Cited by 362Diabetes Management and EducationDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Treatment and Management
The DOI matches its Crossref record; 435 of the 442 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 514 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023
Open accessElSayed, Nuha A., Aleppo, Grazia, Aroda, Vanita R., Bannuru, Raveendhara R., Brown, Florence M., Bruemmer, Dennis, Collins, Billy S., Hilliard, Marisa E., Isaacs, Diana, Johnson, Eric L., Kahan, Scott, Khunti, Kamlesh, Leon, Jose, Lyons, Sarah K., Perry, Mary Lou, Prahalad, Priya, Pratley, Richard E., Seley, Jane Jeffrie, Stanton, Robert C., Young-Hyman, Deborah, Gabbay, Robert A.·2023·Diabetes Care
DOI 10.2337/dc23-s005PMC PMC9810478
Abstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) “Standards of Care in Diabetes” includes the ADA’s current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA’s clinical practice recommendations and a full list of Professional Practice Committee members, please refer to Introduction and Methodology. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This ADA Standards of Care section provides clinical practice recommendations for facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being in diabetes, covering DSMES, medical nutrition therapy, physical activity, smoking cessation, behavioral strategies, and psychosocial care. It synthesizes evidence to recommend person-centered care, routine psychosocial screening, and individualized nutrition and activity plans, while noting low DSMES uptake and research gaps.
Key findings
- DSMES is associated with improved diabetes knowledge and self-care, lower A1C, lower self-reported weight, improved quality of life, reduced all-cause mortality risk, and reduced health care costs; yet only 5–7% of individuals eligible through Medicare or private insurance actually receive it.
- MNT delivered by an RDN is associated with A1C absolute decreases of 1.0–1.9% for type 1 diabetes and 0.3–2.0% for type 2 diabetes; weight loss goals are 7–10% for preventing progression from prediabetes and at least 5% for overweight/obesity with type 2 diabetes.
- Physical activity recommendations include 150+ min/week of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity for most adults, spread over at least 3 days/week with no more than 2 consecutive days without activity, and 60+ min/day for children/adolescents; structured exercise interventions of at least 8 weeks lower A1C by an average of 0.66% in type 2 diabetes.
- Diabetes distress prevalence is reported at 18–45%, with 38–48% incidence over 18 months in type 2 diabetes; in DAWN2, 45% reported significant diabetes distress but only 24% reported that their health care teams asked how diabetes affected their lives. Depression affects one in four people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Methods
- This is the ADA Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023, Section 5, a clinical practice guideline updated annually by the multidisciplinary ADA Professional Practice Committee; detailed methodology and evidence-grading system are referenced to the Introduction and Methodology.
- The section narratively synthesizes cited literature and expert consensus into recommendations graded A, B, C, or E; no primary data collection, systematic review, or meta-analysis is conducted in this section.
Limitations
- Stated: there is inadequate research in type 1 diabetes to support one eating pattern over another; there is a paucity of evidence and agreement on nutrition management among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes; and a significant literature gap remains for young children with type 1 diabetes.
- Stated: more data are needed to identify optimal long-term meal plans, the optimal degree of carbohydrate restriction, and long-term cardiovascular effects; little outcome data exist on long-term systematic treatment of diabetes distress integrated into routine care.
- Evident: as a guideline section, the provided text does not report its own search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quality appraisal; many recommendations are expert opinion or grade C/E.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Crossref · 10.2337/dc23-s005
Cites
435 of 435 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable
Statistics
Nothing to recompute.
Verification
Claims the paper makes
258 Not checked yet · 19 No basis given · 5 Partly supported · 3 Own interpretation · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Better outcomes were reported for DSMES interventions that were more than 10 h over the course of 6-12 months (20), included ongoing support (14,32), were culturally (33)(34)(35) and age appropriate (36,37), were tailored to individual needs and preferences, addressed psychosocial issues, and incorporated behavioral strategies (15,26,38,39).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Dallosso, 2022, The effectiveness of a structured group education programme for people with established type 2 diabetes in a multi-ethnic population in primary care: a cluster randomised trial, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis source
- Supportedcites [34] Glazier, 2006, A systematic review of interventions to improve diabetes care in socially disadvantaged populations, Diabetes Care source
The review’s Analysis of features section (page unavailable) identifies cultural tailoring as a feature associated with successful diabetes interventions in socially disadvantaged populations. Its Description of features section also documents culturally adapted diabetes education interventions, supporting the cited point about culturally appropriate DSMES. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked yetcites [35] Hawthorne, 1996, Culturally appropriate health education for type 2 diabetes mellitus in ethnic minority groups, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Studies have demonstrated that a variety of eating plans, varying in macronutrient composition, can be used effectively and safely in the short term (1-2 years) to achieve weight loss in people with diabetes.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [106] Lean, 2018, Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Procedures describe one staged Counterweight-Plus programme, not a variety of eating plans with differing macronutrient compositions. The Results report substantial weight loss at 12 months and mostly mild or moderate adverse events, supporting short-term effectiveness with some safety evidence. This trial does not establish effectiveness or safety across multiple plans or at two years. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [117] Hamdy, 2017, Long-term effect of intensive lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes in real-world clinical practice: a 5-year longitudinal study, BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Why WAIT program; page unavailable) describe calorie-restricted meal plans for people with type 2 diabetes, and the Results (page unavailable) report significant weight loss at one year. But the plans followed a common macronutrient prescription; the paper does not establish that plans varying in macronutrient composition are effective and safe over 1–2 years. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [119] Mottalib, 2018, Effects of nutrition therapy on HbA1c and cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes, Nutr J sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Table 2) show significant weight loss with two structured eating plans in overweight or obese people with type 2 diabetes, but not with the individualized plan. The Methods and Discussion state that follow-up lasted only 16 weeks, not 1–2 years. The paper also does not establish that a variety of plans differing in macronutrient composition can be used safely; the Results report some withdrawals due to gastrointestinal symptoms thought to be related to the nutrition formula. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Could not verifycites [120] Estruch, 2018, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (p. 10) reports cardiovascular outcomes over about five years, not short-term weight loss. Although the Participant Selection section (p. 2) includes people with type 2 diabetes and the Adherence section (p. 6) reports no relevant diet-related adverse effects, no passage found evaluates whether varied eating plans safely achieve weight loss in people with diabetes over 1–2 years. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [121] Saslow, 2017, Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a moderate-carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes, Nutr Diabetes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Body weight and other health outcomes; page unavailable) report weight loss at 12 months with both diets: 8.3% with the very low-carbohydrate diet and 3.8% with the moderate-carbohydrate diet. But the trial included people with prediabetes as well as type 2 diabetes, followed them for only one year, and does not establish that a variety of eating plans are safe over one to two years; the Discussion notes a temporary LDL-cholesterol increase and uncertainty about longer-term effects. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked yetcites [122] Yancy, 2019, Comparison of group medical visits combined with intensive weight management vs group medical visits alone for glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a noninferiority randomized clinical trial, JAMA Intern Med
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There is strong and consistent evidence that modest, sustained weight loss can delay the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes (97-99) (see Section 3, “Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Comorbidities”) and is beneficial for the management of type 2 diabetes (see Section 8, “Obesity and Weight Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes”).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
- Partly supportedcites [98] Mudaliar, 2016, Cardiometabolic risk factor changes observed in diabetes prevention programs in US settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes modest weight loss as a principle of diabetes-prevention programs, and the Conclusion reports one-year improvements in weight and glycemic measures among people at high risk of diabetes. The paper does not establish that sustained weight loss benefits the management of established type 2 diabetes; its Discussion says benefits beyond one year remain largely unknown. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Could not verifycites [99] Balk, 2015, Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the community preventive services task force combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent diabetes, Ann Intern Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Study Selection; page unavailable) explicitly exclude studies of people with established type 2 diabetes. The paper addresses weight loss for diabetes prevention, not whether sustained weight loss benefits management after diagnosis. In the citing sentence, the citations accompany the prevention clause; the management clause instead points to Section 8. (LLM, conf=0.90)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Regular intake of sufficient dietary fiber is associated with lower all-cause mortality in people with diabetes (173,174), and prospective cohort studies have found dietary fiber intake is inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (175-177).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [175] Partula, 2020, Associations between consumption of dietary fibers and the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, type 2 diabetes, and mortality in the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Results section (“Associations between DF intakes and mortality or the risk of chronic diseases”) reports that higher total dietary fiber intake was associated with lower incident type 2 diabetes risk during follow-up. The Discussion also identifies this as a finding from a prospective cohort and says it is consistent with meta-analyses of prospective studies. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [176] Reynolds, 2019, Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, Lancet source
The Dietary fibre section reports a dose–response relationship between total fibre intake and type 2 diabetes incidence in prospective studies. Figure 2c reports a lower risk ratio for every additional 8 grams of fibre consumed per day, supporting the stated inverse association. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Partly supportedcites [177] Hu, 2020, Intake of whole grain foods and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective cohort studies, BMJ sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Abstract Conclusion report an inverse association between whole-grain consumption and type 2 diabetes risk in prospective cohorts. The paper notes that whole grains contain dietary fiber, but it does not establish the claimed association for dietary fiber intake itself; whole-grain intake is a different exposure. No page numbers were provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Health behavior change strategies may be delivered by mental health professionals, DCES, or other trained health care professionals (307,312-314) or qualified community health workers (307,308).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [307] Rosales, 2021, Meta Salud Diabetes for cardiovascular disease prevention in Mexico: a cluster-randomized behavioural clinical trial, Int J Epidemiol source
The citation attached to the community-health-worker portion is supported by the Intervention group section: community health workers were among the personnel who delivered the behaviour-change sessions. This paper need not establish the separately cited claims about mental health professionals or DCES. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites [312] Nicolucci, 2022, Effect of a behavioural intervention for adoption and maintenance of a physically active lifestyle on psychological well-being and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes: the IDES_2 randomized clinical trial, Sports Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods > Intervention passage (page unavailable) says a diabetologist and a certified exercise specialist delivered the counselling, supporting delivery by trained health care professionals. It does not establish delivery by mental health professionals or DCES. The citing sentence attributes the community-health-worker option to different citations, so that option is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [313] Crowley, 2022, Effect of a comprehensive telehealth intervention vs telemonitoring and care coordination in patients with persistently poor type 2 diabetes control: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA Intern Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods > Interventions section (page unavailable) describes nurses who received training and delivered self-management, diet/activity, and depression-support components, with support from a psychiatrist. It does not identify DCES or community health workers as deliverers, so it supports only part of the list. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [314] Kichler, 2015, Contemporary roles of the pediatric psychologist in diabetes care, Curr Diabetes Rev source
- Supportedcites [308] Gray, 2021, Improvements in physical activity and some dietary behaviors in a community health worker-led diabetes self-management intervention for adults with low incomes: results from a randomized controlled trial, Transl Behav Med source
The citation supports the community-health-worker portion of the sentence. In “Intervention and controls,” the paper reports that trained CHWs delivered the intervention and used motivational interviewing, goal setting, and strategies for overcoming barriers to behavioral change. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in response to the growing body of evidence that associates potentially judgmental words with increased feelings of shame and guilt”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Digital coaching and digital selfmanagement interventions can be effective methods to deliver diabetes self-management education and support.B”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, following a DSMES curriculum improves quality of care (11).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Brunisholz, 2014, Diabetes self-management education improves quality of care and clinical outcomes determined by a diabetes bundle measure, J Multidiscip Healthc source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A randomized controlled trial (RCT) testing a decision-making education and skill-building program (10) showed that addressing these targets improved health outcomes in a population in need of health care resources.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Fitzpatrick, 2016, Effect of DECIDE (Decision-making Education for Choices In Diabetes Everyday) program delivery modalities on clinical and behavioral outcomes in urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“DSMES is associated with improved diabetes knowledge and self-care behaviors (17), lower A1C (17-21), lower selfreported weight (22), improved quality of life (19,23,24), reduced all-cause mortality risk (25), positive coping behaviors (5,26), and reduced health care costs (27)(28)(29).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Steinsbekk, 2012, Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analysis, BMC Health Serv Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“DSMES is associated with improved diabetes knowledge and self-care behaviors (17), lower A1C (17-21), lower selfreported weight (22), improved quality of life (19,23,24), reduced all-cause mortality risk (25), positive coping behaviors (5,26), and reduced health care costs (27)(28)(29).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Robbins, 2008, Nutritionist visits, diabetes classes, and hospitalization rates and charges: the Urban Diabetes Study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Duncan, 2011, Assessing the value of the diabetes educator, Diabetes Educ source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Strawbridge, 2017, One-year outcomes of diabetes self-management training among medicare beneficiaries newly diagnosed with diabetes, Med Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ongoing DSMES helps people with diabetes to maintain effective selfmanagement throughout the life course as they encounter new challenges and as advances in treatment become available (14).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Tang, 2010, Self-management support in “real-world” settings: an empowerment-based intervention, Patient Educ Couns source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Better outcomes were reported for DSMES interventions that were more than 10 h over the course of 6-12 months (20), included ongoing support (14,32), were culturally (33)(34)(35) and age appropriate (36,37), were tailored to individual needs and preferences, addressed psychosocial issues, and incorporated behavioral strategies (15,26,38,39).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Marrero, 2013, Twenty-first century behavioral medicine: a context for empowering clinicians and patients with diabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Thorpe, 2013, Facilitating healthy coping in patients with diabetes: a systematic review, Diabetes Educ source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Peyrot, 2007, Behavioral and psychosocial interventions in diabetes: a conceptual review, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Naik, 2011, Comparative effectiveness of goal setting in diabetes mellitus group clinics: randomized clinical trial, Arch Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Better outcomes were reported for DSMES interventions that were more than 10 h over the course of 6-12 months (20), included ongoing support (14,32), were culturally (33)(34)(35) and age appropriate (36,37), were tailored to individual needs and preferences, addressed psychosocial issues, and incorporated behavioral strategies (15,26,38,39).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Marrero, 2013, Twenty-first century behavioral medicine: a context for empowering clinicians and patients with diabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Thorpe, 2013, Facilitating healthy coping in patients with diabetes: a systematic review, Diabetes Educ source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Peyrot, 2007, Behavioral and psychosocial interventions in diabetes: a conceptual review, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Naik, 2011, Comparative effectiveness of goal setting in diabetes mellitus group clinics: randomized clinical trial, Arch Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Better outcomes were reported for DSMES interventions that were more than 10 h over the course of 6-12 months (20), included ongoing support (14,32), were culturally (33)(34)(35) and age appropriate (36,37), were tailored to individual needs and preferences, addressed psychosocial issues, and incorporated behavioral strategies (15,26,38,39).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Marrero, 2013, Twenty-first century behavioral medicine: a context for empowering clinicians and patients with diabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Thorpe, 2013, Facilitating healthy coping in patients with diabetes: a systematic review, Diabetes Educ source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Peyrot, 2007, Behavioral and psychosocial interventions in diabetes: a conceptual review, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Naik, 2011, Comparative effectiveness of goal setting in diabetes mellitus group clinics: randomized clinical trial, Arch Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“DSMES is associated with improved diabetes knowledge and self-care behaviors (17), lower A1C (17-21), lower selfreported weight (22), improved quality of life (19,23,24), reduced all-cause mortality risk (25), positive coping behaviors (5,26), and reduced health care costs (27)(28)(29).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Norris, 2002, Self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic control, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individual and group approaches are effective (40)(41)(42), with a slight benefit realized by those who engage in both (20).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Mannucci, 2021, Self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes: group-based versus individual education. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized trails, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis
- Not checked yetcites [41] Duke, 2009, Individual patient education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
- Not checked yetcites [42] Odgers-Jewell, 2017, Effectiveness of group-based self-management education for individuals with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analyses and meta-regression, Diabet Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Better outcomes were reported for DSMES interventions that were more than 10 h over the course of 6-12 months (20), included ongoing support (14,32), were culturally (33)(34)(35) and age appropriate (36,37), were tailored to individual needs and preferences, addressed psychosocial issues, and incorporated behavioral strategies (15,26,38,39).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Tang, 2010, Self-management support in “real-world” settings: an empowerment-based intervention, Patient Educ Couns source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Piatt, 2010, 3-year follow-up of clinical and behavioral improvements following a multifaceted diabetes care intervention: results of a randomized controlled trial, Diabetes Educ source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“DSMES is associated with improved diabetes knowledge and self-care behaviors (17), lower A1C (17-21), lower selfreported weight (22), improved quality of life (19,23,24), reduced all-cause mortality risk (25), positive coping behaviors (5,26), and reduced health care costs (27)(28)(29).”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“People with diabetes who participate in DSMES are more likely to follow best practice treatment recommendations, particularly those with Medicare, and have lower Medicare and insurance claim costs (28,31).”
