371] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“enhancing flux through the pathway as a whole is indispensable for preventing neurodegeneration.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SQSTM1 mutations affect muscle, bone, and liver [125,367,368]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“but also highlight the importance of neuroinflammation in disease progression [215].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [215] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These observations imply the presence of unknown, cell type-specific pathways regulating autophagy in neurons [388].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [388] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the context of neurodegeneration, astrocytes take up aggregate-prone MAPT/tau, amyloid beta (Aβ) and SNCA (synuclein alpha), and degrade these proteins through autophagy [407–412].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“whereas MTOR-independent activation of autophagy with benzoxazines (e.g., 10-NCP and fluphenazine) takes place in neurons but not astrocytes [11].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“conditioned media from SOD1-expressing astrocytes is toxic to cultured human motor neurons in vitro [181,415]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Microglia actively clear apoptotic cells, myelin and synaptic debris, axonal fragments and protein deposits from the CNS through phagocytosis [428–430].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In neurodegenerative diseases, microglial activation may accentuate neuron loss by promoting and propagating regional and local neuroinflammation [420,421].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“loss of function mutations in TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2), which affect microglia phagocytosis and inflammation, are risk factors for ALS [425–427]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“reactive astrocytes from SOD1 transgenic mice secrete TGFB1, which stimulates MTOR signaling and impairs autophagy in co-cultured motor neurons [415]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [415] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“presumably due to increased CNS microglia or their activation, as suggested by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using radiotracers specific for activated microglia [423,424].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Selective clearance of SOD1-positive inclusions from astrocytes is sufficient to slow disease progression [414]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [414] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“ALS patients exhibit elevated macrophage markers in their CSF compared to unaffected controls [422]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [422] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“however, with time the continued and unabridged neuroinflammation only enhances neurodegeneration and accelerates disease progression [434–436].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast to neurons, MTOR inhibition and starvation robustly activate autophagy in astrocytes [402]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [402] Kulkarni A, 2019, Autophagy.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The activation of CNS microglia and astrocytes, and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interleukins (neuroinflammation), is intricately connected to ALS pathogenesis.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unlike neurons, astrocytic loss of Atg7 or Atg5 is insufficient to cause cell death or the accumulation of misfolded and ubiquitinated proteins [380,381]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In pre-symptomatic mutant SOD1 transgenic mice, activated microglia initially display neuroprotective properties that slow disease progression;”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“implying greater proteostatic reserve in astrocytes compared to neurons.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“microglial phagocytosis of Aβ deposits in Alzheimer disease models [430,431] requires the autophagy-related factors BECN1, ATG7 and LC3 [432,433].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“confirming the pivotal role played by microglia in ALS pathogenesis.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“ALS patients carrying C9orf72 mutations display microglial activation that correlates with disease progression [438].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [438] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and lower levels of SLC16A1/MCT1 (solute carrier family 16 member 1), an essential lactate transporter in the CNS whose expression is regulated by autophagy [458].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [458] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These observations suggest that oligodendrocyte autophagy may play a necessary but insufficient role in post-injury repair of the spinal cord [453],”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [453] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Separately, oligodendrocytes in ALS patients demonstrate inclusions containing TARDBP and FUS [455–457]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Autophagic activity increases during progenitor cell differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes [444].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [444] Bankston AN, 2019, Glia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“an essential lactate transporter in the CNS whose expression is regulated by autophagy [458].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [458] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“but excessive autophagy in oligodendrocytes may lead to neuronal toxicity in a non-cell autonomous manner.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [453] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ALS-associated mutations in TBK1, OPTN, SQSTM1, and VCP all affect autophagy as well as microglial function and innate immunity [192,205,206,441–443].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During development, autophagy is required for refining and culling of Schwann cell-mediated myelination,”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [459] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Loss of autophagy with oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of Atg5 impairs motor recovery after spinal cord contusion in mice [449],”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [449] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In multiple system atrophy (MSA), the pathologic hallmark consists of cytoplasmic SNCA inclusions in oligodendrocytes [12],”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a phenotype recapitulated by myeloid-specific C9orf72 knockout, indicating the significance of C9orf72 in maintaining physiological immune responses [440].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [440] McCauley ME, 2020, Nature source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“indicating the significance of C9orf72 in maintaining physiological immune responses [440].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [440] McCauley ME, 2020, Nature source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings constitute indirect evidence for impaired oligodendrocyte autophagy in ALS;”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Transplanted wild-type microglia effectively extend the survival of mutant SOD1 transgenic mice [437],”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [437] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“impaired autophagy in C9orf72-deficient myeloid cells leads to the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory STING (stimulator of interferon genes) protein [440].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [440] McCauley ME, 2020, Nature source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“confirming the importance of microglial activation in ALS pathogenesis.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and the accumulation of these inclusions is exacerbated by autophagy inhibition, either pharmacologically with chloroquine or genetically by MIR101 overexpression [12,450,454].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Autosomal dominant FIG4 mutations are associated with rare forms of familial ALS [470],”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [470] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In either case, deviation from normal proteostasis results in muscle pathology.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Abnormal Schwann cell autophagy is also observed in dysmyelinating forms of inherited polyneuropathies.