The DOI matches its Crossref record; 286 of the 288 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 303 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior
Open accessAbstract
Gambling disorder is an impairing condition confounded by psychiatric co-morbidity, particularly with substance use and anxiety disorders. Yet, our knowledge of the mechanisms that cause these disorders to coalesce remains limited. The Incentive Sensitization Theory suggests that sensitization of neural “wanting” pathways, which attribute incentive salience to rewards and their cues, is responsible for the excessive desire for drugs and cue-triggered craving. The resulting hyper-reactivity of the “wanting’ system is believed to heavily influence compulsive drug use and relapse. Notably, evidence for sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway has been seen across gambling and substance use, as well as anxiety and stress-related pathology, with stress playing a major role in relapse. Together, this evidence highlights a phenomenon known as cross-sensitization, whereby sensitization to stress, drugs, or gambling behaviors enhance the sensitivity and dopaminergic response to any of those stimuli. Here, we review the literature on how cue attraction and reward uncertainty may underlie gambling pathology, and examine how this framework may advance our understanding of co-mordidity with substance-use disorders (e.g., alcohol, nicotine) and anxiety disorders. We argue that reward uncertainty, as seen in slot machines and games of chance, increases dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway and enhances the incentive value of reward cues. We propose that incentive sensitization by reward uncertainty may interact with and predispose individuals to drug abuse and stress, creating a mechanism through which co-mordidity of these disorders may emerge.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review proposes an incentive sensitization/cross-sensitization framework in which reward uncertainty, drugs of abuse, and stress/anxiety each sensitize mesolimbic dopamine “wanting” pathways, helping explain comorbidity among disordered gambling, substance use, and anxiety. It argues that gambling cues and uncertain rewards become motivational magnets that can bidirectionally exacerbate drug use and stress-related pathology.
Key findings
- Gambling disorder is common and impairing: gambling affects nearly 1.8 billion individuals worldwide, 85% of U.S. adults gamble in their lifetime, and average GD prevalence is approximately 2.3%, with subclinical gambling estimated at approximately 12%.
- Comorbidity is high: meta-analytic estimates in subthreshold/clinical gamblers are 28.1% for alcohol use disorders (range 9.9%–73.2%) and 60.1% for nicotine dependence (range 34.9%–76.3%), versus general-population rates of 8.5% and 12.8%, respectively; approximately 37% of subthreshold/clinical gamblers have an anxiety disorder (range 14.0%–60.3%) versus 11.10% 12-month prevalence for any anxiety disorder in the general U.S. population.
- Reward uncertainty is proposed to sensitize dopaminergic systems and enhance incentive salience: uncertain reward cues can become more “wanted” even when they predict reward only 50% of the time, and animal studies show uncertainty exposure increases amphetamine response, amphetamine self-administration, and risky decision-making.
- Cross-sensitization is central: sensitization to stress, drugs, or gambling is argued to amplify dopaminergic and motivational responses to the others, with long-lasting neuroadaptations that may explain persistent craving and relapse; treatment outcomes are poor, with only 50% abstinent at 6 months, 29% at 1 year, and 15% at 2 years, and only 8% abstinent after 1 year in Gamblers Anonymous.
Methods
- Narrative literature review synthesizing human and animal studies on incentive sensitization, cue reactivity, reward uncertainty, stress/anxiety, substance use, and gambling disorder.
- The paper integrates evidence across dopaminergic, behavioral, and clinical domains to propose a conceptual cross-sensitization framework for comorbidity.
- No primary data collection, systematic search strategy, or meta-analysis is reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that reported comorbidity prevalence ranges vary considerably due to differences in sample size, diagnostic assessment method, gambling/problem-gambling diagnostic criteria, and geographic location.
- The paper states that little research has examined comorbidity between gambling, substance use, and anxiety/stress-related disorders through this framework, and that further studies are needed to test acute stress effects on dopaminergic responses in gambling disorder and to clarify the direction of the gambling–stress relationship.
- Evident from the text: this is a narrative review without a systematic search or quantitative synthesis, and it relies heavily on animal models and cross-sectional or indirect human evidence for several proposed mechanisms.
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Claims the paper makes
174 Not checked yet · 60 Own interpretation · 28 No basis given · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, individuals with nicotine or alcohol related substance use disorders are also more likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for GD compared to the general population (Krmpotich et al., 2015; Petry et al., 2005; Rennert et al., 2014).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Prevalent Comorbid Conditions > Substance Use Disorders
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Krmpotich et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports pathological gambling in 27% of substance-dependent patients in treatment, compared with 3% of the general population. But the Methods specify that study participants had psychostimulant dependence; the paper does not establish this comparison specifically for people with nicotine or alcohol use disorders. Its statement about nicotine and alcohol runs in the opposite direction, reporting higher substance-dependence rates among people with pathological gambling. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked yetcites Petry et al., 2005 source
- Partly supportedcites Rennert et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says gambling disorder is more prevalent among people with substance use disorders than in the general population and associates alcohol use disorder with greater gambling risk. The paper does not address nicotine-related substance use disorders, so it does not support that part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In mice, chronic stress during adolescence has also been shown to increase alcohol preference and overall alcohol consumption in adulthood (Chester, Barrenha, Hughes, & Keuneke, 2008; Lopez, Doremus-Fitzwater, & Becker, 2011).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and stress
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Chester, Barrenha, Hughes, & Keuneke, 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe 10 consecutive days of footshock exposure, and the Discussion reports increased alcohol intake and preference during the subsequent 30-day drinking period. However, the mice were selectively bred for high alcohol preference (HAP1); the paper cautions that the finding may be specific to them, so it does not establish the claim for mice generally. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites Lopez, Doremus-Fitzwater, & Becker, 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that repeated variable stress during adolescence heightened voluntary ethanol intake in adult mice, and the Results report greater intake on several testing days. The Methods list ethanol and water intake as outcomes, but do not report a measure or analysis of alcohol preference, so that part of the claim is not directly supported. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gambling disorder often co-occurs with psychiatric disorders, particularly substance use and anxiety disorders (el-Guebaly et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains, Cowlishaw, & Thomas, 2011; Parhami, Mojtabai, Rosenthal, Afifi, & Fong, 2014).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Comorbidity in Gambling Disorder
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The incentive sensitization theory has afforded valuable insight into the neurobiological and behavioral processes that are associated with individual vulnerability to addictive spectrum pathology, such as substance use disorders (T. E. Robinson & Berridge, 1993) and more recently, gambling disorder (Linnet, 2014; M. J. F. Robinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Lesser, & Maniates, 2015b; Rømer Thomsen et al.,”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites T. E. Robinson & Berridge, 1993 source
- Not checked yetcites Linnet, 2014
- Not checked yetcites M. J. F. Robinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Lesser, & Maniates, 2015b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We propose that incentive sensitization by reward uncertainty may interact with and predispose individuals to drug abuse and stress, creating a mechanism through which comorbidity of these disorders may emerge.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, evidence for sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway has been seen across gambling and substance use, as well as anxiety and stress-related pathology, with stress playing a major role in relapse.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, this evidence highlights a phenomenon known as cross-sensitization, whereby sensitization to stress, drugs, or gambling behaviors enhance the sensitivity and dopaminergic response to any of those stimuli.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, evidence for sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway has been seen across gambling and substance use, as well as anxiety and stress-related pathology, with stress playing a major role in relapse.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high rates of comorbidity between these disorders have provided support on a broad level for an overlap in vulnerability and maintenance factors between anxiety, substance use, and gambling disorders.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Comorbidity in Gambling Disorder
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings not only support that gambling and substance use pathology may have significantly overlapping mechanisms, but also suggest that aspects of repeated gambling or substance use may actively confer risk for one another through biological, behavioral, or environmental pathways.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Impact of Comorbidity > Temporal relationships between clinical gambling, substance use, and anxiety.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- It may state two separate claims as one. 57
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, gambling disorder frequently co-occurs with substance use disorders, particularly alcohol and nicotine, as well as mood and anxiety disorders (Conway, Compton, Stinson, & Grant, 2006; B. F. Grant et al., 2004b; Petry et al., 2005; Ronzitti, Kraus, Hoff, & Potenza, 2018).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that reward uncertainty, as seen in slot machines and games of chance, increases dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway and enhances the incentive value of reward cues.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Substance use disorders are one of the most frequently comorbid conditions in gambling disorder (K.-L. Chou & Afifi, 2011; Lorains et al., 2011; Walther, Morgenstern, & Hanewinkel, 2012).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Prevalent Comorbid Conditions > Substance Use Disorders
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis including 11 studies conducted between 1998-2010 reported an average comorbidity rate of 28.1% (range: 9.9% - 73.2%) for alcohol use disorders and 60.1% (range: 34.9% - 76.3%) for nicotine dependence in individuals with subthreshold or clinical gambling severity (Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Prevalent Comorbid Conditions > Substance Use Disorders
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and approximately 18% of individuals with substance use disorders meet the past 12-month criteria for an anxiety (B. F. Grant et al., 2004b).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Prevalent Comorbid Conditions > Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites B. F. Grant et al., 2004b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In particular, alcohol and nicotine are the most often misused substances among individuals with gambling pathology (Petry et al., 2005).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Prevalent Comorbid Conditions > Substance Use Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petry et al., 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Approximately 37% (range: 14.0% −60.3%) of subthreshold and clinical gamblers suffer from an anxiety disorder (Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005)”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Prevalent Comorbid Conditions > Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Though this limitation is important to acknowledge, the evidence suggests that the rates of alcohol and nicotine use disorders in individuals with gambling-related pathology largely exceed those reported in the general population (Alcohol: 8.5%; Nicotine: 12.8%) (Kessler et al., 2005).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Prevalent Comorbid Conditions > Substance Use Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 2005 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, models adjusted to account for a breadth of sociodemographic vulnerability factors (i.e., age, race/ethnicity, sex, education, income, marital status, geographic region) have demonstrated that individuals with alcohol use disorders or nicotine dependence are on average at two to three times greater risk for an anxiety disorder in the past 12 months compared to individuals without”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Prevalent Comorbid Conditions > Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites B. F. Grant et al., 2004b
- Not checked yetcites B. F. Grant, Hasin, Chou, Stinson, & Dawson, 2004a
- Not checked yetcites Hasin, Stinson, Ogburn, & Grant, 2007 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In contrast, Grant and colleagues report a 12-month prevalence of 11.10% for any anxiety disorder in the general U.S. population (B. F. Grant et al., 2004b).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Prevalent Comorbid Conditions > Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites B. F. Grant et al., 2004b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“‘Wanting’ and ‘liking’ typically fluctuate in unison, where ‘liking’ a particular reward renders it commensurately ‘wanted’.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The incentive sensitization theory (T. E. Robinson & Berridge, 1993; 2008) was initially proposed to distinguish between the different components of reward.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Often referred to as incentive salience, it is the psychological process by which rewards and the cues associated with them become imbued with subconscious motivational value and are transformed into objects of desire (M. J. F. Robinson, Robinson, & Berridge, 2013; T. E. Robinson & Berridge, 1993; 2008).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“‘Wanting’ represents the visceral motivation and attraction attributed to a reward and reward-related cues.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together this evidence suggests that dopamine may act as a common neural currency for both gambling and substance use disorder, that may be triggered when exposed to their respective cues, leading to sudden peaks in craving, and ultimately to long-lasting neural changes associated with addiction and relapse.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > A common neural currency for ‘wanting’