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“DSMES is associated with an increased use of primary care and preventive services (27,30,31) and less frequent use of acute care and inpatient hospital services (22).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Robbins, 2008, Nutritionist visits, diabetes classes, and hospitalization rates and charges: the Urban Diabetes Study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Johnson, 2010, Associations between self-management education and comprehensive diabetes clinical care, Diabetes Spectr source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Duncan, 2009, Assessing the value of diabetes education, Diabetes Educ source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“DSMES is associated with improved diabetes knowledge and self-care behaviors (17), lower A1C (17-21), lower selfreported weight (22), improved quality of life (19,23,24), reduced all-cause mortality risk (25), positive coping behaviors (5,26), and reduced health care costs (27)(28)(29).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] He, 2017, Diabetes self-management education reduces risk of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Endocrine source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“DSMES is associated with improved diabetes knowledge and self-care behaviors (17), lower A1C (17-21), lower selfreported weight (22), improved quality of life (19,23,24), reduced all-cause mortality risk (25), positive coping behaviors (5,26), and reduced health care costs (27)(28)(29).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Cooke, 2013, Structured type 1 diabetes education delivered within routine care: impact on glycemic control and diabetes-specific quality of life, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Cochran, 2008, Meta-analysis of quality of life outcomes following diabetes self-management training, Diabetes Educ source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Davidson, 2022, The effects of diabetes self-management education on quality of life for persons with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“DSMES is associated with an increased use of primary care and preventive services (27,30,31) and less frequent use of acute care and inpatient hospital services (22).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Steinsbekk, 2012, Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analysis, BMC Health Serv Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Better outcomes were reported for DSMES interventions that were more than 10 h over the course of 6-12 months (20), included ongoing support (14,32), were culturally (33)(34)(35) and age appropriate (36,37), were tailored to individual needs and preferences, addressed psychosocial issues, and incorporated behavioral strategies (15,26,38,39).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Chrvala, 2016, Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the effect on glycemic control, Patient Educ Couns source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“People with diabetes who participate in DSMES are more likely to follow best practice treatment recommendations, particularly those with Medicare, and have lower Medicare and insurance claim costs (28,31).”
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“DSMES is associated with improved diabetes knowledge and self-care behaviors (17), lower A1C (17-21), lower selfreported weight (22), improved quality of life (19,23,24), reduced all-cause mortality risk (25), positive coping behaviors (5,26), and reduced health care costs (27)(28)(29).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Norris, 2002, Self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic control, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Frosch, 2011, Evaluation of a behavior support intervention for patients with poorly controlled diabetes, Arch Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Cooke, 2013, Structured type 1 diabetes education delivered within routine care: impact on glycemic control and diabetes-specific quality of life, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Chrvala, 2016, Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the effect on glycemic control, Patient Educ Couns source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Marincic, 2019, Diabetes self-management education and medical nutrition therapy: a multisite study documenting the efficacy of registered dietitian nutritionist interventions in the management of glycemic control and diabetic dyslipidemia through retrospective chart review, J Acad Nutr Diet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Better outcomes were reported for DSMES interventions that were more than 10 h over the course of 6-12 months (20), included ongoing support (14,32), were culturally (33)(34)(35) and age appropriate (36,37), were tailored to individual needs and preferences, addressed psychosocial issues, and incorporated behavioral strategies (15,26,38,39).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Chodosh, 2005, Meta-analysis: chronic disease self-management programs for older adults, Ann Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Sarkisian, 2003, A systematic review of diabetes self-care interventions for older, African American, or Latino adults, Diabetes Educ source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“all people with diabetes should participate in DSMES as it helps people with diabetes to identify and implement effective selfmanagement strategies and cope with diabetes (2).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Powers, 2020, Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes: a consensus report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individual and group approaches are effective (40)(41)(42), with a slight benefit realized by those who engage in both (20).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Chrvala, 2016, Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the effect on glycemic control, Patient Educ Couns source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Medicare reimburses DSMES when that service meets the national standards (2,43) and is recognized by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) through the Education Recognition Program (professional.diabetes.org/ diabetes-education) or Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists (diabeteseducator.org/practice/diabetes- education-accreditation-program).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Powers, 2020, Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes: a consensus report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Davis, 2022, 2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Greater A1C reductions are demonstrated with increased patient engagement (62), although data from trials are considerably heterogeneous.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Lee, 2021, A novel user utility score for diabetes management using tailored mobile coaching: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, JMIR Mhealth Uhealth source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Continuous glucose monitoring, when combined with individualized diabetes education or behavioral interventions, has demonstrated greater improvement on glycemic and psychosocial outcomes compared with continuous glucose monitoring alone (63,64).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Yoo, 2022, Effect of structured individualized education on continuous glucose monitoring use in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Strategies to Enhance New CGM Use in Early Childhood (SENCE) Study Group, 2021, A randomized clinical trial assessing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use with standardized education with or without a family behavioral intervention compared with fingerstick blood glucose monitoring in very young children with type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Barriers to equitable access to DSMES may be addressed through telehealth delivery of care and other digital health solutions (43).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Davis, 2022, 2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support, Diabetes Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research supports diabetes care and education specialists (DCES), including nurses, registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs), and pharmacists as providers of DSMES who may also tailor curriculum to the person's needs (68)(69)(70).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] van Eikenhorst, 2017, Pharmacist-led self-management interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis, Front Pharmacol source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Tshiananga, 2012, The effect of nurse-led diabetes self-management education on glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Educ source
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, there is growing evidence for the role of community health workers (71,72), as well as peer (71)(72)(73)(74)(75)(76) and lay leaders (77), in providing ongoing support.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Shah, 2013, The role of community health workers in diabetes: update on current literature, Curr Diab Rep source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Spencer, 2018, Outcomes at 18 months from a community health worker and peer leader diabetes self-management program for Latino adults, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [73] Heisler, 2010, Diabetes control with reciprocal peer support versus nurse care management: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Long, 2012, Peer mentoring and financial incentives to improve glucose control in African American veterans: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Fisher, 2017, Peer support of complex health behaviors in prevention and disease management with special reference to diabetes: systematic reviews, Clin Diabetes Endocrinol source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Litchman, 2020, In-person and technology-mediated peer support in diabetes care: a systematic review of reviews and gap analysis, Diabetes Educ source
- Not checked yetcites [77] Foster, 2007, Self-management education programmes by lay leaders for people with chronic conditions, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, although DSMES can also be provided via phone calls and telehealth, these remote versions may not always be reimbursed (13).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Davis, 2022, 2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support, Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Strong evidence now exists on the benefits of virtual, telehealth, or internet-based DSMES services for diabetes prevention and management in a wide variety of populations (43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Davis, 2022, 2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Pereira, 2015, Internet delivered diabetes self-management education: a review, Diabetes Technol Ther source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Sepah, 2015, Long-term outcomes of a web-based diabetes prevention program: 2-year results of a single-arm longitudinal study, J Med Internet Res source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Greenwood, 2017, A systematic review of reviews evaluating technology-enabled diabetes self-management education and support, J Diabetes Sci Technol source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Athinarayanan, 2019, Long-term effects of a novel continuous remote care intervention including nutritional ketosis for the management of type 2 diabetes: a 2-year non-randomized clinical trial, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Kumar, 2018, A diabetes mobile app with in-app coaching from a certified diabetes educator reduces A1C for individuals with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Educ source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Hallberg, 2018, Effectiveness and safety of a novel care model for the management of type 2 diabetes at 1 year: an open-label, non-randomized, controlled study, Diabetes Ther source
- Not checked yetcites [50] Xu, 2018, Telemedicine in the management of type 1 diabetes, Prev Chronic Dis
- Not checked yetcites [51] Dening, 2020, Web-based interventions for dietary behavior in adults with type 2 diabetes: systematic review of randomized controlled trials, J Med Internet Res source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Anderson, 2022, Telehealth interventions to improve diabetes management among Black and Hispanic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Racial Ethn Health Disparities source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite the benefits of DSMES, reports indicate that only 5-7% of individuals eligible for DSMES through Medicare or a private insurance plan actually receive it (80,81).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Strawbridge, 2015, Use of Medicare’s diabetes self-management training benefit, Health Educ Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [81] Horigan, 2016, Reasons why patients referred to diabetes education programmes choose not to attend: a systematic review, Diabet Med
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Barriers to DSMES exist at the health system, payer, health care professional, and individual levels.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Horigan, 2016, Reasons why patients referred to diabetes education programmes choose not to attend: a systematic review, Diabet Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Technologies such as mobile apps, simulation tools, digital coaching, and digital self-management interventions can also be used to deliver DSMES (55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Omar, 2020, The impact of a self-management educational program coordinated through WhatsApp on diabetes control, Pharm Pract (Granada) source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Liang, 2021, Study on the effect of education for insulin injection in diabetic patients with new simulation tools, Medicine (Baltimore) source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Sahin, 2019, Tailored mobile text messaging interventions targeting type 2 diabetes self-management: a systematic review and a meta-analysis, Digit Health source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Leong, 2022, Social media-delivered patient education to enhance self-management and attitudes of patients with type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic: randomized controlled trial, J Med Internet Res source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Xia, 2022, Web-based TangPlan and WeChat combination to support self-management for patients with type 2 diabetes: randomized controlled trial, JMIR Mhealth Uhealth source
- Not checked yetcites [60] Jiang, 2022, Effectiveness of a nurse-led smartphone-based self-management programme for people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial, J Adv Nurs source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Certification as a DCES (cbdce.org/)and/or board certification in advanced diabetes management (diabeteseducator. org/education/certification/bc_adm) demonstrates an individual's specialized training in and understanding of diabetes management and support (43), and engagement with qualified professionals has been shown to improve disease-related outcomes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Davis, 2022, 2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Technology-enabled diabetes selfmanagement solutions improve A1C most effectively when there is two-way communication between the person with diabetes and the health care team, individualized feedback, use of persongenerated health data, and education (46).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Greenwood, 2017, A systematic review of reviews evaluating technology-enabled diabetes self-management education and support, J Diabetes Sci Technol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These methods provide comparable or even improved outcomes compared with traditional in-person care (61).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Gershkowitz, 2021, Digital coaching strategies to facilitate behavioral change in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Medicare reimburses remote physiologic monitoring for glucose and other cardiometabolic data if certain conditions are met (83).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Department of Health and Human Services . Telehealth.HHS.gov. Telehealth and remote patient monitoring. Accessed 6 October 2022. Available from: https://telehealth.hhs.gov/providers/preparing-patients-for-telehealth/telehealth-and-remote-patient-monitoring/
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Changes in reimbursement policies that increase DSMES access and utilization will result in a positive impact to beneficiaries' clinical outcomes, quality of life, health care utilization, and costs (13,(84)(85)(86).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Davis, 2022, 2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support, Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care source
- Not checked yetcites [84] Center For Health Law and Policy Innovation . Reconsidering cost-sharing for diabetes self-management education: recommendations for policy reform. Accessed 19 October 2022. Available from https://chlpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/6.11.15-Reconsidering-Cost-Sharing-for-DSME-cover.jpg
- Not checked yetcites [85] Turner, 2018, Evaluation of a diabetes self-management program: claims analysis on comorbid illnesses, health care utilization, and cost, J Med Internet Res source
- Not checked yetcites [86] Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services . COVID-19 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Medicare Fee-for-Service (FFS) Billing. 19 October 2022. Available from https://www.cms.gov/files/document/03092020-covid-19-faqs-508.pdf
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Services delivered by practitioners familiar with diabetes and its management, such as an RDN, have been found to be effective (95).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Briggs Early, 2018, Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: the role of medical nutrition therapy and registered dietitian nutritionists in the prevention and treatment of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, J Acad Nutr Diet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“MNT delivered by an RDN is associated with A1C absolute decreases of 1.0-1.9%for people with type 1 diabetes (97) and 0.3-2.0%for people with type 2 diabetes (97).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For many individuals with overweight and obesity with type 2 diabetes, 5% weight loss is needed to achieve beneficial outcomes in glycemic control, lipids, and blood pressure (105).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] Franz, 2015, Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, J Acad Nutr Diet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sustaining weight loss can be challenging (105,116) but has long-term benefits; maintaining weight loss for 5 years is associated with sustained improvements in A1C and lipid levels (117).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] Franz, 2015, Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, J Acad Nutr Diet source
- Not checked yetcites [116] Sumithran, 2011, Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, caloric restriction may be essential for glycemic management and weight maintenance, but rigid meal plans may be contraindicated for individuals who are at increased risk of clinically significant maladaptive eating behaviors (118).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Nip, 2019, Disordered eating behaviors in youth and young adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes receiving insulin therapy: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, Diabetes Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nutrition therapy plays an integral role in overall diabetes management, and each person with diabetes should be actively engaged in education, self-management, and treatment planning with the health care team, including the collaborative development of an individualized eating plan (70,94).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [94] Davies, 2018, Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has demonstrated the most evidence for improving glycemia and may be applied to a variety of eating patterns that meet individual needs and preferences.B”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sustaining weight loss can be challenging (105,116) but has long-term benefits; maintaining weight loss for 5 years is associated with sustained improvements in A1C and lipid levels (117).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Hamdy, 2017, Long-term effect of intensive lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes in real-world clinical practice: a 5-year longitudinal study, BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, no single approach has been proven to be consistently superior (70,(123)(124)(125), and more data are needed to identify and validate those meal plans that are optimal with respect to long-term outcomes and acceptability.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [123] Emadian, 2015, The effect of macronutrients on glycaemic control: a systematic review of dietary randomised controlled trials in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes in which there was no difference in weight loss between treatment groups, Br J Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [124] Gardner, 2018, Effect of low-fat vs low-carbohydrate diet on 12-month weight loss in overweight adults and the association with genotype pattern or insulin secretion: the DIETFITS randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [125] Korsmo-Haugen, 2019, Carbohydrate quantity in the dietary management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Obes Metab source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Long-term durability of weight loss remains a challenge; however, newer medications (beyond metabolic surgery) may have potential for sustainability, impact on cardiovascular outcomes, and weight reduction beyond 10-15% (108-111).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] Franz, 2015, Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, J Acad Nutr Diet source