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“such a protective response (mounted by the transcription factor RUNX1) limits muscle wasting after denervation by suppressing autophagy.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [472] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“but these effects are mitigated by siRNA-mediated MAP1LC3B knockdown and the subsequent reduction of autophagy flux [479].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [479] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, PPARGC1A/PGC1A (PPARG coactivator 1A) overexpression drives non-MTOR-dependent autophagy by increasing TFEB nuclear localization in dystrophin-deficient muscle fibers [19];”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Spaulding HR, 2020, Physiol Rep source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exercise triggers autophagy by activating ULK1 and dissociating BCL2 from BECN1, thereby disinhibiting the initiation complex [484,485].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“which may be part of a compensatory, neuroprotective response to the pathogenic effects of the PMP22 duplication [467–469].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Remyelination after peripheral nerve injury is hindered by injury-induced upregulation of the microRNA Mir195a, which inhibits Atg14 and, in turn, suppresses Schwann cell autophagy [14,15].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and this function is impaired by Schwann cell-specific Atg7 deletion [459,464].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, enhancing autophagy in mouse models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) pharmacologically with rapamycin or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR, an AMP analog which stimulates AMPK) improves muscle strength and contractility [480,481].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suggesting that inefficient myelinophagy may result in the loss of motor neurons and muscle atrophy.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [470] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“since autophagy inhibition with 3-methyladenine blunts recovery in mice after myotoxic injury [475].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [475] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Autophagy appears to be required for muscle regeneration, since autophagy inhibition with 3-methyladenine blunts recovery in mice after myotoxic injury [475].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [475] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In muscle biopsies collected from human volunteers after endurance exercise, measurements of autophagy markers revealed downregulated AKT and MTOR signaling, elevated ATG5, ATG12, and LC3-II [486].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [486] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, vastus lateralis biopsies taken from human runners after a 200-kilometer race showed increased transcription of autophagy factors ATG4B, ATG12, GABARAPL1, LC3B, CSTL (cathepsin L), BNIP3, and BNIP3L [487],”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [487] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and associated with higher levels of JUN/c-Jun,”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, inherited myopathies demonstrate muscle pathology that includes markers of elevated autophagy.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In CMT4J, autosomal recessive mutations in the gene encoding FIG4, a phosphatase required for recycling phosphoinositides involved in vesicle trafficking, lead to incompetent myelinophagy [13].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After nerve injury, Schwann cells oversee the capture of myelin debris in autophagosomes in a process termed “myelinophagy” [459,462,463],”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, ulk1 knockout impairs muscle regeneration in zebrafish [476],”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [476] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is conflicting evidence as to whether autophagy contributes to or mitigates muscle atrophy in ALS.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Analogously, conditional Atg5 deletion in mouse skeletal muscle leads to accumulation of ubiquitin-positive inclusions and ultrastructural disorganization [478].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [478] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“which may be an adaptive response to muscle injury related to long-distance running.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [487] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traditional measures relying upon the accumulation of pathway intermediates such as LC3-II cannot discriminate between true induction and late-stage inhibition of autophagosome maturation”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, with the exception of 10-NCP, the above strategies have been tested almost exclusively in non-neuronal model systems.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such pleiotropy leads to well-documented and multi-systemic toxicities, especially with long-term use;”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“10-NCP and related compounds are also capable of inducing neuronal autophagy through an MTOR- and AKT-independent signaling cascade [357,384].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Age-related declines in MFN2 (mitofusin 2), which is associated with macroautophagy and mitophagy [492], together with mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial fission machinery in muscle, indicate inefficient mitophagic flux in aging muscle [493].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and their wide-ranging effects target myriad cellular pathways, including growth signaling, translation, stress responses, transcriptional regulation, and cytoskeletal remodeling (left).”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inhibitors of MTOR inhibitors (rapalogs) only weakly activate autophagy in neurons,”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“these changes were reduced with chronic and forced contractile activity induced by implanted stimulators [497].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [497] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exercise also potentiates autophagy activation due to starvation and the resulting reduction in plasma insulin, which in turn downregulates AKT and FOXO3 signaling [16,18].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Autophagy induction using MTOR inhibitors is currently being tested in ALS – a phase II trial of rapamycin (sirolimus) for ALS patients began in 2018 [498].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [498] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 127
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“rapamycin and related MTOR inhibitors, as well as AKT inhibitors, are ineffective inducers of neuronal autophagy [338,384].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [338] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Rapamycin treatment enhances autophagic activity in the MNs of ALS and WT mice” (page unavailable), reports increased autophagy-related markers in rapamycin-treated ALS mice. The Discussion also states that rapamycin activates the autophagic pathway in wild-type mice. Thus, the paper contradicts the claim that rapamycin is an ineffective inducer of neuronal autophagy; it does not assess AKT inhibitors. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [384] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that rapamycin and everolimus induced autophagy very weakly, if at all, in neurons. It also says several structurally unrelated Akt inhibitors failed to induce neuronal autophagy, but 10-NCP—also an Akt inhibitor—did induce it through an apparently Akt-independent mechanism. The claim is therefore too broad about Akt inhibitors. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, mounting evidence shows that autophagy is regulated by distinct mechanisms in different cell types [11–26], and these cell type-specific mechanisms underlie the differential vulnerability of separate tissues to autophagy mutations, resulting in heterogenous manifestations of disease.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [11] source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Could not verifycites [14] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