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, these findings suggest that there may be considerable overlap in the factors that confer risk for gambling, substance use, and anxiety disorders, as well as shared causal mechanisms and maintenance factors that cause these disorders to cohere and bidirectionally exacerbate symptom severity.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Impact of Comorbidity > Comorbidity potentiates clinical severity.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It also indicates how the emergence and persistence of these disorders can be related to stress and anxiety.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, following repeated exposure to drugs of abuse, which progressively increases ‘wanting’ and desire for more drug (Vezina, 2004; Vezina, Lorrain, Arnold, Austin, & Suto, 2002), individuals tend to escalate their consumption by increasing both the frequency with which drug is taken and the quantity consumed during each drug-taking episode.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas ‘liking’ accounts for the objective hedonic and pleasurable response to rewards, the primary focus is placed on ‘wanting’.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It sensitizes the incentive value attributed to drugs, but also particularly to the cues that have been associated with the drug.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While these rewards typically all generate pleasure, a vast body of evidence, in both rodents and humans, suggests that the mesolimbic system is preferentially active during exposure to rewards, with the primary consequence being the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine (Balfour, 2015a; Berridge & Robinson, 1998; Corrigall, Coen, & Adamson, 1994; Di Chiara & Imperato, 1988).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > A common neural currency for ‘wanting’
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It partitioned reward into ‘liking’, ‘wanting’ and learning, with an important focus on the distinction between ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This evidence points to a possible common underlying cause for the coherence of anxiety, gambling and substance use disorders; one where the neuroadaptations associated with a history of stress and trauma might predispose certain individuals to the onset of one or more of these disorders and interact with neurobiological vulnerabilities, resulting in complex comorbid presentations with markedly”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Impact of Comorbidity > Overlapping biopsychosocial risks factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The attribution of incentive salience is a psychological process mediated by mesocorticolimbic systems in the brain that help direct behavior towards naturally sought-after rewards, such as food, water and sex.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While in some cases, repeated drug use results in no change in drug ‘liking’, it can also undergo tolerance, where the hedonic response to drug tends to gradually decrease with repeated use.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Incentive Sensitization Theory > Dissociating ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a study examining lifetime trauma history amongst pathological gamblers found that 64% of gamblers reported a history of emotional trauma, 40.5%, physical trauma, and 24.3%, sexual trauma, with the majority of these traumatic events occurring in childhood and a history of trauma being associated with greater frequency of drug and alcohol dependence (Kausch et al., 2006).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The Impact of Comorbidity > Overlapping biopsychosocial risks factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kausch et al., 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This system is comprised of dopaminergic fibers that project from the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, to limbic and cortical structures such as the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex (Di Chiara & Imperato, 1988; T. E. Robinson & Berridge, 1993).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > A common neural currency for ‘wanting’
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although it was long believed that dopamine was the neurotransmitter responsible for pleasure, this has long been disproved, and a large body of evidence suggests that it instead modulates ‘wanting’ (Berridge & Valenstein, 1991; Peciña, Cagniard, Berridge, Aldridge, & Zhuang, 2003; Tindell, Berridge, Zhang, Peciña, & Aldridge, 2005; Wyvell & Berridge, 2000).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > A common neural currency for ‘wanting’
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, studies show that individuals that abuse cocaine or alcohol show abnormally high dopaminergic activity in the ventral striatum and elevated self-reported craving in response to drug-related cues (Heinz et al., 2014; Miedl, Büchel, & Peters, 2014; Volkow et al., 2006).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in substance abuse
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly in animals, cue attraction predicts cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine self-administration, while in converse, nicotine administration enhances cue-induced approach behavior (Palmatier, Kellicut, Brianna Sheppard, Brown, & Robinson, 2014; Versaggi, King, & Meyer, 2016), an effect which is disrupted by dopamine antagonists (Palmatier et al., 2014).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in substance abuse
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sensitization can also be seen as a greater behavioral response to the drug or enhanced acquisition and escalation of drug self-administration, that accompany brain neural adaptations that underlie amplified ‘wanting’ for the reward (Ferrario et al., 2005; Ferrario & Robinson, 2007; Vezina, 2004; Vezina et al., 2002).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and the sensitization of ‘wanting’
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, adolescent nicotine treatment predisposes adult rats to develop increased behavioral sensitivity to chronic nicotine treatment and to be more sensitive to the initial effects of nicotine (Bracken, Chambers, Berg, Rodd, & McBride, 2011).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in substance abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bracken, Chambers, Berg, Rodd, & McBride, 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In fact, Franken and colleagues showed that even after 12 months of treatment individuals recovering from a substance use disorder still displayed heightened cue reactivity, and that exposure to drug cues increased feelings of craving and depression (Franken, de Haan, van der Meer, Haffmans, & Hendriks, 1999).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in substance abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Franken, de Haan, van der Meer, Haffmans, & Hendriks, 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, in animal studies, sensitization increases neuronal firing in VTA–accumbens–pallidal pathways that code incentive salience as well as the behavioral ability of reward cues to trigger frenzied bursts of effort to obtain the reward (Peciña & Berridge, 2013; Tindell et al., 2005; Wyvell & Berridge, 2001).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and the sensitization of ‘wanting’
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In animals, recent findings have shown that repeated alcohol consumption leading to sensitization results in increased dopaminergic reactivity to alcohol (Didone, Masson, Quoilin, Seutin, & Quertemont, 2014), and greater behavioral responsivity (Hoshaw & Lewis, 2001).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in substance abuse
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Exposure to nicotine also increases its subsequent self-administration, which is further enhanced by nicotine-paired cues (Neugebauer, Cortright, Sampedro, & Vezina, 2014).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in substance abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neugebauer, Cortright, Sampedro, & Vezina, 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, drugs such as nicotine produce increases in dopamine transmission but fail to produce any reported ‘liking’ or euphoria in humans, suggesting the absence of any clear relationship between ‘liking’ and the excessive ‘wanting’ that leads to addiction (Balfour, 2015b; Caggiula et al., 2009; Rose, Behm, Westman, & Johnson, 2000).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in substance abuse
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly in humans, a dissociation has been found between ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ for alcohol where small doses of alcohol cause spikes in ‘wanting’ yet leave ‘liking’ unaffected (Hobbs, Remington, & Glautier, 2005; Ostafin, Marlatt, & Troop-Gordon, 2010), and heavy drinkers show higher sensitivity to alcohol’s stimulating and rewarding effects (A. C. King, Hasin, O'Connor, McNamara, & Cao, 2016).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in substance abuse
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The same is true of alcohol, whereby alcohol-paired cues also trigger cue approach and alcohol-seeking behavior (Krank, 2003; Krank, O'Neill, Squarey, & Jacob, 2008; Srey, Maddux, & Chaudhri, 2015; Tomie & Sharma, 2013).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in substance abuse
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, greater attentional bias to drug-related cues is not only greater in individuals suffering from substance use, but can actually predict rates of relapse after treatment for numerous drugs, including for nicotine (Jane Powell, Dawkins, West, Powell, & Pickering, 2010; Waters et al., 2003) and alcohol (W. M. Cox, Hogan, Kristian, & Race, 2002; W. M. Cox, Pothos, & Hosier, 2007), suggesting”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in substance abuse
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gambling environments are robustly full of cues, such as flashing lights and sounds (Griffiths, 1993; Noseworthy & Finlay, 2009; Parke & Griffiths, 2006), and gamblers have been shown to display greater attentional bias and fixate their gaze for longer on gambling-related cues (Hudson, Olatunji, Gough, Yi, & Stewart, 2016; McGrath, Meitner, & Sears, 2018).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that these stimuli also take on increased salience in human gamblers and may possess “motivational magnet” properties”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The role of uncertainty in cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This finding implies that while gambling-related cues take on increased incentive salience, other non-related or unfamiliar cues may become less important or even inhibit motivation (Leyton, 2007; 2014; Leyton & Vezina, 2012; 2014).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants in this study reported that near-misses were significantly less pleasant than full misses, but triggered their urge to play more (L. Clark, Lawrence, Astley-Jones, & Gray, 2009)”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites L. Clark, Lawrence, Astley-Jones, & Gray, 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is worth mentioning that certain studies instead report a blunted striatal dopamine response to cues in pathological gamblers (Balodis et al., 2012; Miedl, Peters, & Büchel, 2012).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Along with evidence that in humans win-associated cues, such as jingles varying in length and size in function of win size, both increase arousal and lead subjects to overestimate their frequency of winning (Dixon et al., 2014)”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The role of uncertainty in cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dixon et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While the majority of animals learn to choose the safe and advantageous options, a small proportion tend to be more risk-preferring, and these risk-preferring animals make more drug-seeking responses and show greater cue-induced incubation of craving after cocaine self-administration (Ferland & Winstanley, 2016).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The role of uncertainty in cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ferland & Winstanley, 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of the hallmarks of gambling, and indeed of most games, is the presence of uncertainty (Costikyan, 2013).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The role of uncertainty in cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Costikyan, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under reward uncertainty, when the cue only predicts the reward 50% of the time, the predictive value of the cue is degraded, yet these findings suggest that it is more attractive and ‘wanted’ more.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The role of uncertainty in cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This provides further evidence for the neural and psychological dissociation of ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ and an exacerbation of ‘wanting’ in problem gambling.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These results are consistent with the incentive salience theory, however, and highlight the dissociation that can occur between the predictive value of a cue, driven by cue learning (cue-reward association), and the attribution of cue ‘wanting’ (T. E. Robinson & Flagel, 2009; Zhang, Berridge, Tindell, Smith, & Aldridge, 2009).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The role of uncertainty in cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“illustrating that although problem gamblers do not enjoy losses, they do find losses highly motivating.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, problem gamblers appear more sensitive to bias attention towards gambling-related cues and to experience craving after exposure to gambling cues than healthy controls (Goudriaan et al., 2014; van Holst et al., 2012).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goudriaan et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites van Holst et al., 2012 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, distal cues that are on the periphery of our attention are typically ignored under certain and predictable reward conditions, but when reward conditions are unpredictable, these cues attract more attention (M. J. F. Robinson et al., 2014a).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The role of uncertainty in cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites M. J. F. Robinson et al., 2014a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exposure to reward uncertainty even increases the proportion of individuals that ascribe incentive value to cues, and further narrows their focus on cues (Hellberg et al., 2018; M. J. F. Robinson, Anselme, Suchomel, & Berridge, 2015a).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > The role of uncertainty in cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hellberg et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites M. J. F. Robinson, Anselme, Suchomel, & Berridge, 2015a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exposure to acute and chronic stressors often results in initial sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which may then produce hypersensitivity to other stressors.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization by stress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sensitization can also affect other physiological systems (i.e. plasma catecholamines, brain monoamines), which appears to be long-lasting, a finding that may explain the long-term consequences of early-life adversity and traumatic stressors (Belda, Fuentes, Daviu, Nadal, & Armario, 2015).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization by stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Belda, Fuentes, Daviu, Nadal, & Armario, 2015 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This seems notable, given the relationship between anxiety disorders, such as PD, and the strikingly high rates of comorbidity and prospective onset of alcohol and tobacco use disorders among these individuals (Zimmermann et al., 2003; Zvolensky, Bernstein, Marshall, & Feldner, 2006).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization by stress
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Intolerance to uncertainty is a transdiagnostic factor strongly implicated in the maintenance of anxiety disorders, and is associated with greater physiological reactivity, attentional biases, and neural activation to uncertainty and uncertain threat cues (Carleton, 2012; Krain et al., 2006; Mahoney & McEvoy, 2012; Nelson & Shankman, 2011; Simmons, Matthews, Paulus, & Stein, 2008).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization by stress
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In anxiety disorders, such as Panic Disorder (PD) or PTSD, intereoceptive and physiological sensations serve as particularly potent stress cues, and are known to elicit negative affective states, such as anxiety and even panic attacks.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization by stress
