Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review

In the paper

“Zinc is used to treat numerous dermatological conditions, such as infections (e.g., warts), inflammatory dermatoses (acne vulgaris, rosacea, atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata) and pigmentary disorders (melasma) [97,98,99,107,110].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The “Zinc in Skin diseases” section reports zinc treatments for viral warts, acne vulgaris and alopecia areata, supporting several examples in the citing sentence. It does not address treatment of rosacea, atopic dermatitis or pigmentary disorders such as melasma. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [97] Devi, 2014, Zinc in human health, IOSR-JDMS sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  Section 5, “Zinc Therapy in Dermatology,” explicitly lists infections, inflammatory dermatoses, and pigmentary disorders among conditions for which zinc has been used, including warts, acne, rosacea, and melasma. Sections 7.4 and 8.1 also describe its use for atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata. The review notes that evidence for zinc as a melasma treatment is mixed, but the citing sentence claims use, not proven efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [98] Gupta, M., Mahajan, V.K., Mehta, K.S., and Chauhan, P.S. Zinc therapy in dermatology: A review. Dermatol. Res. Pract., 2014. source
• Partly supported

  Section 5.2.2 (Alopecia Areata; page unavailable) describes zinc supplementation as a promising adjunct to standard therapy for severe alopecia areata. Section 5.4 (page unavailable) links zinc deficiency to atopic dermatitis and melasma but does not say zinc is used to treat them. The passages do not establish treatment use for the cited infections, acne, or rosacea. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [99] Ogawa, Y., Kinoshita, M., Shimada, S., and Kawamura, T. (2018). Zinc and skin disorders. Nutrients, 10. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [107] Nitzan, 2006, Zinc in skin pathology and care, J. Dermatolog. Treat. source
• Not checked yetcites [110] Kim, 2014, Hair zinc levels and the efficacy of oral zinc supplementation in patients with atopic dermatitis, Acta Derm. Venereol. source

In the paper

“The anti-ageing effects of retinoids are mediated by three major types of skin cells: epidermal keratinocytes, dermal endothelial cells and fibroblasts [38].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [38] Shao, 2017, Molecular basis of retinol anti-ageing properties in naturally aged human skin in vivo, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

In the paper

“After penetrating the epidermis, retinoids play a role in the release of transcription and growth factors.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Sorg, 2005, Proposed mechanisms of action for retinoid derivatives in the treatment of skin aging, J. Cosmetic. Dermato. source
• Not checked yetcites [34] Oliveira, L.M., Teixeira, F.M.E., and Sato, M. (2018). N Impact of retinoic acid on immune cells and inflammatory diseases. Mediat. Inflamm. source
• Not checked yetcites [35] Ferreira, 2020, Advances and challenges in retinoid delivery systems in regenerative and therapeutic medicine, Nat. Commun. source

In the paper

“Due to their ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects through their antimutagenic, antioxidant and free-radical-scavenging properties, some dietary botanicals could be useful supplements for mature skin care [23,24].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] Reuter, 2010, Botanicals in dermatology: An evidence-Based review, Am. J. Clin. Dermatol.
• Not checked yetcites [24] Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A., and Yangsabai, A. (2018). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: An overview. Medicines, 5. source

In the paper

“The activation of fibroblast production is stimulated through the TGF-β/CTGF pathway, the major regulator of ECM homeostasis [38].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [38] Shao, 2017, Molecular basis of retinol anti-ageing properties in naturally aged human skin in vivo, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

In the paper

“They are responsible for the renewal of the epidermis through their active role in the exfoliation of dead cells in the stratum corneum and the proliferation of live cells in the epidermal layers [28,34,35].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Sorg, 2005, Proposed mechanisms of action for retinoid derivatives in the treatment of skin aging, J. Cosmetic. Dermato. source
• Not checked yetcites [34] Oliveira, L.M., Teixeira, F.M.E., and Sato, M. (2018). N Impact of retinoic acid on immune cells and inflammatory diseases. Mediat. Inflamm. source
• Not checked yetcites [35] Ferreira, 2020, Advances and challenges in retinoid delivery systems in regenerative and therapeutic medicine, Nat. Commun. source

