Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review

In the paper

“Thus, all calories are not equal for long-term adiposity: certain foods impair pathways of weight homeostasis, others have relatively neutral effects, and others promote the integrity of weight regulation.”

In the paper

“Evidence-informed dietary priorities include increased fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, vegetable oils, yogurt, and minimally processed whole grains; and fewer red meats, processed (e.g., sodium-preserved) meats, and foods rich in refined grains, starch, added sugars, salt, and trans fat.”

In the paper

“Influences are complex, including individual-level, sociocultural, community, agricultural, industry, governmental, and global contributors.10”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Afshin A Micha R Khatibzadeh S Schmidt LA Mozaffarian D Brown GW Yamey G Wamala S Dietary Policies to Reduce Non-Communicable Diseases. The Handbook of Global Health Policy 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. West Sussex, UK First Edition. source

In the paper

“Of course, total calories matter in the short-term, which is why people can initially lose weight on nearly any type of diet21 – and explaining why so many “fad” diets initially seem to work.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [21] Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015 Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/. March 25, 2015

In the paper

“Yet, when sustained over many years, this minor annual weight gain drives population obesity, e.g. leading to 10 lbs weight gain over 10 years, 20 lbs over 20 years, and so on.”

In the paper

“In recent years, global dietary patterns have shifted in nearly every nation in the world.4”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Imamura F Micha R Khatibzadeh S Fahimi S Shi P Powles J Mozaffarian D Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic assessment. Lancet Glob Health 2015 3 e132 142 25701991 PMC4342410 source

In the paper

“A main benefit of both low-carb and paleo diets is reduced refined grains, starches, and added sugars, which represent the majority of total carbs and ultra-processed foods in modern diets (see Carbohydrate-rich foods, below).”

In the paper

“Based on this evidence, the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee concluded that low-fat diets have no effect on CVD and emphasized the importance of healthful, food-based diet patterns.21”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [21] Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015 Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/. March 25, 2015

In the paper

“Paleo diets also emphasize fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, and fish, each of which have health benefits.”

In the paper

“Thus, a vegetarian diet is not a guarantee of health; while a non-vegetarian diet can be rich in healthful foods.”

In the paper

“Both Mediterranean and DASH diet patterns improve a range of risk factors, reduce long-term weight gain, and are consistently associated with lower risk of clinical events.19, 21, 27-29”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Mozaffarian D Appel LJ Van Horn L Components of a cardioprotective diet: new insights. Circulation 2011 123 2870 2891 21690503 PMC6261290 source
• ?Not matched

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  cites [21] Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015 Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/. March 25, 2015
• Not checked yetcites [27] Djousse L Akinkuolie AO Wu JH Ding EL Gaziano JM Fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acids and risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2012 31 846 853 PMC3509256 22682084 source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Mozaffarian D Hao T Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med 2011 364 2392 2404 21696306 PMC3151731 source
• Not checked yetcites [29] Smith JD Hou T Ludwig DS Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Mozaffarian D Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change: results from 3 prospective cohorts Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 1216 1224 25854882 PMC4441808 source

In the paper

“However, vegetarianism per se is neither necessary nor sufficient for a good diet: indeed, french fries and soda are vegetarian, as are other harmful factors such as refined grains, starches, added sugars, sweets, trans fats, and sodium.”

In the paper

“A cardioprotective diet pattern must be characterized by the healthful foods that are included, not simply specific items to be avoided (Table 2).”

In the paper

“Such diets are higher in fiber, vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, phenolics, and unsaturated fats, and lower in glycemic index, glycemic load, salt, and trans fat.”

In the paper

“RDAs were quickly recognized as methodologically and conceptually inappropriate for chronic diseases, leading to creation of new nutrient-based metrics (e.g., Adequate Intakes, AIs; Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges, AMDRs) which were limited by imprecise definitions and inconsistent usage.16”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] Harper AE Evolution of recommended dietary allowances--new directions? Annu Rev Nutr 1987 7 509 537 3300745 source

In the paper

“However, focus on “low-carb” could paradoxically reduces intakes of other, healthful carb-containing fruits, legumes, and minimally processed whole grains; while “paleo” guidelines often recommend liberal intakes of red meats, lard, and salt and avoidance of legumes and dairy.”

In the paper

“In many countries, the current obesity epidemic is a striking change from decades of prior relative stability; in the US, for instance, obesity began steeply rising only ~3 decades ago.41”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] Mozaffarian D Benjamin EJ Go AS Arnett DK Blaha MJ Cushman M de Ferranti S Despres JP Fullerton HJ Howard VJ Huffman MD Judd SE Kissela BM Lackland DT Lichtman JH Lisabeth LD Liu S Mackey RH Matchar DB McGuire DK Mohler ER 3rd Moy CS Muntner P Mussolino ME Nasir K Neumar RW Nichol G Palaniappan L Pandey DK Reeves MJ Rodriguez CJ Sorlie PD Stein J Towfighi A Turan TN Virani SS Willey JZ Woo D Yeh RW Turner MB Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015 131 e29 322 25520374 source

In the paper

“Pathways of benefit appear diverse, including effects on BP, glucose-insulin homeostasis, blood lipids and lipoproteins, inflammation, endothelial function, arrhythmic risk, and possibly coagulation/thrombosis, paraoxonase 1 activity, and the gut microbiome.20, 21, 30”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites [20] Mozaffarian D Mann DL Zipes DP Libby P Bonow RO Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Diseases. Braunwald's Heart Disease; A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 2014 Elsevier/Saunders Philadelphia 10th Edition. Chapter 46
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [21] Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015 Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/. March 25, 2015
• Not checked yetcites [30] Lou-Bonafonte JM Gabas-Rivera C Navarro MA Osada J PON1 and Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients 2015 7 4068 4092 26024295 PMC4488773 source

In the paper

“These include more minimally processed foods such as fruits, nuts/seeds, vegetables (excluding russet or white potatoes), legumes, whole grains, seafood, yogurt, and vegetable oils; and fewer red meats, processed (sodium-preserved) meats, refined grains, starches, and added sugars.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Mozaffarian D Appel LJ Van Horn L Components of a cardioprotective diet: new insights. Circulation 2011 123 2870 2891 21690503 PMC6261290 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [21] Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015 Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/. March 25, 2015
• Not checked yetcites [22] Perrin AE Simon C Hedelin G Arveiler D Schaffer P Schlienger JL Ten-year trends of dietary intake in a middle-aged French population: relationship with educational level. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002 56 393 401 12001009 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [23] Harvard Heart Letter Latest thinking on a “cardioprotective” diet 2011 Available at: www.health.harvard.edu. Accessed

In the paper

“The mechanistic pathways underlying these observed benefits are still being elucidated, but may partly reflect opposing, protective effects in comparison to those of rapidly digested, refined carbohydrates.”

In the paper

“For example, the US National School Lunch Programs recently banned whole milk, but allows sugar-sweetened chocolate skim milk.56”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [56] Food and Nutrition Service, US Department of Agriculture Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs 2012 Available at: https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2012/01/26/2012-1010/nutrition-standards-in-the-national-school-lunch-and-school-breakfast-programs. May 26, 2015

In the paper

“Conversely, increased fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, yogurt, fish, and whole grains each appear to protect against chronic weight gain: the more these foods are consumed, the less the average weight gain.28, 29, 51, 55”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Mozaffarian D Hao T Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med 2011 364 2392 2404 21696306 PMC3151731 source
• Not checked yetcites [29] Smith JD Hou T Ludwig DS Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Mozaffarian D Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change: results from 3 prospective cohorts Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 1216 1224 25854882 PMC4441808 source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Wang H Troy LM Rogers GT Fox CS McKeown NM Meigs JB Jacques PF Longitudinal association between dairy consumption and changes of body weight and waist circumference: the Framingham Heart Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014 38 299 305 23736371 PMC3809320 source

In the paper

“In contrast, intakes of other foods, such as low-fat milk and whole-fat milk, appear relatively neutral, suggesting they do not perturb the normal homeostatic mechanisms for long-term weight control.29, 51”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Smith JD Hou T Ludwig DS Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Mozaffarian D Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change: results from 3 prospective cohorts Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 1216 1224 25854882 PMC4441808 source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Wang H Troy LM Rogers GT Fox CS McKeown NM Meigs JB Jacques PF Longitudinal association between dairy consumption and changes of body weight and waist circumference: the Framingham Heart Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014 38 299 305 23736371 PMC3809320 source

In the paper

“Consistent with this modern science, the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report emphasizes food-based, healthful diet patterns as the primary recommendation to address obesity.21”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [21] Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015 Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/. March 25, 2015

In the paper

“Major foods in this group include potatoes, white bread, white rice, refined breakfast cereals, crackers, sweets, soda, and other ultra-processed foods high in starches or sugars.”