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, although there are dopaminergic neurons that encode for just positive or negative motivational events, there are more numerous dopaminergic neurons that excite similarly to both threatening and rewarding events (Matsumoto & Hikosaka, 2009).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization by stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Matsumoto & Hikosaka, 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In cases of cross-sensitization of ‘wanting’, an individual, as a result of excessively consuming one drug, is rendered hyper-responsive to the motivational effects of other drugs, including ones that may have never been previously consumed.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization: definition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together these studies demonstrate that repeated exposure to one drug can render individuals more susceptible to the reinforcing effects of another, and highlight the importance played by contextual cues.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization: definition
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This suggests that both alcohol and nicotine increased the incentive value and propensity to gamble but through separate processes (Barrett, Collins, & Stewart, 2015).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and gambling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barrett, Collins, & Stewart, 2015 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When experienced together, drugs such as nicotine and alcohol, stress and reward uncertainty might exert a cumulative effect on the mesolimbic reward system, a phenomenon known as cross-sensitization.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization: definition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, in one study, chronically stressed animals displayed a sensitized response to the effects of acute cocaine administration, increased self-administration of cocaine, and demonstrated increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (Holly, Shimamoto, DeBold, & Miczek, 2012).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holly, Shimamoto, DeBold, & Miczek, 2012 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Their results showed that while administration of alcohol increased cigarette craving and ‘wanting’ to consume more alcohol, it also increased the urge to gamble, whereas nicotine increased average wagers.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and gambling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barrett, Collins, & Stewart, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It typically leads to compulsive use of their dopaminergic drug medications, with increased reports of drug ‘wanting’ but not drug ‘liking’.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and gambling
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using a similar approach, Mascia and her colleagues found that repeated exposure to uncertainty resulted in self-administration of more amphetamine and a greater dopaminergic response to amphetamine (Mascia et al., 2018).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and gambling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mascia et al., 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together these results suggest that exposure to reward uncertainty and gambling can increase sensitivity to drugs of abuse which in turn can increase the incentive value associated to gambling and its cues, and possibly promote the transition from casual recreational gambling to compulsive gambling.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and gambling
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traumatic events or chronic distressed states, typical of anxiety disorders, may therefore leave individuals more susceptible to the rewarding effects of drugs and gambling and predispose individuals to over-attribute value to drugs and gambling cues.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization by stress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar findings have also been reported in humans, where adverse childhood experiences were associated with increased likelihood of alcohol use during adolescence and of alcohol abuse as an adult (Dube, Anda, Felitti, Edwards, & Croft, 2002; Dube et al., 2006; Enoch, 2011).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and stress
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crucially, it is frequently accompanied by the development of pathological gambling, hypersexuality, food bingeing and punding (a form of complex behavioral stereotypy), suggesting that incentive sensitization of their dopamine-stimulating medication produces cross-sensitization to several other rewards including gambling.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and gambling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some studies have reported sex differences in cross-sensitization, where early life stress enhanced nicotine sensitization in female rats, yet rendered males more sensitive to further stress (McCormick, Robarts, Gleason, & Kelsey, 2004).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McCormick, Robarts, Gleason, & Kelsey, 2004 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for those who do become sensitized, mesolimbic interactions with corticolimbic circuitry focus excessive desire specifically on that target of addiction, resulting in surges of enhanced ‘wanting’ of the addictive target upon encountering related cues or vivid imagery.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Long-lasting neuroadaptations > Susceptibility to sensitization
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To date, it has been shown in animals that there are genetic differences in the propensity of individual brains to undergo sensitization, and in the functioning of the mesolimbic dopamine system (Dietz, Tapocik, Gaval-Cruz, & Kabbaj, 2005; Phillips, 1997).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Long-lasting neuroadaptations > Susceptibility to sensitization
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies of epidemiology and comorbidity demonstrate a large degree of variation within the disordered gambling population”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Concluding Remarks
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together these findings suggest the potential existence of a vicious cycle whereby acute or chronic stress enhances ‘wanting’ for drugs and their cues. This in turn may serve to increase stress through financial, social, and other impairments caused by escalating drug use. In addition, attempts at abstinence may precipitate withdrawal, which can promote further anxiety, resulting in enhanced”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between drugs and stress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, a recent study examining risky decision-making more broadly, found that cortisol led to a striking increase in risk-taking in men, whereas it had no effect on risk-taking behavior in women (Kluen, Agorastos, Wiedemann, & Schwabe, 2017).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between gambling and stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kluen, Agorastos, Wiedemann, & Schwabe, 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitization is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by the quantity, timing, and spacing with which a reward or stress is encountered, along with the context in which it is experienced.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Long-lasting neuroadaptations > Susceptibility to sensitization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“an analysis of various treatment outcomes revealed that 50% of individuals remain abstinent at 6 months post-gambling involvement”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Concluding Remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stinchfield & Winters, 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, most animals and likely humans do show some degree of psychomotor sensitization, although few may still reach the levels sufficient to trigger compulsive drug-seeking and taking.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Long-lasting neuroadaptations > Susceptibility to sensitization
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gamblers Anonymous, the most popular form of intervention”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Concluding Remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petry & Armentano, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Of these options, the cognitive and behavioral treatments, which include problem solving, social skills training, and relapse prevention, seem to provide the most promise (Petry & Armentano, 1999).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Concluding Remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petry & Armentano, 1999 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pervasive sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine system would explain why bouts of craving can occur even years later and why stress remains such a potent trigger of relapse.”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Long-lasting neuroadaptations
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“approximately 29% remain abstinent after one year”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Concluding Remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stinchfield & Winters, 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They found that in pathological gamblers, yohimbine produced greater reactivity in the left amygdala and tended to elicit greater subjective stress ratings than in healthy controls (Elman et al., 2012).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cross-sensitization as a framework for comorbidity > Cross-sensitization between gambling and stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Elman et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Knowledge of the mechanisms that cause gambling disorder, substance use, and anxiety disorders to coalesce remains limited.
“Yet, our knowledge of the mechanisms that cause these disorders to coalesce remains limited.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little research has examined the comorbidity between gambling, substance use, and anxiety or stress-related disorders through the incentive sensitization framework.
“However, little research has examined the comorbidity that exists between gambling, substance use, and anxiety or stress-related disorders through this framework.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The complex biopsychosocial mechanisms through which childhood adversity and stressful life events confer risk for these disorders remain largely unknown.
“Though this pathway has been highlighted as a potential shared diathesis, the complex biopsychosocial mechanisms through which childhood adversity and stressful life events confer risk for these disorders remain largely unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neural and biological pathways through which anxiety disorders may actively increase risk for addictive spectrum disorders remain largely unknown.
“However, neural and biological pathways through which anxiety disorders may actively increase risk for addictive spectrum disorders remain largely unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no standard intervention for gambling disorder.
“there is no standard intervention for gambling disorder”
The paper relies on this without support.
Gambling disorder treatments fail to successfully address comorbidity, cultural influences, and socio-demographic differences within the gambling population.
“gambling disorder treatments fail to successfully address comorbidity, cultural influences, and socio-demographic differences within the gambling population”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Individuals with gambling disorder exhibit significantly higher rates of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and PTSD compared to the general population.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“The sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, observed in both gambling and substance use disorders, underscores the significant role of stress in relapse [88,89,90].”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Analysis of data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, which included 41,869 participants, revealed that those identified as at-risk gamblers and problem gamblers were more likely to have multiple Axis-I and Axis-II disorders than non-gamblers, with this relationship being stronger in low-stress environments.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
“Various studies support that cue reactivity is heightened amongst individuals with problematic gambling and gambling behavior (Hønsi, Mentzoni, Molde, & Pallesen, 2012; Thalemann, Wölfling, & Grüsser, 2007; Wulfert et al., 2009).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > References
“Thalemann R, Wölfling K, & Grüsser SM (2007). Specific cue reactivity on computer game-related cues in excessive gamers.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > Cue sensitivity and sensitization in gambling
“In particular, problem gamblers appear more sensitive to bias attention towards gambling-related cues and to experience craving after exposure to gambling cues than healthy controls (Goudriaan et al., 2014; van Holst et al., 2012).”
§ Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior > References
“van Holst RJ, Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Peter J, Veltman DJ, & Goudriaan AE (2012). Attentional bias and disinhibition toward gaming cues are related to problem gaming in male adolescents.”
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370 · cited 1×
“(Desai & Potenza, 2008; Kessler et al., 1994).”
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
A JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS
Lindemann, L., Jaeschke, G., Michalon, A., Vieira, E., Honer, M., Spooren, W., Porter, R., Hartung, T., Kolczewski, S., Büttelmann, B., et al. (1909) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1909.02550020033007 · Cited by 7,889
The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Robinson, T. (1993) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p · Cited by 7,346 · cited 4×
“This system is comprised of dopaminergic fibers that project from the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, to limbic and cortical structures such as the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex (Di Chiara & Imperato, 1988; T. E. Robinson & Berridge, 1993).”
InfluentialDi Chiara, G., & Imperato, A. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.14.5274 · Cited by 4,733 · cited 3×
“This system is comprised of dopaminergic fibers that project from the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, to limbic and cortical structures such as the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex (Di Chiara & Imperato, 1988; T. E. Robinson & Berridge, 1993).”
What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
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“Furthermore, gambling disorder frequently co-occurs with substance-use disorders, particularly alcohol and nicotine, as well as mood and anxiety disorders (Conway, Compton, Stinson, & Grant, 2006; B. F. Grant et al., 2004b; Petry et al., 2005; Ronzitti, Kraus, Hoff, & Potenza, 2018).”
InfluentialA psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction.
Wise, R. A., & Bozarth, M. A. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.4.469 · Cited by 2,747 · cited 1×
“The same is believed to be true for a wide range of addictive substances including alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, and phencyclidine (Di Chiara & Imperato, 1988; Wise & Bozarth, 1987).”
The debate over dopamine’s role in reward: the case for incentive salience
Berridge, K. C. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x · Cited by 2,347 · cited 2×
“It is thought that reward uncertainty, like drugs of abuse, may also sensitize neural systems to rewards and reward-related cues (Anselme & Robinson, 2013; Anselme, Robinson, & Berridge, 2013; Berridge, 2007; Mascia et al., 2018; M. J. F. Robinson, Anselme, Fischer, & Berridge, 2014a; Rømer Thomsen et al., 2014).”
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“In fact, childhood adversity and trauma exposure (e.g., abuse, neglect) are transdiagnostically associated with the onset of psychopathology for anxiety and substance use (J. G. Green et al., 2010) as well as gambling pathology (Felsher, Derevensky, & Gupta, 2004).”