- Partly supportedcites [19] Spaulding HR, 2020, Physiol Rep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [20] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Molecular and histopathologic analyses of patient tissues demonstrate mislocalized or accumulated autophagy machinery, pathogenic mutations underlying familial neurodegenerative diseases disable known autophagy-related factors, and genetically ablating autophagy effectors produce neurodegeneration in cell and animal model systems [74–81], supporting a role for autophagy dysfunction in the devel”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [74] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [75] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [76] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked yetcites [77] source
- Not checked yetcites [78] source
- Supportedcites [79] source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked yetcites [80] source
- Not checked yetcites [81] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Axonal autophagy is dependent on specialized enzymatic apparatuses, including the PINK1-PRKN complex for localized mitophagy [24], KIF1A/UNC-104 for autophagosome formation at the synapse [22,25], and the HTT-HAP1 complex and MAPK8IP1/JIP1 for retrograde transport of autophagosomes [23,26].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] source
- Supportedcites [22] source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [25] source
The citation to this paper is attached to the KIF1A/UNC-104 clause, not the separate claims about mitophagy or retrograde transport. In the Results section, the paper reports that synaptic-region autophagosome formation depends on UNC-104/KIF1A, which mediates ATG-9 transport to presynaptic sites in C. elegans neurons. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“but rapamycin fails to enhance recovery [449] despite effective stimulation of autophagy in these cells [449–451].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [449] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The pharmacological-modulation section reports that rapamycin increased autophagy markers at the spinal-cord injury site, and the Discussion reports no improvement in locomotor recovery. The paper also reports increased LC3BII in cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells, but the post-injury measurements were from bulk tissue; they do not establish that rapamycin stimulated autophagy specifically in oligodendrocytes in the injured mice. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked yetcites [450] source
- Supportedcites [451] Riedel M, 2010, PLoS One source
The Results section reports that rapamycin increased LC3-II in cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes, supporting the autophagy-stimulation clause cited to [449–451]. The separate claim about recovery after spinal cord contusion is attached to [449] alone, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Similar effects have been seen in humans and mice after strenuous exercise, interpreted as a response to exercise-related muscle breakdown [482,483].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [482] source
- Supportedcites [483] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that markers of protein breakdown rose after resistance exercise in younger and older adults and interprets them as indicative of increased muscle protein breakdown. This supports the human finding for which this paper is cited; the sentence also has a separate citation for the mouse finding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Macroautophagy, often referred to simply as autophagy, is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic pathway for bulk and selective degradation of proteins and organelles [31].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Overview of autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ALS-FTD-associated SQSTM1 mutations frequently affect the UBA and LIR domains involved in autophagy and include both missense and nonsense mutations [123–125].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, overexpression of SQSTM1 variants carrying disease-associated mutations in the UBA domain exhibit a PDB-like skeletal disorder [138,139] as well as impaired spatial learning and long-term memory [140].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The initiation step begins with the dissociation of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) from the PAS, cued by nutrient starvation or treatment with rapamycin or its various derivatives [36,37].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Overview of autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fusion of the autophagosome and lysosome is mediated by the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex, whose subunits include VPS11, VPS16, VPS18, VPS33A, VPS39, and VPS41 [45,46].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Overview of autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, TBK1 amplifies the signaling cascade for mitophagy by phosphorylating OPTN and SQSTM1 (which enhances binding to ubiquitin and LC3) and promoting TBK1 autophosphorylation in a positive-feedback manner [58,59].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Overview of autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unaffected individuals carry 2–30 repeated stretches of GGGGCC within the first intron of the gene, but patients with C9orf72-associated ALS-FTD harbor several hundred to thousands of repeats [141,142].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Before membrane insertion, the unbound and immature LC3 precursor protein (LC3-I) undergoes proteolytic processing by ATG4, and conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine through ATG7 and ATG3. The resulting mature, lipidated isoform (LC3-II) is incorporated into the phagophore membrane [41].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Overview of autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Knockdown of the SQSTM1 ortholog in zebrafish leads to an ALS-like phenotype consisting of locomotor and motor neuron axonal abnormalities. Overexpression of wild-type human SQSTM1 or application of the autophagy activator rapamycin rescues these phenotypes [137].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SQSTM1 mutations are not only a rare cause of ALS-FTD, accounting for ~1-3.5% of cases with or without family history [123–125], but also Paget’s disease of bone (PDB), a chronic and progressive skeletal disorder characterized by disorganized bone turnover [126,127], and inclusion body myositis (IBM) [128].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SQSTM1 mutations affecting the UBA domain impair ubiquitin recognition [130], whereas mutations within the LIR domain impact LC3 recognition and substrate delivery to the autophagosomes [84,131].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Global regulation of the myriad effectors and phases of autophagy is overseen by TFEB (transcription factor EB), a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper that directs expression of autophagy and lysosomal genes comprising the coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation (CLEAR) network by binding to a conserved promoter motif [47,48].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Overview of autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, SQSTM1-positive inclusions are found in the majority of patients with ALS and FTD, and often overlap with inclusions that stain for ubiquitin and TARDBP/TDP-43 (TAR DNA binding protein), an essential RNA-binding protein integrally connected with ALS-FTD [82,116–118] (Figure 1).”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“sqstm1-knockout mice display reduced numbers of osteoclasts as well as cognitive impairment and anxiety, associated with hyperphosphorylated MAPT/tau and neurofibrillary tangles [134–136].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > SQSTM1/p62 in disease