In the paper

“Vitamin A and all of its derivatives, applied systemically or topically, have a significant influence on skin health.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Sorg, 2005, Proposed mechanisms of action for retinoid derivatives in the treatment of skin aging, J. Cosmetic. Dermato. source
• Not checked yetcites [34] Oliveira, L.M., Teixeira, F.M.E., and Sato, M. (2018). N Impact of retinoic acid on immune cells and inflammatory diseases. Mediat. Inflamm. source
• Not checked yetcites [37] Chaudhuri, 2014, Bakuchiol: A retinol-like functional compound revealed by gene expression profiling and clinically proven to have anti-aging effects, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

In the paper

“After penetrating the dermis, retinoids increase the synthesis of elastin and collagen by stimulating the fibroblasts [42].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Varani, 2000, Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen degrading matrix metaloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin, J. Investig. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“Research increasingly suggests that a well-balanced diet significantly affects the skin ageing process.”

• Also stated in: § 3. Conclusions · hedged

  “An increasing body of research suggests that a well-balanced diet significantly affects the skin ageing process.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Cao, C., Xiao, Z., Wu, Y., and Ge, C. (2020). Diet and skin aging—from the perspective of food nutrition. Nutrients, 12. source

In the paper

“Topically applied retinoids penetrate the keratinized epidermis and, to a lesser extent, the dermis and subcutaneous tissue [27,30,35].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Khali, 2017, Retinoids: A journey from the molecular structures and mechanisms of action to clinical uses in dermatology and adverse effects, J. Dermatolog. Treat. source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Polcz, 2019, The Role of Vitamin A in Wound Healing, Nutr. Clin. Pract. source
• Not checked yetcites [35] Ferreira, 2020, Advances and challenges in retinoid delivery systems in regenerative and therapeutic medicine, Nat. Commun. source

In the paper

“Retinoids also reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by strengthening the epidermal barrier [28,34,35].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Sorg, 2005, Proposed mechanisms of action for retinoid derivatives in the treatment of skin aging, J. Cosmetic. Dermato. source
• Not checked yetcites [34] Oliveira, L.M., Teixeira, F.M.E., and Sato, M. (2018). N Impact of retinoic acid on immune cells and inflammatory diseases. Mediat. Inflamm. source
• Not checked yetcites [35] Ferreira, 2020, Advances and challenges in retinoid delivery systems in regenerative and therapeutic medicine, Nat. Commun. source

In the paper

“Vitamin C exhibits anti-wrinkle activity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] 2009, An overview of ascorbic acid biochemistry, J. Fac. Pharm. Ankara.
• Not checked yetcites [49] Pullar, 2017, The roles of vitamin C in skin health, Nutrients source

In the paper

“Research by Cosgrove et al. indicates that a higher vitamin C intake is associated with a reduced likelihood of a wrinkled appearance and senile dryness [59].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] Cosgrove, 2007, Dietary nutrient intakes and skin-aging appearance among middle-aged American women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

In the paper

“Retinoids have been shown to improve the clinical features of aged appearance by a reduction in fine wrinkling, increased smoothness and decreased hyperpigmentation [45].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [45] Fisher, 1999, Molecular mechanisms of photoaging in human skin in vivo and their prevention by all-trans retinoic acid, Photochem. Photobiol.

In the paper

“Topically applied retinoids reduce the discoloration of the skin and its pigmentation by about 60%.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Zasada, 2019, Retinoids: Active molecules influencing skin structure formation in cosmetic and dermatological treatments, Postepy Dermatol. Alergol. source

In the paper

“The antioxidant properties of vitamin C protect the skin, especially the epidermis, against oxidants generated by ultraviolet radiation and other environmental factors.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [60] Jones, 1995, Impact of nutrients on cellular lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. source

In the paper

“Eberlein-König and Ring have also shown that vitamin C used in combination with vitamin E and, to a lesser extent, with other photoprotective compounds dramatically increases their photoprotective effects as compared to monotherapies [65].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Ring, 2005, Relevance of vitamins C and E in cutaneous photoprotection, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“Pierard-Franchimont et al. showed that a retinol formulation improved the physical properties of ageing facial skin, including tensile properties and contours, after 12 weeks of treatment [43].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] Castelli, 1998, Tensile properties and contours of aging facial skin. A controlled double-blind comparative study of the effects of retinol, melibose-lactose and their association, Skin Res. Technol. source