- Not checked yetcites [116] Sumithran, 2011, Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is strong and consistent evidence that modest, sustained weight loss can delay the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes (97-99) (see Section 3, “Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Comorbidities”) and is beneficial for the management of type 2 diabetes (see Section 8, “Obesity and Weight Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes”).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Mudaliar, 2016, Cardiometabolic risk factor changes observed in diabetes prevention programs in US settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS Med source
- Not checked yetcites [99] Balk, 2015, Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the community preventive services task force combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent diabetes, Ann Intern Med source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“MNT delivered by an RDN is associated with A1C absolute decreases of 1.0-1.9%for people with type 1 diabetes (97) and 0.3-2.0%for people with type 2 diabetes (97).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It should be noted, however, that the clinical benefits of weight loss are progressive, and more intensive weight loss goals (i.e., 15%) may be appropriate to maximize benefit depending on need, feasibility, and safety (106,107).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Lean, 2018, Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [107] Wing, 2011, Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no clear evidence that dietary supplementation with vitamins, minerals (such as chromium and vitamin D), herbs, or spices (such as cinnamon or aloe vera) can improve outcomes in people with diabetes who do not have underlying deficiencies, and they are not generally recommended for glycemic control.C”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“In prediabetes, the weight loss goal is 7-10% for preventing progression to type 2 diabetes (100).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Hamman, 2006, Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As research studies on low-carbohydrate eating plans generally indicate challenges with longterm sustainability (143), it is important to reassess and individualize meal plan guidance regularly for those interested in this approach.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [143] Kirkpatrick, 2019, Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate (including ketogenic) diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: a scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force, J Clin Lipidol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is evidence that low-and no-calorie sweetened beverages are a viable alternative to water.B”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, there is a paucity of evidence and agreement as it relates to nutrition management among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Time-restricted eating (shortening the eating window) is generally easier to follow compared with alternative-day fasting or the 5:2 plan, largely due to ease, no need to count calories, sustainability, and feasibility.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A variety of eating patterns are acceptable for the management of diabetes (70,97,131,132).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
- Not checked yetcites [131] Schwingshackl, 2017, Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [132] Benson, 2020, An update on the Mediterranean, vegetarian, and DASH eating patterns in people with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Spectr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that there is not an ideal percentage of calories from carbohydrate, protein, and fat for people with diabetes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
- Not checked yetcites [130] Schwingshackl, 2018, A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Eur J Epidemiol source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of nonnutritive sweeteners as a replacement for sugar-sweetened products may reduce overall calorie and carbohydrate intake as long as there is not a compensatory increase in energy intake from other sources.There is evidence that low-and no-calorie sweetened beverages are a viable alternative to water.B”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies examining the ideal amount of carbohydrate intake for people with diabetes are inconclusive, although monitoring carbohydrate intake and considering the blood glucose response to dietary carbohydrate are key for improving postprandial glucose management (156,157).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] DAFNE Study Group, 2002, Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial, BMJ source
- Not checked yetcites [157] Delahanty, 2009, Association of diet with glycated hemoglobin during intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have found mixed results regarding the effect of glycemic index and glycemic load on fasting glucose levels and A1C, with one systematic review finding no significant impact on A1C (160) while others demonstrated A1C reductions of 0.15% (158) to 0.5% (161,162).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Zafar, 2019, Low-glycemic index diets as an intervention for diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [159] Wheeler, 2012, Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [160] Vega-López, 2018, Relevance of the glycemic index and glycemic load for body weight, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, Nutrients source
- Not checked yetcites [161] Thomas, 2009, Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
- Not checked yetcites [162] Chiavaroli, 2021, Effect of low glycaemic index or load dietary patterns on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, BMJ source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Mediterranean (130,134-136), lowcarbohydrate (137-139), and vegetarian or plant-based (135,136,140,141) eating patterns are all examples of healthful eating patterns that have shown positive results in research for individuals with type 2 diabetes, but individualized meal planning should focus on personal preferences, needs, and goals.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Schwingshackl, 2018, A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Eur J Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [134] Esposito, 2009, Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [135] de Carvalho, 2020, Effect of different dietary patterns on glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [136] Papamichou, 2019, Dietary patterns and management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis source
- Not checked yetcites [137] Sainsbury, 2018, Effect of dietary carbohydrate restriction on glycemic control in adults with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [138] van Zuuren, 2018, Effects of low-carbohydrate- compared with low-fat-diet interventions on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review including GRADE assessments, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [139] Snorgaard, 2017, Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes, BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care source
- Not checked yetcites [140] Rinaldi, 2016, A comprehensive review of the literature supporting recommendations from the Canadian Diabetes Association for the use of a plant-based diet for management of type 2 diabetes, Can J Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [141] Pawlak, 2017, Vegetarian diets in the prevention and management of diabetes and its complications, Diabetes Spectr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most individuals with diabetes report a moderate intake of carbohydrates (44-46% of total calories) (97,144).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
- Not checked yetcites [144] Siverhus K . Low carbohydrate and very low carbohydrate eating patterns in adults with diabetes: a guide for health care providers. Arlington, VA, American Diabetes Association. Accessed 9 September 2022. Available from https://shopdiabetes.org/products/low-carbohydrate-and-very-low-carbohydrate-eating-patterns-in-adults-with-diabetes-a-guide-for-health-care-providers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There remains a significant gap in the literature as it relates to the efficacy and long-term management implications of nutrition interventions for young children with type 1 diabetes (142).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] Handu, 2021, Nutrition interventions in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: an evidence analysis center scoping review, J Acad Nutr Diet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“An RCT found that two meal-planning approaches (diabetes plate method and carbohydrate counting) were effective in helping achieve improved A1C (145).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [145] Bowen, 2016, The diabetes nutrition education study randomized controlled trial: a comparative effectiveness study of approaches to nutrition in diabetes self-management education, Patient Educ Couns source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is currently inadequate research in type 1 diabetes to support one eating pattern over another.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and processed food products with large amounts of refined grains and added sugars is strongly discouraged (172,178,179), as these have the capacity to displace healthier, more nutrient-dense food choices.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020–2025. 9th Edition, December 2020. Accessed 19 October 2022. Available from https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf
- Not checked yetcites [178] Nansel, 2016, Greater diet quality is associated with more optimal glycemic control in a longitudinal study of youth with type 1 diabetes, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [179] Katz, 2014, Associations of nutrient intake with glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes: differences by insulin regimen, Diabetes Technol Ther source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Weight reduction was also a goal in many low-carbohydrate studies, which further complicates evaluating the distinct contribution of the eating pattern (47,121,125,167).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Athinarayanan, 2019, Long-term effects of a novel continuous remote care intervention including nutritional ketosis for the management of type 2 diabetes: a 2-year non-randomized clinical trial, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) source
- Not checked yetcites [121] Saslow, 2017, Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a moderate-carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes, Nutr Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [125] Korsmo-Haugen, 2019, Carbohydrate quantity in the dietary management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Obes Metab source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Studies have found mixed results regarding the effect of glycemic index and glycemic load on fasting glucose levels and A1C, with one systematic review finding no significant impact on A1C (160) while others demonstrated A1C reductions of 0.15% (158) to 0.5% (161,162).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [160] Vega-López, 2018, Relevance of the glycemic index and glycemic load for body weight, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, Nutrients source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As studies on low-carbohydrate eating plans generally indicate challenges with long-term sustainability (143), it is important to reassess and individualize meal plan guidance regularly for those interested in this approach.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [143] Kirkpatrick, 2019, Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate (including ketogenic) diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: a scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force, J Clin Lipidol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Regular intake of sufficient dietary fiber is associated with lower all-cause mortality in people with diabetes (173,174), and prospective cohort studies have found dietary fiber intake is inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (175-177).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] He, 2010, Whole-grain, cereal fiber, bran, and germ intake and the risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [174] Burger, 2012, Dietary fiber, carbohydrate quality and quantity, and mortality risk of individuals with diabetes mellitus, PLoS One source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, when core dimensions of the comparative diets are similar, there is little difference in outcome measures.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, education on using insulin-to-carbohydrate ratios for meal planning can assist individuals with effectively modifying insulin dosing from meal to meal to improve glycemic management (97,156,(180)(181)(182)(183).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
- Not checked yetcites [156] DAFNE Study Group, 2002, Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial, BMJ source
- Not checked yetcites [180] Rossi, 2010, Diabetes Interactive Diary: a new telemedicine system enabling flexible diet and insulin therapy while improving quality of life: an open-label, international, multicenter, randomized study, Diabetes Care source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The improvements (fasting glucose, insulin, HDL cholesterol, and A1C) were likely due to the nutritional quality of both interventions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] Gardner, 2022, Effect of a ketogenic diet versus mediterranean diet on HbA1c in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the interventional keto-med randomized crossover trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has demonstrated evidence for improving glycemia and may be applied in a variety of eating patterns that meet individual needs and preferences (70).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although there is still much to be elucidated with the gut microbiome and chronic disease, higher-fiber diets are advantageous (171).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Cronin, 2021, Dietary fibre modulates the gut microbiota, Nutrients source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have found mixed results regarding the effect of glycemic index and glycemic load on fasting glucose levels and A1C, with one systematic review finding no significant impact on A1C (160) while others demonstrated A1C reductions of 0.15% (158) to 0.5% (161,162).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Zafar, 2019, Low-glycemic index diets as an intervention for diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [161] Thomas, 2009, Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
- Not checked yetcites [162] Chiavaroli, 2021, Effect of low glycaemic index or load dietary patterns on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, BMJ source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results from high-fat, high-protein meal studies highlight the need for additional insulin to cover these meals; however, more studies are needed to determine the optimal insulin dose and delivery strategy.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The type of fats consumed is more important than total amount of fat when looking at metabolic goals and CVD risk, and it is recommended that the percentage of total calories from saturated fats should be limited (120,172,(200)(201)(202).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Estruch, 2018, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [172] U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020–2025. 9th Edition, December 2020. Accessed 19 October 2022. Available from https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf
- Not checked yetcites [200] Ros, 2003, Dietary cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The results from these studies also point to individual differences in postprandial glycemic response; therefore, a cautious approach to increasing insulin doses for high-fat and/or highprotein mixed meals is recommended to address delayed hyperglycemia that may occur 3 h or more after eating (70).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that there is not an ideal percentage of calories from fat for people with or at risk for diabetes and that macronutrient distribution should be individualized according to the patient's eating patterns, preferences, and metabolic goals (70).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“If using an insulin pump, a split bolus feature (part of the bolus delivered immediately, the remainder over a programmed duration of time) may provide better insulin coverage for high-fat and/or high-protein mixed meals (185,192).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] Bell, 2016, Optimized mealtime insulin dosing for fat and protein in type 1 diabetes: application of a model-based approach to derive insulin doses for open-loop diabetes management, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [192] Metwally, 2021, Insulin pump dosing strategies for meals varying in fat, protein or glycaemic index or grazing-style meals in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In individuals with type 2 diabetes, protein intake may enhance or increase the insulin response to dietary carbohydrates (199).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [199] Layman, 2008, Protein in optimal health: heart disease and type 2 diabetes, Am J Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Checking glucose 3 h after eating may help to determine if additional insulin adjustments are required (i.e., increasing or stopping bolus) (185,192,193).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] Bell, 2016, Optimized mealtime insulin dosing for fat and protein in type 1 diabetes: application of a model-based approach to derive insulin doses for open-loop diabetes management, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [192] Metwally, 2021, Insulin pump dosing strategies for meals varying in fat, protein or glycaemic index or grazing-style meals in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [193] Campbell, 2016, Carbohydrate counting at meal time followed by a small secondary postprandial bolus injection at 3 hours prevents late hyperglycemia, without hypoglycemia, after a high-carbohydrate, high-fat meal in type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Historically, low-protein eating plans were advised for individuals with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (with albuminuria and/or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate); however, current evidence does not suggest that people with DKD need to restrict protein to less than the generally recommended protein intake (70).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Study (D2d) prospective RCT showed no significant benefit of vitamin D versus placebo on the progression to type 2 diabetes in individuals at high risk (223), post hoc analyses and metaanalyses suggest a potential benefit in specific populations (223)(224)(225)(226).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [223] Pittas, 2019, Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of herbal supplements and micronutrients, such as cinnamon (220), curcumin, vitamin D (221), aloe vera, or chromium, to improve glycemia in people with diabetes (70,222).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [220] Allen, 2013, Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Fam Med source
- Not checked yetcites [221] Mitri, 2014, Vitamin D and diabetes, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For some people with diabetes who are accustomed to regularly consuming sugar-sweetened products, nonnutritive sweeteners (containing few or no calories) may be an acceptable substitute for nutritive sweeteners (those containing calories, such as sugar, honey, and agave syrup) when consumed in moderation (228,229).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [228] Arnett, 2019, 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Circulation
- Not checked yetcites [229] Johnson, 2018, Low-calorie sweetened beverages and cardiometabolic health: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, Circulation source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The addition of nonnutritive sweeteners to diets poses no benefit for weight loss or reduced weight gain without energy restriction (238).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [238] Mattes, 2009, Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms, Am J Clin Nutr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This may be explained by reverse causality and residual confounding variables (237).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [237] Lee, 2022, Relation of change or substitution of low- and no-calorie sweetened beverages with cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Diabetes Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There continues to be no clear evidence of benefit from herbal or nonherbal (i.e., vitamin or mineral) supplementation for people with diabetes without underlying deficiencies (70).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In individuals with type 2 diabetes, two systematic reviews with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids concluded that the dietary supplements did not improve glycemic management (159,211).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Wheeler, 2012, Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [211] Brown, 2019, Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, BMJ source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nonnutritive sweeteners do not appear to have a significant effect on glycemic management (97,230,231), and they can reduce overall calorie and carbohydrate intake (97,228) as long as individuals are not compensating with additional calories from other food sources (70,232).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