In the paper

“Based on these influences, when consumed over years, certain foods may interfere with long-term weight homeostasis, others have relatively neutral effects, and others promote healthy weight regulation (Figure 5).19, 21”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Mozaffarian D Appel LJ Van Horn L Components of a cardioprotective diet: new insights. Circulation 2011 123 2870 2891 21690503 PMC6261290 source
• Not checked yetcites [21] Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015 Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/. March 25, 2015

In the paper

“For example, lower sleep duration and altered circadian rhythms predict greater weight gain and obesity, alter hunger and food preferences, and influence leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and gut-peptide concentrations.28, 67”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Mozaffarian D Hao T Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med 2011 364 2392 2404 21696306 PMC3151731 source
• Not checked yetcites [67] Gonnissen HK Hulshof T Westerterp-Plantenga MS Chronobiology, endocrinology, and energy- and food-reward homeostasis. Obes Rev 2013 14 405 416 23387351 source

In the paper

“that children who habitually drink low-fat milk gain more weight, and those who drink whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.62-66”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Scharf RJ Demmer RT DeBoer MD Longitudinal evaluation of milk type consumed and weight status in preschoolers. Arch Dis Child 2013 98 335 340 23508869 PMC4439101 source
• Not checked yetcites [63] Noel SE Ness AR Northstone K Emmett P Newby PK Associations between flavored milk consumption and changes in weight and body composition over time: differences among normal and overweight children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013 67 295 300 23031848 source
• Not checked yetcites [64] Huh SY Rifas-Shiman SL Rich-Edwards JW Taveras EM Gillman MW Prospective association between milk intake and adiposity in preschool-aged children. J Am Diet Assoc 2010 110 563 570 20338282 PMC3229928 source
• Not checked yetcites [65] Berkey CS Rockett HR Willett WC Colditz GA Milk, dairy fat, dietary calcium, and weight gain: a longitudinal study of adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005 159 543 550 15939853 source
• Not checked yetcites [66] Noel SE Ness AR Northstone K Emmett P Newby PK Milk intakes are not associated with percent body fat in children from ages 10 to 13 years. The Journal of nutrition 2011 141 2035 2041 21940511 PMC3192461 source

In the paper

“The gut microbiome also appears increasingly important; e.g., probiotics in yogurt appear to interact with microbiota to reduce weight gain.28, 29, 51-54”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Mozaffarian D Hao T Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med 2011 364 2392 2404 21696306 PMC3151731 source
• Not checked yetcites [29] Smith JD Hou T Ludwig DS Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Mozaffarian D Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change: results from 3 prospective cohorts Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 1216 1224 25854882 PMC4441808 source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Wang H Troy LM Rogers GT Fox CS McKeown NM Meigs JB Jacques PF Longitudinal association between dairy consumption and changes of body weight and waist circumference: the Framingham Heart Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014 38 299 305 23736371 PMC3809320 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] Poutahidis T Kleinewietfeld M Smillie C Levkovich T Perrotta A Bhela S Varian BJ Ibrahim YM Lakritz JR Kearney SM Chatzigiagkos A Hafler DA Alm EJ Erdman SE Microbial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesity. PLoS One 2013 8 e68596 23874682 PMC3707834 source
• Not checked yetcites [53] Park DY Ahn YT Park SH Huh CS Yoo SR Yu R Sung MK McGregor RA Choi MS Supplementation of Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 in diet-induced obese mice is associated with gut microbial changes and reduction in obesity. PLoS One 2013 8 e59470 23555678 PMC3605452 source
• Not checked yetcites [54] Power SE O'Toole PW Stanton C Ross RP Fitzgerald GF Intestinal microbiota, diet and health. Br J Nutr 2014 111 387 402 23931069 source

In the paper

“Many healthful foods are minimally processed (e.g., fruits, nuts, seafood), whereas several classes of processed foods are harmful (e.g., refined grains and cereals, preserved meats and other high sodium foods, food made with partially hydrogenated oils).”

In the paper

“Overall, although a promise of “precision medicine” has been promoted,96 the massive, rapid shifts in cardiometabolic disease occurring across nations and within populations over time97 demonstrate the dominant influence of environmental risk factors and the crucial importance of population approaches to address them, including improved nutrition.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Capewell S O'Flaherty M Rapid mortality falls after risk-factor changes in populations. Lancet 2011 378 752 753 21414659 source

In the paper

“Several groups reviewing the evidence for health hazards of genetic modification have found no evidence for harms;130-134 however, methods for such evaluation remain heterogeneous.135-139”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [130] American Medical Association AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods 2001 Available at: https://www.isaaa.org/kc/Publications/htm/articles/Position/ama.htm. July 16, 2015
• Not checked yetcites [131] Key S Ma JK Drake PM Genetically modified plants and human health. J R Soc Med 2008 101 290 298 18515776 PMC2408621 source
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  cites [132] American Association for the Advancement of Science Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods 2013 Available at: http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/AAAS_GM_statement.pdf. July 16, 2015
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  cites [133] World Health Organization Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods 2014 Available at: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/Frequently_asked_questions_on_gm_foods.pdf?ua=1. July 16, 2015
• Not checked yetcites [134] Van Eenennaam AL Young AE Prevalence and impacts of genetically engineered feedstuffs on livestock populations. J Anim Sci 2014 92 4255 4278 25184846 source
• Not checked yetcites [135] Domingo JL Gine Bordonaba J A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants. Environ Int 2011 37 734 742 21296423 source
• Not checked yetcites [136] Hammond B Kough J Herouet-Guicheney C Jez JM Toxicological evaluation of proteins introduced into food crops. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013 43 Suppl 2 25 42 24164515 PMC3835160 source
• Not checked yetcites [137] Bartholomaeus A Parrott W Bondy G Walker K The use of whole food animal studies in the safety assessment of genetically modified crops: limitations and recommendations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013 43 Suppl 2 1 24 24164514 PMC3833814 source
• Not checked yetcites [138] Nicolia A Manzo A Veronesi F Rosellini D An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014 34 77 88 24041244 source
• Not checked yetcites [139] Devos Y Aguilera J Diveki Z Gomes A Liu Y Paoletti C du Jardin P Herman L Perry JN Waigmann E EFSA's scientific activities and achievements on the risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) during its first decade of existence: looking back and ahead. Transgenic Res 2014 23 1 25 23963741 source

In the paper

“Many of these bioactive compounds have demonstrated effects on cardiovascular risk pathways in animal and human studies; effects on blood lipids have been most often studied.”

In the paper

“Use of dietary supplements, often at high or pharmacologic doses, is commonplace, despite absence of convincing evidence for health benefits.”

In the paper

“Compared with conventionally grown foods, organically grown foods can contain higher concentrations of phenolic compounds and fewer pesticide residues; yet, they also have similar nutrient profiles in many other respects.124-126”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [124] Dangour AD Dodhia SK Hayter A Allen E Lock K Uauy R Nutritional quality of organic foods: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009 90 680 685 19640946 source
• Not checked yetcites [125] Smith-Spangler C Brandeau ML Hunter GE Bavinger JC Pearson M Eschbach PJ Sundaram V Liu H Schirmer P Stave C Olkin I Bravata DM Are organic foods safer or healthier than conventional alternatives?: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2012 157 348 366 22944875 source
• Not checked yetcites [126] Baranski M Srednicka-Tober D Volakakis N Seal C Sanderson R Stewart GB Benbrook C Biavati B Markellou E Giotis C Gromadzka-Ostrowska J Rembialkowska E Skwarlo-Sonta K Tahvonen R Janovska D Niggli U Nicot P Leifert C Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. Br J Nutr 2014 112 794 811 24968103 PMC4141693 source

In the paper

“Based on first principles, genetic modification should be considered a tool, not an endpoint: its potential effects on human health (positive, neutral, negative) will relate to the specific compositional changes in the food, not the method itself.140”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites [140] Institute of Medicine. Safety of Genetically Modified Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. Washington DC: The National Academies Press 2004 25009871

In the paper

“Consequently, both the type of food and its processing are relevant.”