In the paper

“It is responsible for the biosynthesis of collagen through its role in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues to hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] 2009, An overview of ascorbic acid biochemistry, J. Fac. Pharm. Ankara.
• Not checked yetcites [49] Pullar, 2017, The roles of vitamin C in skin health, Nutrients source

In the paper

“The photoprotective efficacy of vitamin C is enhanced by combining it with vitamin E [63].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Darr, 1996, Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants, Acta Derm. Venereol. source

In the paper

“It donates electrons to enzymes involved in hydroxylation, resulting in the conversion of procollagen to collagen [46,49].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] 2009, An overview of ascorbic acid biochemistry, J. Fac. Pharm. Ankara.
• Not checked yetcites [49] Pullar, 2017, The roles of vitamin C in skin health, Nutrients source

In the paper

“The results of that study also suggest that supplementation with a combination of the two antioxidants protects against DNA damage [64].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Placzek, 2005, Ultraviolet B-induced DNA damage in human epidermis is modified by the antioxidants ascorbic acid and D-alpha-tocopherol, J. Investig. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“Retinol and retinyl esters exhibit a strong capacity to absorb ultraviolet radiation in the range of 300–350 nm [39].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [39] Brunnberg, 1987, Age-related variations in acyl-CoA: Retinol acyltransferase activity and vitamin A concentration in the liver and epidermis of hairless mice, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. source

In the paper

“Offord et al. assessed the photoprotective potential of vitamin C and other antioxidants, confirming that vitamin C plays a significant role in protecting the skin against UVA radiation [62].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Offord, 2002, Photoprotective potential of lycopene, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and carnosic acid in UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts, Free Radic. Biol. Med. source

In the paper

“A decrease in the number of melanocytes is related to the inhibition of melanogenesis [32].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Zasada, 2019, Retinoids: Active molecules influencing skin structure formation in cosmetic and dermatological treatments, Postepy Dermatol. Alergol. source

In the paper

“Placzek et al., in a study with human volunteers, showed that the oral administration of ascorbic acid and D-alpha-tocopherol for three months significantly reduced the sunburn reaction to UVB irradiation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Placzek, 2005, Ultraviolet B-induced DNA damage in human epidermis is modified by the antioxidants ascorbic acid and D-alpha-tocopherol, J. Investig. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“Alpha-tocopherol supplementation has been shown to improve facial hyperpigmentation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [81] Ichihashi, 1999, The inhibitory effect of DL-alpha-tocopheryl ferulate in lecithin on melanogenesis, Anticancer Res.

In the paper

“A deficiency of microelements has an adverse effect on human development and health, including the functioning and appearance of the skin [26,87].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Godswill, 2020, Health benefits of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and their associated deficiency diseases: A systematic review, Int. J. Food. Sci.
• Not checked yetcites [87] Park, 2015, Role of micronutrients in skin health and function, Biomol. Ther. source

In the paper

“This was confirmed in a study by Jobeili et al., which showed that selenium delays skin ageing by protecting keratinocyte stem cells [91].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [91] Jobeili, 2017, Selenium preserves keratinocyte stemness and delays senescence by maintaining epidermal adhesion, Aging source

In the paper

“These studies indicate that Se supplementation could be a new strategy for combating skin ageing and photoaging.”

In the paper

“By stimulating the activity of selenium-dependent antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase, selenium protects the skin against the oxidative stress induced by UV radiation [87].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [87] Park, 2015, Role of micronutrients in skin health and function, Biomol. Ther. source

In the paper

“The most probable physiologic function of epidermal vitamin E is contributing to the antioxidant defences of the skin and protecting the epidermis and dermis against oxidative stress induced by environmental factors.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Bagatin, 2009, Cosmeceuticals vitamins, Clin. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“Zhu et al. draw attention to the role of selenium in protecting skin cells against the ageing induced by UVB radiation [90].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [90] Zhu, 2015, Selenium deficiency sensitizes the skin for UVB-induced oxidative damage and inflammation which involved the activation of p38 MAPK signaling, Food Chem. Toxicol. source

In the paper

“Vitamin E is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant in humans [40].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Bagatin, 2009, Cosmeceuticals vitamins, Clin. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“An adequate level of this element is required for the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including cooper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), which is responsible for neutralizing the superoxide radical [97].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Devi, 2014, Zinc in human health, IOSR-JDMS source

In the paper

“As an antioxidant, zinc protects the cells of the body against the harmful effects of free radicals.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Devi, 2014, Zinc in human health, IOSR-JDMS source

In the paper

“Thus, vitamin E may be a candidate whitening agent for the treatment of hyperpigmentation, including age-related conditions or those arising from sun exposure.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [81] Ichihashi, 1999, The inhibitory effect of DL-alpha-tocopheryl ferulate in lecithin on melanogenesis, Anticancer Res.

