The DOI matches its Crossref record; 447 of the 447 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 526 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: Behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties
Open accessAbstract
Rats and mice have been demonstrated to show episodic-like memory, a prototype of episodic memory, as defined by an integrated memory of the experience of an object or event, in a particular place and time. Such memory can be assessed via the use of spontaneous object exploration paradigms, variably designed to measure memory for object, place, temporal order and object-location inter-relationships. We review the methodological properties of these tests, the neurobiology about time and discuss the evidence for the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus, with respect to their anatomy, neurotransmitter systems and functional circuits. The systematic analysis suggests that a specific circuit between the mPFC, lateral EC and hippocampus encodes the information for event, place and time of occurrence into the complex episodic-like memory, as a top-down regulation from the mPFC onto the hippocampus. This circuit can be distinguished from the neuronal component memory systems for processing the individual information of object, time and place.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes evidence that rodents show episodic-like memory—integrated memory for what, where, and when—measured by training-free spontaneous object exploration paradigms. It proposes that a specific mPFC–lateral entorhinal cortex–hippocampus circuit, especially direct mPFC–CA1/CA3 pathways, integrates object, place, and time information, distinct from the component memory systems.
Key findings
- Episodic-like memory tests combine novel object preference (what), object place preference (where), and temporal-order memory (when). In the ELM2–2 test, adult rats show exploration preferences RD > RS, OS > RS, and OS > OD; ELM2–2 memory is preserved for at least 1 hour, over 2 hours, but not after 4–6 hours, while ELM2–1 memory can last up to 24 hours.
- Disconnecting the mPFC–CA3 circuit impaired ELM2–2 episodic-like memory while leaving individual NOP, OPP, and TOM memories intact, indicating that episodic-like memory is a meta-system integrating what, where, and when rather than a simple sum of the components. Disconnecting mPFC–CA1 impaired integration and OPP but spared NOP and TOM; disconnecting mPFC–LEC also impaired ELM2–2.
- The proposed circuit includes direct and indirect mPFC–hippocampus pathways: posterior-dorsal CA1-to-PFC projections support the “when” component, intermediate CA1-to-PFC projections support the “where” component, and CA1/CA3 are cardinal for integration.
- Neurotransmitter systems in mPFC and hippocampus (glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, norepinephrine, cannabinoids) differentially modulate NOP, OPP, TOM, and episodic-like memory; for example, mPFC AMPA/kainate but not NMDA receptors are involved in episodic-like memory.
Methods
- Design: narrative review of behavioral, anatomical, and neurochemical evidence on episodic-like memory in rodents, focusing on training-free spontaneous object exploration paradigms (NOP, OPP, TOM, SNOP, OiP, and ELM variants).
- Data/sample: published rodent studies, primarily articles published after 2007; the review excludes context-manipulated object exploration tests such as What-Where-Which and excludes systemic, intracerebroventricular, or global gene-manipulation studies.
- Analysis: qualitative synthesis comparing lesion, inactivation, disconnection, electrophysiological, pharmacological, imaging, and molecular findings, with summary tables and circuit diagrams.
Limitations
- Stated: NOP alone is not an appropriate measure of episodic-like memory; methodological factors such as habituation, object exploration duration, object properties, retention interval, circadian phase, and light intensity can confound object exploration tests.
- Stated: many lesion studies used retention intervals under 10 minutes, and the direction of information flow in disconnection studies is hard to ascertain because connections are ablated; precise circuit control such as optogenetics is needed.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not describe a systematic search or meta-analysis, and its conclusions depend on heterogeneous paradigms, species/strains, and separate studies rather than uniform within-study comparisons.
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Claims the paper makes
386 Not checked yet · 104 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported · 2 Own method
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Conversely, post-sample microinjections of the D1-R agonist SKF81297, the D2-R agonist quinpirole or the D3-R antagonist SB277,011 into the PFC facilitated NOP memory when tested after 24 hours (Papp et al., 2017).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Papp et al., 2017 source
The Methods (Stereotaxic surgery and intracranial injection procedure; page unavailable) state that bilateral infusions were made immediately after the exposure session. The Results (Experiment 3; page unavailable) report that SKF81297, quinpirole, and SB-277,011 increased novel object recognition after injection into the PFC; the Methods (Study design) specify testing 24 hours after exposure. The paper calls the task NOR rather than NOP. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“the extracellular glutamate content in the hippocampus was increased in the NOP test”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Cohen et al., 2013 source
In Results, Experiment 9 (page unavailable), the paper reports significantly higher extracellular dorsal hippocampal glutamate efflux during the novel-object recognition test than during a second sample session. The paper calls the test NOR rather than NOP, but describes it as testing preference for a novel object. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Stanley et al., 2012 source
The Results section reports significantly increased hippocampal glutamate efflux following introduction of the novel object, greater than during familiar-object presentation. This supports the claim for the novel-object test used in the paper. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
In the paper
“The disruption of episodic-like memory could not have resulted from the impairment of object location memory since the PFC-CA1 disconnected animals showed intact spatial recognition in the ELM2–2 test (positive where index).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chao et al., 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“When the PFC-CA1 circuit was interrupted, the ability to integrate distinct components into an episodic-like memory was impaired.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chao et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“As expected, memory tested by the ELM2–2 test was deficient, suggesting the PFC-LEC circuit is indispensable for episodic-like memory.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chao et al., 2016a
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“Disconnection of the PFC-CA1 pathway, while preserving the indirect CA3-LEC-PFC circuit, impaired the interaction index.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chao et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“With the help of sleep for the facilitation of NOP consolidation, the memory can be preserved for up to 3 weeks (Sawangjit et al., 2018).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Novel object preference (NOP)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sawangjit et al., 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“OPP memory can be preserved longer than 1 week with the help of sleep (Sawangjit et al., 2018).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Object place preference (OPP)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sawangjit et al., 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such memory can be assessed via the use of spontaneous object exploration paradigms, variably designed to measure memory for object, place, temporal order and object-location inter-relationships.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is noted that the amount of object exploration in the learning trial is positively correlated with the degree of retention in regards to object exploration performance (at least within an amount of object exploration time).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Novel object preference (NOP)