In the paper

“Similar to dietary supplements, functional foods attempt to improve health by incorporating bioactive compounds that may alter lipid, vascular, and other metabolic pathways, microbiome composition and function, and digestive and inflammatory systems.114-121”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [114] Basu A Rhone M Lyons TJ Berries: emerging impact on cardiovascular health. Nutrition Reviews 2010 68 168 177 20384847 PMC3068482 source
• Not checked yetcites [115] Huang WY Davidge ST Wu J Bioactive natural constituents from food sources-potential use in hypertension prevention and treatment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013 53 615 630 23627503 source
• Not checked yetcites [116] Gylling H Plat J Turley S Ginsberg HN Ellegard L Jessup W Jones PJ Lutjohann D Maerz W Masana L Silbernagel G Staels B Boren J Catapano AL De Backer G Deanfield J Descamps OS Kovanen PT Riccardi G Tokgozoglu L Chapman MJ Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2014 232 346 360 24468148 source
• Not checked yetcites [117] Mirmiran P Bahadoran Z Azizi F Functional foods-based diet as a novel dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications: A review. World J Diabetes 2014 5 267 281 24936248 PMC4058731 source
• Not checked yetcites [118] Mehta N Ahlawat SS Sharma DP Dabur RS Novel trends in development of dietary fiber rich meat products-a critical review. J Food Sci Technol 2015 52 633 647 25694673 PMC4325053 source
• Not checked yetcites [119] Bhat ZF Kumar S Bhat HF Bioactive peptides of animal origin: a review. J Food Sci Technol 2015 52 5377 5392 26344955 PMC4554628 source
• Not checked yetcites [120] Ryan PM Ross RP Fitzgerald GF Caplice NM Stanton C Functional food addressing heart health: do we have to target the gut microbiota? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015 18 566 571 26406391 source
• Not checked yetcites [121] Sharma S Puri S Prebiotics and Lipid Metabolism: A Review. Altern Ther Health Med 2015 21 Suppl 3 34 42 26348612

In the paper

“This rapid digestion may induce multiple adverse effects, potentially stimulating reward/craving areas in the brain, activating hepatic de novo lipogenesis, increasing uric acid production, and promoting visceral adiposity.49, 162-166”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Lennerz BS Alsop DC Holsen LM Stern E Rojas R Ebbeling CB Goldstein JM Ludwig DS Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 98 641 647 23803881 PMC3743729 source
• Not checked yetcites [162] Le KA Bortolotti M Role of dietary carbohydrates and macronutrients in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008 11 477 482 18542010 source
• Not checked yetcites [163] Gower BA Goss AM A lower-carbohydrate, higher-fat diet reduces abdominal and intermuscular fat and increases insulin sensitivity in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes. The Journal of nutrition 2015 145 177S 183S 25527677 PMC4264021 source
• Not checked yetcites [164] Basaranoglu M Basaranoglu G Sabuncu T Senturk H Fructose as a key player in the development of fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013 19 1166 1172 23482247 PMC3587472 source
• Not checked yetcites [165] Stanhope KL Sugar consumption, metabolic disease and obesity: The state of the controversy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015 1 16 PMC4822166 26376619 source
• Not checked yetcites [166] Malik VS Hu FB Fructose and Cardiometabolic Health: What the Evidence From Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tells Us. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 66 1615 1624 26429086 PMC4592517 source

In the paper

“Consequently, refined grains such as white bread, corn flakes, and rice; starchy foods such as russet or white potatoes; and pure table sugar all produce brisk rises in blood glucose and insulin (known as their glycemic index; or, when multiplied by portion size, as their glycemic load).161”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [161] Atkinson FS Foster-Powell K Brand-Miller JC International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care 2008 31 2281 2283 18835944 PMC2584181 source

In the paper

“Harms appear to be larger in women89, 167 and others predisposed to insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia, and smaller in men and in younger, lean individuals with high physical activity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [89] Mirrahimi A de Souza RJ Chiavaroli L Sievenpiper JL Beyene J Hanley AJ Augustin LS Kendall CW Jenkins DJ Associations of glycemic index and load with coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. J Am Heart Assoc 2012 1 e000752 23316283 PMC3541617 source
• Not checked yetcites [167] Fan J Song Y Wang Y Hui R Zhang W Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and stroke mortality: a systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012 7 e52182 23284926 PMC3527433 source

In the paper

“in contrast to nonstarchy vegetables which are associated with protection against weight gain and diabetes.28, 55, 146, 147”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Mozaffarian D Hao T Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med 2011 364 2392 2404 21696306 PMC3151731 source
• Not checked yetcites [55] Bertoia ML Mukamal KJ Cahill LE Hou T Ludwig DS Mozaffarian D Willett WC Hu FB Rimm EB Changes in Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Weight Change in United States Men and Women Followed for Up to 24 Years: Analysis from Three Prospective Cohort Studies. PLoS Med 2015 12 e1001878 26394033 PMC4578962 source
• Not checked yetcites [146] Halton TL Willett WC Liu S Manson JE Stampfer MJ Hu FB Potato and french fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 83 284 290 16469985 source
• Not checked yetcites [147] Heidari-Beni M Golshahi J Esmaillzadeh A Azadbakht L Potato consumption as high glycemic index food, blood pressure, and body mass index among Iranian adolescent girls. ARYA Atheroscler 2015 11 81 87 26261454 PMC4530659

In the paper

“In recent work, among major vegetables consumed in the US, potatoes, corn, and peas were each associated with long-term weight gain, whereas other vegetable subtypes were each associated with weight loss.55”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Bertoia ML Mukamal KJ Cahill LE Hou T Ludwig DS Mozaffarian D Willett WC Hu FB Rimm EB Changes in Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Weight Change in United States Men and Women Followed for Up to 24 Years: Analysis from Three Prospective Cohort Studies. PLoS Med 2015 12 e1001878 26394033 PMC4578962 source

In the paper

“Potatoes have also been cross-sectionally linked to greater diabetes, higher blood glucose, and lower HDL-C;148”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [148] Khosravi-Boroujeni H Mohammadifard N Sarrafzadegan N Sajjadi F Maghroun M Khosravi A Alikhasi H Rafieian M Azadbakht L Potato consumption and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Iranian population. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012 63 913 920 22639829

In the paper

“Consistent with this constellation of adverse effects, poor quality carbohydrates are associated with long-term weight gain, diabetes, and CVD.29, 89, 158, 167”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Smith JD Hou T Ludwig DS Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Mozaffarian D Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change: results from 3 prospective cohorts Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 1216 1224 25854882 PMC4441808 source
• Not checked yetcites [89] Mirrahimi A de Souza RJ Chiavaroli L Sievenpiper JL Beyene J Hanley AJ Augustin LS Kendall CW Jenkins DJ Associations of glycemic index and load with coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. J Am Heart Assoc 2012 1 e000752 23316283 PMC3541617 source
• Not checked yetcites [158] Bhupathiraju SN Tobias DK Malik VS Pan A Hruby A Manson JE Willett WC Hu FB Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014 100 218 232 24787496 PMC4144100 source
• Not checked yetcites [159] Wu Y Qian Y Pan Y Li P Yang J Ye X Xu G Association between dietary fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Clinical nutrition 2015 34 603 611 24929874 source
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In the paper

“Interestingly, both red and processed meats, regardless of fat content, are linked to higher incidence of diabetes, although with approximately double the risk, gram-for-gram, for processed meats than for unprocessed red meats.172, 178”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [172] Pan A Sun Q Bernstein AM Schulze MB Manson JE Willett WC Hu FB Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2011 94 1088 1096 21831992 PMC3173026 source
• Not checked yetcites [178] Bendinelli B Palli D Masala G Sharp SJ Schulz MB Guevara M van der AD Sera F Amiano P Balkau B Barricarte A Boeing H Crowe FL Dahm CC Dalmeijer G de Lauzon-Guillain B Egeberg R Fagherazzi G Franks PW Krogh V Huerta JM Jakszyn P Khaw KT Li K Mattiello A Nilsson PM Overvad K Ricceri F Rolandsson O Sanchez MJ Slimani N Sluijs I Spijkerman AM Teucher B Tjonneland A Tumino R van den Berg SW Forouhi NG Langeberg C Feskens EJ Riboli E Wareham NJ Association between dietary meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetologia 2013 56 47 59 22983636 source