In the paper

“eczema (a 0.05% Clobetasol + 2.5% zinc sulphate cream applied topically was effective in hand eczemas) [115]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [115] Faghihi, 2008, The efficacy of 0.05% Clobetasol + 2.5% zinc sulphate cream versus 0.05% Clobetasol alone cream in the treatment of the chronich and eczema: A double-blind study, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. source

In the paper

“alopecia areata (5 mg/kg/day, in three divided doses, of oral zinc sulphate induced significant hair growth after 6 months) [117]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [117] Sharquie, 2012, Oral zinc sulphate in treatment of alopecia areata (Double Blind; Cross-Over Study), J. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. Res.

In the paper

“melasma (a 10% zinc sulphate solution applied topically twice daily for 2 months significantly reduced MASI scores) [112]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [112] Sharquie, 2008, Topical 10% zinc sulfate solution for treatment of melisma, Dermatol. Surg.

In the paper

“Zinc administered orally or topically has been shown to have therapeutic applications in skin ageing (a 0.1% copper–zinc malonate cream applied topically for 6 weeks significantly reduced wrinkles) [111]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [111] Mahoney, 2009, Extracellular matrix in cutaneous ageing: The effects of 0.1% copper-zincmalonate-containing cream on elastin biosynthesis, Exp. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“rosacea (100 mg of oral zinc sulphate three times per day was effective after 3 months of therapy) [116]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] Sharquie, 2006, Oral zinc sulfate in the treatment of rosacea: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Int. J. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“Copper also exhibits a wide range of antimicrobial activity, including that against Gram-positive (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium difficile and Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-negative (e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria, fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis) and viruses (adenovirus, norovirus and Pol”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [123] Borkow, 2005, Copper as a biocidal tool, Curr. Med. Chem. source
• Not checked yetcites [124] Santo, 2012, Antimicrobial metallic copper surface kill Staphylococcus haemolyticus via membrane demage, Microbiol. Open source
• Not checked yetcites [125] Grass, 2011, Metallic copper as an antimicrobial surface, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. source

In the paper

“A study by Mazurowka and Mojski showed that the peptides glycyl-histydyl-lysine (GHK) and γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine (GSH) influence the permeation of copper ions through the horny layer of the epidermis [131].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [131] Mazurowska, 2008, Biological activities of selected peptides: Skin penetration ability of copper complexes with peptides, J. Cosmet. Sci.

In the paper

“The ZIP2 protein, a zinc transporter, is essential for the differentiation of keratinocytes [103].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [103] Inoue, 2014, ZIP2 protein, a zinc transporter, is associated with keratinocyte differentiation, J. Biol. Chem. source

In the paper

“The oral and/or topical administration of Zn has long been used for its effect on skin regeneration and healing [99,109].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [99] Ogawa, Y., Kinoshita, M., Shimada, S., and Kawamura, T. (2018). Zinc and skin disorders. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [109] Lin, P.H., Sermersheim, M., Li, H., Lee, P.H.U., Steinberg, S.M., and Ma, J. (2018). Zinc in wound healing modulation. Nutrients, 10. source

In the paper

“The element influences the structure and proper functioning of the skin and mucous membranes [98,100].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] Gupta, M., Mahajan, V.K., Mehta, K.S., and Chauhan, P.S. Zinc therapy in dermatology: A review. Dermatol. Res. Pract., 2014. source
• Not checked yetcites [100] Manet, 2013, Zinc biochemistry: From a single zinc enzyme to a key element of life, Adv. Nutr. source

In the paper

“EFAs also play an important role in skin structure and function.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [153] Correa, 2014, Molecular interactions of plant oil components with stratum corneum lipids correlate with clinical measures of skin barrier function, Exp. Dermatol. source
• Not checked yetcites [154] Feingold, 2014, Role of lipids in the formation and maintenance of the cutaneous permeability barier, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. source
• Not checked yetcites [156] Michalak, 2018, Oils from fruit seeds and their dietetic and cosmetic significance, Herba Pol. source