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Next, nucleation of the nascent phagophore is orchestrated by a class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) complex containing BECN1, PIK3C3/VPS34, PIK3R4/p150, NRBF2 and either ATG14 or UVRAG [38,39].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Overview of autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Interestingly, degradation of neuronal mitochondria can occur in a non-cell autonomous fashion, as demonstrated by the astrocytic engulfment and degradation of mitochondria excreted from retinal ganglion cells [60].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Overview of autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Expansion then occurs through maturation of the extending phagophore membrane guided by the ATG12–ATG5-ATG16L1 complex, catalyzing insertion of MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3) into the phagophore membrane [40,41].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Overview of autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, deletion of the mouse C9orf72 ortholog leads to splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, dysregulation of macrophages and microglia, and excess production of inflammatory cytokines [184–187].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, conditioned medium from astrocytes differentiated from patient-derived iPSC lines (two of which harbor C9orf72 expansion mutations) applied to HEK293T cells reduces LC3-II while increasing SQSTM1 levels [181], suggesting non-cell autonomous inhibition of autophagy by astrocytes in ALS.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Madill M, 2017, Mol Brain source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“TBK1/NAK/T2K (TANK binding kinase 1) is a cytoplasmically-localized homodimeric multidomain protein with an ubiquitin-like domain, a N-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain, and two coiled-coil domains [192].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [192] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Paradoxically, however, c9orf72 knockout in mouse (which models the loss of function attributed to the hexanucleotide repeat expansion) enhances autophagy by de-repressing MTOR and, in turn, increasing TFEB nuclear translocation [179,180].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: c9orf72 knockout in mouse models the loss of function attributed to the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While c9orf72 knockout animals exhibit a shortened lifespan [184,185,187], no specific neuronal defects have been identified in these mice.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The C9orf72 protein belongs to the DENN (differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells) family [143,144] and binds the GTPases RAB7 and RAB11, which are involved in endosome maturation and recycling [145].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“TBK1 is expressed in all tissues, but at much higher levels in neurons of the hippocampus, cortex and lateral ventricle. Moderate levels of the protein have been detected in the glial cells of the cortex and cerebellum [193].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [193] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Deletion of the zebrafish and C. elegans homologs of C9orf72 results in impaired locomotion and motor axon degeneration [182,183], implying that the C9orf72 protein is essential for motor neuron function and survival in these systems.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Together, these findings suggest that C9orf72 assists in the formation of nascent autophagosomes, consistent with the finding of impaired autophagy in murine cortical neurons [148] and human iPSC-derived neurons [154] upon C9orf72 knockdown.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, C9orf72 expansion mutations are associated not only with ALS/FTLD, but also with symptoms reminiscent of Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, and corticobasal syndrome, reinforcing the imperfect connection between clinical and molecular phenotypes and emphasizing the need for molecular diagnostics [155–164].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] Anor CJ, 2015, Neurobiol Aging
- Not checked yetcites [156] source
- Not checked yetcites [157] Cacace R, 2013, Neurobiol Aging source
- Not checked yetcites [158] Harms M, 2013, JAMA Neurol source
- Not checked yetcites [159] Kostić VS, 2014, J Neurol source
- Not checked yetcites [160] Lesage S, 2013, Brain source
- Not checked yetcites [161] source
- Not checked yetcites [162] source
- Not checked yetcites [163] O’Dowd S, 2012, Mov Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [164] Hensman Moss DJ, 2014, Neurology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“C9orf72 also forms a complex with SMCR8, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, and WDR41, a WD40 protein essential for targeting the C9orf72-SMCR8-WDR41 complex to lysosomes [146–150]. Here, this complex interacts with RB1CC1-ULK1-ATG13-ATG101, which together are involved in autophagosome formation [149].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“C9orf72 mutations are associated with reduced basal autophagy and enhanced sensitivity to autophagy inhibitors in human iPSC-derived neurons [153,178].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, DPR inclusions rarely co-label with TARDBP pathological inclusions and are mainly found in areas of the CNS that are not pathologically affected [171,174–177], arguing against a direct role for DPRs in neurodegeneration.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, neurons derived from iPSCs carrying the C9orf72 repeat expansion recapitulate key features of cellular pathology associated with ALS, including hyperexcitability [154,188,189] and decreased viability upon exposure to excitotoxic agents such as glutamate [154,190,191].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > C9orf72 in disease
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“VCP/p97/Cdc48 (valosin containing protein) is involved in a wide range of essential cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair, cell cycle regulation, and protein clearance [238,239].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In vitro, silencing of TBK1 or ALS-related TBK1 variants reduces the recruitment of OPTN and LC3B to damaged mitochondria [212,213], thereby impairing mitophagy and resulting in the accumulation of defective mitochondria (Figure 1).”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1 in disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“TBK1 also phosphorylates SMCR8, which forms a complex with C9orf72 and WDR41, thereby enhancing autophagy initiation [148].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In neurons, TBK1 knockdown enhances the accumulation of SQSTM1, which can be rescued by phosphomimetic SMCR8 mutations [148], suggesting that SMCR8 phosphorylation is crucial for TBK1’s effects on autophagy.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“this effect is exacerbated by genetic loss of ATG5, enhancing stress granule accumulation and, ultimately, leading to cell death [235].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unexpectedly, however, TBK1 loss of function also prolongs the disease course by reducing neuroinflammation, suggesting that the dual functions of TBK1 in autophagy and inflammation independently and inversely impact ALS pathogenesis.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1 in disease
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conversely, rapamycin-mediated activation of autophagy ameliorates these features, suggesting that FUS-positive inclusions are autophagy substrates [235].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neuropathological analysis of CNS tissue from ALS patients with TBK1 mutations shows SQSTM1- and TARDBP-positive inclusions in motor neurons and glia [206,210,211], along with reduced TBK1 mRNA and protein, suggesting haploinsufficiency mechanisms [205,206].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1 in disease
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The majority of disease-associated FUS mutations affect the C-terminal nuclear localization signal, resulting in cytosolic mislocalization and aggregation of mutant FUS [232–234].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Tbk1 haploinsufficiency impairs motor neuron autophagy and accelerates clinical phenotypes as well as the accumulation of mutant SOD1 in transgenic ALS mouse models [214,215].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > TBK1 in disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“UBQLN2 modulates MTORC1 activity, lysosomal acidification, and, in turn, autophagosome maturation [229–231].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“while also triggering intracellular inclusions [226,227] and motor defects in vitro and in vivo [226].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“UBQLN2 (ubiquilin 2) is an adaptor protein that binds polyubiquitinated substrates via a C-terminal ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain, and directs them to the UPS for degradation through an N-terminal ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain [218].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [218] Walters KJ, 2004, Biochim Biophys Acta source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In rats, overexpression of ALS mutant UBQLN2 leads to motor neuron loss and accumulation of autophagy substrates such as SQSTM1 and LC3-II [228].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [228] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“OPTN has emerged as a key player in the regulation of various cellular mechanisms, including vesicular trafficking, maintenance of the Golgi, NFKB/NF-κB signaling and immune response [253].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Transgenic mice expressing mutant CHMP2B develop progressive neurological defects, axonal pathology, early mortality and neuronal loss reminiscent of FTD [270,271].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [270] Clayton EL, 2017, Hum Mol Genet