- Not checked yetcites [228] Arnett, 2019, 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Circulation
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moderate alcohol intake does not have major detrimental effects on long-term blood glucose management in people with diabetes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the ASCEND trial (A Study of Cardiovascular Events iN Diabetes), when compared with placebo, supplementation with n-3 fatty acids at the dose of 1 g/day did not lead to cardiovascular benefit in people with diabetes without evidence of CVD (212).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [212] ASCEND Study Collaborative Group, 2018, Effects of n-3 fatty acid supplements in diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Study (D2d) prospective RCT showed no significant benefit of vitamin D versus placebo on the progression to type 2 diabetes in individuals at high risk (223), post hoc analyses and metaanalyses suggest a potential benefit in specific populations (223)(224)(225)(226).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [223] Pittas, 2019, Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [224] Dawson-Hughes, 2020, Intratrial exposure to vitamin D and new-onset diabetes among adults with prediabetes: a secondary analysis from the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [225] Zhang, 2020, Effects of vitamin D supplementation on prevention of type 2 diabetes in patients with prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evidence does not conclusively support recommending n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) supplements for all people with diabetes for the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular events (70,209,210).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [209] Holman, 2009, Atorvastatin in Factorial with Omega-3 EE90 Risk Reduction in Diabetes (AFORRD): a randomised controlled trial, Diabetologia source
- Not checked yetcites [210] Bosch, 2012, n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia, N Engl J Med source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved many nonnutritive sweeteners for consumption by the general public, including people with diabetes (70,227).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [227] National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture . Nutritive and nonnutritive sweetener resources. Accessed 19 October 2022. Available from https://www.nal.usda.gov/human-nutrition-and-food-safety/food-composition/sweeteners
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, results from the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) found that supplementation with 4 g/day of pure EPA significantly lowered the risk of adverse cardiovascular events.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213] Bhatt, 2019, Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia, N Engl J Med source
plaindirectn = 8,179- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nonnutritive sweeteners do not appear to have a significant effect on glycemic management (97,230,231), and they can reduce overall calorie and carbohydrate intake (97,228) as long as individuals are not compensating with additional calories from other food sources (70,232).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
- Not checked yetcites [230] Grotz, 2017, A 12-week randomized clinical trial investigating the potential for sucralose to affect glucose homeostasis, Regul Toxicol Pharmacol source
- Not checked yetcites [231] Lohner, 2020, Non-nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This trial of 8,179 participants, in which over 50% had diabetes, found a 5% absolute reduction in cardiovascular events for individuals with established atherosclerotic CVD taking a preexisting statin with residual hypertriglyceridemia (135-499 mg/dL) (213).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213] Bhatt, 2019, Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia, N Engl J Med source
plaindirectn = 8,179- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Exercise training in type 1 diabetes may also improve several important markers such as triglyceride level, LDL cholesterol, waist circumference, and body mass (248).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [248] Ostman, 2018, Clinical outcomes to exercise training in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Autonomic neuropathy can increase the risk of exercise-induced injury or adverse events through decreased cardiac responsiveness to exercise, postural hypotension, impaired thermoregulation, impaired night vision due to impaired papillary reaction, and greater susceptibility to hypoglycemia (277).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [277] Spallone, 2011, Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management, Diabetes Metab Res Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Intense activities may actually raise blood glucose levels instead of lowering them, especially if pre-exercise glucose levels are elevated (247).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [247] Peters, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There are also considerable data for the health benefits (e.g., increased cardiovascular fitness, greater muscle strength, improved insulin sensitivity) of regular exercise for those with type 1 diabetes (247).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [247] Peters, 2013
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“If proliferative diabetic retinopathy or severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy is present, then vigorous-intensity aerobic or resistance exercise may be contraindicated because of the risk of triggering vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment (274).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Colberg, 2013 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study in adults with type 1 diabetes found a doseresponse inverse relationship between self-reported bouts of physical activity per week and A1C, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes-related complications such as hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, retinopathy, and microalbuminuria (260).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260] Bohn, 2015, Impact of physical activity on glycemic control and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in adults with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional multicenter study of 18,028 patients, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A prospective observational study of adults with type 1 diabetes suggested that higher amounts of physical activity led to reduced cardiovascular mortality after a mean follow-up time of 11.4 years for people with and without chronic kidney disease (245).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [245] Tikkanen-Dolenc, 2017, Physical activity reduces risk of premature mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes with and without kidney disease, Diabetes Care source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Youth with type 1 diabetes who engage in more physical activity may have better health outcomes and health-related quality of life (256,257).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [256] Anderson, 2017, Factors associated with diabetes-specific health-related quality of life in youth with type 1 diabetes: the Global TEENs Study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [257] Adolfsson, 2018, ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes, Pediatr Diabetes source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, structured exercise interventions of at least 8 weeks' duration have been shown to lower A1C by an average of 0.66% in people with type 2 diabetes, even without a significant change in BMI (246).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [246] Boulé, 2001, Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some people with diabetes, hypoglycemia after exercise may occur and last for several hours due to increased insulin sensitivity.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Studies have shown that moderateintensity walking may not lead to an increased risk of foot ulcers or reulceration in those with peripheral neuropathy who use proper footwear (275).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [275] Lemaster, 2003, Daily weight-bearing activity does not increase the risk of diabetic foot ulcers, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Other benefits include slowing the decline in mobility among overweight people with diabetes (251).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [251] Rejeski, 2012, Lifestyle change and mobility in obese adults with type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A systematic review and meta-analysis found higher frequency of regular leisuretime physical activity was more effective in reducing A1C levels (267).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [267] Pai, 2016, The effectiveness of regular leisure-time physical activities on long-term glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In adults with type 2 diabetes, higher levels of exercise intensity are associated with greater improvements in A1C and in cardiorespiratory fitness (249); sustained improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and weight loss have also been associated with a lower risk of heart failure (250).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250] Pandey, 2020, Association of intensive lifestyle intervention, fitness, and body mass index with risk of heart failure in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis from the Look AHEAD Trial, Circulation source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In individuals taking insulin and/or insulin secretagogues, physical activity may cause hypoglycemia if the medication dose or carbohydrate consumption is not adjusted for the exercise bout and postbout impact on glucose.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, 150 min/week of moderate exercise was reported to improve outcomes in people with prediabetic neuropathy (276).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [276] Smith, 2006, Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Each individual with type 1 diabetes has a variable glycemic response to exercise.This variability should be taken into consideration when recommending the type and duration of exercise for a given individual (247).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [247] Peters, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Objective measurement by accelerometer in 871 individuals with type 2 diabetes showed that 44.2%, 42.6%, and 65.1% of White, African American, and Hispanic individuals, respectively, met the recommended threshold of exercise ( 241).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [241] Bazargan-Hejazi, 2017, A racial comparison of differences between self-reported and objectively measured physical activity among US adults with diabetes, Ethn Dis source
plainn = 871- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals on these therapies may need to ingest some added carbohydrate if pre-exercise glucose levels are <90 mg/dL (5.0 mmol/L), depending on whether they are able to lower insulin doses during the workout (such as with an insulin pump or reduced pre-exercise insulin dosage), the time of day exercise is done, and the intensity and duration of the activity (247).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [247] Peters, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A wide range of activities, including yoga, tai chi, and other types, can have significant impacts on A1C, flexibility, muscle strength, and balance (240,(268)(269)(270).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [240] 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2018
- Not checked yetcites [268] Cui, 2017, Effects of yoga in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis, J Diabetes Investig source
- Not checked yetcites [269] Lee, 2015, A systematic review and meta-analysis of tai chi for treating type 2 diabetes, Maturitas source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moderate to high volumes of aerobic activity are associated with substantially lower cardiovascular and overall mortality risks in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (244).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Sluik, 2012, Physical activity and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus: a prospective study and meta-analysis, Arch Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Results from epidemiologic, case-control, and cohort studies provide convincing evidence to support the causal link between cigarette smoking and health risks (279).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [279] Suarez, 1984, Interaction between cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus in the prediction of death attributed to cardiovascular disease, Am J Epidemiol source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evidence supports using a variety of behavioral strategies and multicomponent interventions to help people with diabetes and their caregivers or family members develop health behavior routines and overcome barriers to self-management behaviors (300-302).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [300] Hood, 2010, Interventions with adherence-promoting components in pediatric type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of their impact on glycemic control, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [301] Hilliard, 2016, Evidence-based behavioral interventions to promote diabetes management in children, adolescents, and families, Am Psychol source
- Not checked yetcites [302] Hood, 2015, Effective strategies for encouraging behavior change in people with diabetes, Diabetes Manag (Lond) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For youth with diabetes, family-based behavioral intervention packages and multisystem interventions that facilitate health behavior change demonstrate benefit for increasing management behaviors and improving glycemic outcomes (301).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [301] Hilliard, 2016, Evidence-based behavioral interventions to promote diabetes management in children, adolescents, and families, Am Psychol source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These approaches may be delivered via digital health tools (309,313,315).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [309] Van Rhoon, 2020, A systematic review of the behaviour change techniques and digital features in technology-driven type 2 diabetes prevention interventions, Digit Health source
- Not checked yetcites [313] Crowley, 2022, Effect of a comprehensive telehealth intervention vs telemonitoring and care coordination in patients with persistently poor type 2 diabetes control: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [315] Harris, 2015, Seeing is believing: using skype to improve diabetes outcomes in youth, Diabetes Care source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Pharmacologic therapy to assist with smoking cessation in people with diabetes has been shown to be effective (288)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [288] Tonstad, 2017, Varenicline in smokers with diabetes: a pooled analysis of 15 randomized, placebo-controlled studies of varenicline, J Diabetes Investig source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“recent research has demonstrated that this weight gain does not diminish the substantial CVD benefit realized from smoking cessation (292).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [292] Clair, 2013, Association of smoking cessation and weight change with cardiovascular disease among adults with and without diabetes, JAMA source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Numerous large RCTs have demonstrated the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of brief counseling in smoking cessation, including the use of telephone quit lines, in reducing tobacco use.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A cluster randomized trial found statistically significant increases in quit rates and long-term abstinence rates (>6 months) when smoking cessation interventions were offered through diabetes education clinics, regardless of motivation to quit at baseline (297).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [297] Reid, 2018, Prospective, cluster-randomized trial to implement the Ottawa model for smoking cessation in diabetes education programs in Ontario, Canada, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multicomponent intervention packages have the highest efficacy for behavioral and glycemic outcomes (300,309,311).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [300] Hood, 2010, Interventions with adherence-promoting components in pediatric type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of their impact on glycemic control, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [309] Van Rhoon, 2020, A systematic review of the behaviour change techniques and digital features in technology-driven type 2 diabetes prevention interventions, Digit Health source
- Not checked yetcites [311] Avery, 2012, Changing physical activity behavior in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity can acutely increase urinary albumin excretion.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Smoking may have a role in the development of type 2 diabetes (285-287).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [285] Jankowich, 2011, Age-, race-, and gender-specific prevalence of diabetes among smokers, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [286] Akter, 2017, Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [287] Liu, 2018, Smoking and smoking cessation in relation to risk of diabetes in Chinese men and women: a 9-year prospective study of 0·5 million people, Lancet Public Health source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Special considerations should include assessment of level of nicotine dependence, which is associated with difficulty in quitting and relapse (290).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [290] Ranney, 2006, Systematic review: smoking cessation intervention strategies for adults and adults in special populations, Ann Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in light of recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention evidence (296) of deaths related to e-cigarette use”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [296] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Smoking & tobacco use: outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping, products. Accessed 19 October 2022. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“for people who are motivated to quit, the addition of pharmacologic therapy to counseling is more effective than either treatment alone (289).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [289] West, 2017, Tobacco smoking: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions, Psychol Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One study in people who smoke who had newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes found that smoking cessation was associated with amelioration of metabolic parameters and reduced blood pressure and albuminuria at 1 year (293).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Voulgari, 2011, Smoking cessation predicts amelioration of microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective study, Metabolism source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Successful therapeutic approaches include cognitive behavioral (330,332,348,349) and mindfulness-based therapies (346,350,351).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [330] Xu, 2021, Effect of group cognitive behavioural therapy on psychological stress and blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a community-based cluster randomized controlled trial in China, Diabet Med source
- Not checked yetcites [332] Rechenberg, 2021, Cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: an integrative review, J Pediatr Nurs source
- Not checked yetcites [348] Li, 2022, The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention on patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [349] Vlachou, 2022, Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions on psychological symptoms in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an update review of randomized controlled trials, J Diabetes Complications source
- Not checked yetcites [346] Chen, 2020, Effect of a mindfulness programme for long-term care residents with type 2 diabetes: a cluster randomised controlled trial measuring outcomes of glycaemic control, relocation stress and depression, Int J Older People Nurs source
- Not checked yetcites [350] Nikkhah Ravari, 2020, Evaluation of the effects of 12 weeks mindfulness-based stress reduction on glycemic control and mental health indices in women with diabetes mellitus type 2, Adv Biomed Res source
- Not checked yetcites [351] Ni, 2021, Effects of mindfulness-based intervention on glycemic control and psychological outcomes in people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Diabetes Investig source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Collaborative care interventions and a team approach have demonstrated efficacy in diabetes self-management, outcomes of depression, and psychosocial functioning (5,6).”