In the paper

“Research by Cosgrove et al. showed that a higher LA intake is associated with a lower likelihood of senile dryness and skin atrophy [59].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] Cosgrove, 2007, Dietary nutrient intakes and skin-aging appearance among middle-aged American women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

In the paper

“Supplementation with silicon in a highly bioavailable form can be used for skin rejuvenation [141].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [141] Kalil, 2017, Evaluation of cutaneous rejuvenation associated with the use of ortho-silicic acid stabilized by hydrolyzed marine collagen, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“Barel et al. demonstrated that the oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid for 20 weeks had a significant positive effect on the surface and mechanical properties of skin.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [138] Barel, 2005, Effect of oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid on skin, nails and hair in women with photodamaged skin, Arch. Dermatol. Res. source

In the paper

“Orthosilicic acid (OSA) stimulates fibroblasts to secrete collagen type I [140].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [140] Reffitt, 2003, Orthosilicic acid stimulates collagen type 1 synthesis and osteoblastic differentiation in human osteoblast-like cells in vitro, Bone source

In the paper

“Many skin problems, including excessive exfoliation of the epidermis, are also caused by a deficiency of GLA, which is formed from LA via an enzymatic reaction involving delta-6 desaturase [153,154,158,159].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [153] Correa, 2014, Molecular interactions of plant oil components with stratum corneum lipids correlate with clinical measures of skin barrier function, Exp. Dermatol. source
• Not checked yetcites [154] Feingold, 2014, Role of lipids in the formation and maintenance of the cutaneous permeability barier, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. source
• Not checked yetcites [158] Cakir, 2004, Essential oil and fatty acid composition of the fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Sea Buckthorn) and Myrtus communis L. from Turkey, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. source
• Not checked yetcites [159] Janssens, 2014, The important role of stratum corneum lipids for the cutaneous barrier function, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. source

In the paper

“Kalil et al. described the positive effect of orthosilicic acid stabilized with hydrolyzed marine collagen at 600 mg/day on skin texture, firmness and hydration [141].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [141] Kalil, 2017, Evaluation of cutaneous rejuvenation associated with the use of ortho-silicic acid stabilized by hydrolyzed marine collagen, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“A deficiency of LA, a component of ceramide 1, which plays an important role in the cohesiveness of the intracellular cement, results in the dysfunction of the skin barrier and symptoms of dry skin.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [153] Correa, 2014, Molecular interactions of plant oil components with stratum corneum lipids correlate with clinical measures of skin barrier function, Exp. Dermatol. source
• Not checked yetcites [154] Feingold, 2014, Role of lipids in the formation and maintenance of the cutaneous permeability barier, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. source
• Not checked yetcites [158] Cakir, 2004, Essential oil and fatty acid composition of the fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Sea Buckthorn) and Myrtus communis L. from Turkey, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. source
• Not checked yetcites [159] Janssens, 2014, The important role of stratum corneum lipids for the cutaneous barrier function, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. source

In the paper

“Raw polyphenolic materials exert synergistic effects with other antioxidants in preventing skin ageing.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [203] Cho, 2007, Anti-wrinkling effects of the mixture of vitamin C, vitamin E, pycnogenol and evening primrose oil, and molecular mechanisms on hairless mouse skin caused by chronic ultraviolet B irradiation, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed source

In the paper

“Rhodes et al., in a study with a group of 15 people given fish oil containing 1.8 g of EPA and 1.2 g of DHA, observed a marked reduction in UVB-erythemal sensitivity after six months of supplementation [186].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [186] Rhodes, 1994, Dietary fish-oil supplementation in humans reduces UVB-erythemal sensitivity but increases epidermal lipid peroxidation, J. Investig. Derm. source

In the paper

“Omega-3 acids obtained from fish oil—eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)—also play an important role in skin function.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [185] Ziboh, 1996, The significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cutaneous biology, Lipids source

In the paper

“It also enhanced the expression of type I procollagen and TGF-β2).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [203] Cho, 2007, Anti-wrinkling effects of the mixture of vitamin C, vitamin E, pycnogenol and evening primrose oil, and molecular mechanisms on hairless mouse skin caused by chronic ultraviolet B irradiation, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed source