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Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons
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A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling
Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x · Cited by 2,013 · cited 1×
“Similarly, individuals with anxiety disorders often report gambling to cope, providing an active pathway through which anxiety may lead to problematic gambling and alcohol use as a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective
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“…of this observed individual difference in sensitivity to threat cues, with individuals with anxiety disorders demonstrating enhanced reactivity to uncertain compared to certain threat cues (Bradford, Kaye, & Curtin, 2014a; Bradford, Magruder, Korhumel, & Curtin, 2014b; Grupe & Nitschke, 2013).”
Dissecting components of reward: ‘liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning
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“Together these repeated peaks of mesolimbic dopamine release lead to brain neuroadaptations, in particular, sensitization of these dopamine-related systems (T. E. Robinson & Becker, 1986; T. E. Robinson, Jurson, Bennett, & Bentgen, 1988).”
The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0093 · Cited by 1,717 · cited 2×
“The incentive sensitization theory (T. E. Robinson & Berridge, 1993, 2008) was initially proposed to distinguish between the different components of reward.”
Two types of dopamine neuron distinctly convey positive and negative motivational signals
Matsumoto, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08028 · Cited by 1,378 · cited 1×
“Interestingly, although there are dopaminergic neurons that encode for just positive or negative motivational events, there are more numerous dopaminergic neurons that excite similarly to both threatening and rewarding events (Matsumoto & Hikosaka, 2009).”
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Chou, S. P., Stinson, F. S., & Dawson, D. A. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1107 · Cited by 1,262 · cited 4×
“Furthermore, gambling disorder frequently co-occurs with substance-use disorders, particularly alcohol and nicotine, as well as mood and anxiety disorders (Conway, Compton, Stinson, & Grant, 2006; B. F. Grant et al., 2004b; Petry et al., 2005; Ronzitti, Kraus, Hoff, & Potenza, 2018).”
InfluentialPetry, N. M., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0504 · Cited by 1,245 · cited 6×
“…which reported that alcohol-use disorders were significantly related to gambling disorder even after controlling for sociodemographic variables highly associated with the risk for gambling pathology, including ethnicity, age, sex, marital status, and region of origin (Petry et al., 2005).”
InfluentialCocaine cues and dopamine in dorsal striatum: mechanism of craving in cocaine addiction
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Childress, A.-R., Jayne, M., Ma, Y., & Wong, C. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1544-06.2006 · Cited by 1,164
Drugs of Abuse and Stress Trigger a Common Synaptic Adaptation in Dopamine Neurons
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“Substance-use disorders are one of the most frequently encountered co-mordid conditions in gambling disorder (K.-L. Chou & Afifi, 2011; Lorains et al., 2011; Walther, Morgenstern, & Hanewinkel, 2012).”
Conway, K. P., Compton, W., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n0211 · Cited by 934
DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler, R. C., Hwang, I., LaBrie, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Winters, K. C., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708002900 · Cited by 928 · cited 9×
“Gambling disorder often co-occurs with psychiatric disorders, particularly substance use and anxiety disorders (el-Guebaly et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains, Cowlishaw, & Thomas, 2011; Parhami, Mojtabai, Rosenthal, Afifi, & Fong, 2014).”
InfluentialMcLaughlin, K. A., Conron, K. J., Koenen, K. C., & Gilman, S. E. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709992121 · Cited by 855 · cited 1×
“These findings align well with the stresssensitization hypothesis of the role of early life adversity in the onset of anxiety disorders, substance use, and gambling disorder (McLaughlin et al., 2010).”
Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system
Dallman, M. F. (2010) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2009.10.004 · Cited by 814 · cited 2×
“There is also evidence to suggest that the physiological response to stress, involving elevated corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a hormone highly implicated in the stress response, recruits activity in dopaminergic pathways and elevates dopaminergic activity (Berridge, 2010; Cuadra, Zurita, Lacerra, & Molina, 199…”
Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult
Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., & Croft, J. B. (2002) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00204-0 · Cited by 804
Wyvell, C. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-21-08122.2000 · Cited by 764 · cited 1×
“…responsible for pleasure, this has since been disproved, and a large body of evidence suggests that it instead modulates Bwanting^ (Berridge & Valenstein, 1991; Peciña, Cagniard, Berridge, Aldridge, & Zhuang, 2003; Tindell, Berridge, Zhang, Peciña, & Aldridge, 2005; Wyvell & Berridge, 2000).”
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From prediction error to incentive salience: mesolimbic computation of reward motivation.
Berridge, K. C. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.07990.x · Cited by 700 · cited 1×
“Stress, similar to drugs of abuse, may also induce neurological changes that enhance dopaminergic activity and the attribution of incentive value to rewards and their cues (Berridge, 2012; T. E. Robinson, Angus, & Becker, 1985; Yap et al., 2015).”
Dube, S. R., Miller, J. W., Brown, D. W., Giles, W. H., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., & Anda, R. F. (2006) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.06.006 · Cited by 698 · cited 1×
“Similar findings have also been reported in humans, where adverse childhood experiences were associated with increased likelihood of alcohol use during adolescence and of alcohol abuse as an adult (Dube, Anda, Felitti, Edwards, & Croft, 2002; Dube et al., 2006; Enoch, 2011).”
The role of early life stress as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence
Enoch, M.-A. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1916-6 · Cited by 668 · cited 1×
“Similar findings have also been reported in humans, where adverse childhood experiences were associated with increased likelihood of alcohol use during adolescence and of alcohol abuse as an adult (Dube, Anda, Felitti, Edwards, & Croft, 2002; Dube et al., 2006; Enoch, 2011).”
Carleton, R. N. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.82 · Cited by 665 · cited 1×
“…of anxiety disorders, and is associated with greater physiological reactivity, attentional biases, and neural activation to uncertainty and uncertain threat cues (Carleton, 2012; Krain et al., 2006; Mahoney & McEvoy, 2012; Nelson & Shankman, 2011; Simmons, Matthews, Paulus, & Stein, 2008).”
Pharmacology of Nicotine: Addiction and Therapeutics
Benowitz, N. L. (1996) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.003121 · Cited by 589 · cited 1×
“In fact, certain highly addictive drugs such as nicotine are exceedingly Bwanted^ despite producing little to no feelings of pleasure or euphoria (Benowitz, 1996; Isomura, Suzuki, & Murai, 2014; West, 2009), and drug self-administration can be maintained in the absence of any subjective pleasure…”
Piazza, P. V., Deminiere, J. M., le Moal, M., & Simon, H. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90431-a · Cited by 565 · cited 1×
“…and the resulting hyperresponsivity of dopaminergic systems also occurs between drugs of abuse and natural rewards (Avena & Hoebel, 2003) and drugs of abuse and stress (at both behavioral and physiological levels) (Cruz, Marin, Leão, & Planeta, 2011; GarciaKeller et al., 2013; Piazza et al., 1990).”
Pathological Gambling Caused by Drugs Used to Treat Parkinson Disease
Dodd, M. L., Klos, K. J., Bower, J. H., Geda, Y. E., Josephs, K. A., & Ahlskog, J. E. (2005) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.62.9.noc50009 · Cited by 563 · cited 3×
“Interestingly, in many of these patients, discontinuation of their dopaminergic medication resolved their pathological gambling (Dodd et al., 2005).”
Interchangeability of Stress and Amphetamine in Sensitization
Antelman, S. M., Eichler, A. J., Black, C. A., & Kocan, D. J. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7188649 · Cited by 562
Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher "wanting" but not "liking" for sweet rewards
Peciña, S., Cagniard, B., Berridge, K. C., Aldridge, J. W., & Zhuang, X. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-28-09395.2003 · Cited by 551
Vezina, P. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.11.001 · Cited by 515 · cited 2×
“In particular, following repeated exposure to drugs of abuse, which progressively increases Bwanting^ and desire for more drug (Vezina, 2004; Vezina, Lorrain, Arnold, Austin, & Suto, 2002), individuals tend to escalate their consumption by increasing both the frequency with which drug is taken and…”
The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: an overview and new findings
Potenza, M. N. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0100 · Cited by 508 · cited 4×
“(Desai & Potenza, 2008; Kessler et al., 1994).”
InfluentialSteeves, T. D. L., Miyasaki, J., Zurowski, M., Lang, A. E., Pellecchia, G., Van Eimeren, T., Rusjan, P., Houle, S., & Strafella, A. P. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp054 · Cited by 502 · cited 1×
“However, it has been suggested that such contradictory reports can be explained by the absence of familiar or relevant gambling cues during laboratory testing (Leyton & Vezina, 2012), which when present instead produce an exaggerated striatal dopamine response (T. D. L. Steeves et al., 2009).”
SINHA, R., & LI, C. ‐. R. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230601036960 · Cited by 497 · cited 3×
“These responses to stress cues were on the whole comparable to those induced by alcohol-associated cues (Fox et al., 2007; Sinha et al., 2009; Sinha & Li, 2007), and support the evidence that the physiological reactivity elicited by stress cues may serve as a powerful catalyst for craving and…”
A review of current evidence for the causal impact of attentional bias on fear and anxiety
Van Bockstaele, B., Verschuere, B., Tibboel, H., De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., & Koster, E. H. W. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0034834 · Cited by 485 · cited 4×
“In the human literature, substantial research has supported the notion that individual differences in the sensitivity to cuesmay also confer risk for anxiety disorders (Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007; Heeren, Peschard, & Philippot, 2011; Mogg & Bradley, 2018; Shackman et al., 20…”
InfluentialLeyton, M. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00366-4 · Cited by 476 · cited 1×
“In humans, studies show that dopamine levels are more highly correlated with subjective ratings of Bwanting^ a reward than with pleasure ratings of that same reward (Leyton et al., 2002; Volkow et al., 2002).”
Compulsive drug use linked to sensitized ventral striatal dopamine transmission.
Evans, A. H., Pavese, N., Lawrence, A. D., Tai, Y. F., Appel, S., Doder, M., Brooks, D. J., Lees, A. J., & Piccini, P. (2006) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20822 · Cited by 473 · cited 1×
“DDS occurs in a small proportion of Parkinson’s patients being treated with dopamine agonist medication (Dodd et al., 2005; Evans, Lawrence, Cresswell, Katzenschlager, & Lees, 2010; Evans et al., 2006).”
The neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from molecules to behaviour
Laviolette, S. R., & van der Kooy, D. (2004) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1298 · Cited by 469 · cited 1×
“Sensitization caused by repeated drug use has been observed with many drugs of abuse, including alcohol and nicotine (Benwell & Balfour, 1992; Cadoni & Di Chiara, 2000; Govind, Vezina, & Green, 2009; Laviolette & van der Kooy, 2004).”
Sinha, R., Fox, H. C., Hong, K. A., Bergquist, K., Bhagwagar, Z., & Siedlarz, K. M. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.78 · Cited by 466 · cited 2×
“These responses to stress cues were on the whole comparable to those induced by alcohol-associated cues (Fox et al., 2007; Sinha et al., 2009; Sinha & Li, 2007), and support the evidence that the physiological reactivity elicited by stress cues may serve as a powerful catalyst for craving and…”
Robinson, T. E., Jurson, P. A., Bennett, J. A., & Bentgen, K. M. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90549-5 · Cited by 463
The effects of nicotine on locomotor activity in non‐tolerant and tolerant rats
Clarke, P. B. S., & Kumar, R. (1983) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb09398.x · Cited by 457 · cited 1×
“For nicotine, animal studies have shown that repeated intermittent injections of nicotine typically cause sensitization or enhancement of the drug’s locomotor activating effects (L. K. Baker et al., 2013; Benwell & Balfour, 1992; Clarke & Kumar, 1983; Vezina, McGehee, & Green, 2007).”