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“resilience-promoting interventions to prevent diabetes distress in adolescence (352,353)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [352] Hood, 2018, Preventing diabetes distress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results 1 year after participation in the STePS Program, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [353] Weissberg-Benchell, 2020, Supporting Teen Problem-Solving (STEPS) 3 year outcomes: preventing diabetes-specific emotional distress and depressive symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, J Consult Clin Psychol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Diabetes distress is very common (321,(358)(359)(360).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [321] Nicolucci, 2013, Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs second study (DAWN2): cross-national benchmarking of diabetes-related psychosocial outcomes for people with diabetes, Diabet Med source
- Not checked yetcites [358] Fisher, 2012, When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful? Establishing cut points for the Diabetes Distress Scale, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [359] Fisher, 2010, The relationship between diabetes distress and clinical depression with glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [360] Hagger, 2016, Diabetes distress among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review, Curr Diab Rep source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“symptoms of emotional distress are associated with mortality risk (316,323).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [316] Naicker, 2017, Type 2 diabetes and comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety: longitudinal associations with mortality risk, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [323] Guerrero Fernández de Alba, 2020, Association between mental health comorbidity and health outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, Sci Rep source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Various health care professionals working with people with diabetes may contribute to psychosocial care in different ways based on training, experience, need, and availability (313,326,327).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [313] Crowley, 2022, Effect of a comprehensive telehealth intervention vs telemonitoring and care coordination in patients with persistently poor type 2 diabetes control: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [326] Cho, 2021, Self-management nursing intervention for controlling glucose among diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [327] Majidi, 2021, Psychosocial outcomes in young adolescents with type 1 diabetes participating in shared medical appointments, Pediatr Diabetes source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“behavioral family interventions to promote collaborative family diabetes management in early adolescence (354,355)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [354] Laffel, 2003, Impact of ambulatory, family-focused teamwork intervention on glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes, J Pediatr source
- Not checked yetcites [355] Wysocki, 2006, Effects of behavioral family systems therapy for diabetes on adolescents’ family relationships, treatment adherence, and metabolic control, J Pediatr Psychol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, individuals with diabetes and their families are challenged with complex, multifaceted issues when integrating diabetes care into daily life (183).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [183] Bell, 2014, Efficacy of carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“or to support adjustment to a new treatment plan or technology (64).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Strategies to Enhance New CGM Use in Early Childhood (SENCE) Study Group, 2021, A randomized clinical trial assessing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use with standardized education with or without a family behavioral intervention compared with fingerstick blood glucose monitoring in very young children with type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Clinically significant mental health diagnoses are considerably more prevalent in people with diabetes than in those without (316,317).”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Psychosocial interventions can be delivered via digital health platforms (356).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [356] Yap, Effectiveness of technology-based psychosocial interventions on diabetes distress and health-relevant outcomes among type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Telemed Telecare
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A multisite RCT with adults with type 1 diabetes and elevated diabetes distress and A1C demonstrated large improvements in diabetes distress and small reductions in A1C through two 3-month intervention approaches: a diabetes education intervention with goal setting and a psychological intervention that included emotion regulation skills, motivational interviewing, and goal setting (369).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [369] Fisher, 2018, T1-REDEEM: a randomized controlled trial to reduce diabetes distress among adults with type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Elevated depressive symptoms and depressive disorders affect one in four people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (320).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [320] Anderson, 2001, The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Regardless of diabetes type, women have significantly higher rates of depression than men (390).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [390] Clouse, 2003, Depression and coronary heart disease in women with diabetes, Psychosom Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among adults with type 2 diabetes and elevated depressive symptoms, an RCT of collaborative care demonstrated benefits on anxiety symptoms for up to 1 year (380).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [380] Kemp, 2022, Effect of a collaborative care model on anxiety symptoms among patients with depression and diabetes in India: the INDEPENDENT randomized clinical trial, Gen Hosp Psychiatry source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“People with diabetes who exhibit excessive diabetes self-management behaviors well beyond what is prescribed or needed to achieve glycemic targets may be experiencing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (378).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [378] American Psychiatric Association, 2013 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A common diabetes-specific concern is fears related to hypoglycemia (375,376), which may explain avoidance of behaviors associated with lowering glucose, such as increasing insulin doses or frequency of monitoring.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375] Cox, 1987, Fear of hypoglycemia: quantification, validation, and utilization, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [376] Wild, 2007, A critical review of the literature on fear of hypoglycemia in diabetes: implications for diabetes management and patient education, Patient Educ Couns source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Anxiety symptoms and diagnosable disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, specific phobias, and posttraumatic stress disorder) are common in people with diabetes (373).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [373] Smith, 2013, Association of diabetes with anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychosom Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multisite studies have demonstrated feasibility of implementing depressive symptom screening protocols in diabetes clinics and published practical guides for implementation (336)(337)(338)(339)391).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [336] T1D Exchange . Depression screening change package. Accessed 10 September 2022. Available from https://t1dexchange.org/depression-screening-change-package/
- Not checked yetcites [337] Mulvaney, 2021, A retrospective multisite examination of depression screening practices, scores, and correlates in pediatric diabetes care, Transl Behav Med source
- Not checked yetcites [338] Monaghan, 2021, Multisite examination of depression screening scores and correlates among adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes, Can J Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [339] Watson, 2020, Depression and anxiety screening in adolescents with diabetes, Clin Pediatr (Phila) source
- Not checked yetcites [391] Vassilopoulos, 2020, Discrepancies in assessing symptoms of depression in adolescents with diabetes using the patient health questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, Diabetes Spectr source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The constant behavioral demands of diabetes selfmanagement (medication dosing, frequency, and titration; monitoring of glucose, food intake, eating patterns, and physical activity) and the potential or actuality of disease progression are directly associated with reports of diabetes distress (358).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [358] Fisher, 2012, When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful? Establishing cut points for the Diabetes Distress Scale, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among adults with type 2 diabetes in the Veterans Affairs system, an RCT demonstrated benefits of integrating a single session of mindfulness intervention into DSMES, followed by a booster session and mobile app-based home practice over 24 weeks, with the strongest effects on diabetes distress ( 370).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [370] DiNardo, 2022, Effects of an integrated mindfulness intervention for veterans with diabetes distress: a randomized controlled trial, BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several educational and behavioral intervention strategies have demonstrated benefits for diabetes distress and, to a lesser degree, glycemic outcomes, including education, psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based therapies, and health behavior change approaches such as motivational interviewing (348,349,365,366).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [348] Li, 2022, The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention on patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [349] Vlachou, 2022, Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions on psychological symptoms in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an update review of randomized controlled trials, J Diabetes Complications source
- Not checked yetcites [365] Sturt, 2015, Effective interventions for reducing diabetes distress: systematic review and meta-analysis, International Diabetes Nursing source
- Not checked yetcites [366] Ngan, 2021, Effects of mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions on diabetes distress and glycaemic level in people with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabet Med source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“History of depression, current depression, and antidepressant medication use are risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes, especially if the individual has other risk factors such as obesity and family history of type 2 diabetes (387)(388)(389).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [387] Lustman, 1988, Depression in adults with diabetes. Results of 5-yr follow-up study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [388] de Groot, 2016, Lifetime duration of depressive disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [389] Rubin, 2008, Elevated depression symptoms, antidepressant medicine use, and risk of developing diabetes during the diabetes prevention program, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similar rates have been identified among adolescents with type 1 diabetes (360) and in parents of youth with type 1 diabetes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [360] Hagger, 2016, Diabetes distress among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review, Curr Diab Rep source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“An RCT of cognitive behavioral therapy demonstrated positive benefits for diabetes distress, A1C, and depressive symptoms for up to 1 year among adults with type 2 diabetes and elevated symptoms of distress or depression ( 371).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [371] Lutes, 2020, A tailored cognitive-behavioural intervention produces comparable reductions in regimen-related distress in adults with type 2 diabetes regardless of insulin use: 12-month outcomes from the COMRADE trial, Can J Diabetes source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data support diabetes distress interventions delivered using technology (356).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [356] Yap, Effectiveness of technology-based psychosocial interventions on diabetes distress and health-relevant outcomes among type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Telemed Telecare
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Further, people with serious mental health disorders and diabetes frequently experience moderate psychological distress, suggesting pervasive intrusion of mental health issues into daily functioning (416).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [416] Mulligan, 2018, Barriers to effective diabetes management–a survey of people with severe mental illness, BMC Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Qualitative research suggests that educational and behavioral intervention may provide benefit via group support, accountability, and assistance with applying diabetes knowledge (417).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [417] Schnitzer, 2021, Patient experience and predictors of improvement in a group behavioral and educational intervention for individuals with diabetes and serious mental illness: mixed methods case study, J Particip Med source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Declines have been shown to impact executive function and information processing speed; they are not consistent between people, and evidence is lacking regarding a known course of decline (426).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [426] Munshi, 2017, Cognitive dysfunction in older adults with diabetes: what a clinician needs to know, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As with DSMES, personcentered collaborative care approaches have been shown to improve both depression and medical outcomes (392).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [392] Katon, 2004, The Pathways Study: a randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These medications promote substantial weight loss and maintenance of lost weight beyond conventional nutrition therapies (412), which may improve quality of life.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [412] Hansson, 1998, Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“patterns of maladaptive food intake that appear to have a psychological origin may be driven by physiologic disruption in hunger and satiety cues, metabolic perturbations, and/ or secondary distress because of the individual's inability to control their hunger and satiety (401,408).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [401] Young-Hyman, 2010, Disordered eating behavior in individuals with diabetes: importance of context, evaluation, and classification, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [408] Peterson, 2015, Topical review: a comprehensive risk model for disordered eating in youth with type 1 diabetes, J Pediatr Psychol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“People with type 1 diabetes and eating disorders have high rates of diabetes distress and fear of hypoglycemia ( 406).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [406] Martyn-Nemeth, 2014, Diabetes distress may adversely affect the eating styles of women with type 1 diabetes, Acta Diabetol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Estimated prevalence of disordered eating behavior and diagnosable eating disorders in people with diabetes varies (399-401).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [399] Pinhas-Hamiel, 2015, Eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: challenges in diagnosis and treatment, World J Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [400] Papelbaum, 2005, Prevalence of eating disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in a clinical sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, Rev Bras Psiquiatr source
- Not checked yetcites [401] Young-Hyman, 2010, Disordered eating behavior in individuals with diabetes: importance of context, evaluation, and classification, Diabetes Care source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Studies of individuals with serious mental illness, particularly schizophrenia and other thought disorders, show significantly increased rates of type 2 diabetes (415).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [415] Suvisaari, 2008, Type 2 diabetes among persons with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in a general population survey, Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“People with diabetes and diagnosable eating disorders have high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders (405).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [405] Hudson, 2007, The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Biol Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Having diabetes over decades-type 1 and type 2has been shown to be associated with cognitive decline (423-425).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [423] Brands, 2005, The effects of type 1 diabetes on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [424] Carmichael, 2020, Long-term change in physiological markers and cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes: the Look AHEAD Study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [425] Avila, 2021, The effect of diabetes on the cognitive trajectory of older adults in Mexico and the United States, J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This person can help improve the patient's ability to follow the agreed-upon treatment plan through both monitoring and caretaking functions (421).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [421] Kruse, 2003, On the association between diabetes and mental disorders in a community sample: results from the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Declines have been shown to impact executive function and information processing speed; they are not consistent between people, and evidence is lacking regarding a known course of decline (426).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [426] Munshi, 2017, Cognitive dysfunction in older adults with diabetes: what a clinician needs to know, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, those taking second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics, such as olanzapine, require greater monitoring because of an increase in risk of type 2 diabetes associated with this medication (418-420).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [418] Koro, 2002, Assessment of independent effect of olanzapine and risperidone on risk of diabetes among patients with schizophrenia: population based nested case-control study, BMJ source