In the paper

“Polyphenols inhibit the activity of enzymes present in the skin—collagenase and elastase, which catalyze the hydrolysis of collagen and elastin fibers, and hyaluronidase, which degrades hyaluronic acid.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [188] Michalak, 2017, Sources of vegetable dyes and their use in cosmetology, Pol. J. Cosmetol.
• Not checked yetcites [197] Nichols, 2010, Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms, Arch. Dermatol. Res. source
• Not checked yetcites [198] Zillich, 2015, Polyphenols as active ingredients for cosmetic products, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source
• Not checked yetcites [200] Chen, 2012, The role of antioxidants in photoprotection: A critical review, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“The presence of antioxidants has been shown to be linked to a lower frequency of ROS-induced photoaging [201].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [201] Afag, 2006, Botanical antioxidants in the prevention of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging, Exp. Derm. source

In the paper

“Vegetable oils play an important role in the care of dry, sensitive, oily, acne-prone and mature skin [152,157] (Table 2).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [152] Michalak, 2018, Plant oils in cosmetology and dermatology, Pol. J. Cosmetol.
• Not checked yetcites [157] Burris, 2013, Acne: The role of medical nutrition therapy, J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. source

In the paper

“Carotenoids prevent ageing, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, inhibit the activity of MMPs, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and UV-filtering effects [222,226,231].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [226] Bayerl, 2008, Beta-carotene in dermatology-does it help?, Acta. Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica. Adriat.
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source

In the paper

“The inhibition of protein oxidation was observed, as was the inhibition of the UVB-induced expression of matrix-degrading MMPs, such as MMP-2 (67%), MMP-3 (63%), MMP-7 (62%) and MMP-9 (60%) [213].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [213] Vayalil, 2004, Green tea polyphenols prevent ultraviolet light-induced oxidative damage and matrix metalloproteinases expression in mouse skin, J. Investig. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source
• Not checked yetcites [232] Yamashita, 2002, Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin, Food Style
• Not checked yetcites [233] Yoon, 2014, Supplementing with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1and-12 expression: A comparative study with placebo, J. Med. Food source

In the paper

“The external application of preparations containing carotenoids in combination with oral supplementation has been shown to increase the concentrations of these compounds in the skin [25,230].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Anunciato, 2012, Carotenoids and polyphenols in nutricosmetics, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. source
• Not checked yetcites [230] Darvin, 2011, Dermal carotenoid level and kinetics after topical and systemic administration of antioxidants: Enrichment strategies in a controlled in vivo study, J. Dermatol. Sci. source

In the paper

“The total content of carotenoids in the skin is influenced by numerous factors, such as the intake of fruits and vegetables, their bioavailability from various foods, supplementation, exposure to UV radiation, air pollution, alcohol consumption, smoking and stress [220,229].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [220] Balić, A., and Mokos, M. (2019). Do we utilize our knowledge of the skin protective effects of carotenoids enough?. Antioxidants, 8. source
• Not checked yetcites [229] Darvin, 2011, The role of carotenoids in human skin, Molecules source

In the paper

“In vivo studies indicate an increase (from 2 to 15%) in plasma antioxidant activity following the consumption of tea or tea polyphenols [215].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [215] Higdon, 2003, Tea catechins and polyphenols: Health effects, metabolism, and antioxidant functions, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. source

In the paper

“A study in C57BL/6 mice showed that green tea extract reduced collagen cross-linking and UVB-induced oxidative changes in the structures of proteins [216].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [216] Rutter, 2003, Green tea extract suppresses the age-related increase in collagen crosslinking and fluorescent products in C57BL/6Mice, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. source

In the paper

“Carotenoids prevent ageing, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, inhibit the activity of MMPs, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and UV-filtering effects [222,226,231].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [226] Bayerl, 2008, Beta-carotene in dermatology-does it help?, Acta. Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica. Adriat.
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source

In the paper

“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source
• Not checked yetcites [232] Yamashita, 2002, Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin, Food Style
• Not checked yetcites [233] Yoon, 2014, Supplementing with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1and-12 expression: A comparative study with placebo, J. Med. Food source

In the paper

“Carotenoids prevent ageing, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, inhibit the activity of MMPs, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and UV-filtering effects [222,226,231].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [226] Bayerl, 2008, Beta-carotene in dermatology-does it help?, Acta. Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica. Adriat.
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source