Paulson, P. E., Camp, D. M., & Robinson, T. E. (1991) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244248 · Cited by 455
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Jayne, M., Franceschi, D., Wong, C., Gatley, S. J., Gifford, A. N., Ding, Y., et al. (2002) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.10075 · Cited by 452 · cited 1×
“In humans, studies show that dopamine levels are more highly correlated with subjective ratings of Bwanting^ a reward than with pleasure ratings of that same reward (Leyton et al., 2002; Volkow et al., 2002).”
Leeman, R. F., & Potenza, M. N. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2550-7 · Cited by 448 · cited 2×
“In addition, individuals with gambling disorder may have biological or behavioral vulnerability factors that confer an elevated risk for anxiety or substance-use disorders (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Leeman & Potenza, 2012; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010; Walther et al., 2012).”
Stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking: 20 years of progress
Mantsch, J. R., Baker, D. A., Funk, D., Lê, A. D., & Shaham, Y. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.142 · Cited by 438
Wyvell, C. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-19-07831.2001 · Cited by 436 · cited 1×
“…studies, sensitization increases neuronal firing in VTA–accumbens–pallidal pathways that code incentive salience as well as the behavioral ability of reward cues to trigger frenzied bursts of effort to obtain the reward (Peciña & Berridge, 2013; Tindell et al., 2005; Wyvell & Berridge, 2001).”
Benwell, M. E. M., & Balfour, D. J. K. (1992) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb09067.x · Cited by 426 · cited 2×
“For nicotine, animal studies have shown that repeated intermittent injections of nicotine typically cause sensitization or enhancement of the drug’s locomotor activating effects (L. K. Baker et al., 2013; Benwell & Balfour, 1992; Clarke & Kumar, 1983; Vezina, McGehee, & Green, 2007).”
Robinson, T. E., & Flagel, S. B. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.006 · Cited by 416 · cited 1×
“…with the incentive salience theory, however, and highlight the dissociation that can occur between the predictive value of a cue, driven by cue learning (cue-reward association), and the attribution of cue Bwanting^ (T. E. Robinson & Flagel, 2009; Zhang, Berridge, Tindell, Smith, & Aldridge, 2009).”
Janes, A. C., Pizzagalli, D. A., Richardt, S., Frederick, B. D., Chuzi, S., Pachas, G., Culhane, M. A., Holmes, A. J., Fava, M., Evins, A. E., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.034 · Cited by 416 · cited 1×
“^ More recently, these behavioral indices of greater attentional bias and incentive salience attributed to drug cues have also been shown to possess several neural correlates that also predict relapse (Janes et al., 2010; Marhe, Luijten, van de Wetering, Smits, & Franken, 2013).”
Gambling Urges in Pathological Gambling: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Potenza, M. N., Steinberg, M. A., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Lacadie, C. M., Wilber, M. K., Rounsaville, B. J., Gore, J. C., & Wexler, B. E. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.828 · Cited by 414 · cited 2×
“Men with gambling disorder who viewed the gambling scenario showed increased activation in regions previously shown to be involved in emotional and motivational responses (Potenza et al., 2003).”
Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry
Clark, L., Lawrence, A. J., Astley-Jones, F., & Gray, N. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.031 · Cited by 410
Heinz, A., Siessmeier, T., Wrase, J., Hermann, D., Klein, S., Grüsser-Sinopoli, S. M., Flor, H., Braus, D. F., Buchholz, H. G., Gründer, G., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.161.10.1783 · Cited by 408 · cited 1×
“…in substance abuse In humans, studies show that individuals who abuse cocaine or alcohol show abnormally high dopaminergic activity in the ventral striatum and elevated self-reported craving in response to drug-related cues (Heinz et al., 2014; Miedl, Büchel, & Peters, 2014; Volkow et al., 2006).”
Zeeb, F. D., Robbins, T. W., & Winstanley, C. A. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.62 · Cited by 403
Shining light on motivation, emotion, and memory processes
Ilango, A., & Lobo, M. K. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00001 · Cited by 402
Fruit machine gambling: The importance of structural characteristics
Griffiths, M. (1993) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/bf01014863 · Cited by 390 · cited 2×
“Gambling environments are robustly full of cues, such as flashing lights and sounds (Griffiths, 1993; Noseworthy & Finlay, 2009; Parke & Griffiths, 2006), and gamblers have”
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Pathological Gambling: A Critical Review
Crockford, D. N., & el‐Guebaly, N. (1998) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379804300104 · Cited by 384 · cited 1×
“…that a variety of biological, neural, genetic, and psychological/environmental factors may also constitute risk factors and contribute to the co-mordidity between gambling and substance-abuse disorder (Crockford & el-Guebaly, 1998; Nautiyal, Okuda, Hen, & Blanco, 2017; Wareham & Potenza, 2010).”
Shaffer, H. J., & Hall, M. N. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03404298 · Cited by 375 · cited 2×
“In the USA, 85% of adults engage in gambling at some point in their lifetime (Cunningham- Williams et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2008; Shaffer & Hall, 2001).”
InfluentialSinha, R., Talih, M., Malison, R. T., Cooney, N. L., Anderson, G. M., & Kreek, M. J. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1525-8 · Cited by 375
Sinha, R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.49 · Cited by 368 · cited 2×
“, 2009; Sinha & Li, 2007), and support the evidence that the physiological reactivity elicited by stress cues may serve as a powerful catalyst for craving and subsequent relapse (Sinha et al., 2011).”
Walther, B., Morgenstern, M., & Hanewinkel, R. (2012) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000335662 · Cited by 368 · cited 1×
“In addition, individuals with gambling disorder may have biological or behavioral vulnerability factors that confer an elevated risk for anxiety or substance-use disorders (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Leeman & Potenza, 2012; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010; Walther et al., 2012).”
ZIMMERMANN, P., WITTCHEN, H.-U., HÖFLER, M., PFISTER, H., KESSLER, R. C., & LIEB, R. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008158 · Cited by 366 · cited 2×
“tobacco use disorders among these indiv idua ls (Zimmermann et al., 2003; Zvolensky, Bernstein, Marshall, & Feldner, 2006).”
Distress Tolerance: Theory, Measurement, and Relations to Psychopathology
Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Bernstein, A., & Leyro, T. (2010) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721410388642 · Cited by 357
Preexposure to amphetamine and nicotine predisposes rats to self-administer a low dose of cocaine
Horger, B. A., Giles, M. K., & Schenk, S. (1992) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02245147 · Cited by 344 · cited 2×
“found that rats given nine daily injections of amphetamine or nicotine acquired cocaine self-administration much quicker than control animals (Casey, Benkelfat, Young, & Leyton, 2006; Horger et al., 1992; Munafò, Mannie, Cowen, Harmer, &McTavish, 2007), whereas Cortright et al.”
Alcohol attentional bias as a predictor of alcohol abusers’ treatment outcome
Cox, W. M., Hogan, L. M., Kristian, M. R., & Race, J. H. (2002) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00219-3 · Cited by 340
Govind, A. P., Vezina, P., & Green, W. N. (2009) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.011 · Cited by 338
Attentional bias predicts outcome in smoking cessation.
Waters, A. J., Shiffman, S., Sayette, M. A., Paty, J. A., Gwaltney, C. J., & Balabanis, M. H. (2003) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.4.378 · Cited by 332 · cited 1×
“…actually predict rates of relapse after treatment for numerous drugs, including for nicotine (Jane Powell, Dawkins, West, Powell, & Pickering, 2010; Waters et al., 2003) and alcohol (W. M. Cox, Hogan, Kristian, & Race, 2002; W. M. Cox, Pothos, & Hosier, 2007), suggesting that cue reactivity…”
Reinstatement of alcohol-seeking by priming injections of alcohol and exposure to stress in rats
Lê, A. D., Quan, B. H., Juzytsch, W., Fletcher, P. J., Joharchi, N., & Shaham, Y. (1998) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050498 · Cited by 319 · cited 1×
“…exposure to acute and chronic stress following abstinence increases the likelihood of relapse to both alcohol and nicotine (Breese et al., 2005; Buczek, Lê, Wang, Stewart, & Shaham, 1999; Lê et al., 1998; Mantsch, Baker, Funk, Lê, & Shaham, 2016; Matheny & Weatherman, 1998; Perkins & Grobe, 1992).”
Stress‐Induced and Alcohol Cue‐Induced Craving in Recently Abstinent Alcohol‐Dependent Individuals
Fox, H. C., Bergquist, K. L., Hong, K., & Sinha, R. (2007) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00320.x · Cited by 315 · cited 2×
“These responses to stress cues were on the whole comparable to those induced by alcohol-associated cues (Fox et al., 2007; Sinha et al., 2009; Sinha & Li, 2007), and support the evidence that the physiological reactivity elicited by stress cues may serve as a powerful catalyst for craving and…”
Boileau, I., Dagher, A., Leyton, M., Gunn, R. N., Baker, G. B., Diksic, M., & Benkelfat, C. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1386 · Cited by 305 · cited 1×
“In humans, evidence suggests that exposure to only four doses of amphetamine produced a sensitized dopaminergic response when tested up to 1 year later (Boileau et al., 2006).”
Balodis, I. M., Kober, H., Worhunsky, P. D., Stevens, M. C., Pearlson, G. D., & Potenza, M. N. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.006 · Cited by 305 · cited 1×
“It is worth mentioning that certain studies instead report a blunted striatal dopamine response to cues in pathological gamblers (Balodis et al., 2012; Miedl, Peters, & Büchel, 2012).”
Berridge, K. C., & Valenstein, E. S. (1991) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.105.1.3 · Cited by 302 · cited 1×
“…neurotransmitter responsible for pleasure, this has since been disproved, and a large body of evidence suggests that it instead modulates Bwanting^ (Berridge & Valenstein, 1991; Peciña, Cagniard, Berridge, Aldridge, & Zhuang, 2003; Tindell, Berridge, Zhang, Peciña, & Aldridge, 2005; Wyvell &…”
A Neural Computational Model of Incentive Salience
Zhang, J., Berridge, K. C., Tindell, A. J., Smith, K. S., & Aldridge, J. W. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000437 · Cited by 299
BLANCO, C., HASIN, D. S., PETRY, N., STINSON, F. S., & GRANT, B. F. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706007410 · Cited by 297
A diet promoting sugar dependency causes behavioral cross-sensitization to a low dose of amphetamine
Avena, N. M., & Hoebel, B. G. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00502-5 · Cited by 284 · cited 1×
“Cross-sensitization and the resulting hyperresponsivity of dopaminergic systems also occurs between drugs of abuse and natural rewards (Avena & Hoebel, 2003) and drugs of abuse and stress (at both behavioral and physiological levels) (Cruz, Marin, Leão, & Planeta, 2011; GarciaKeller et al., 2013;…”
Ferrario, C. R., Gorny, G., Crombag, H. S., Li, Y., Kolb, B., & Robinson, T. E. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.046 · Cited by 283 · cited 2×
“This increased urge for the drug is due to a sensitization of the neural pathways responsible for Bwanting^ (Ferrario & Robinson, 2007; Ferrario et al., 2005).”