- Not checked yetcites [271] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“overexpression of CHMP2B mutants leads to the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles and increased LC3-II protein levels [266]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [266] Cox LE, 2010, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These mice also develop lysosomal storage pathology characterized by large neuronal aggregates derived from the endosomal system [272], and early microglial proliferation leading to a pro-inflammatory phenotype at later stages [270].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [272] source
- Not checked yetcites [270] Clayton EL, 2017, Hum Mol Genet
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In IBMPFD murine muscle lysates, VCP mutations disrupt autophagosome maturation and fusion with lysosomes, but not the formation of early autophagosome precursors [246,249].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Motor neurons from CHMP2B mutant ALS patients show increased calcium concentrations, reduced ATP availability, downregulation of the MAPK/p38 signaling pathway and impaired autophagy initiation [266].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [266] Cox LE, 2010, PLoS One source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Genetic analyses have uncovered >20 OPTN mutations in ALS patient cohorts, accounting for ~3% of familial disease and ~1% of sporadic disease [258].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [258] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“ESCRT-III is one of the four multiprotein complexes required for multivesicular body formation, and is responsible for the membrane deformation that enables autophagosome initiation and endolysosomal trafficking [263].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [263] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Motor neurons and astrocytes derived from iPSCs carrying pathogenic VCP mutations demonstrate cytoplasmic TARDBP accumulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, ultimately leading to cell death [252].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [252] Hall CE, 2017, Cell Rep source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SQSTM1-positive inclusions are also ubiquitin-positive, consistent with a disruption in the UPS [118].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although TARDBP is typically absent from neuronal inclusions found in CHMP2B-associated disease, SQSTM1-positive oligodendroglial inclusions are found in the motor cortex of ALS patients with CHMP2B mutations [267].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [267] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Upon mitochondrial damage, OPTN translocates to the surface of mitochondria, an interaction that is stabilized via TBK1-mediated phosphorylation, facilitating the engulfment of mitochondria into phagophores [256].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [256] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“OPTN is an autophagy receptor that binds ubiquitinated cargo (via its UBAN domain) and LC3 (via its LIR domain) [194,254,255], although it can also act independently of target ubiquitination [254].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the majority of pathogenic OPTN mutations are located in its UBAN domain and may impair ubiquitin binding [259]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [259] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CHMP2B downregulation or expression of disease-associated CHMP2B mutants in Drosophila and mammalian cell lines results in aberrant endosomal structures, impaired autophagosome maturation, and cytosolic TARDBP aggregates [264,265,268,269].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“but are also responsible for ~1-2% of familial ALS cases [241–243].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these observations suggest a conserved pattern of autophagy dysfunction in association with VCP mutations, implying a crucial role for VCP in autophagy and the maintenance of protein homeostasis.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Key autophagy factors and disease-causing mutations in ALS > Other ALS-related mutations and their relation to autophagy
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mutations in TARDBP, which encodes the transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43), are the third most common cause of familial autosomal dominant ALS and account for rare cases of sporadic ALS [290–293].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that correcting autophagy dysregulation or promoting the autophagic degradation of TARDBP may be of therapeutic benefit in ALS.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“antagonizing the unfolded protein response (UPR) through deletion of XBP1 [335] triggers autophagy and the clearance of SOD1 inclusions, in the process delaying disease onset and improving survival.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [335] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“overexpression of TFEB enhances LC3 expression and prevents cytotoxicity in SOD1G93A-expressing NSC-34 cells [362].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [362] Chen Y, 2015, Am J Transl Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“inducing autophagy using novel compounds belonging to the benzoxazine class of molecules, including 10-NCP, enhance TARDBPM337V degradation and extend survival in rodent and human neurons [357].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [357] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the phosphodiesterase inhibitor ibudilast induces autophagy by promoting TFEB activity, which enhances clearance of TARDBP aggregates and reduces cytotoxicity [360].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [360] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mutations in the SOD1 gene, which encode the free radical/reactive oxygen species scavenger superoxide dismutase 1 [294,295], represent the second most common cause of familial ALS in Europeans and the most common cause in those of Asian descent [296].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [296] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons expressing TARDBPN390D show increased levels of the autophagy suppressor, BCL2, and reduced autophagic activity [300].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [300] Huang SL, 2020, Acta Neuropathol Commun source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“suggesting that these chaperones are key suppressors of autophagy and may accentuate TARDBP-related toxicity in ALS [354].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [354] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“TARDBP downregulation promotes TFEB nuclear localization and TFEB target gene expression, but it also reduces DCTN1 (dynactin subunit 1) expression, thereby blocking autolysosome formation and impairing autophagic flux [350].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [350] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“conditional deletion of Atg7 in mouse motor neurons accentuates early ALS pathology but mitigates glial inflammation and early death [336].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [336] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“autophagy helps eliminate synapses during development [377,378]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Newly-formed autophagosomes in neuronal processes undergo retrograde transport to the soma and proximal segments of neurites to fuse with somatodendritic lysosomes for cargo degradation, with maturation and acidification of the autophagosomal lumen developing en passant [370,372,374].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Baseline autophagy in neurons constitutively operates at a highly processive level, such that maturing autophagosomes are rapidly incorporated into autolysosomes, which represent the majority of the autophagic vesicle population after autophagy induction or flux inhibition [379].