In the paper

“Research also indicates that GTPs can alleviate the symptoms of premature skin ageing induced by UVB radiation [213].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [213] Vayalil, 2004, Green tea polyphenols prevent ultraviolet light-induced oxidative damage and matrix metalloproteinases expression in mouse skin, J. Investig. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) are an example of a component of plant-based dietary supplements used to prevent the adverse biological effects of UV radiation, including immunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis [212].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [212] Katiyar, 2001, Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment of human skin inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress, Carcinogenesis source

In the paper

“Carotenoids prevent ageing, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, inhibit the activity of MMPs, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and UV-filtering effects [222,226,231].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [226] Bayerl, 2008, Beta-carotene in dermatology-does it help?, Acta. Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica. Adriat.
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source

In the paper

“Carotenoids prevent ageing, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, inhibit the activity of MMPs, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and UV-filtering effects [222,226,231].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [226] Bayerl, 2008, Beta-carotene in dermatology-does it help?, Acta. Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica. Adriat.
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source

In the paper

“The authors stress that this compound can be used as a retinol-like anti-ageing functional compound [37].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Chaudhuri, 2014, Bakuchiol: A retinol-like functional compound revealed by gene expression profiling and clinically proven to have anti-aging effects, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

In the paper

“A study by Vayalil et al. demonstrated the inhibition of oxidative stress induced by UVB radiation in the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice that received GTPs in their drinking water (0.2%, w/v) and were then exposed to multiple doses of UVB light (90 mJ/cm2) for two months.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [213] Vayalil, 2004, Green tea polyphenols prevent ultraviolet light-induced oxidative damage and matrix metalloproteinases expression in mouse skin, J. Investig. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“Furthermore, carotenoids support healing processes and protect the skin against the oxidative stress resulting from excessive ROS activity, thereby reducing the risk of skin cancer [220,226,232,236,237].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [220] Balić, A., and Mokos, M. (2019). Do we utilize our knowledge of the skin protective effects of carotenoids enough?. Antioxidants, 8. source
• Not checked yetcites [226] Bayerl, 2008, Beta-carotene in dermatology-does it help?, Acta. Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica. Adriat.
• Not checked yetcites [232] Yamashita, 2002, Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin, Food Style
• Not checked yetcites [236] Meephansan, 2017, Effect of astaxanthin on cutaneous wound healing, Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. source
• Not checked yetcites [237] Palombo, 2007, Beneficial long-term effects of combined oral/topical antioxidant treatment with the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on human skin: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. source

In the paper

“A study by Juturu et al. showed that supplementation with 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg of zeaxanthin isomers daily for 12 weeks improves the appearance of skin and lightens skin tone [233].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [233] Yoon, 2014, Supplementing with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1and-12 expression: A comparative study with placebo, J. Med. Food source

In the paper

“The results indicate that a zeaxanthin-based dietary supplement and topical serum improve hydration and reduce wrinkles in facial skin [235].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [235] Schwartz, 2016, Zeaxanthin-based dietary supplement and topical serum improve hydration and reduce wrinkle count in female subjects, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source
• Not checked yetcites [232] Yamashita, 2002, Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin, Food Style
• Not checked yetcites [233] Yoon, 2014, Supplementing with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1and-12 expression: A comparative study with placebo, J. Med. Food source

In the paper

“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source
• Not checked yetcites [232] Yamashita, 2002, Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin, Food Style
• Not checked yetcites [233] Yoon, 2014, Supplementing with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1and-12 expression: A comparative study with placebo, J. Med. Food source

In the paper

“Furthermore, carotenoids support healing processes and protect the skin against the oxidative stress resulting from excessive ROS activity, thereby reducing the risk of skin cancer [220,226,232,236,237].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [220] Balić, A., and Mokos, M. (2019). Do we utilize our knowledge of the skin protective effects of carotenoids enough?. Antioxidants, 8. source
• Not checked yetcites [226] Bayerl, 2008, Beta-carotene in dermatology-does it help?, Acta. Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica. Adriat.
• Not checked yetcites [232] Yamashita, 2002, Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin, Food Style
• Not checked yetcites [236] Meephansan, 2017, Effect of astaxanthin on cutaneous wound healing, Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. source
• Not checked yetcites [237] Palombo, 2007, Beneficial long-term effects of combined oral/topical antioxidant treatment with the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on human skin: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. source