Tindell, A. J., Berridge, K. C., Zhang, J., Peciña, S., & Aldridge, J. W. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04411.x · Cited by 268 · cited 2×
“ways that code incentive salience as well as the behavioral ability of reward cues to trigger frenzied bursts of effort to obtain the reward (Peciña & Berridge, 2013; Tindell et al., 2005; Wyvell & Berridge, 2001).”
On the motivational properties of reward cues: Individual differences
Robinson, T. E., Yager, L. M., Cogan, E. S., & Saunders, B. T. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.040 · Cited by 261 · cited 1×
“For example, distal cues that are on the periphery of our attention are typically ignored under certain and predictable reward conditions, but when reward conditions are unpredictable, these cues attract more attention (M. J. F. Robinson et al., 2014a).”
Sensitization to cocaine stimulation in mice
Shuster, L., Yu, G., & Bates, A. (1977) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00439108 · Cited by 256
Stress Enhancement of Craving During Sobriety: A Risk for Relapse
Breese, G. R., Chu, K., Dayas, C. V., Funk, D. R., Knapp, D. J., Koob, G. F., Lê, A. D., Dell, L. E. O., Overstreet, D. H., Roberts, A. J., et al. (2005) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000153544.83656.3c · Cited by 251 · cited 1×
“…studies have shown that exposure to acute and chronic stress following abstinence increases the likelihood of relapse to both alcohol and nicotine (Breese et al., 2005; Buczek, Lê, Wang, Stewart, & Shaham, 1999; Lê et al., 1998; Mantsch, Baker, Funk, Lê, & Shaham, 2016; Matheny & Weatherman,…”
Leeman, R. F., & Potenza, M. N. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305800503 · Cited by 250 · cited 1×
“…as a Bbehavioral addiction^ have produced robust evidence for behavioral, cognitive, and biological similarities between gambling disorder and substance-use disorders (Di Nicola et al., 2015; Leeman & Potenza, 2012, 2013; Potenza, 2008; Slutske, Ellingson, Richmond-Rakerd, Zhu, & Martin, 2013).”
Roles of "wanting" and "liking" in motivating behavior: gambling, food, and drug addictions
Robinson, M. J. F., Fischer, A. M., Ahuja, A., Lesser, E. N., & Maniates, H. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_387 · Cited by 247
Self-citationPrevalence, Assessment, and Treatment of Pathological Gambling: A Review
Petry, N. M., & Armentano, C. (1999) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.50.8.1021 · Cited by 241 · cited 2×
“Gamblers Anonymous, the most popular form of intervention, has an alarmingly low abstinence rate, with only 8% of patients remaining abstinent after 1 year of treatment (Petry & Armentano, 1999).”
SUICIDAL IDEATION AND SUICIDE ATTEMPTS IN TREATMENT-SEEKING PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLERS
Petry, N., & Kiluk, B. D. (2002) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200207000-00007 · Cited by 238 · cited 1×
“…with gambling pathology report significantly higher rates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, divorce, arrest, spousal abuse, smoking, and physical health concerns, such as cardiac arrest (Petry & Kiluk, 2002; Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005; Potenza et al., 2002; Weinberger et al., 2015).”
A Transdiagnostic Examination of Intolerance of Uncertainty Across Anxiety and Depressive Disorders
Mahoney, A. E. J., & McEvoy, P. M. (2012) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.622130 · Cited by 237 · cited 1×
“…of anxiety disorders, and is associated with greater physiological reactivity, attentional biases, and neural activation to uncertainty and uncertain threat cues (Carleton, 2012; Krain et al., 2006; Mahoney & McEvoy, 2012; Nelson & Shankman, 2011; Simmons, Matthews, Paulus, & Stein, 2008).”
Miedl, S. F. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1552 · Cited by 229
The Role of Nicotine in Smoking: A Dual-Reinforcement Model
Caggiula, A. R., Donny, E. C., Palmatier, M. I., Liu, X., Chaudhri, N., & Sved, A. F. (2008) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78748-0_6 · Cited by 226
Dissociating nicotine and nonnicotine components of cigarette smoking
Rose, J. E., Behm, F. M., Westman, E. C., & Johnson, M. (2000) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00301-4 · Cited by 222
Peciña, S., & Berridge, K. C. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12174 · Cited by 216 · cited 1×
“…studies, sensitization increases neuronal firing in VTA–accumbens–pallidal pathways that code incentive salience as well as the behavioral ability of reward cues to trigger frenzied bursts of effort to obtain the reward (Peciña & Berridge, 2013; Tindell et al., 2005; Wyvell & Berridge, 2001).”
Linnet, J., Møller, A., Peterson, E., Gjedde, A., & Doudet, D. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03126.x · Cited by 214 · cited 1×
“Studies have correlated striatal dopamine release in problem gamblers with severity of problem gambling (Joutsa et al., 2012) and with self-reported levels of excitement during a gambling task (Linnet et al., 2011).”
Tanovic, E., Gee, D. G., & Joormann, J. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.01.001 · Cited by 214 · cited 1×
“…suggest highly overlapping neurobiological and psychological processing abnormalities in anxiety disorders that may generally encompass the attribution of value and recruitment of attention to valenced cues, rather than just threat cues (Gorka, Nelson, Phan, & Shankman, 2016; Tanovic et al., 2018).”
Neural Mechanisms of Incentive Salience in Naturalistic Human Vision
Hickey, C., & Peelen, M. V. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.049 · Cited by 212 · cited 1×
“It heightens perception and focuses attention towards the particular sights, sounds, and smells associated with these rewards in a way that adaptively promotes wellbeing and survival (Hickey & Peelen, 2015).”
Specific cue reactivity on computer game-related cues in excessive gamers.
Thalemann, R., Wölfling, K., & Grüsser, S. M. (2007) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.3.614 · Cited by 210
The subtyping of pathological gambling: A comprehensive review
Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.013 · Cited by 210 · cited 2×
“In addition, individuals with gambling disorder may have biological or behavioral vulnerability factors that confer an elevated risk for anxiety or substance-use disorders (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Leeman & Potenza, 2012; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010; Walther et al., 2012).”
Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.001 · Cited by 210 · cited 1×
“…the notion that individual differences in the sensitivity to cuesmay also confer risk for anxiety disorders (Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007; Heeren, Peschard, & Philippot, 2011; Mogg & Bradley, 2018; Shackman et al., 2016; Van Bockstaele et al., 2014).”
Mesolimbic dopamine release is linked to symptom severity in pathological gambling
Joutsa, J., Johansson, J., Niemelä, S., Ollikainen, A., Hirvonen, M. M., Piepponen, P., Arponen, E., Alho, H., Voon, V., Rinne, J. O., et al. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.006 · Cited by 209 · cited 4×
“…rewards and the self-administration of a wide range of addictive substances, recent evidence also suggests that gambling results in increases in mesolimbic and striatal dopamine release (Joutsa et al., 2012; Linnet et al., 2012; Linnet, Møller, Peterson, Gjedde, &Doudet, 2011; Zack& Poulos, 2009).”
InfluentialRobinson, J. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.75 · Cited by 208
Stress in adolescence and drugs of abuse in rodent models: role of dopamine, CRF, and HPA axis
Burke, A. R., & Miczek, K. A. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3369-1 · Cited by 207 · cited 1×
“…final maturation of behavior, dopamine systems, and HPA axis occurs during adolescence, suggesting that individuals experiencing stressful events during early life and adolescence are particularly prone to develop cross-sensitization to drugs of abuse (Burke & Miczek, 2014; Rodrigues et al., 2011).”
Potenza, M. N., Fiellin, D. A., Heninger, G. R., Rounsaville, B. J., & Mazure, C. M. (2002) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10812.x · Cited by 207 · cited 1×
“…with gambling pathology report significantly higher rates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, divorce, arrest, spousal abuse, smoking, and physical health concerns, such as cardiac arrest (Petry & Kiluk, 2002; Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005; Potenza et al., 2002; Weinberger et al., 2015).”
Sensitization of Midbrain Dopamine Neuron Reactivity Promotes the Pursuit of Amphetamine
Vezina, P., Lorrain, D. S., Arnold, G. M., Austin, J. D., & Suto, N. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-11-04654.2002 · Cited by 206 · cited 4×
“In particular, following repeated exposure to drugs of abuse, which progressively increases Bwanting^ and desire for more drug (Vezina, 2004; Vezina, Lorrain, Arnold, Austin, & Suto, 2002), individuals tend to escalate their consumption by increasing both the frequency with which drug is taken and the quantity consume…”
InfluentialGender differences in the associations between past-year gambling problems and psychiatric disorders
Desai, R. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0283-z · Cited by 206 · cited 3×
“(Desai & Potenza, 2008; Kessler et al., 1994).”
Stress reinstates nicotine seeking but not sucrose solution seeking in rats
Buczek, Y., Lê, A. D., Wang, A., Stewart, J., & Shaham, Y. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050992 · Cited by 206
Phillips, T. J., Huson, M., Gwiazdon, C., Burkhart‐Kasch, S., & Shen, E. H. (1995) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01502.x · Cited by 205
Boileau, I., Payer, D., Chugani, B., Lobo, D. S. S., Houle, S., Wilson, A. A., Warsh, J., Kish, S. J., & Zack, M. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.163 · Cited by 198
Peciña, S., Schulkin, J., & Berridge, K. C. (2006) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/1741-7007-4-8 · Cited by 194 · cited 1×
“In turn, administration of CRF has been shown to elevate the value of Pavlovian-associated reward cues (Peciña et al., 2006).”
How fast and how often: The pharmacokinetics of drug use are decisive in addiction
Allain, F., Minogianis, E.-A., Roberts, D. C. S., & Samaha, A.-N. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.012 · Cited by 192
Castner, S. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00050-5 · Cited by 187 · cited 1×
“…of increased locomotor activity, up to 3 months after cocaine exposure (Shuster, Yu, & Bates, 1977) and up to 8 months after morphine exposure (Shuster, Webster, &Yu, 1975), while monkeys still display a sensitized response to amphetamine even 2 years post-treatment (Castner & Goldman-Rakic, 1999).”
Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors
Powell, J. E., Dawkins, L., West, R., Powell, J. F., & Pickering, A. D. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1975-8 · Cited by 181
Differential changes in accumbens shell and core dopamine in behavioral sensitization to nicotine
Cadoni, C., & Di Chiara, G. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00843-2 · Cited by 180
King, D. L., Delfabbro, P., Zwaans, T., & Kaptsis, D. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413491159 · Cited by 173
Coffey, S. F., Stasiewicz, P. R., Hughes, P. M., & Brimo, M. L. (2006) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.20.4.425 · Cited by 172
Epidemiological Associations between Gambling Behavior, Substance Use & Mood and Anxiety Disorders
el-Guebaly, N., Patten, S. B., Currie, S., Williams, J. V. A., Beck, C. A., Maxwell, C. J., & Wang, J. L. (2006) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-006-9016-6 · Cited by 170 · cited 7×
“Gambling disorder often co-occurs with psychiatric disorders, particularly substance use and anxiety disorders (el-Guebaly et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains, Cowlishaw, & Thomas, 2011; Parhami, Mojtabai, Rosenthal, Afifi, & Fong, 2014).”
InfluentialReward uncertainty enhances incentive salience attribution as sign-tracking
Anselme, P., Robinson, M. J. F., & Berridge, K. C. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.006 · Cited by 170 · cited 4×
“…an uncertain rather than a certain reward schedule (where both the chances of receiving a reward and the magnitude of this reward vary) significantly increases the attention and attraction directed to the reward cue, making uncertain reward-related cues appear more Bwanted^(Anselme et al., 2013).”