In the paper

“Frequent consumers (7+ eggs/week) have higher new-onset of diabetes; and among patients with prevalent diabetes, frequent consumers experience more clinical CVD events.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [197] Shin JY Xun P Nakamura Y He K Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 98 146 159 23676423 PMC3683816 source

In the paper

“In several large studies, poultry is not significantly associated with CVD events;174, 186-189 and in other cohorts, with modestly lower risk of CVD, with smaller observed benefits than seen for fish, nuts, or legumes.52, 53”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [174] Abete I Romaguera D Vieira AR Lopez de Munain A Norat T Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Nutr 2014 112 762 775 24932617 source
• Not checked yetcites [186] Nagao M Iso H Yamagishi K Date C Tamakoshi A Meat consumption in relation to mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012 66 687 693 22333876 source
• Not checked yetcites [187] Takata Y Shu XO Gao YT Li H Zhang X Gao J Cai H Yang G Xiang YB Zheng W Red meat and poultry intakes and risk of total and cause-specific mortality: results from cohort studies of Chinese adults in Shanghai. PLoS One 2013 8 e56963 23451121 PMC3579947 source
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In the paper

“However, modern evidence supports relatively neutral cardiovascular effects of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol and more relevant effects of other compounds, such as heme iron, sodium, and other preservatives”

In the paper

“Methylmercury consumed from fish has no detectable influence on incident cardiovascular events, hypertension, or diabetes.216-218”

What the sources say

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In the paper

“Overall evidence suggests small cardiometabolic effects of occasional consumption (e.g., up to 2-3 eggs per week); and possible harm with frequent consumption, especially among diabetics.”

In the paper

“Fish and omega-3 intake also have little association with diabetes risk, although protective associations are seen in Asian populations209-211 and fish oil supplementation modestly raises adiponectin.212”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [209] Zheng JS Huang T Yang J Fu YQ Li D Marine N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012 7 e44525 22984522 PMC3439396 source
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In the paper

“Omega-3's also reduce inflammatory biomarkers, reduce myocardial oxygen utilization, and enhance cardiac function.201, 205”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [201] Mozaffarian D Wu JH Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 58 2047 2067 22051327 source
• Not checked yetcites [205] Wu JH Mozaffarian D Omega-3 fatty acids, atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular outcomes in recent trials: new pieces in a complex puzzle. Heart 2014 100 530 533 24459289 PMC6269084 source

In the paper

“This finding is also consistent with meta-analyses of randomized fish oil trials which demonstrate risk reductions for cardiac death, but not total CVD, CHD, or stroke.109”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [109] Rizos EC Ntzani EE Bika E Kostapanos MS Elisaf MS Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2012 308 1024 1033 22968891 source

In the paper

“Consistent with this, while a minority of individual studies suggest similar cardiovascular risk for unprocessed red meat vs. processed meats,170, 171 many other individual studies and meta-analyses support much stronger effects of processed meats, including low-fat deli meats, on CVD (Figure 6).172-174”

What the sources say

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• Not checked yetcites [172] Pan A Sun Q Bernstein AM Schulze MB Manson JE Willett WC Hu FB Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2011 94 1088 1096 21831992 PMC3173026 source
• Not checked yetcites [173] Chen GC Lv DB Pang Z Liu QF Red and processed meat consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013 67 91 95 23169473 source
• Not checked yetcites [174] Abete I Romaguera D Vieira AR Lopez de Munain A Norat T Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Nutr 2014 112 762 775 24932617 source

In the paper

“In contrast, observed harms of processed meats are consistent with high levels of sodium (~400% higher in processed meat) and predicted effects of this sodium on BP, which explain most of the observed cardiovascular risk.176”

What the sources say

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In the paper

“On the other hand, higher egg consumption associates with lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke,196 potentially related to protective effects of dietary cholesterol on vascular fragility.198, 199”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [196] Rong Y Chen L Zhu T Song Y Yu M Shan Z Sands A Hu FB Liu L Egg consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2013 346 e8539 PMC3538567 23295181 source
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In the paper

“In short-term randomized trials, adding milk or dairy to energy-restricted diets increases lean mass and reduces body fat, while no significant body compositional effects are seen when adding dairy to ad libitum diets.232, 233”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [232] Chen M Pan A Malik VS Hu FB Effects of dairy intake on body weight and fat: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2012 96 735 747 22932282 PMC3441106 source
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In the paper

“In cohorts utilizing objective blood biomarkers, greater dairy fat consumption is associated with lower incidence of diabetes59-61, 242, 243 and CHD,39, 244, 245 with mixed findings for stroke.246”

What the sources say

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In the paper

“While total milk intake is generally unassociated with diabetes, fermented milk is linked to lower risk;57, 227, 229”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [57] Sluijs I Forouhi NG Beulens JW van der Schouw YT Agnoli C Arriola L Balkau B Barricarte A Boeing H Bueno-de-Mesquita HB Clavel-Chapelon F Crowe FL de Lauzon-Guillain B Drogan D Franks PW Gavrila D Gonzalez C Halkjaer J Kaaks R Moskal A Nilsson P Overvad K Palli D Panico S Quiros JR Ricceri F Rinaldi S Rolandsson O Sacerdote C Sanchez MJ Slimani N Spijkerman AM Teucher B Tjonneland A Tormo MJ Tumino R van der AD Sharp SJ Langenberg C Feskens EJ Riboli E Wareham NJ InterAct C The amount and type of dairy product intake and incident type 2 diabetes: results from the EPIC-InterAct Study. Am J Clin source
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In the paper

“Bacterial cultures used for fermentation synthesize vitamin K2 (menaquinones), which may improve insulin sensitivity.230, 231”

What the sources say

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In the paper

“The impact of cheese consumption on long-term weight may vary depending on how it is consumed: more weight gain is seen when cheese is accompanied by refined carbohydrates, and less weight gain or even relative weight loss when cheese replaces refined carbohydrates.29”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Smith JD Hou T Ludwig DS Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Mozaffarian D Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change: results from 3 prospective cohorts Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 1216 1224 25854882 PMC4441808 source

In the paper

“Yogurt appears protective against long-term weight gain,28, 29, 51 although when sugar-sweetened, approximately half the benefit appears lost.29”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Mozaffarian D Hao T Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med 2011 364 2392 2404 21696306 PMC3151731 source
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In the paper

“Because farmed salmon are fed, while wild salmon hunt for their food, farmed salmon have similar or higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids201 and likely similar net health benefits.200”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [200] Mozaffarian D Rimm EB Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA 2006 296 1885 1899 17047219 source
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In the paper

“For example, intake of yogurt, but not milk, is consistently associated with lower incidence of diabetes; while intake of cheese, which has high calorie, fat, and saturated fat content, also associates with lower diabetes risk in several although not all studies.57, 179-184, 224, 226-228”

What the sources say

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In the paper

“For instance, children who drink more low-fat milk gain more weight, while those who drink more whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.62-66”

What the sources say

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In the paper

“Butter consumption is also not significantly associated with incident CHD,223 stroke,222 or total mortality58 (Figure 6).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [223] Qin LQ Xu JY Han SF Zhang ZL Zhao YY Szeto IM Dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: an updated meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2015 24 90 100 25740747 source
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In the paper

“In longitudinal studies evaluating habitual intakes of dairy foods, relationships with CVD and diabetes do not consistently differ by fat content but appear more specific to food type: e.g., cheese, yogurt, milk, butter (Figure 6).57, 221-226”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [57] Sluijs I Forouhi NG Beulens JW van der Schouw YT Agnoli C Arriola L Balkau B Barricarte A Boeing H Bueno-de-Mesquita HB Clavel-Chapelon F Crowe FL de Lauzon-Guillain B Drogan D Franks PW Gavrila D Gonzalez C Halkjaer J Kaaks R Moskal A Nilsson P Overvad K Palli D Panico S Quiros JR Ricceri F Rinaldi S Rolandsson O Sacerdote C Sanchez MJ Slimani N Spijkerman AM Teucher B Tjonneland A Tormo MJ Tumino R van der AD Sharp SJ Langenberg C Feskens EJ Riboli E Wareham NJ InterAct C The amount and type of dairy product intake and incident type 2 diabetes: results from the EPIC-InterAct Study. Am J Clin source
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In the paper

“Some observational studies evaluating total or selected dietary flavonoids observe lower risk of cardiometabolic events;299, 300 no long-term clinical trials have been performed.”