- Not checked yetcites [419] American Diabetes Association, 2004, Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [420] Holt, 2019, Association between antipsychotic medication use and diabetes, Curr Diab Rep source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Psychological interventions targeting depressive symptoms have shown efficacy when delivered via digital technologies (397).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [397] Varela-Moreno, 2022, Effectiveness of eHealth-based psychological interventions for depression treatment in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review, Front Psychol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Further, people with serious mental health disorders and diabetes frequently experience moderate psychological distress, suggesting pervasive intrusion of mental health issues into daily functioning (416).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [416] Mulligan, 2018, Barriers to effective diabetes management–a survey of people with severe mental illness, BMC Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Declines have been shown to impact executive function and information processing speed; they are not consistent between people, and evidence is lacking regarding a known course of decline (426).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [426] Munshi, 2017, Cognitive dysfunction in older adults with diabetes: what a clinician needs to know, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For people with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin, intentional omission is also frequently reported (404).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [404] Weinger, 2010, Barriers to achieving glycemic targets: who omits insulin and why?, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The associations between sleep problems and diabetes are complex: sleep disorders are a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes (430,431) and possibly gestational diabetes mellitus (432,433).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [430] Anothaisintawee, 2016, Sleep disturbances compared to traditional risk factors for diabetes development: Systematic review and meta-analysis, Sleep Med Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [431] Cappuccio, 2010, Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Diagnosis of dementia is also more prevalent among people with diabetes, both type 1 and type 2 (427).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [427] Biessels, 2018, Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and clinical implications, Nat Rev Endocrinol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, sleep disturbances are associated with less engagement in diabetes self-management and may interfere with the achievement of glycemic targets among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes (434-439).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [434] Lee, 2017, The impact of sleep amount and sleep quality on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Sleep Med Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [435] Barone, 2011, Diabetes and sleep: a complex cause-and-effect relationship, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [436] Reutrakul, 2016, Sleep characteristics in type 1 diabetes and associations with glycemic control: systematic review and meta-analysis, Sleep Med source
- Not checked yetcites [437] Ji, 2021, Sleep and type 1 diabetes mellitus management among children, adolescents, and emerging young adults: a systematic review, J Pediatr Nurs source
- Not checked yetcites [438] Perez, 2018, Sleep in type 1 diabetes: implications for glycemic control and diabetes management, Curr Diab Rep source
- Not checked yetcites [439] Schipper, 2021, Sleep disorders in people with type 2 diabetes and associated health outcomes: a review of the literature, Diabetologia source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, monitoring of cognitive capacity of individuals is recommended, particularly regarding their ability to self-monitor and make judgments about their symptoms, physical status, and needed alterations to their self-management behaviors, all of which are mediated by executive function (427).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [427] Biessels, 2018, Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and clinical implications, Nat Rev Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, sleep disturbances are associated with less engagement in diabetes self-management and may interfere with the achievement of glycemic targets among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes (434-439).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [434] Lee, 2017, The impact of sleep amount and sleep quality on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Sleep Med Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [435] Barone, 2011, Diabetes and sleep: a complex cause-and-effect relationship, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [436] Reutrakul, 2016, Sleep characteristics in type 1 diabetes and associations with glycemic control: systematic review and meta-analysis, Sleep Med source
- Not checked yetcites [437] Ji, 2021, Sleep and type 1 diabetes mellitus management among children, adolescents, and emerging young adults: a systematic review, J Pediatr Nurs source
- Not checked yetcites [438] Perez, 2018, Sleep in type 1 diabetes: implications for glycemic control and diabetes management, Curr Diab Rep source
- Not checked yetcites [439] Schipper, 2021, Sleep disorders in people with type 2 diabetes and associated health outcomes: a review of the literature, Diabetologia source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The associations between sleep problems and diabetes are complex: sleep disorders are a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes (430,431) and possibly gestational diabetes mellitus (432,433).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [432] Zhu, 2020, Sleep quality and gestational diabetes in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Sleep Med source
- Not checked yetcites [433] Zhang, 2020, The effect of sleep impairment on gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, Sleep Med source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Earlyonset type 1 diabetes has been shown to be associated with potential deficits in intellectual abilities, especially in the context of repeated episodes of severe hypoglycemia (429).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [429] Strudwick, 2005, Cognitive functioning in children with early onset type 1 diabetes and severe hypoglycemia, J Pediatr source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Risk of hypoglycemia poses specific challenges for sleep in people with type 1 diabetes and may require targeted assessment and treatment approaches (443).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [443] Tan, 2018, Aiding sleep in type 2 diabetes: therapeutic considerations, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Disrupted sleep and sleep disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea (440), insomnia, and sleep disturbances (435), are common among people with diabetes.”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 65
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For people with type 2 diabetes, low-carbohydrate and verylow-carbohydrate eating patterns in particular have been found to reduce A1C and the need for antihyperglycemic medications (70,130,143,(163)(164)(165).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
The Low-Carbohydrate or Very Low-Carbohydrate Eating Patterns section (p. 7) states that these patterns, especially very-low-carbohydrate patterns, reduce A1C and the need for antihyperglycemic medications in the context of type 2 diabetes. The section also notes that comparative A1C benefits were more pronounced at 3 and 6 months than at 12 and 24 months. (LLM, conf=0.95)
- Partly supportedcites [130] Schwingshackl, 2018, A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Eur J Epidemiol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report that low-carbohydrate diets reduced HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes. The Methods define a low-carbohydrate category but do not separately assess very-low-carbohydrate diets; the stated outcomes are HbA1c and fasting glucose, not the need for antihyperglycemic medications. Those parts of the claim are not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked yetcites [143] Kirkpatrick, 2019, Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate (including ketogenic) diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: a scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force, J Clin Lipidol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Building positive health behaviors and maintaining psychological well-being are foundational for achieving diabetes treatment goals and maximizing quality of life (1,2).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Young-Hyman, 2016, Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Powers, 2020, Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes: a consensus report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reimbursement by third-party payers is recommended C because diabetes self-management education and support can improve outcomes and reduce costs.B”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Health system, programmatic, and payer barriers include lack of administrative leadership support, limited numbers of DSMES professionals, not having referral to DSMES services effectively embedded in the health system service structure, and limited reimbursement rates (82).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Carey, 2019, Exploring organizational support for the provision of structured self-management education for people with type 2 diabetes: findings from a qualitative study, Diabet Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Incorporating a systematic approach for technology assessment, adoption, and integration into the care plan may help ensure equity in access and standardized application of technology-enabled solutions (8,30,(65)(66)(67).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Greenwood, 2020, A framework for optimizing technology-enabled diabetes and cardiometabolic care and education: the role of the diabetes care and education specialist, Diabetes Educ source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Johnson, 2010, Associations between self-management education and comprehensive diabetes clinical care, Diabetes Spectr source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Isaacs, 2020, Technology integration: the role of the diabetes care and education specialist in practice, Diabetes Educ source
- Not checked yetcites [66] Scalzo, 2021, From the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists: the role of the diabetes care and education specialist as a champion of technology integration, Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care source
- Not checked yetcites [67] Greenwood, 2021, A new taxonomy for technology-enabled diabetes self-management interventions: results of an umbrella review, J Diabetes Sci Technol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This low participation may be due to lack of referral or other identified barriers, such as logistical issues (accessibility, timing, costs) and the lack of a perceived benefit (81).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Horigan, 2016, Reasons why patients referred to diabetes education programmes choose not to attend: a systematic review, Diabet Med
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Certification as a DCES (cbdce.org/)and/or board certification in advanced diabetes management (diabeteseducator. org/education/certification/bc_adm) demonstrates an individual's specialized training in and understanding of diabetes management and support (43), and engagement with qualified professionals has been shown to improve disease-related outcomes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Davis, 2022, 2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support, Diabetes Care source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because diabetes medical nutrition therapy can result in cost savings B and improved cardiometabolic outcomes A, medical nutrition therapy should be adequately reimbursed by insurance and other payers.E”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overweight and obesity are also increasingly prevalent in people with type 1 diabetes and present clinical challenges regarding diabetes treatment and CVD risk factors (114,115).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Prinz, 2018, Trajectories of body mass index from childhood to young adulthood among patients with type 1 diabetes—a longitudinal group-based modeling approach based on the DPV Registry, J Pediatr source
- Not checked yetcites [115] Lipman, 2013, Increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes in youth: twenty years of the Philadelphia Pediatric Diabetes Registry, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no ideal macronutrient pattern for people with diabetes; meal plans should be individualized while keeping nutrient quality, total calorie, and metabolic goals in mind.E”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the time of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, reimbursement policies were revised (professional. diabetes.org/content-page/dsmes-and- mnt-during-covid-19-national-pandemic), and these changes may provide a new reimbursement paradigm for future provision of DSMES through telehealth channels.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, after medication is initiated, nutrition therapy continues to be an important component, and RDNs providing MNT in diabetes care should assess and monitor medication changes in relation to the nutrition care plan (70,94).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [94] Davies, 2018, Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Long-term durability of weight loss remains a challenge; however, newer medications (beyond metabolic surgery) may have potential for sustainability, impact on cardiovascular outcomes, and weight reduction beyond 10-15% (108-111).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Look AHEAD Research Group, 2021, Does lifestyle intervention improve health of adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes? Findings from the Look AHEAD randomized trial, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
- Not checked yetcites [109] Garvey, 2021, Long-term health benefits of intensive lifestyle intervention in the Look AHEAD study, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
- Not checked yetcites [110] Davies, 2021, Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [111] Jastreboff, 2022, Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity, N Engl J Med source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies examining the ideal amount of carbohydrate intake for people with diabetes are inconclusive, although monitoring carbohydrate intake and considering the blood glucose response to dietary carbohydrate are key for improving postprandial glucose management (156,157).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] DAFNE Study Group, 2002, Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial, BMJ source
- Not checked yetcites [157] Delahanty, 2009, Association of diet with glycated hemoglobin during intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For individuals with type 2 diabetes not meeting glycemic targets or for whom reducing glucose-lowering drugs is a priority, reducing overall carbohydrate intake with a low-or verylow-carbohydrate eating pattern is a viable option (137-139).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] Sainsbury, 2018, Effect of dietary carbohydrate restriction on glycemic control in adults with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [138] van Zuuren, 2018, Effects of low-carbohydrate- compared with low-fat-diet interventions on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review including GRADE assessments, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [139] Snorgaard, 2017, Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes, BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There may be evidence of harm for certain individuals with b carotene supplementation.B”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Efforts to modify habitual eating patterns are often unsuccessful in the long term; people generally go back to their usual macronutrient distribution (97).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Franz, 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process, J Acad Nutr Diet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A few studies have extended up to 52 weeks and show similar findings (152-155).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [152] Liu, 2022, Calorie restriction with or without time-restricted eating in weight loss, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [153] Trepanowski, 2017, Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolically healthy obese adults: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [154] Carter, 2018, Effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restricted diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized noninferiority trial, JAMA Netw Open source
- Not checked yetcites [155] Overland, 2018, The safety and efficacy of weight loss via intermittent fasting or standard daily energy restriction in adults with type 1 diabetes and overweight or obesity: A pilot study, Obes Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Each produces mild to moderate weight loss (3-8% loss from baseline) over short durations (8-12 weeks) with no significant differences in weight loss when compared with continuous calorie restriction (148-151).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] Jamshed, 2022, Effectiveness of early time-restricted eating for weight loss, fat loss, and cardiometabolic health in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [149] Lowe, 2020, Effects of time-restricted eating on weight loss and other metabolic parameters in women and men with overweight and obesity: the TREAT randomized clinical trial, JAMA Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [150] Gabel, 2018, Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: a pilot study, Nutr Healthy Aging source
- Not checked yetcites [151] Chow, 2020, Time-restricted eating effects on body composition and metabolic measures in humans who are overweight: a feasibility study, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The literature concerning glycemic index and glycemic load in individuals with diabetes is complex, often with varying definitions of low-and highglycemic-index foods (158,159).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Zafar, 2019, Low-glycemic index diets as an intervention for diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [159] Wheeler, 2012, Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs found carbohydrate-restricted eating patterns, particularly those considered low carbohydrate (<26% total energy), were effective in reducing A1C in the short term (<6 months), with less difference in eating patterns beyond 1 year (125,126,137,138,164).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [125] Korsmo-Haugen, 2019, Carbohydrate quantity in the dietary management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Obes Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [126] Sacks, 2009, Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [137] Sainsbury, 2018, Effect of dietary carbohydrate restriction on glycemic control in adults with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This systematic review highlights the metabolic complexity of response to dietary intervention in type 2 diabetes as well as the need to better understand longer-term sustainability and results (166).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Jayedi, 2022, Dose-dependent effect of carbohydrate restriction for type 2 diabetes management: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the ketogenic plan led to a greater decrease in triglycerides (168) but also a greater increase in LDL cholesterol.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] Gardner, 2022, Effect of a ketogenic diet versus mediterranean diet on HbA1c in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the interventional keto-med randomized crossover trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review and metaanalysis of RCTs investigating the dosedependent effect of carbohydrate restriction on metabolic control found each 10% decrease in carbohydrate intake had reductions in levels of A1C, fasting plasma glucose, body weight, lipids, and systolic blood pressure at 6 months, but favorable effects diminished and were not maintained at follow-up or at greater than 12 months.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Jayedi, 2022, Dose-dependent effect of carbohydrate restriction for type 2 diabetes management: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of carbohydrate and/or what is absent from the diet may contribute to confounding results.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When Gardner et al. (168) tested a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and a low-carbohydrate Mediterranean diet, in a randomized crossover design, metabolic improvements were seen in both diets without significant differences between them.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] Gardner, 2022, Effect of a ketogenic diet versus mediterranean diet on HbA1c in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the interventional keto-med randomized crossover trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Part of the challenge in interpreting low-carbohydrate research has been due to the wide range of definitions for a low-carbohydrate eating plan (139,161).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [139] Snorgaard, 2017, Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes, BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care source