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [379] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Basal autophagy in neurons is essential for maintaining long-term neuronal health, since disruption of baseline autophagic activity in vivo causes neurodegeneration and the accumulation of inclusions containing polyubiquitinated proteins [380,381].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“OPTN mutations produce microglial activation and glaucoma [288]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [288] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interplay between autophagy and TARDBP or SOD1 mutations is complex and influences ALS pathogenesis within and between different cell types of the nervous system.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Alternative methods have proven more successful in neurons, however, including selective MTORC1 inhibition via everolimus [385–387], or modulation of MTOR- and AKT-independent pathways with 10-NCP, an N10-substituted derivative of the heterocyclic dye compound and antipsychotic analog phenoxazine [384].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With increasing age, basal autophagy and the capacity for efficient autophagosome maturation progressively deteriorate in neurons, leading to accumulation of malformed and immature autophagic vesicles, implying reduced proteostatic reserve over time [382].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Neurons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [382] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“C9orf72 deficiency leads to lymphocytic inflammation, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly [149]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [149] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in the setting of the SOD1G93A mutation, loss of TBK1 or pathogenic TBK1 mutations accentuate several pathologic features of ALS (disease onset, muscle denervation) while ameliorating others (inflammation, early death) [214].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Autophagy in the context of ALS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [214] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mitochondrial compromise and ATP synthase inhibition with oligomycin A stimulate autophagy to a greater extent in astrocytes than in neurons, although both cell types activate autophagy to similar extents in the face of ischemia [400].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [400] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Activation of microglia through genetic, infectious, inflammatory, or physical stimuli, leads to stereotypical changes in their morphology, accompanied by proliferation, migration, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines [417–419].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Microglia are macrophage-like cells that comprise 10–15% of the CNS, and mediate diverse functions ranging from innate immunity and phagocytosis to synaptic pruning and the regulation of synaptic activity [416,417].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Autophagy and phagocytosis share key morphological and mechanistic features [428].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [428] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These differences in autophagy may be due to enhanced phosphorylation of astrocytic SPHK1/SK1 (sphingosine kinase 1) with starvation, whereas benzoxazines activate neuronal (but not astrocytic) SPHK1 to induce autophagy [11].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In reactive gliosis, a process unique to astrocytes, intact mitochondrial health is essential and is maintained through autophagy, such that astrocyte-specific deletion of Atg7 perturbs the balance of mitochondrial dynamics to favor fission over fusion and thereby reduces oxidative capacity [401].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [401] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, both pathways rely on vesicular structures to deliver contents to lysosomes for degradation.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [428] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“not only is autophagy responsible for degrading HTT in astrocytes, but it also promotes glutamate transporter expression in these cells [413]”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [413] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“implying that astrocytes are both necessary and sufficient for neurodegeneration in this ALS model.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“these compounds are sufficient to reduce TARDBPM337V-associated toxicity in iPSC-derived astrocytes [357], presumably through autophagy upregulation.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [357] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In transgenic mice overexpressing mutant SOD1 associated with ALS, astrocytes display more SOD1-positive inclusions than do neurons, and at an earlier stage [414].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [414] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conditional oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of Atg5 in mice leads to incomplete differentiation, reduced myelination, abnormal myelin compaction, oligodendrocytic death, and shortened life span [444].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [444] Bankston AN, 2019, Glia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“C9orf72-deficient mice display lysosomal accumulation and a hyperactive immune response characterized by enhanced production of IL1B and IL6 [184,185,187,439],”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During oligodendroglial precursor (OPC) differentiation, autophagy becomes most active in distal OPC processes, and autophagosomes are trafficked proximally to the soma in a manner similar to neurons [444].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [444] Bankston AN, 2019, Glia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistent with these findings, autophagy activation enhances oligodendrocyte survival and promotes myelination in a rat model of demyelinating disease [448].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [448] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, these findings reinforce the convergence between inflammation and autophagy in microglia, and their importance for ALS pathogenesis.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and conditional Atg7 deletion in mouse Schwann cells leads to cytoplasmic swelling, ribosomal accumulation, dysmorphic ER, and dysmyelination [459].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [459] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Paradoxically, suppression of autophagy with NTF3 (neurotrophin 3) disinhibits oligodendrocyte proliferation and promotes motor recovery in a separate model of spinal cord contusion [452].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [452] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, oligodendrocyte autophagy, OPC differentiation, and myelination during development are all regulated by MTOR [445–447].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additional non-cell autonomous effects are observed with Schwann cell-specific PTEN deletion or EGFR overexpression, which attenuate peripheral nerve autophagy and lead to disorganization of the nascent neuromuscular junction [461].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [461] Zhang SJ, 2019, Biochem Biophys Res Commun source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, centronuclear myopathy is caused by mutations in the genes encoding MTM1 (myotubularin1) or MTMR14/Jumpy (myotubularin related protein 14) [17,20].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The positive effect of exercise on autophagy was first noted in 1984, with the observation of autophagosome accumulation after exercise in rat skeletal muscle [482].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [482] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“neurogenic atrophy can be partially mitigated by adrenergic stimulation, which activates autophagy through Atg7 and counteracts denervation-induced inhibition of autophagic flux [474].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [474] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Starvation-related atrophy is also associated with upregulated autophagy, which in turn is controlled by the transcription factor FOXO3 and is independent of MTOR activity [473].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [473] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, stimulating Schwann cell autophagy with rapamycin promotes myelination and improves peripheral nerve regeneration [465,466].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discrepancies suggested by these paradoxical findings may indicate that autophagy is required for muscle maintenance and homeostasis, but there is a limit or threshold beyond which autophagy stimulation may exacerbate fiber atrophy.