What the sources say

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In the paper

“Conversely, compared to nondrinkers, regular moderate consumption – up to ~2 drinks per day for men, ~1-1.5 drink per day for women – associates with lower incidence of CHD and diabetes, although not stroke.288, 289”

What the sources say

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In the paper

“However, in meta-analyses of trials, green tea, black tea, and herbal roselle tea each modestly lower BP;279-281 while green and black tea, but not herbal roselle tea, also lower LDL-cholesterol.282-284”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [279] Liu G Mi XN Zheng XX Xu YL Lu J Huang XH Effects of tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2014 112 1043 1054 25137341 source
• Not checked yetcites [280] Yarmolinsky J Gon G Edwards P Effect of tea on blood pressure for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition Reviews 2015 73 236 246 26024546 source
• Not checked yetcites [281] Serban C Sahebkar A Ursoniu S Andrica F Banach M Effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) on arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of hypertension 2015 33 1119 1127 25875025 source
• Not checked yetcites [282] Aziz Z Wong SY Chong NJ Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ethnopharmacol 2013 150 442 450 24120746 source
• Not checked yetcites [283] Onakpoya I Spencer E Heneghan C Thompson M The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014 24 823 836 24675010 source
• Not checked yetcites [284] Wang D Chen C Wang Y Liu J Lin R Effect of black tea consumption on blood cholesterol: a meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2014 9 e107711 25237889 PMC4169558 source

In the paper

“In short-term trials, fruit juice has no appreciable effects on blood pressure, cholesterol levels, or glucose-insulin homeostasis.267, 268”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [267] Liu K Xing A Chen K Wang B Zhou R Chen S Xu H Mi M Effect of fruit juice on cholesterol and blood pressure in adults: a meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2013 8 e61420 23637831 PMC3634794 source
• Not checked yetcites [268] Wang B Liu K Mi M Wang J Effect of fruit juice on glucose control and insulin sensitivity in adults: a meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2014 9 e95323 24743260 PMC3990696 source

In the paper

“In addition, the pattern of drinking is important: benefits are seen with moderate use across multiple days per week, not with high levels on a few days.293”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [293] Bagnardi V Zatonski W Scotti L La Vecchia C Corrao G Does drinking pattern modify the effect of alcohol on the risk of coronary heart disease? Evidence from a meta-analysis. Journal of epidemiology and community health 2008 62 615 619 18559444 source

In the paper

“SSBs are also associated with incidence of diabetes and CHD (Figure 6).257, 258”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [257] Imamura F O'Connor L Ye Z Mursu J Hayashino Y Bhupathiraju SN Forouhi NG Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2015 351 h3576 PMC4510779 26199070 source
• Not checked yetcites [258] Xi B Huang Y Reilly KH Li S Zheng R Barrio-Lopez MT Martinez-Gonzalez MA Zhou D Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of hypertension and CVD: a dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2015 113 709 717 25735740 source

In the paper

“Worldwide, 184,000 cardiometabolic deaths per year are estimated to be attributable to SSB consumption.260”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [260] Singh GM Micha R Khatibzadeh S Lim S Ezzati M Mozaffarian D on behalf of the Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group Estimated global, regional, and national disease burdens related to sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in 2010. Circulation 2015 in press PMC4550496 26124185 source

In the paper

“Coffee intake also associates with lower risk of CHD and stroke but in a nonlinear fashion: compared with no intake, lowest risk is seen at 3-4 cups/day, with increasing risk at higher intakes.270”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [270] Ding M Bhupathiraju SN Satija A van Dam RM Hu FB Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation 2014 129 643 659 24201300 PMC3945962 source

In the paper

“However, based on animal experiments and limited human data, these artificial and non-nutritive sweeteners may not be benign, with potential impact on cognitive processes (e.g., reward, taste perception), oral-gastrointestinal taste receptors and glucose-insulin and energy homeostasis, metabolic hormones, and the gut microbiome.262-265”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [262] Swithers SE Martin AA Davidson TL High-intensity sweeteners and energy balance. Physiol Behav 2010 100 55 62 20060008 PMC2855968 source
• Not checked yetcites [263] Shankar P Ahuja S Sriram K Non-nutritive sweeteners: review and update. Nutrition 2013 29 1293 1299 23845273 source
• Not checked yetcites [264] Burke MV Small DM Physiological mechanisms by which non-nutritive sweeteners may impact body weight and metabolism. Physiol Behav 2015 PMC4661139 26048305 source
• Not checked yetcites [265] Pepino MY Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners. Physiol Behav 2015 PMC4661066 26095119 source

In the paper

“Although 100% fruit juice and SSBs have similar sugar content, the former is linked to relatively less long-term weight gain.28”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Mozaffarian D Hao T Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med 2011 364 2392 2404 21696306 PMC3151731 source

In the paper

“Habitual alcohol and acute binges associate with higher risk of atrial fibrillation.286”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [286] Larsson SC Drca N Wolk A Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: a prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 64 281 289 25034065 source

In the paper

“BP-lowering occurs with as little as 6.3 g/day (30 kcal/day) of dark chocolate and correlates with increased endothelial nitric oxide production.298”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [298] Taubert D Roesen R Lehmann C Jung N Schomig E Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007 298 49 60 17609490 source

In the paper

“Based on a target consumption level of 2000 mg/d, 1.65 million annual global cardiovascular deaths are estimated to be attributable to excess sodium intake.304”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [304] Mozaffarian D Fahimi S Singh GM Micha R Khatibzadeh S Engell RE Lim S Danaei G Ezzati M Powles J Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2014 371 624 634 25119608 source

In the paper

“Sodium raises BP in a dose-dependent fashion, with stronger effects among older individuals, hypertensives, and Blacks.304”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [304] Mozaffarian D Fahimi S Singh GM Micha R Khatibzadeh S Engell RE Lim S Danaei G Ezzati M Powles J Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2014 371 624 634 25119608 source

In the paper

“In North America and Europe, most sodium (~75%) comes from packaged foods and restaurants, and little from home cooking or table salt; while in Asian countries, most sodium comes from soy sauce and salt added during cooking or at the table.302”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [302] Brown IJ Tzoulaki I Candeias V Elliott P Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol 2009 38 791 813 19351697 source

In the paper

“The remarkable heterogeneity of different flavonoids and their dietary sources limits inference for class effects, and clinical benefits and dose-responses are not well-established.”

In the paper

“In comparison, during extended surveillance in a large sodium study which excluded sick individuals at baseline and collected multiple 24-hour urine per subject, minimizing the potential influence of these biases, participants with lowest intakes (<2300 mg/d) experienced 32% lower CVD risk than those consuming high intakes, with evidence for linearly decreasing risk.317”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [317] Cook NR Appel LJ Whelton PK Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation 2014 129 981 989 24415713 PMC4181831 source

In the paper

“In randomized trials, potassium lowers BP, with stronger effects among hypertensives and when dietary sodium intake is high.325”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [325] Binia A Jaeger J Hu Y Singh A Zimmermann D Daily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of hypertension 2015 26039623

In the paper

“For instance, a Mediterranean or DASH-type diet (e.g., richer in fruits, vegetables, nuts) reduces, while a typical Western diet increases, the BP-raising effects of sodium.326, 327”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [326] D'Elia L Barba G Cappuccio FP Strazzullo P Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 57 1210 1219 21371638
• Not checked yetcites [327] Sacks FM Svetkey LP Vollmer WM Appel LJ Bray GA Harsha D Obarzanek E Conlin PR Miller ER 3rd Simons-Morton DG Karanja N Lin PH Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001 344 3 10 11136953 source