- Not checked yetcites [161] Thomas, 2009, Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, verylow-carbohydrate eating plans are not currently recommended for individuals who are pregnant or lactating, children, people who have renal disease, or people with or at risk for disordered eating, and these plans should be used with caution in those taking sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors because of the potential risk of ketoacidosis (169,170).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] U.S. Food and Drug Administration . FDA revises labels of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes to include warnings about too much acid in the blood and serious urinary tract infections. Silver Spring, MD, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed 30 August 2022. Available from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-revises-labels-sglt2-inhibitors-diabetes-include-warnings-about-too-much-acid-blood-and-serious
- Not checked yetcites [170] Blau, 2017, Ketoacidosis associated with SGLT2 inhibitor treatment: analysis of FAERS data, Diabetes Metab Res Rev source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have shown that dietary fat and protein can impact early and delayed postprandial glycemia (184-187), and it appears to have a dose-dependent response (188)(189)(190)(191).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [184] Bell, 2015, Impact of fat, protein, and glycemic index on postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes: implications for intensive diabetes management in the continuous glucose monitoring era, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [185] Bell, 2016, Optimized mealtime insulin dosing for fat and protein in type 1 diabetes: application of a model-based approach to derive insulin doses for open-loop diabetes management, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [186] Smart, 2013, Both dietary protein and fat increase postprandial glucose excursions in children with type 1 diabetes, and the effect is additive, Diabetes Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reducing the amount of dietary protein below the recommended daily allowance of 0.8 g/kg is not recommended because it does not alter glycemic measures, cardiovascular risk measures, or the rate at which glomerular filtration rate declines and may increase risk for malnutrition (197,198).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197] Pan, 2008, Low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [198] Robertson, 2007, Protein restriction for diabetic renal disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is no evidence that adjusting the daily level of protein intake (typically 1-1.5 g/kg body wt/day or 15-20% total calories) will improve health, and research is inconclusive regarding the ideal amount of dietary protein to optimize either glycemic management or CVD risk (159,195).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Wheeler, 2012, Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [195] Tuttle, 2014, Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA Consensus Conference, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some research has found successful management of type 2 diabetes with meal plans including slightly higher levels of protein (20-30%), which may contribute to increased satiety (196).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Ley, 2014, Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies, Lancet source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“b-Carotene was significantly associated with increased lung cancer and cardiovascular mortality risk (219).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [219] Mangione, 2022, Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement, JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Metformin is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency per a report from the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), suggesting that periodic testing of vitamin B12 levels should be considered in people taking metformin, particularly in those with anemia or peripheral neuropathy (218).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [218] Aroda, 2016, Long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is mixed evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses for nonnutritive sweetener use with regard to weight management, with some finding benefit in weight loss (233-235) while other research suggests an association with weight gain (236,237).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [233] Miller, 2014, Low-calorie sweeteners and body weight and composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [234] Rogers, 2016, Does low-energy sweetener consumption affect energy intake and body weight? A systematic review, including meta-analyses, of the evidence from human and animal studies, Int J Obes source
- Not checked yetcites [235] Laviada-Molina, 2020, Effects of nonnutritive sweeteners on body weight and BMI in diverse clinical contexts: systematic review and meta-analysis, Obes Rev source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multiple RCTs including people with type 2 diabetes have reported that a Mediterranean eating pattern (120,203-208) can improve both glycemic management and blood lipids.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Estruch, 2018, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [203] Brehm, 2009, One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [204] Shai, 2008, Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risks associated with alcohol consumption include hypoglycemia and/or delayed hypoglycemia (particularly for those using insulin or insulin secretagogue therapies), weight gain, and hyperglycemia (for those consuming excessive amounts) (70,222).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Evert, 2019, Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [222] Mozaffarian, 2016, Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review, Circulation source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Exercise has been shown to improve blood glucose levels, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, contribute to weight loss, and improve well-being (240).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [240] 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hypoglycemia is less common in those who are not treated with insulin or insulin secretagogues, and no routine preventive measures for hypoglycemia are usually advised in these cases.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another RCT, including 324 individuals with prediabetes, showed increased physical activity at 8 weeks with supportive text messages, but by 12 weeks there was no difference between groups (243).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [243] Bootwong, 2022, The effects of text messages for promoting physical activities in prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial, Telemed J E Health
plaindirectn = 324- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In adults with type 2 diabetes, higher levels of exercise intensity are associated with greater improvements in A1C and in cardiorespiratory fitness (249); sustained improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and weight loss have also been associated with a lower risk of heart failure (250).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [249] Boulé, 2003, Meta-analysis of the effect of structured exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetologia source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increased physical activity (soccer training) has also been shown to be beneficial for improving overall fitness in Latino men with obesity, demonstrating feasible methods to increase physical activity in an often hard-to-engage population (253).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Frediani, 2020, Physical fitness and activity changes after a 24-week soccer-based adaptation of the U.S diabetes prevention program intervention in Hispanic men, Prog Cardiovasc Dis source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity is as important for those with type 1 diabetes as it is for the general population, but its specific role in the prevention of diabetes complications and the management of blood glucose is not as clear as it is for those with type 2 diabetes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For people with type 1 diabetes, although exercise, in general, is associated with improvement in disease status, care needs to be taken in titrating exercise with respect to glycemic management.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Participating in leisure-time activity and avoiding extended sedentary periods may help prevent type 2 diabetes for those at risk (265,266) and may also aid in glycemic management for those with diabetes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [265] Wang, 2019, Leisure-time running reduces the risk of incident type 2 diabetes, Am J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [266] Schellenberg, 2013, Lifestyle interventions for patients with and at risk for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many individuals with type 2 diabetes do not meet the recommended exercise level per week (150 min).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“An RCT in 1,366 individuals with prediabetes combined a physical activity intervention with text messaging and telephone support, which showed improvement in daily step count at 12 months compared with the control group.Unfortunately, this was not sustained at 48 months (242).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [242] Khunti, 2021, Behavioural interventions to promote physical activity in a multiethnic population at high risk of diabetes: PROPELS three-arm RCT, Health Technol Assess source
plaindirectn = 1,366- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Clinical trials have provided strong evidence for the A1C-lowering value of resistance training in older adults with type 2 diabetes (252) and for an additive benefit of combined aerobic and resistance exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes (271).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [252] Colberg, 2016, Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [271] Church, 2010, Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is also an independent risk factor for cardiovascular death and silent myocardial ischemia (278).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [278] Pop-Busui, 2010, Effects of cardiac autonomic dysfunction on mortality risk in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Given associations with glycemic outcomes and risk for future complications (298,299)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [298] Hood, 2009, Association between adherence and glycemic control in pediatric type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis, Pediatrics source
- Not checked yetcites [299] Asche, 2011, A review of diabetes treatment adherence and the association with clinical and economic outcomes, Clin Ther source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Behavioral strategies with empirical support include motivational interviewing (303-305), patient activation (306), goal setting and action planning (305,307-309), problem-solving (308,310), tracking or self-monitoring health behaviors with or without feedback from a health care professional (305,307-309), and facilitating opportunities for social support (305,308,309).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [303] Berhe, 2020, Effect of motivational interviewing intervention on HgbA1C and depression in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (systematic review and meta-analysis), PLoS One source
- Not checked yetcites [304] Powell, 2014, Motivational interviewing to promote adherence behaviors in pediatric type 1 diabetes, Curr Diab Rep source
- Not checked yetcites [305] Liang, 2021, The effectiveness of self-management programmes for people with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin injection: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [306] Almutairi, 2020, The effectiveness of patient activation intervention on type 2 diabetes mellitus glycemic control and self-management behaviors: a systematic review of RCTs, Prim Care Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [307] Rosales, 2021, Meta Salud Diabetes for cardiovascular disease prevention in Mexico: a cluster-randomized behavioural clinical trial, Int J Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [308] Gray, 2021, Improvements in physical activity and some dietary behaviors in a community health worker-led diabetes self-management intervention for adults with low incomes: results from a randomized controlled trial, Transl Behav Med source
- Not checked yetcites [309] Van Rhoon, 2020, A systematic review of the behaviour change techniques and digital features in technology-driven type 2 diabetes prevention interventions, Digit Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, there is no evidence that vigorous-intensity exercise accelerates the rate of progression of DKD, and there appears to be no need for specific exercise restrictions for people with DKD in general (274).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Colberg, 2013 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Data show tobacco use is higher among adults with chronic conditions (280) as well as in adolescents and young adults with diabetes (281).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [280] Stanton, 2016, Trends in tobacco use among US adults with chronic health conditions: National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2005-2013, Prev Med source
- Not checked yetcites [281] Bae, 2013, Differences in cigarette use behaviors by age at the time of diagnosis with diabetes from young adulthood to adulthood: results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, J Prev Med Public Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“People with diabetes who smoke (and people with diabetes exposed to second-hand smoke) have a heightened risk of CVD, premature death, microvascular complications, and worse glycemic outcomes when compared with those who do not smoke (282-284).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [282] Śliwińska-Mossoń, 2017, The impact of smoking on the development of diabetes and its complications, Diab Vasc Dis Res source
- Not checked yetcites [283] Kar, 2016, Relationship of cardiometabolic parameters in non-smokers, current smokers, and quitters in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Cardiovasc Diabetol source
- Not checked yetcites [284] Pan, 2015, Relation of smoking with total mortality and cardiovascular events among patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and systematic review, Circulation source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Standardized, validated, age-appropriate tools for psychosocial monitoring and screening can also be used (1).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Young-Hyman, 2016, Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Key opportunities for psychosocial screening occur at diabetes diagnosis, during regularly scheduled management visits, during hospitalizations, with new onset of complications, during significant transitions in care such as from pediatric to adult care teams (341), at the time of medical treatment changes, or when problems with achieving A1C goals, quality of life, or self-management are identif”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [341] Weissberg-Benchell, 2017, A review of interventions aimed at facilitating successful transition planning and transfer to adult care among youth with chronic illness, Pediatr Ann source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review and meta-analysis showed that psychosocial interventions modestly but significantly improved A1C (standardized mean difference -0.29%) and mental health outcomes (334).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [334] Harkness, 2010, Identifying psychosocial interventions that improve both physical and mental health in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“cost analyses have shown that behavioral health interventions are both effective and cost-efficient approaches to the prevention of diabetes (335).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [335] Radcliff, 2020, Cost-effectiveness of three doses of a behavioral intervention to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in rural areas, J Acad Nutr Diet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Psychological and social problems can impair the individual's (43,(318)(319)(320)(321)(322) or family's (321) ability to carry out diabetes care tasks and, therefore, potentially compromise health status.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Davis, 2022, 2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [318] Anderson, 2002, Anxiety and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature, Int J Psychiatry Med source
- Not checked yetcites [319] Delahanty, 2007, Association of diabetes-related emotional distress with diabetes treatment in primary care patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabet Med source
- Not checked yetcites [320] Anderson, 2001, The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [321] Nicolucci, 2013, Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs second study (DAWN2): cross-national benchmarking of diabetes-related psychosocial outcomes for people with diabetes, Diabet Med source
- Not checked yetcites [322] Ducat, 2014, The mental health comorbidities of diabetes, JAMA source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was a limited association between the effects on A1C and mental health, and no intervention characteristics predicted benefit on both outcomes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [334] Harkness, 2010, Identifying psychosocial interventions that improve both physical and mental health in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“other health care professionals who have been trained in behavioral and mental health interventions may also provide this specialized psychosocial care (326,329,345,346).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [326] Cho, 2021, Self-management nursing intervention for controlling glucose among diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [329] Phillips, 2021, A multidisciplinary diabetes clinic improves clinical and behavioral outcomes in a primary care setting, J Am Board Fam Med source
- Not checked yetcites [345] Oyedeji, 2022, Effectiveness of non-specialist delivered psychological interventions on glycemic control and mental health problems in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Ment Health Syst source