In the paper

“The results indicate that astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate, due to the beneficial effects of the compounds on skin elasticity and hydration, can be used as an anti-ageing agent for photoaged skin [234].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [234] Juturu, 2016, Overall skin tone and skin-lightening-improving effects with oral supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin isomers: A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“A study by Juturu et al. showed that supplementation with 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg of zeaxanthin isomers daily for 12 weeks improves the appearance of skin and lightens skin tone [233].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [233] Yoon, 2014, Supplementing with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1and-12 expression: A comparative study with placebo, J. Med. Food source

In the paper

“Yoon et al. investigated the effect of astaxanthin (2 mg/day) and collagen hydrolysate (3 g/day) supplementation on moderately photoaged skin in humans.”

• Also stated in: § 2.5. Carotenoids · plain

  “The bioactives significantly improved barrier integrity, reduced TEWL, and increased the expression of procollagen type I mRNA.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [234] Juturu, 2016, Overall skin tone and skin-lightening-improving effects with oral supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin isomers: A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source
• Not checked yetcites [232] Yamashita, 2002, Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin, Food Style
• Not checked yetcites [233] Yoon, 2014, Supplementing with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1and-12 expression: A comparative study with placebo, J. Med. Food source

In the paper

“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source
• Not checked yetcites [232] Yamashita, 2002, Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin, Food Style
• Not checked yetcites [233] Yoon, 2014, Supplementing with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1and-12 expression: A comparative study with placebo, J. Med. Food source

In the paper

“The results indicate that a zeaxanthin-based dietary supplement and topical serum improve hydration and reduce wrinkles in facial skin [235].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [235] Schwartz, 2016, Zeaxanthin-based dietary supplement and topical serum improve hydration and reduce wrinkle count in female subjects, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. source

In the paper

“Furthermore, carotenoids support healing processes and protect the skin against the oxidative stress resulting from excessive ROS activity, thereby reducing the risk of skin cancer [220,226,232,236,237].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [220] Balić, A., and Mokos, M. (2019). Do we utilize our knowledge of the skin protective effects of carotenoids enough?. Antioxidants, 8. source
• Not checked yetcites [226] Bayerl, 2008, Beta-carotene in dermatology-does it help?, Acta. Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica. Adriat.
• Not checked yetcites [232] Yamashita, 2002, Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin, Food Style
• Not checked yetcites [236] Meephansan, 2017, Effect of astaxanthin on cutaneous wound healing, Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. source
• Not checked yetcites [237] Palombo, 2007, Beneficial long-term effects of combined oral/topical antioxidant treatment with the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on human skin: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. source

In the paper

“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Tominaga, 2012, Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects, Acta. Biochim. Pol. source
• Not checked yetcites [232] Yamashita, 2002, Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin, Food Style
• Not checked yetcites [233] Yoon, 2014, Supplementing with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1and-12 expression: A comparative study with placebo, J. Med. Food source

In the paper

“After 6 weeks of the application of the antioxidants, an increase in protection against UV-induced skin damage was observed, accompanied by a reduction in lipoperoxide levels and sunburn cells (SBCs), as well as an increase in skin pigmentation [238].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [238] Michel, 2003, Immediate effects of UV radiation on the skin: Modification by an antioxidant complex containing carotenoids, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. source

In the paper

“The protective effects were more pronounced in the groups that received the tomato extract or a drink containing solubilized tomato extract [240].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [240] Aust, 2005, Supplementation with tomato-based products increases lycopene, phytofluene, and phytoene levels in human serum and protects against UV-light-induced erythema, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. source

In the paper

“An increase in carotenoid levels in the serum and skin was observed after 12 weeks of supplementation in both groups, as was a comparable reduction in UV-induced erythema [239].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [239] Heinrich, 2003, Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema, J. Nutr. source

In the paper

“In other research, treatment with β-carotene did not significantly reduce the occurrence of new skin cancers in persons with previous non-melanoma skin cancer [242].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [242] Greenberg, 1990, A clinical trial of β-carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin, N. Engl. J. Med. source

In the paper

“After 6 weeks of the application of the antioxidants, an increase in protection against UV-induced skin damage was observed, accompanied by a reduction in lipoperoxide levels and sunburn cells (SBCs), as well as an increase in skin pigmentation [238].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [238] Michel, 2003, Immediate effects of UV radiation on the skin: Modification by an antioxidant complex containing carotenoids, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. source