InfluentialSelf-citationBartlett, E. (1997) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00164-9 · Cited by 160 · cited 2×
“Yet, sensitization does not increase Bliking^ reactions that reflect the hedonic impact of the reward when it actually arrives (Bartlett et al., 1997).”
Zvolensky, M. J., Stewart, S. H., Vujanovic, A. A., Gavric, D., & Steeves, D. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn037 · Cited by 158
Increased desire to smoke during acute stress
Perkins, K. A., & Grobe, J. E. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03121.x · Cited by 155 · cited 1×
“…exposure to acute and chronic stress following abstinence increases the likelihood of relapse to both alcohol and nicotine (Breese et al., 2005; Buczek, Lê, Wang, Stewart, & Shaham, 1999; Lê et al., 1998; Mantsch, Baker, Funk, Lê, & Shaham, 2016; Matheny & Weatherman, 1998; Perkins & Grobe, 1992).”
Exposure to nicotine and sensitization of nicotine-induced behaviors
Vezina, P., McGehee, D. S., & Green, W. N. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.038 · Cited by 153
The Psychology of the Fruit Machine: The Role of Structural Characteristics (Revisited)
Parke, J., & Griffiths, M. (2006) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-006-9014-z · Cited by 151 · cited 1×
“Gambling environments are robustly full of cues, such as flashing lights and sounds (Griffiths, 1993; Noseworthy & Finlay, 2009; Parke & Griffiths, 2006), and gamblers have been shown to display greater attentional bias and fixate their gaze for longer on gambling-related cues (Hudson, Olatunji,…”
Intolerance of uncertainty correlates with insula activation during affective ambiguity
Simmons, A., Matthews, S. C., Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.10.030 · Cited by 150
Cigarette Smoking and Panic Psychopathology
Zvolensky, M. J., & Bernstein, A. (2005) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00386.x · Cited by 150 · cited 1×
“…difficult experiences with withdrawal and high rates of relapse, due to the syndromic sensitivity to these interoceptive arousal cues that characterize withdrawal from tobacco or other substances of abuse (Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005; Zvolensky, Stewart, Vujanovic, Gavric, & Steeves, 2009).”
Risk-Prone Individuals Prefer the Wrong Options on a Rat Version of the Iowa Gambling Task
Rivalan, M., Ahmed, S. H., & Dellu-Hagedorn, F. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.008 · Cited by 148
Lopez, M. F., Doremus-Fitzwater, T. L., & Becker, H. C. (2011) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.08.017 · Cited by 146
West, R. (2009) · COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412550903049181 · Cited by 145 · cited 1×
“…addictive drugs such as nicotine are exceedingly Bwanted^ despite producing little to no feelings of pleasure or euphoria (Benowitz, 1996; Isomura, Suzuki, & Murai, 2014; West, 2009), and drug self-administration can be maintained in the absence of any subjective pleasure (Fischman & Foltin, 1992).”
Di Nicola, M., Tedeschi, D., De Risio, L., Pettorruso, M., Martinotti, G., Ruggeri, F., Swierkosz-Lenart, K., Guglielmo, R., Callea, A., Ruggeri, G., et al. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.028 · Cited by 143
Cue Reactivity and Effects of Cue Exposure in Abstinent Posttreatment Drug Users
Franken, I. H. A., de Haan, H. A., van der Meer, C. W., Haffmans, P. M. J., & Hendriks, V. M. (1999) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(98)00004-x · Cited by 141 · cited 1×
“…and colleagues showed that even after 12 months of treatment individuals recovering from a substance-use disorder still displayed heightened cue reactivity, and that exposure to drug cues increased feelings of craving and depression (Franken, de Haan, van der Meer, Haffmans, & Hendriks, 1999).”
Pathological Gambling and Substance Use Disorders
Wareham, J. D., & Potenza, M. N. (2010) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952991003721118 · Cited by 135 · cited 1×
“…that a variety of biological, neural, genetic, and psychological/environmental factors may also constitute risk factors and contribute to the co-mordidity between gambling and substance-abuse disorder (Crockford & el-Guebaly, 1998; Nautiyal, Okuda, Hen, & Blanco, 2017; Wareham & Potenza, 2010).”
Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety
Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0019906 · Cited by 134 · cited 1×
“In addition, individuals with gambling disorder may have biological or behavioral vulnerability factors that confer an elevated risk for anxiety or substance-use disorders (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Leeman & Potenza, 2012; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010; Walther et al., 2012).”
Lifetime Histories of Trauma among Pathological Gamblers
Kausch, O., Rugle, L., & Rowland, D. Y. (2006) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490500419045 · Cited by 134 · cited 1×
“…that 64% of gamblers reported a history of emotional trauma, 40.5%, physical trauma, and 24.3%, sexual trauma, with the majority of these traumatic events occurring in childhood and a history of trauma being associated with greater frequency of drug and alcohol dependence (Kausch et al., 2006).”
InfluentialChou, K.-L., & Afifi, T. O. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr017 · Cited by 134 · cited 3×
“Similarly, individuals with gambling disorder demonstrate elevated substance-abuse symptoms compared to those without this condition (K.-L. Chou & Afifi, 2011; el-Guebaly et al., 2006; Parhami et al., 2014; Possemato et al., 2015).”
van Holst, R. J., Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., Veltman, D. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2012) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.07.006 · Cited by 133 · cited 3×
“In turn, attentional bias towards gambling cues has been suggested to play a critical role in the transition from recreational to problem gambling (L. D. Grant & Bowling, 2015; van Holst et al., 2012).”
King, A. C., Hasin, D., O’Connor, S. J., McNamara, P. J., & Cao, D. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.007 · Cited by 132
Petry, N., & Oncken, C. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00163.x · Cited by 130 · cited 1×
“For example, individuals with alcohol- or nicotine-related substance-use disorders often present with more severe gambling behaviors and involvement (Desai & Potenza, 2008; el-Guebaly et al., 2006; J. E. Grant & Potenza, 2005; Ladd & Petry, 2003; Petry & Oncken, 2002).”
Dopamine release in ventral striatum of pathological gamblers losing money
Linnet, J., Peterson, E., Doudet, D. J., Gjedde, A., & Møller, A. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01591.x · Cited by 127
Conditioned and sensitized responses to stimulant drugs in humans
Leyton, M. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.027 · Cited by 127 · cited 2×
“This finding implies that while gambling-related cues take on increased incentive salience, other non-related or unfamiliar cues may become less important or even inhibit motivation (Leyton, 2007, 2014; Leyton & Vezina, 2012, 2014).”
Self‐Administration of Cocaine by Humans: A Laboratory Perspective
Fischman, M. W., & Foltin, R. W. (2007) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470514245.ch10 · Cited by 127 · cited 1×
“…addictive drugs such as nicotine are exceedingly Bwanted^ despite producing little to no feelings of pleasure or euphoria (Benowitz, 1996; Isomura, Suzuki, & Murai, 2014; West, 2009), and drug self-administration can be maintained in the absence of any subjective pleasure (Fischman & Foltin, 1992).”
Dopamine ups and downs in vulnerability to addictions: a neurodevelopmental model
Leyton, M., & Vezina, P. (2014) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2014.04.002 · Cited by 127 · cited 2×
“Exposure to nicotine also increases its subsequent self-administration, which is further enhanced by nicotinepaired cues (Neugebauer, Cortright, Sampedro, & Vezina, 2014).”
The allure of multi‐line games in modern slot machines
Dixon, M. J., Graydon, C., Harrigan, K. A., Wojtowicz, L., Siu, V., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12675 · Cited by 125 · cited 2×
“…as jingles varying in length and size in function of win size, both increase arousal and lead subjects to overestimate their frequency of winning (Dixon et al., 2014), this evidence suggests a strong connection between reward uncertainty, gambling propensity, substance abuse, and cue sensitivity.”
Slutske, W. S., Ellingson, J. M., Richmond‐Rakerd, L. S., Zhu, G., & Martin, N. G. (2013) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2013.11 · Cited by 125
Stress-induced sensitization: the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and beyond
Belda, X., Fuentes, S., Daviu, N., Nadal, R., & Armario, A. (2015) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2015.1067678 · Cited by 123
Yager, L. M., & Robinson, T. E. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2890-y · Cited by 123 · cited 1×
“In particular, specific individuals may bemore vulnerable to addictive spectrum disorders due to a naturally heightened sensitivity to reward cues (T. E. Robinson, Yager, Cogan, & Saunders, 2014b; Yager & Robinson, 2013).”
Robinson, M. J. F., Anselme, P., Fischer, A. M., & Berridge, K. C. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.004 · Cited by 123 · cited 1×
“For example, distal cues that are on the periphery of our attention are typically ignored under certain and predictable reward conditions, but when reward conditions are unpredictable, these cues attract more attention (M. J. F. Robinson et al., 2014a).”
Self-citationCunningham‐Williams, R. M., Grucza, R. A., Cottler, L. B., Womack, S. B., Books, S. J., Przybeck, T. R., Spitznagel, E. L., & Cloninger, C. R. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.09.002 · Cited by 120
Lottery Playing Amongst Youth: Implications for Prevention and Social Policy
Felsher, J. R., Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (2004) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1023/b:jogs.0000022306.72513.7c · Cited by 118
Unpredictable saccharin reinforcement enhances locomotor responding to amphetamine
Singer, B. F., Scott-Railton, J., & Vezina, P. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.003 · Cited by 117 · cited 3×
“dopaminergic system under gambling-like conditions in animals (Mascia et al., 2018; Singer et al., 2012; Zack et al., 2014; Zeeb et al., 2017).”
Does intolerance of uncertainty predict anticipatory startle responses to uncertain threat?
Nelson, B. D., & Shankman, S. A. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.05.003 · Cited by 115 · cited 1×
“…of anxiety disorders, and is associated with greater physiological reactivity, attentional biases, and neural activation to uncertainty and uncertain threat cues (Carleton, 2012; Krain et al., 2006; Mahoney & McEvoy, 2012; Nelson & Shankman, 2011; Simmons, Matthews, Paulus, & Stein, 2008).”
Robinson, T. E., Angus, A. L., & Becker, J. B. (1985) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(85)90594-6 · Cited by 114 · cited 1×
“…to when sensitization to one drug will produce a sensitized response to other drugs (such as between heroin and cocaine) (Antelman, Eichler, Black, & Kocan, 1980; Cunningham & Kelley, 1992; Horger, Giles, & Schenk, 1992; Piazza, Deminiere, le Moal, & Simon, 1990; T. E. Robinson et al., 1985).”
Blunted Endogenous Opioid Release Following an Oral Amphetamine Challenge in Pathological Gamblers
Mick, I., Myers, J., Ramos, A. C., Stokes, P. R. A., Erritzoe, D., Colasanti, A., Gunn, R. N., Rabiner, E. A., Searle, G. E., Waldman, A. D., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.340 · Cited by 112 · cited 1×
“Similar findings suggesting blunted euphoria and response in opioid systems thought to be involved in Bliking^ has been reported in individuals with gambling problems (Mick et al., 2016).”