In the paper

“Overall, while adverse effects of rapid sodium reduction cannot be excluded, and true optimal lower limits remain uncertain, the sum of evidence suggests that optimal levels of sodium intake are ~2000 mg/d193, 200-204 and could be lower.304”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [193] Mannisto S Kontto J Kataja-Tuomola M Albanes D Virtamo J High processed meat consumption is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention study. Br J Nutr 2010 103 1817 1822 20187985 PMC3496924 source
• Not checked yetcites [200] Mozaffarian D Rimm EB Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA 2006 296 1885 1899 17047219 source
• Not checked yetcites [201] Mozaffarian D Wu JH Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 58 2047 2067 22051327 source
• Not checked yetcites [202] Zheng J Huang T Yu Y Hu X Yang B Li D Fish consumption and CHD mortality: an updated meta-analysis of seventeen cohort studies. Public Health Nutr 2012 15 725 737 21914258 source
• Not checked yetcites [203] Larsson SC Orsini N Wolk A Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. European journal of epidemiology 2012 27 895 901 23179632 source
• Not checked yetcites [204] Leung Yinko SS Stark KD Thanassoulis G Pilote L Fish consumption and acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis. The American journal of medicine 2014 127 848 857 e842 24802020 source
• Not checked yetcites [304] Mozaffarian D Fahimi S Singh GM Micha R Khatibzadeh S Engell RE Lim S Danaei G Ezzati M Powles J Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2014 371 624 634 25119608 source

In the paper

“For instance, compared with carbohydrate, 16:0 raises blood LDL-cholesterol, yet simultaneously raises HDL-cholesterol, reduces triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and remnants, and has no appreciable effect on ApoB,341 the most salient LDL-related characteristic.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [341] Mensink RP Zock PL Kester AD Katan MB Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2003 77 1146 1155 12716665 source

In the paper

“Several vitamins and nutrients associate with lower CVD risk in observational studies, but trials of supplements, including folate, B-vitamins, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium, have shown no significant effects on atherosclerosis progression or CVD events.19, 331, 332”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Mozaffarian D Appel LJ Van Horn L Components of a cardioprotective diet: new insights. Circulation 2011 123 2870 2891 21690503 PMC6261290 source
• Not checked yetcites [331] Mente A de Koning L Shannon HS Anand SS A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2009 169 659 669 19364995 source
• Not checked yetcites [332] Ye Y Li J Yuan Z Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2013 8 e56803 23437244 PMC3577664 source

In the paper

“High doses of rapidly digested glucose induce postprandial hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and related metabolic disturbances.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [164] Basaranoglu M Basaranoglu G Sabuncu T Senturk H Fructose as a key player in the development of fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013 19 1166 1172 23482247 PMC3587472 source
• Not checked yetcites [165] Stanhope KL Sugar consumption, metabolic disease and obesity: The state of the controversy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015 1 16 PMC4822166 26376619 source
• Not checked yetcites [166] Malik VS Hu FB Fructose and Cardiometabolic Health: What the Evidence From Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tells Us. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 66 1615 1624 26429086 PMC4592517 source

In the paper

“Thus, discrepancies in findings could partly relate to different time periods of biologic sensitivity — e.g., some vitamins and nutrients could be important only early in the disease course.”

In the paper

“For instance, palmitic acid (16:0) exhibits in vitro adverse effects; whereas medium-chain (6:0-12:0), odd-chain (15:0, 17:0), and very long-chain (20:0-24:0) saturated fats may have metabolic benefits.61, 338, 339”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [61] Forouhi NG Koulman A Sharp SJ Imamura F Kroger J Schulze MB Crowe FL Huerta JM Guevara M Beulens JW van Woudenbergh GJ Wang L Summerhill K Griffin JL Feskens EJ Amiano P Boeing H Clavel-Chapelon F Dartois L Fagherazzi G Franks PW Gonzalez C Jakobsen MU Kaaks R Key TJ Khaw KT Kuhn T Mattiello A Nilsson PM Overvad K Pala V Palli D Quiros JR Rolandsson O Roswall N Sacerdote C Sanchez MJ Slimani N Spijkerman AM Tjonneland A Tormo MJ Tumino R van der AD van der Schouw YT Langenberg C Riboli E Wareham NJ Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatt source
• Not checked yetcites [338] Malik VS Chiuve SE Campos H Rimm EB Mozaffarian D Hu FB Sun Q Circulating Very-Long Chain Saturated Fatty Acids and Incident Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Men and Women. Circulation 2015 PMC4519378 26048094 source
• Not checked yetcites [339] Lemaitre RN Fretts AM Sitlani CM Biggs ML Mukamal K King IB Song X Djousse L Siscovick DS McKnight B Sotoodehnia N Kizer JR Mozaffarian D Plasma phospholipid very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident diabetes in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 1047 1054 25787996 PMC4409688 source

In the paper

“The large WHI randomized trial substantially lowered total dietary fat among nearly 50,000 US women followed for nearly a decade, and did not show benefits for any major endpoint including heart disease (Figure 2, top panel), stroke, cancers, diabetes, or insulin resistance.36-39”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Howard BV Van Horn L Hsia J Manson JE Stefanick ML Wassertheil-Smoller S Kuller LH LaCroix AZ Langer RD Lasser NL Lewis CE Limacher MC Margolis KL Mysiw WJ Ockene JK Parker LM Perri MG Phillips L Prentice RL Robbins J Rossouw JE Sarto GE Schatz IJ Snetselaar LG Stevens VJ Tinker LF Trevisan M Vitolins MZ Anderson GL Assaf AR Bassford T Beresford SA Black HR Brunner RL Brzyski RG Caan B Chlebowski RT Gass M Granek I Greenland P Hays J Heber D Heiss G Hendrix SL Hubbell FA Johnson KC Kotchen JM Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized C source
• Not checked yetcites [37] Tinker LF Bonds DE Margolis KL Manson JE Howard BV Larson J Perri MG Beresford SA Robinson JG Rodriguez B Safford MM Wenger NK Stevens VJ Parker LM Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of treated diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial. Arch Intern Med 2008 168 1500 1511 18663162 source
• Not checked yetcites [38] Micha R Mozaffarian D Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a fresh look at the evidence. Lipids 2010 45 893 905 20354806 PMC2950931 source
• Not checked yetcites [39] Chowdhury R Warnakula S Kunutsor S Crowe F Ward HA Johnson L Franco OH Butterworth AS Forouhi NG Thompson SG Khaw KT Mozaffarian D Danesh J Di Angelantonio E Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2014 160 398 406 24723079 source

In the paper

“Discrepancies between observational studies and supplement trials may also relate to residual bias in observational studies from other lifestyle behaviors (i.e., observed benefits are not due to diet) or due to other nutritional factors in vitamin-rich foods (i.e., observed benefits are due to diet but not to the specific identified vitamins or nutrients).”

In the paper

“Certain carbohydrate-containing foods (e.g., fruits, legumes, vegetables, minimally processed whole grains) are protective, while foods rich in refined grains (e.g., white bread, white rice, crackers, cereals, bakery desserts), starches (e.g., russet or white potatoes), and added sugars (e.g., SSBs, candy) are harmful.”

In the paper

“Thus, high doses of rapidly digested glucose and fructose are each harmful, via both distinct and partly overlapping pathways.”

In the paper

“The current restriction on total fat shapes numerous government feeding programs and policies;336 drives industry marketing of fat-reduced desserts, snacks, salad dressings, processed meats, and other products of poor nutritional value; and leads most Americans to actively avoid dietary fat337 while eating far too much refined carbohydrates.21”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [336] Mozaffarian D Ludwig DS The 2015 US Dietary Guidelines: Lifting the ban on total dietary fat. JAMA 2015 313 2421 2422 26103023 PMC6129189 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [337] Gallup. Americans Still Avoid Fat More Than Carbs 2015
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [21] Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015 Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/. March 25, 2015

In the paper

“Since that time, it has become clear that while total carbohydrate has little influence on cardiometabolic health, the types and quality of carbohydrate have major impact (Figures 6-7; see Carbohydrate-rich foods, above).”