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, conditional deletion of Pik3c3 in murine Schwann cells not only results in hypomyelination, but also in non-cell autonomous disruption of neuronal autophagic flux and dysregulated neuronal trafficking of ERBB2 or ERBB3 receptor tyrosine kinases [460].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Glia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [460] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In ALS, skeletal muscle-specific expression of SOD1G93A is associated with atrophy and elevated autophagy [479],”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [479] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These discrepant results may be due to effects of the genetic background unique to each disease, resulting in excessive autophagy stimulation in centronuclear myopathy, but insufficient autophagy in DMD.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These loss-of-function mutations prevent these enzymes from metabolizing phosphoinositides required for autophagy, thereby disinhibiting autophagy flux and muscle atrophy [17,20].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conversely, genetic ablation of RUNX1 disinhibits autophagy and worsens atrophy [472].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [472] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and conditional Atg7 deletion in mouse skeletal muscle leads to atrophy, weakness, and accumulation of unhealthy mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum [477].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [477] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“skeletal muscle denervation causes neurogenic atrophy and may activate autophagy;”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [472] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Aged rats also show elevated basal mitophagy, higher levels of mitophagy proteins, higher TFEB expression and lysosomal markers than young mice;”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [497] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the other hand, sarcopenia involves autophagy of muscle structural components, and attenuation of autophagy with PPARGC1A overexpression mitigates sarcopenia [495].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [495] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These negative trials, together with lithium’s narrow therapeutic index, severely limit the therapeutic utility of lithium for ALS (Figure 3).”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but the use of rapamycin in ALS is complicated not only by its potential for insufficient induction of neuronal autophagy per se, but also its capacity for modulating multiple MTOR-dependent downstream pathways (Figure 3).”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mouse muscle also shows age-related decline in autophagy machinery (LC3, BECN1, and LAMP2), and these deficiencies are partially mitigated by 8 weeks of treadmill exercise [491].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [491] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite early enthusiasm over lithium in patients and mouse models [505,506], five subsequent trials showed no clinical benefit in survival or neuromuscular outcomes for ALS patients [507–511].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, treatment with autophagy modulating drugs runs the risk of incurring intolerable side effects and toxicities, especially when given on a long-term basis that may be required to prevent or delay late-onset neurodegenerative diseases.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the one hand, skeletal muscle autophagy declines with aging in Drosophila and can be rescued by FOXO overexpression or constitutive activation of EIF4EBP1 [490].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [490] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Neither event is affected by rapamycin, suggesting that MTOR is dispensable for this pathway [512].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [512] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, the effectiveness of these compounds must be tested rigorously in model systems that do not depend upon the overexpression of disease-associated proteins, since this approach may inappropriately emphasize strategies that reduce the non-physiological accumulation of exogenous proteins.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the drawbacks of chronic rapamcyin therapy – including cytopenias, nephrotoxicity, metabolic syndrome, dermatitis, and pneumonitis [502,503] – are well known.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“amino acid starvation induces autophagy, whereas amino acid provision results in RPS6KB/p70S6K phosphorylation and autophagy suppression [512].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [512] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rapamycin has been extensively utilized for transplant rejection prophylaxis and graft-versus-host disease, as well as seizure control and reduction of tumors in tuberous sclerosis complex patients [499–501].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, lithium has numerous multi-target effects, including depletion of IP3 through IMPase, activating nitric oxide synthase, inhibiting GSK3B, stimulating NMDA receptors and enhancing glutamatergic tone, among many others (middle).”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This results in a narrow therapeutic index for lithium, potentially explaining its apparent lack of neuroprotective effects in human trials for neurodegenerative disease to date.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Autophagy induction is not only seen with endurance exercise, but also acute bouts of exercise, and this short-term increase in autophagy appears to require PPARGC1A [488].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [488] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These changes are accompanied by reduced adaptive reserve in response to denervation, with impaired autophagy induction and lower levels of mitophagy compared to young rats [496].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [496] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In aged rats, muscle tissues display elevated basal levels of proteolysis, higher expression of autophagy proteins and the accumulation of unfolded protein response elements.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [496] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The array of MTOR-independent methods for stimulating autophagy also includes direct stimulation of AKT and BECN1, activating MAPK8/JNK1 to dissociate BCL2 from (and thereby disinhibit) BECN1, applying the synthetic peptide Tat-Beclin 1, SIRT1-associated starvation, and disrupting nonsense-mediated RNA decay [513–517] (Figure 3).”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, cell and animal models may not faithfully reproduce autophagy regulation in healthy subjects or humans with disease.”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Concluding remarks: remaining questions & therapeutic implications
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Aging is associated with a decline in muscle mass (termed sarcopenia) and mitochondrial function, both of which are associated with dysregulated autophagy [489].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [489] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Supporting this, skeletal muscle from aged rats exhibits lower LC3 expression, suggesting reduced levels of basal autophagy and an overall decreased capacity for autophagy [494].”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [494] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from animal and cell models of ALS (e.g., mouse, zebrafish, iPSC) are relevant to human ALS pathogenesis.
“These results are consistent with those in animal models, suggesting that the endogenously encoded C9orf72 repeat expansion mutation leads to toxicity by both gain and loss of function mechanisms.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
c9orf72 knockout in mouse models the loss of function attributed to the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion.
“Paradoxically, however, c9orf72 knockout in mouse (which models the loss of function attributed to the hexanucleotide repeat expansion) enhances autophagy by de-repressing MTOR and, in turn, increasing TFEB nuclear translocation [179,180].”
The paper relies on this without support.
Autophagy-based therapies can be effective for ALS and related neurodegenerative diseases.