- Not checked yetcites [346] Chen, 2020, Effect of a mindfulness programme for long-term care residents with type 2 diabetes: a cluster randomised controlled trial measuring outcomes of glycaemic control, relocation stress and depression, Int J Older People Nurs source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System estimated the lifetime prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder to be 19.5% in people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (374).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] Li, 2008, Diabetes and anxiety in US adults: findings from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Diabet Med source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An RCT among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes found mindful self-compassion training increased self-compassion, reduced depression and diabetes distress, and improved A1C ( 372).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [372] Friis, 2016, Kindness matters: a randomized controlled trial of a mindful self-compassion intervention improves depression, distress, and HbA1c among patients with diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of diabetes distress is reported to be 18-45%, with an incidence of 38-48% over 18 months in people with type 2 diabetes (362).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [362] Aikens, 2012, Prospective associations between emotional distress and poor outcomes in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“If fear of hypoglycemia is identified and a person does not have symptoms of hypoglycemia, a structured program of blood glucose awareness training delivered in routine clinical practice can improve A1C, reduce the rate of severe hypoglycemia, and restore hypoglycemia awareness (382,383).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“High levels of diabetes distress significantly impact medication-taking behaviors and are linked to higher A1C, lower self-efficacy, and less optimal eating and exercise behaviors (5,358,362).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Fisher, 2013, REDEEM: a pragmatic trial to reduce diabetes distress, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [358] Fisher, 2012, When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful? Establishing cut points for the Diabetes Distress Scale, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [362] Aikens, 2012, Prospective associations between emotional distress and poor outcomes in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While it shares some features with depression, diabetes distress is distinct and has unique relationships with glycemic and other outcomes (359,361).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [359] Fisher, 2010, The relationship between diabetes distress and clinical depression with glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [361] Wasserman, 2021, Profiles of depressive symptoms and diabetes distress in preadolescents with type 1 diabetes, Can J Diabetes source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Diabetes distress is also associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and reduced health-related quality of life (363).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [363] Liu, 2020, Anxiety and depression in diabetes care: longitudinal associations with health-related quality of life, Sci Rep source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“General anxiety is a predictor of injection-related anxiety and is associated with fear of hypoglycemia (376,379).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [376] Wild, 2007, A critical review of the literature on fear of hypoglycemia in diabetes: implications for diabetes management and patient education, Patient Educ Couns source
- Not checked yetcites [379] Mitsonis, 2009, P01-138 Clinical implications of anxiety in diabetes: a critical review of the evidence base, Eur Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fear of hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia unawareness often co-occur, so interventions aimed at treating one often benefit both (381).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [381] Yeoh, 2015, Interventions that restore awareness of hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other common sources of diabetes-related anxiety include not meeting blood glucose targets (373), insulin injections or infusion (377), and onset of complications (1).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [373] Smith, 2013, Association of diabetes with anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychosom Res source
- Not checked yetcites [377] Zambanini, 1999, Injection related anxiety in insulin-treated diabetes, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [1] Young-Hyman, 2016, Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“DSMES has been shown to reduce diabetes distress (5) and may also benefit A1C when combined with peer support (367).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disordered thinking and judgment can be expected to make it difficult to engage in behavior that reduces risk factors for type 2 diabetes, such as restrained eating for weight management.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Incretin therapies work in the appetite and reward circuitries to modulate food intake and energy balance, reducing uncontrollable hunger, overeating, and bulimic symptoms (413), although mechanisms are not completely understood.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [413] van Bloemendaal, 2014, GLP-1 receptor activation modulates appetite- and reward-related brain areas in humans, Diabetes source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive capacity is generally defined as attention, memory, logic and reasoning, and auditory and visual processing, all of which are involved in diabetes selfmanagement behavior (422).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [422] Biessels, 2020, Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes: how to implement emerging guidelines, Diabetologia source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Trials have shown consistent evidence of improvements in depressive symptoms and variable benefits for A1C when depression is simultaneously treated (331,392,394), whether through pharmacological treatment, group therapy, psychotherapy, or collaborative care (328,348,349,395,396).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [331] Ali, 2020, Effect of a collaborative care model on depressive symptoms and glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol among patients with depression and diabetes in India: the INDEPENDENT randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [392] Katon, 2004, The Pathways Study: a randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [394] Atlantis, 2014, Collaborative care for comorbid depression and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ Open source
- Not checked yetcites [328] Diaz Bustamante, 2020, Does treatment for depression with collaborative care improve the glycemic levels in diabetic patients with depression? A systematic review, Cureus
- Not checked yetcites [348] Li, 2022, The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention on patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [349] Vlachou, 2022, Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions on psychological symptoms in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an update review of randomized controlled trials, J Diabetes Complications source
- Not checked yetcites [395] van der Feltz-Cornelis, 2021, Treatment for comorbid depressive disorder or subthreshold depression in diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis, Brain Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [396] Lu, 2021, Effectiveness of intervention program on the change of glycaemic control in diabetes with depression patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies, Prim Care Diabetes source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For people with type 1 diabetes, insulin omission causing glycosuria in order to lose weight is the most commonly reported disordered eating behavior (402,403); in people with type 2 diabetes, bingeing (excessive food intake with an accompanying sense of loss of control) is most commonly reported.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [402] Pinhas-Hamiel, 2013, Detecting intentional insulin omission for weight loss in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus, Int J Eat Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [403] Goebel-Fabbri, 2008, Insulin restriction and associated morbidity and mortality in women with type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Physical activity interventions also demonstrate benefits for depressive symptoms and A1C (398).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [398] Mohammad Rahimi, 2022, The effect of exercise interventions to improve psychosocial aspects and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Biol Res Nurs source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Episodes of severe hypoglycemia are independently associated with decline, as well as the more immediate symptoms of mental confusion (428).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [428] Feinkohl, 2014, Severe hypoglycemia and cognitive decline in older people with type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In type 1 diabetes, estimates of poor sleep range from 30% to 50% (441), and estimates of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea are >50% (436).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [441] Denic-Roberts, 2016, Subjective sleep disturbances and glycemic control in adults with long-standing type 1 diabetes: The Pittsburgh’s Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications study, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In type 1 diabetes, estimates of poor sleep range from 30% to 50% (441), and estimates of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea are >50% (436).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [436] Reutrakul, 2016, Sleep characteristics in type 1 diabetes and associations with glycemic control: systematic review and meta-analysis, Sleep Med source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“People with diabetes and their family members also describe diabetes management needs interfering with sleep and experiencing worries about poor sleep; technology has been described as both a help and challenge in relation to sleep (444).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [444] Carreon, 2022, ‘I don’t sleep through the night’: qualitative study of sleep in type 1 diabetes, Diabet Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“People with diabetes and their family members also describe diabetes management needs interfering with sleep and experiencing worries about poor sleep; technology has been described as both a help and challenge in relation to sleep (444).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [444] Carreon, 2022, ‘I don’t sleep through the night’: qualitative study of sleep in type 1 diabetes, Diabet Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In type 2 diabetes, 24-86% of people are estimated to have obstructive sleep apnea (442), 39% to have insomnia, and 8-45% to have restless leg syndrome (439).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [442] Ogilvie, 2018, The epidemiology of sleep and diabetes, Curr Diab Rep source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In type 2 diabetes, 24-86% of people are estimated to have obstructive sleep apnea (442), 39% to have insomnia, and 8-45% to have restless leg syndrome (439).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [439] Schipper, 2021, Sleep disorders in people with type 2 diabetes and associated health outcomes: a review of the literature, Diabetologia source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In type 2 diabetes, 24-86% of people are estimated to have obstructive sleep apnea (442), 39% to have insomnia, and 8-45% to have restless leg syndrome (439).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [439] Schipper, 2021, Sleep disorders in people with type 2 diabetes and associated health outcomes: a review of the literature, Diabetologia source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is also evidence that sleep extension and pharmacological treatments for sleep can improve sleep outcomes and possibly insulin resistance (443,445).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
87 of 87
The paper relies on this without support.
Support from institutional leadership is foundational for the success of diabetes self-management education and support services.
“Support from institutional leadership is foundational for the success of DSMES services.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is not a one-size-fits-all eating pattern for individuals with diabetes.
“There is not a “one-size-fits-all” eating pattern for individuals with diabetes, and meal planning should be individualized.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Because of the progressive nature of type 2 diabetes, behavior modification alone may not be adequate to maintain euglycemia over time.
“Because of the progressive nature of type 2 diabetes, behavior modification alone may not be adequate to maintain euglycemia over time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Management and reduction of weight is important for people with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, or prediabetes with overweight or obesity.
“Management and reduction of weight is important for people with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, or prediabetes with overweight or obesity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Disordered eating, eating disorders, and/or disrupted eating can increase challenges for weight and diabetes management.
“Disordered eating, eating disorders, and/or disrupted eating can increase challenges for weight and diabetes management.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diabetes self-management education and support is also covered by most health insurance plans.
“DSMES is also covered by most health insurance plans.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diabetes self-management education and support is frequently reimbursed when performed in person.
“DSMES is frequently reimbursed when performed in person.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ongoing support has been shown to be instrumental for improving outcomes when it is implemented after the completion of education services.
“Ongoing support has been shown to be instrumental for improving outcomes when it is implemented after the completion of education services.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Psychosocial factors influence living with diabetes, both type 1 and type 2, and achieving optimal health outcomes and psychological well-being.
“Complex environmental, social, family, behavioral, and emotional factors, known as psychosocial factors, influence living with diabetes, both type 1 and type 2, and achieving optimal health outcomes and psychological well-being.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotional well-being is an important part of diabetes care and self-management.
“Emotional well-being is an important part of diabetes care and selfmanagement.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Significant changes in life circumstances and social determinants of health considerably affect a person's ability to self-manage their condition.
“Significant changes in life circumstances and SDOH are known to considerably affect a person's ability to self-manage their condition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is little outcome data on long-term systematic treatment of diabetes distress integrated into routine care.
“As with treatment of other diabetesassociated behavioral and psychosocial factors affecting disease outcomes, there is little outcome data on long-term systematic treatment of diabetes distress integrated into routine care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Integrating mental and physical health care can improve outcomes.
“Integrating mental and physical health care can improve outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Depressive symptoms may be a manifestation of reduced quality of life secondary to disease burden and resultant changes in resource allocation impacting the person and their family.
“Depressive symptoms may also be a manifestation of reduced quality of life secondary to disease burden (also see DIABETES DISTRESS, above) and resultant changes in resource allocation impacting the person and their family.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mixed intervention results point to the need for treatment of eating disorders and disordered eating behavior in the context of the disease and its treatment.
“Mixed intervention results point to the need for treatment of eating disorders and disordered eating behavior in the context of the disease and its treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Serious mental illness is often associated with the inability to evaluate and utilize information to make judgments about treatment options.
“Serious mental illness is often associated with the inability to evaluate and utilize information to make judgments about treatment options.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cognitive capacity contributes to the ability to benefit from diabetes education.
“Cognitive capacity also contributes to ability to benefit from diabetes education”
17 of 17
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In this dose-response meta-analysis we found important differences between our predicted optimal physical activity dose and the current guidelines' recommendations (5,10).”
From Optimal Dose and Type of Physical Activity to Improve Glycemic Control in People Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The latest guideline recommends ≥150 min/week of MPA to most T2D patients or ≥75 min/week of VPA to patients who are younger and more physically fit23.”
From Accelerometer-derived physical activity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“These recommendations were primarily made based on evidence from self-reported PA, which may be optimized by incorporating evidence from accelerometer-measured PA.”
From Accelerometer-derived physical activity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Hansson, L., Zanchetti, A., Carruthers, S. G., Dahlöf, B., Elmfeldt, D., Julius, S., Ménard, J., Rahn, K. H., Wedel, H., & Westerling, S. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)04311-6 · Cited by 5,728
The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., & Kessler, R. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040 · Cited by 4,973
Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-40 · Cited by 4,829
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000678 · Cited by 4,536
(2019) · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000677 · Cited by 4,501
The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes
Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069 · Cited by 3,926
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity
Jastreboff, A. M., Aronne, L. J., Ahmad, N. N., Wharton, S., Connery, L., Alves, B., Kiyosue, A., Zhang, S., Liu, B., Bunck, M. C., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2206038 · Cited by 3,838
Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1800389 · Cited by 3,616
Davies, M. J., D’Alessio, D. A., Fradkin, J., Kernan, W. N., Mathieu, C., Mingrone, G., Rossing, P., Tsapas, A., Wexler, D. J., & Buse, J. B. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci18-0033 · Cited by 3,518
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2018, 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report
- Peters, 2013, American Diabetes Association/JDRF Type 1 Diabetes Sourcebook
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Artificial intelligence in diabetes management: Advancements, opportunities, and challenges
Guan, Z., Li, H., Liu, R., Cai, C., Liu, Y., Li, J., Wang, X., Huang, S., Wu, L., Liu, D., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101213 · Cited by 287
Gallardo-Gómez, D., Salazar-Martínez, E., Alfonso-Rosa, R. M., Ramos-Munell, J., del Pozo-Cruz, J., del Pozo Cruz, B., & Álvarez-Barbosa, F. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-0800 · Cited by 137
Food Insecurity and Diabetes: Overview of Intersections and Potential Dual Solutions
Levi, R., Bleich, S. N., & Seligman, H. K. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0002 · Cited by 127
Kerr, D., Ahn, D., Waki, K., Wang, J., Breznen, B., & Klonoff, D. C. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/55757 · Cited by 101
“They also need assistance in building insights into their daily health-related behaviors and routines [16,17].”
Is ChatGPT an Effective Tool for Providing Dietary Advice?
Ponzo, V., Goitre, I., Favaro, E., Merlo, F. D., Mancino, M. V., Riso, S., & Bo, S. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16040469 · Cited by 100
Metadata
- Authors
- ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D., Johnson, E. L., Kahan, S., Khunti, K., Leon, J., Lyons, S. K., Perry, M. L., Prahalad, P., Pratley, R. E., Seley, J. J., Stanton, R. C., Young-Hyman, D., & Gabbay, R. A.
- ORCID
- ElSayed, Nuha A.
- Aleppo, Grazia
- Aroda, Vanita R.
- Bannuru, Raveendhara R.
- Brown, Florence M.
- Bruemmer, Dennis
- Collins, Billy S.
- Hilliard, Marisa E.
- Isaacs, Diana
- Johnson, Eric L.
- Kahan, Scott
- Khunti, Kamlesh
- Lyons, Sarah K.
- Perry, Mary Lou
- Prahalad, Priya
- Pratley, Richard E.
- Seley, Jane Jeffrie
- Stanton, Robert C.
- Young-Hyman, Deborah
- Gabbay, Robert A.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2022-12-12
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- Supplement_1
- Pages
- S68-S96
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9810478
- OpenAlex
- W4311263988
- Semantic Scholar
- d1b8ee5dc0535dd108720c52832f2ab95ba99f34
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 442
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 146 · 2023: 97
- FWCI
- 11.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, health behavior, well-being, health outcomes, clinical guidelines, quality of care, treatment goals, American Diabetes Association standards of care
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Endocrinology, Humans, Reference Standards, Societies, Medical, Health Behavior, Standard of Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