In the paper

“In contrast, randomized trials confirm observational cohort findings that diets higher in healthful fats, exceeding the current 35% limit, reduce risk of cardiovascular disease (Figure 2, bottom panel) and diabetes.24, 25, 34, 35”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Appel LJ Sacks FM Carey VJ Obarzanek E Swain JF Miller ER 3rd Conlin PR Erlinger TP Rosner BA Laranjo NM Charleston J McCarron P Bishop LM Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA 2005 294 2455 2464 16287956 source
• Not checked yetcites [25] Gadgil MD Appel LJ Yeung E Anderson CA Sacks FM Miller ER 3rd The effects of carbohydrate, unsaturated fat, and protein intake on measures of insulin sensitivity: results from the OmniHeart Trial. Diabetes Care 2012 PMC3631872 23223345 source
• Not checked yetcites [34] Estruch R Ros E Salas-Salvado J Covas MI Pharm D Corella D Aros F Gomez-Gracia E Ruiz-Gutierrez V Fiol M Lapetra J Lamuela-Raventos RM Serra-Majem L Pinto X Basora J Munoz MA Sorli JV Martinez JA Martinez-Gonzalez MA Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 2013 29897867 source
• Not checked yetcites [35] Salas-Salvado J Bullo M Estruch R Ros E Covas MI Ibarrola-Jurado N Corella D Aros F Gomez-Gracia E Ruiz-Gutierrez V Romaguera D Lapetra J Lamuela-Raventos RM Serra-Majem L Pinto X Basora J Munoz MA Sorli JV Martinez-Gonzalez MA Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2014 160 1 10 24573661 source

In the paper

“Saturated fat represents a highly heterogeneous category, with fatty acid chain lengths ranging from 6 to 24 carbons, deriving from diverse foods, and possessing dissimilar biology.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [61] Forouhi NG Koulman A Sharp SJ Imamura F Kroger J Schulze MB Crowe FL Huerta JM Guevara M Beulens JW van Woudenbergh GJ Wang L Summerhill K Griffin JL Feskens EJ Amiano P Boeing H Clavel-Chapelon F Dartois L Fagherazzi G Franks PW Gonzalez C Jakobsen MU Kaaks R Key TJ Khaw KT Kuhn T Mattiello A Nilsson PM Overvad K Pala V Palli D Quiros JR Rolandsson O Roswall N Sacerdote C Sanchez MJ Slimani N Spijkerman AM Tjonneland A Tormo MJ Tumino R van der AD van der Schouw YT Langenberg C Riboli E Wareham NJ Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatt source
• Not checked yetcites [338] Malik VS Chiuve SE Campos H Rimm EB Mozaffarian D Hu FB Sun Q Circulating Very-Long Chain Saturated Fatty Acids and Incident Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Men and Women. Circulation 2015 PMC4519378 26048094 source
• Not checked yetcites [339] Lemaitre RN Fretts AM Sitlani CM Biggs ML Mukamal K King IB Song X Djousse L Siscovick DS McKnight B Sotoodehnia N Kizer JR Mozaffarian D Plasma phospholipid very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident diabetes in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 1047 1054 25787996 PMC4409688 source

In the paper

“Observational studies demonstrate links between higher plasma vitamin D, which is largely driven by sun exposure, and CVD risk; however, large trials of vitamin D supplements have shown no benefits.104”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [104] Ford JA MacLennan GS Avenell A Bolland M Grey A Witham M Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014 100 746 755 25057156 source

In the paper

“In comparison, high doses of rapidly digested fructose have little influence on blood glucose or insulin levels, but more directly stimulate hepatic de novo lipogenesis, hepatic and visceral adiposity, and uric acid production.164-166”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [164] Basaranoglu M Basaranoglu G Sabuncu T Senturk H Fructose as a key player in the development of fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013 19 1166 1172 23482247 PMC3587472 source
• Not checked yetcites [165] Stanhope KL Sugar consumption, metabolic disease and obesity: The state of the controversy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015 1 16 PMC4822166 26376619 source
• Not checked yetcites [166] Malik VS Hu FB Fructose and Cardiometabolic Health: What the Evidence From Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tells Us. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 66 1615 1624 26429086 PMC4592517 source

In the paper

“For instance, total saturated fat, carbohydrate, and protein each appear relatively neutral for CHD; while effects of total monounsaturated fat remain uncertain (see below).21, 349”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [21] Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015 Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/. March 25, 2015
• Not checked yetcites [349] Mozaffarian D Micha R Wallace S Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 2010 7 e1000252 20351774 PMC2843598 source

In the paper

“In certain Western nations, statin use may account for a large proportion of declining blood cholesterol after 2000;347, 348 however, due to relatively low use for primary prevention prior to this period, statins cannot explain the observed similar declines in blood cholesterol over the preceding 20-30 years.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [347] Bandosz P O'Flaherty M Rutkowski M Kypridemos C Guzman-Castillo M Gillespie DO Solnica B Pencina MJ Wyrzykowski B Capewell S Zdrojewski T A victory for statins or a defeat for diet policies? Cholesterol falls in Poland in the past decade: A modeling study. Int J Cardiol 2015 185 313 319 25828672 source
• Not checked yetcites [348] Kypridemos C Bandosz P Hickey GL Guzman-Castillo M Allen K Buchan I Capewell S O'Flaherty M Quantifying the contribution of statins to the decline in population mean cholesterol by socioeconomic group in England 1991 - 2012: a modelling study. PLoS One 2015 10 e0123112 25856394 PMC4391910 source

In the paper

“For example, although falling blood cholesterol concentrations in some Western nations correlate with decreases in saturated fat, changes in dietary fats cannot explain much of the blood cholesterol changes across or within most nations.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [346] Micha R Khatibzadeh S Shi P Fahimi S Lim S Andrews KG Engell RE Powles J Ezzati M Mozaffarian D on behalf of the Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE) Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2014 348 g2272 PMC3987052 24736206

In the paper

“Yet, total monounsaturated fat intake is not associated with lower incidence of diabetes;355 associates with trends toward greater CVD in some cohort studies;155 and increases atherosclerosis in primate experiments, potentially due to enrichment of LDL cholesteryl oleate and increased LDL proteoglycan binding.356”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [355] Micha R Mozaffarian D Saturated fat consumption and effects on cardiometabolic risk factors and coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus: A fresh look at the evidence. Lipids 2010 45 893 905 20354806 PMC2950931 source
• Not checked yetcites [155] Jakobsen MU O'Reilly EJ Heitmann BL Pereira MA Balter K Fraser GE Goldbourt U Hallmans G Knekt P Liu S Pietinen P Spiegelman D Stevens J Virtamo J Willett WC Ascherio A Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2009 89 1425 1432 19211817 PMC2676998 source
• Not checked yetcites [356] Degirolamo C Shelness GS Rudel LL LDL cholesteryl oleate as a predictor for atherosclerosis: evidence from human and animal studies on dietary fat. J Lipid Res 2009 50 Suppl S434 439 19029117 PMC2674687 source

In the paper

“LA consumption lowers LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and raises HDL-cholesterol.349”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [349] Mozaffarian D Micha R Wallace S Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 2010 7 e1000252 20351774 PMC2843598 source

In the paper

“Monounsaturated fat improves BP and cholesterol353 and, when consumed in place of saturated fat, lowers glucose among those predisposed to insulin resistance.354”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [353] Schwingshackl L Strasser B Hoffmann G Effects of monounsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2011 59 176 186 22142965 source
• Not checked yetcites [354] Schwingshackl L Strasser B Hoffmann G Effects of monounsaturated fatty acids on glycaemic control in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2011 58 290 296 21912106 source

In the paper

“Cheese, a leading source of saturated fat, is also linked to neutral or even beneficial effects on CHD and diabetes (see Milk, Cheese, Yogurt, above).”

In the paper

“Yet, while certain saturated fat-containing foods such as dairy, nuts, and vegetable oils promote health,20 these findings do not support benefits of other saturated fat-rich foods.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Mozaffarian D Mann DL Zipes DP Libby P Bonow RO Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Diseases. Braunwald's Heart Disease; A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 2014 Elsevier/Saunders Philadelphia 10th Edition. Chapter 46

In the paper

“Judging long-term health impact of foods or diets based on isolated macronutrient composition is unsound, often creating paradoxical food choices and product formulations.336, 340”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [336] Mozaffarian D Ludwig DS The 2015 US Dietary Guidelines: Lifting the ban on total dietary fat. JAMA 2015 313 2421 2422 26103023 PMC6129189 source
• Not checked yetcites [340] Mozaffarian D Diverging global trends in heart disease and type 2 diabetes: the role of carbohydrates and saturated fats. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015 26134688 source

In the paper

“Continued prioritization of saturated fat reduction relies on selected evidence: effects on LDL-cholesterol alone (discounting the other, complex lipid and lipoprotein effects); historical ecologic trends in certain countries (e.g. Finland) but not in others; and expedient comparisons with polyunsaturated fat, the most healthful macronutrient.”