“This review thereby provides a framework not only to guide further investigations of neuronal autophagy but also to refine therapeutic strategies for ALS and related neurodegenerative diseases.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This self-consumptive pathway maintains cellular and organismal integrity in to the context of various developmental events or stressors by breaking down cellular components and organelles for reuse or redistribution.”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [85]
In the citing paper
“Chua et al. (85) have shown that autophagy and proteostasis are not only observed in experimental models of fALS, where specific genetic mutations can impair autophagic effectors or generate proteotoxic stress, but may also play a key role in the pathogenesis of sALS.”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [85]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy
“In muscle, specific transcription factors can exert activating (FOXO3) or suppressive (PPARGC1A, RUNX1) effects on autophagy”
§ Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications > Cell type-specific regulation of autophagy > Skeletal muscle
“PPARGC1A/PGC1A (PPARG coactivator 1A) overexpression drives non-MTOR-dependent autophagy by increasing TFEB nuclear localization in dystrophin-deficient muscle fibers [19]”
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Wenz, T., Rossi, S. G., Rotundo, R. L., Spiegelman, B. M., & Moraes, C. T. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0911570106 · Cited by 600
RetractedAtkin, J. D., Farg, M. A., Walker, A. K., McLean, C., Tomas, D., & Horne, M. K. (2008) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2008.02.009 · Cited by 350
RetractedRepertoires of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Ocular Diseases
Li, Y., Jiang, Q. L., Cao, G.-F., Yao, J., & Yan, B. (2015) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000373980 · Cited by 16,351
Tissue-based map of the human proteome
Uhlén, M., Fagerberg, L., Hallström, B. M., Lindskog, C., Oksvold, P., Mardinoglu, A., Sivertsson, Å., Kampf, C., Sjöstedt, E., Asplund, A., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1260419 · Cited by 15,286
Polazzi, E., Mengoni, I., Caprini, M., Peña‐Altamira, E., Kurtys, E., & Monti, B. (2012) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000337115 · Cited by 9,023
mTOR Signaling in Growth Control and Disease
Laplante, M., & Sabatini, D. M. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.017 · Cited by 8,509 · cited 1×
“These observations imply the presence of unknown, cell typespecific pathways regulating autophagy in neurons [388].”
BackgroundAutophagy in the Pathogenesis of Disease
Levine, B., & Kroemer, G. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.018 · Cited by 7,069 · cited 1×
“For instance, neurodegeneration may itself stimulate autophagy, and it is unclear whether this response is beneficial or maladaptive [78].”
BackgroundRosen, D. R., Siddique, T., Patterson, D., Figlewicz, D. A., Sapp, P., Hentati, A., Donaldson, D., Goto, J., O'Regan, J. P., Deng, H.-X., et al. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362059a0 · Cited by 7,062 · cited 1×
“superoxide dismutase 1 [294,295], represent the second most common cause of familial ALS in Europeans and the most”
BackgroundAutophagy: Renovation of Cells and Tissues
Mizushima, N., & Komatsu, M. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.026 · Cited by 6,615 · cited 1×
“vesicular constituents are exposed to hydrolytic proteases for degradation [43,44].”
BackgroundUbiquitinated TDP-43 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Neumann, M., Sampathu, D. M., Kwong, L. K., Truax, A. C., Micsenyi, M. C., Chou, T. T., Bruce, J., Schuck, T., Grossman, M., Clark, C. M., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1134108 · Cited by 6,576 · cited 1×
“[274,275], which is itself involved in the regulation of autophagy [276].”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Laferriere F, 2015, Swiss Med Wkly, 145, w14054
- Le Ber I, 2013, JAMA Neurol, 70, 1403
- Anor CJ, 2015, Neurobiol Aging, 36
- Komine O, 2015, Nagoya J Med Sci, 77, 537
- Arenas A, 2020, J Neurochem
- Clayton EL, 2017, Hum Mol Genet, 26, 873
- Chen Y, 2015, Am J Transl Res, 7, 1574
- Miller RH, 1994, Perspect Dev Neurobiol, 2, 225
- Kulkarni A, 2019, Autophagy.
- Nguyen LS, 2019, Drug Saf, 42, 813
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Autophagy, aging, and age-related neurodegeneration
Palmer, J. E., Wilson, N., Son, S. M., Obrocki, P., Wróbel, L., Rob, M., Takla, M., Korolchuk, V. I., & Rubinsztein, D. C. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.09.015 · Cited by 277
The role of lysosomes in metabolic and autoimmune diseases
Gros, F., & Muller, S. (2023) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-023-00692-2 · Cited by 205
DJ-1 is an essential downstream mediator in PINK1/parkin-dependent mitophagy
Imberechts, D., Kinnart, I., Wauters, F., Terbeek, J., Manders, L., Wierda, K. D. B., Eggermont, K., Madeiro, R. F., Sue, C. M., Verfaillie, C. M., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac313 · Cited by 168
“Mutations in the genes for optineurin and its interactor TBK1 cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia.(54) Interestingly, although most patients with PARK7 mutations have typical early-onset PD, some develop ALS and dementia in addition to parkinsonism.”
BackgroundMeng, K., Jia, H., Hou, X., Zhu, Z., Lu, Y., Feng, Y., Feng, J., Xia, Y., Tan, R., Cui, F., et al. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13020327 · Cited by 82
“Mitochondrial biogenesis refers to a series of molecular processes of mitochondrial replication, including transcription of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA, protein synthesis, and assembly of respiratory chains, which play an important role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis [9].”
µMap proximity labeling in living cells reveals stress granule disassembly mechanisms
Pan, C., Knutson, S. D., Huth, S. W., & MacMillan, D. W. C. (2024) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-024-01721-2 · Cited by 80
“Autophagy pathways are responsible for recycling larger cellular components and protein aggregates, and their functional integrity is frequently undermined in diseased cells, plausibly leading to the accumulation of these inclusions 14,66 .”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Chua, J. P., De Calbiac, H., Kabashi, E., & Barmada, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Recherche translationnelle sur les maladies neurologiques, Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Barmada, Sami J.
- Venue
- Autophagy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-05-31
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 254-282
- ISSN
- 1554-8627 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-8635
- PMC
- PMC8942428
- OpenAlex
- W3164735937
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 527
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Autophagy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2R25NS089450-06)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, CHMP2B, dipeptide repeat proteins, PINK1, mTOR, TBK1, TFEB, LC3, VCP, ubiquitin-proteasome system, unfolded protein response, frontotemporal dementia, autophagy-related proteins, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Proteostasis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Autophagy, Humans, Unfolded Protein Response, Frontotemporal Dementia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