Robinson, M. J. F., Anselme, P., Suchomel, K., & Berridge, K. C. (2015) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000064 · Cited by 111
Self-citationWhat motivates gambling behavior? Insight into dopamine's role
Anselme, P., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00182 · Cited by 110 · cited 1×
“It is thought that reward uncertainty, like drugs of abuse, may also sensitize neural systems to rewards and reward-related cues (Anselme & Robinson, 2013; Anselme, Robinson, & Berridge, 2013; Berridge, 2007; Mascia et al., 2018; M. J. F. Robinson, Anselme, Fischer, & Berridge, 2014a; Rømer Thomsen…”
Self-citationEcological momentary assessment of PTSD symptoms and alcohol use in combat veterans.
Possemato, K., Maisto, S. A., Wade, M. J., Barrie, K. A., McKenzie, S., Lantinga, L. J., & Ouimette, P. C. (2015) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000129 · Cited by 109 · cited 2×
“Further, the presence of an anxiety disorder has been associated with more severe symptomatology in both gambling and substance use (C. L. Green, Nahhas, Scoglio, & Elman, 2017; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2006; Najavits, Meyer, Johnson, & Korn, 2011; Possemato et al., 2015).”
Zack, M., Featherstone, R. E., Mathewson, S., & Fletcher, P. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00036 · Cited by 108 · cited 3×
“dopaminergic system under gambling-like conditions in animals (Mascia et al., 2018; Singer et al., 2012; Zack et al., 2014; Zeeb et al., 2017).”
Marhe, R., Luijten, M., van de Wetering, B. J. M., Smits, M., & Franken, I. H. A. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.7 · Cited by 108
The comorbidity of tobacco smoking and gambling: A review of the literature
McGrath, D. S., & Barrett, S. P. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00097.x · Cited by 108 · cited 1×
“…these trends in symptom severity, greater social, financial, and behavioral difficulties have been observed in gamblers who smoke or misuse alcohol, indicating significantly elevated impairments in functioning (McGrath & Barrett, 2009; Moghaddam, Yoon, Campos, & Fong, 2015; Potenza et al., 2004).”
McCormick, C. M., Robarts, D., Gleason, E., & Kelsey, J. E. (2004) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.05.004 · Cited by 105
Applying incentive sensitization models to behavioral addiction
Thomsen, K. R., Fjorback, L. O., Møller, A., & Lou, H. C. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.009 · Cited by 103 · cited 5×
“It is thought that reward uncertainty, like drugs of abuse, may also sensitize neural systems to rewards and reward-related cues (Anselme & Robinson, 2013; Anselme, Robinson, & Berridge, 2013; Berridge, 2007; Mascia et al., 2018; M. J. F. Robinson, Anselme, Fischer, & Berridge, 2014a; Rømer Thomsen et al., 2014).”
InfluentialPredictors of smoking cessation and maintenance
Matheny, K. B., & Weatherman, K. E. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199802)54:2 · Cited by 103
Cognitive-motivational predictors of excessive drinkers’ success in changing
Cox, W. M., Pothos, E. M., & Hosier, S. G. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0736-9 · Cited by 103
The effect of repeated exposure to virtual gambling cues on the urge to gamble
Park, C.-B., Park, S. M., Gwak, A. R., Sohn, B. K., Lee, J.-Y., Jung, H. Y., Choi, S.-W., Kim, D. J., & Choi, J.-S. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.09.027 · Cited by 102 · cited 2×
“One study analyzed reports of craving in virtual casino environments and found gambling cues to increase subjective reports of craving in recreational gamblers (Park et al., 2015).”
Holly, E. N., Shimamoto, A., DeBold, J. F., & Miczek, K. A. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2846-2 · Cited by 98
Potential programming of dopaminergic circuits by early life stress
Rodrigues, A.-J., Leão, P., Carvalho, M., Almeida, O. F. X., & Sousa, N. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2085-3 · Cited by 97
Phillips, T. J., Huson, M. G., & McKinnon, C. S. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-08-03023.1998 · Cited by 96
Krain, A. L., Hefton, S., Pine, D. S., Ernst, M., Xavier Castellanos, F., Klein, R. G., & Milham, M. P. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01677.x · Cited by 94 · cited 2×
“Intolerance to uncertainty is a transdiagnostic factor strongly implicated in the maintenance of anxiety disorders, and is associated with greater physiological reactivity, attentional biases, and neural activation to uncertainty and uncertain threat cues (Carleton, 2012; Krain et al., 2006; Mahoney & McEvoy, 2012; Ne…”
Getting a grip on problem gambling: what can neuroscience tell us?
Goudriaan, A. E., Yücel, M., & van Holst, R. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00141 · Cited by 94 · cited 1×
“In particular, problem gamblers appear more sensitive to bias attention towards gambling-related cues and to experience craving after exposure to gambling cues than healthy controls (Goudriaan et al., 2014; van Holst et al., 2012).”
Costikyan, G. (2013) · Cited by 93
Barrus, M. M., & Winstanley, C. A. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2225-15.2016 · Cited by 93 · cited 1×
“Similarly, the introduction of salient cues to winning trials, to what is termed the cued rGT, results in riskier and more disadvantageous choice behavior than when exposed to the uncued task (Barrus & Winstanley, 2016).”
Exposure to conditions of uncertainty promotes the pursuit of amphetamine
Mascia, P., Neugebauer, N. M., Brown, J., Bubula, N., Nesbitt, K. M., Kennedy, R. T., & Vezina, P. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0099-4 · Cited by 93 · cited 4×
“There is also direct evidence for cross-sensitization of the dopaminergic system under gambling-like conditions in animals (Mascia et al., 2018; Singer et al., 2012; Zack et al., 2014; Zeeb et al., 2017).”
InfluentialGarcia‐Keller, C., Martinez, S. A., Esparza, M. A., Bollati, F., Kalivas, P. W., & Cancela, L. M. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12121 · Cited by 92
Transient activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by reward risk
Fiorillo, C. D. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.037 · Cited by 90 · cited 2×
“…produce a greater dopamine signal, originating from the ventral midbrain, during the anticipation of the uncertain outcome (Anselme, 2013; Fiorillo, Tobler, & Schultz, 2003), and that this dopaminergic signal appears to promote risk-seeking behavior, as evidenced in gambling (Fiorillo, 2011).”
Outcome of Minnesota's Gambling Treatment Programs
Stinchfield, R., & Winters, K. C. (2001) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1012268322509 · Cited by 89 · cited 1×
“In fact, an analysis of various treatment outcomes revealed that 50% of individuals remain abstinent at 6 months post-gambling involvement, approximately 29% remain abstinent after 1 year, and only 15% are abstinent after 2 years (Stinchfield & Winters, 2001).”
Parallel Roles for Dopamine in Pathological Gambling and Psychostimulant Addiction
Zack, M. H., & Poulos, C. X. (2009) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473710902010011 · Cited by 87
Cue-Induced Craving Increases Impulsivity via Changes in Striatal Value Signals in Problem Gamblers
Miedl, S. F., Büchel, C., & Peters, J. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5020-13.2014 · Cited by 87
How Bad Could It Be? Alcohol Dampens Stress Responses to Threat of Uncertain Intensity
Bradford, D. E., Shapiro, B. L., & Curtin, J. J. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613499923 · Cited by 86
Zeeb, F. D., Li, Z., Fisher, D. C., Zack, M. H., & Fletcher, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.170003 · Cited by 85 · cited 4×
“dopaminergic system under gambling-like conditions in animals (Mascia et al., 2018; Singer et al., 2012; Zack et al., 2014; Zeeb et al., 2017).”
InfluentialHeeren, A., Peschard, V., & Philippot, P. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9394-7 · Cited by 84
Shackman, A. J., Stockbridge, M. D., Tillman, R. M., Kaplan, C. M., Tromp, D., Fox, A. S., & Gamer, M. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.054015 · Cited by 84 · cited 2×
“In the human literature, substantial research has supported the notion that individual differences in the sensitivity to cuesmay also confer risk for anxiety disorders (Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007; Heeren, Peschard, & Philippot, 2011; Mogg & Bradley, 2018; Shackman et al., 20…”
National gambling experiences in the United States: will history repeat itself?
Petry, N. M., & Blanco, C. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03894.x · Cited by 83
Striatal dopamine release codes uncertainty in pathological gambling
Linnet, J., Mouridsen, K., Peterson, E., Møller, A., Doudet, D. J., & Gjedde, A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.04.012 · Cited by 82 · cited 1×
“…rewards and the self-administration of a wide range of addictive substances, recent evidence also suggests that gambling results in increases in mesolimbic and striatal dopamine release (Joutsa et al., 2012; Linnet et al., 2012; Linnet, Møller, Peterson, Gjedde, &Doudet, 2011; Zack& Poulos, 2009).”
A comparison of pathological gamblers with and without substance abuse treatment histories.
Ladd, G. T., & Petry, N. (2003) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.3.202 · Cited by 80 · cited 1×
“For example, individuals with alcohol- or nicotine-related substance-use disorders often present with more severe gambling behaviors and involvement (Desai & Potenza, 2008; el-Guebaly et al., 2006; J. E. Grant & Potenza, 2005; Ladd & Petry, 2003; Petry & Oncken, 2002).”
Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
Robinson, M. J. F., Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398335-0.00039-x · Cited by 78 · cited 1×
“In turn these cues can become motivational magnets that attract attention and trigger intense bouts of craving and desire to seek and take their associated drug reward (M. J. F. Robinson et al., 2013; M. J. F. Robinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Lesser, & Maniates, 2015b).”
Self-citationPosttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers
Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2006) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20123 · Cited by 77 · cited 1×
“Further, the presence of an anxiety disorder has been associated with more severe symptomatology in both gambling and substance use (C. L. Green, Nahhas, Scoglio, & Elman, 2017; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2006; Najavits, Meyer, Johnson, & Korn, 2011; Possemato et al., 2015).”
Cognitive processes underlying impaired decision-making under uncertainty in gambling disorder
Brevers, D., Koritzky, G., Bechara, A., & Noël, X. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.06.004 · Cited by 77 · cited 1×
“…exhibit attentional bias toward uncertain gambling-related cues as compared to healthy controls, suggesting that these stimuli also take on increased salience in human gamblers and may possess Bmotivational magnet^ properties (Brevers et al., 2014a; Brevers, Koritzky, Bechara, & Noël, 2014b).”
Attentional Bias in Problem Gambling: A Systematic Review
Hønsi, A., Mentzoni, R. A., Molde, H., & Pallesen, S. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9315-z · Cited by 75
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Ferland, J. N., & Winstanley, C. A. (2017) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12388 · Cited by 72
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“…gambling disorder diagnostic criteria (e.g., Bgambling as an escape from negative affect^), supporting the notion that coping may play a significant role in the co-mordidity between anxiety, substance use, and gambling disorders (Lister, Milosevic, & Ledgerwood, 2015; Parhami et al., 2014).”
InfluentialHobbs, M., Remington, B., & Glautier, S. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2026-0 · Cited by 70
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hellberg, S. N., Russell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. F.
- Affiliations
- Wesleyan University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Robinson, Mike J. F.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2018-10-24
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 737-758
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC6482104
- OpenAlex
- W2898505690
- Semantic Scholar
- d496089bd369e83f0139c87dca1afe06c2d1c3ca
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 288
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R03DA045281)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, incentive-sensitization theory, reward uncertainty, stress, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, mesolimbic dopamine system, cross-sensitization, incentive salience, relapse, comorbidities, slot machines
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Cues, Gambling, Humans, Motivation, Reward, Substance-Related Disorders, Uncertainty
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