In the paper

“These lines of evidence support guidelines to increase healthful vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fats and phenolics, optimally in place of refined grains, starches, and added sugars.”

In the paper

“Humans also synthesize relatively little EPA and DHA,344 for which diet remains the major source.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [344] Siri-Tarino PW Sun Q Hu FB Krauss RM Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2010 91 502 509 20071648 PMC2824152 source

In the paper

“For instance, cohort studies suggest that consumption of olive oil, but not mixed animal and plant sources of monounsaturated fat, is linked to lower risk;352 while vegetable oil sources of monounsaturated fat increase LDL cholesteryl oleate but reduce LDL proteoglycan binding.357”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [352] Schwingshackl L Hoffmann G Monounsaturated fatty acids, olive oil and health status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lipids Health Dis 2014 13 154 25274026 PMC4198773 source
• Not checked yetcites [357] Jones PJ MacKay DS Senanayake VK Pu S Jenkins DJ Connelly PW Lamarche B Couture P Kris-Etherton PM West SG Liu X Fleming JA Hantgan RR Rudel LL High-oleic canola oil consumption enriches LDL particle cholesteryl oleate content and reduces LDL proteoglycan binding in humans. Atherosclerosis 2015 238 231 238 25528432 PMC4346138 source

In the paper

“For instance, total blood cholesterol fell similarly in the US and France between 1980 and 2000, but national changes in dietary fats may explain only about 20% of the decline in the US, and virtually none of the decline in France.346”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [346] Micha R Khatibzadeh S Shi P Fahimi S Lim S Andrews KG Engell RE Powles J Ezzati M Mozaffarian D on behalf of the Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE) Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2014 348 g2272 PMC3987052 24736206

In the paper

“Furthermore, tissue levels of even-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., 14:0, 16:0), that appear most harmful, commonly result from endogenous hepatic synthesis in response to dietary carbohydrate;46 14:0 and 16:0 blood levels correlate more with dietary starches and added sugars than meats or dairy.61”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] Volk BM Kunces LJ Freidenreich DJ Kupchak BR Saenz C Artistizabal JC Fernandez ML Bruno RS Maresh CM Kraemer WJ Phinney SD Volek JS Effects of step-wise increases in dietary carbohydrate on circulating saturated Fatty acids and palmitoleic Acid in adults with metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2014 9 e113605 25415333 PMC4240601 source
• Not checked yetcites [61] Forouhi NG Koulman A Sharp SJ Imamura F Kroger J Schulze MB Crowe FL Huerta JM Guevara M Beulens JW van Woudenbergh GJ Wang L Summerhill K Griffin JL Feskens EJ Amiano P Boeing H Clavel-Chapelon F Dartois L Fagherazzi G Franks PW Gonzalez C Jakobsen MU Kaaks R Key TJ Khaw KT Kuhn T Mattiello A Nilsson PM Overvad K Pala V Palli D Quiros JR Rolandsson O Roswall N Sacerdote C Sanchez MJ Slimani N Spijkerman AM Tjonneland A Tormo MJ Tumino R van der AD van der Schouw YT Langenberg C Riboli E Wareham NJ Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatt source

In the paper

“While unprocessed red meats and butter may be relatively neutral for CHD, no studies demonstrate appreciable benefits, all meats appear to increase diabetes, and processed meats are strongly linked to CHD (see Meats, above).20, 29, 173, 178”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [20] Mozaffarian D Mann DL Zipes DP Libby P Bonow RO Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Diseases. Braunwald's Heart Disease; A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 2014 Elsevier/Saunders Philadelphia 10th Edition. Chapter 46
• Not checked yetcites [29] Smith JD Hou T Ludwig DS Rimm EB Willett WC Hu FB Mozaffarian D Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change: results from 3 prospective cohorts Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 1216 1224 25854882 PMC4441808 source
• Not checked yetcites [173] Chen GC Lv DB Pang Z Liu QF Red and processed meat consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013 67 91 95 23169473 source
• Not checked yetcites [178] Bendinelli B Palli D Masala G Sharp SJ Schulz MB Guevara M van der AD Sera F Amiano P Balkau B Barricarte A Boeing H Crowe FL Dahm CC Dalmeijer G de Lauzon-Guillain B Egeberg R Fagherazzi G Franks PW Krogh V Huerta JM Jakszyn P Khaw KT Li K Mattiello A Nilsson PM Overvad K Ricceri F Rolandsson O Sanchez MJ Slimani N Sluijs I Spijkerman AM Teucher B Tjonneland A Tumino R van den Berg SW Forouhi NG Langeberg C Feskens EJ Riboli E Wareham NJ Association between dietary meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetologia 2013 56 47 59 22983636 source

In the paper

“While pro-inflammatory effects of LA have been theorized358 and popularized, such inference is based largely on rodent experiments; with little supportive evidence in humans.359-362”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [358] Lands WE Dietary fat and health: the evidence and the politics of prevention: careful use of dietary fats can improve life and prevent disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005 1055 179 192 16387724 source
• Not checked yetcites [359] Pischon T Hankinson SE Hotamisligil GS Rifai N Willett WC Rimm EB Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women. Circulation 2003 108 155 160 12821543 source
• Not checked yetcites [360] Poudel-Tandukar K Nanri A Matsushita Y Sasaki S Ohta M Sato M Mizoue T Dietary intakes of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids are inversely associated with serum C-reactive protein levels among Japanese men. Nutr Res 2009 29 363 370 19628101 source
• Not checked yetcites [361] Kalogeropoulos N Panagiotakos DB Pitsavos C Chrysohoou C Rousinou G Toutouza M Stefanadis C Unsaturated fatty acids are inversely associated and n-6/n-3 ratios are positively related to inflammation and coagulation markers in plasma of apparently healthy adults. Clin Chim Acta 2010 411 584 591 20097190 source
• Not checked yetcites [362] Johnson GH Fritsche K Effect of dietary linoleic acid on markers of inflammation in healthy persons: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2012 112 1029-1041, 1041 e1021-1015 22889633 source

In the paper

“A few cohorts have seen protective associations of animal protein intake with risk of hemorrhagic stroke; causality and mechanisms remain unclear, but have been hypothesized to relate to potentially protective effects of animal protein or dietary cholesterol on vascular fragility.198, 199”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [198] Ding EL Mozaffarian D Optimal dietary habits for the prevention of stroke. Semin Neurol 2006 26 11 23 16479440 source
• Not checked yetcites [199] Iso H Lifestyle and cardiovascular disease in Japan. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011 18 83 88 21307610 source

In the paper

“LA is also associated with significantly lower risk of CHD (Figure 7), whether in comparison to carbohydrate or saturated fat;350 and in meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, consumption of n-6 rich vegetable oils, in place of animal fats, reduces CHD events (Figure 7).349”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [350] Farvid MS Ding M Pan A Sun Q Chiuve SE Steffen LM Willett WC Hu FB Dietary linoleic acid and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation 2014 130 1568 1578 25161045 PMC4334131 source
• Not checked yetcites [349] Mozaffarian D Micha R Wallace S Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 2010 7 e1000252 20351774 PMC2843598 source

In the paper

“Few longitudinal studies have reported on total protein intake and CHD events, with generally null results.189, 386”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [189] Haring B Gronroos N Nettleton JA von Ballmoos MC Selvin E Alonso A Dietary protein intake and coronary heart disease in a large community based cohort: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. PLoS One 2014 9 e109552 25303709 PMC4193805 source
• Not checked yetcites [386] Nilsson LM Winkvist A Eliasson M Jansson JH Hallmans G Johansson I Lindahl B Lenner P Van Guelpen B Low-carbohydrate, high-protein score and mortality in a northern Swedish population-based cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012 66 694 700 22333874 source

In the paper

“Notably, in these trials, the average intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fat was ~15% energy,349 higher than current guidelines that recommend up to 10-11% energy from polyunsaturated fat.370”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [349] Mozaffarian D Micha R Wallace S Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 2010 7 e1000252 20351774 PMC2843598 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [370] Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on the Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption - Executive Summary 2010 Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/risk_consumption/executive_summary.pdf. May 21, 2010