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 167
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
In the paper
“Furthermore, performance in the OPP test (where) was disrupted, whereas memories for NOP (what) and TOM (when), were intact.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chao et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“By contrast, disconnecting the PFC-CA3 circuit also impaired performance in the ELM2–2 test, but did not interfere with performance in the individual NOP, OPP and TOM tests.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Souza Silva et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“When the PFC-CA3 pathway was disconnected, the interaction, as well as the where and when indexes were disrupted.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Souza Silva et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“Using the ELM2–2 test, it was found that the where component was still functional, although weakened after disconnecting the PFC-LEC pathway, which spared the direct CA3-CA1-PFC circuit.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chao et al., 2016a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“Based on the experimental model, episodic-like memory has been found to be not simply a combination of “what”, “where” and “when” memories, but a meta-system which integrates these three components into a complex and distinct compound system (de Souza Silva et al., 2016).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Souza Silva et al., 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Habituation to the testing environment, which reduces novelty-induced arousal or anxiety, directly contributes to memory for objects.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Novel object preference (NOP)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Maroun and Akirav, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Early studies have indicated that rodents have memory for objects for up to 24 hours (Ennaceur and Delacour, 1988), and even up to 48 hours (Liu et al., 2016).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Novel object preference (NOP)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ennaceur and Delacour, 1988
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2016 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, in such training-based models the neurobiological system of episodic memory is likely to converge with the amygdala and/or nucleus accumbens for coping with anxiety/fear and/or incentive motivation, respectively.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The past two decades studies have revealed new insight on this question with evidence that animals can show a memory akin to human episodic memory, with arguments based on evolution, neuroanatomy and neurobiology (Allen and Fortin, 2013; Fortin et al., 2004; Manns and Eichenbaum, 2006; Templer and Hampton, 2013).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen and Fortin, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Fortin et al., 2004 source
- Not checked yetcites Manns and Eichenbaum, 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alternatively, spontaneous object exploration in rodent studies of recognition memory is a well-established training-free animal model.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Introduction
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies in training animals with classical and operant conditioning have shown that animals can behaviorally respond at certain intervals (seconds to minutes) according to the programmed stimulus (Kirsch et al., 2004; Kyd et al., 2008)”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Temporal-order preference
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These perspectives propose that similar neuroanatomical and neurobiological substrates of memory systems are shared by different species with humans, including a prototype of “episodic memory” which can be studied in animal models to decipher its neurobiological mechanisms.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Spontaneous object exploration can be used to assess memory for “what” (novel object preference; NOP) (Ennaceur and Delacour, 1988), for “where” (object place preference; OPP) (Ennaceur et al., 1997), and for “when” (memory for temporal order or recency; TOM) (Mitchell and Laiacona, 1998).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ennaceur and Delacour, 1988
- Not checked yetcites Ennaceur et al., 1997 source
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell and Laiacona, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, it has been found that the half of the tested mice was able to retain OPP information for up to 6 months, but not after 1 year (Atucha et al., 2019).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Object place preference (OPP)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Atucha et al., 2019
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Long intervals of days can be timed with internal biological systems of circadian rhythms in animals (Buhusi and Meck, 2005).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Temporal-order preference
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buhusi and Meck, 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rats are able to anticipate food with 24-, but not 18-hour intervals (Petersen et al., 2014)”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Temporal-order preference
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Caution must be exercised to rule out confounding interpretations, such as the absence of preference for a given object, fear of novelty, hyper- or hypo-locomotor activity, sensorimotor malfunctions and others.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Introduction
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The methodological factors which impact NOP also influence the OPP test.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Object place preference (OPP)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The placing of animals into the testing arena from the same or different starting locations can potentially impact an OPP-like test, as it was shown that hippocampus-leisoned rats showed a memory impairment when starting to explore from different, but not the same, locations (see 3.3.2; (Langston and Wood, 2010).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Object place preference (OPP)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Langston and Wood, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that rats are sensitive to the cue of “how long ago”, but not to the cue of “when”, and questioned the similarity between episodic-like memory in animals and human episodic memory (Roberts et al., 2008).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Sense of time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roberts et al., 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared to the application of identical objects, that of distinct objects is likely to involve not only novel object identity, but also inter-object relationship (Arain et al., 2012), which presumably activates brain regions for the processing of object-object and/or object-context association more than that for object identity.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Novel object preference (NOP)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arain et al., 2012 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A direct way to measure episodic-like memory is to combine the three “what”, “where” and “when” object exploration tests into one integrated paradigm (this test was first developed for rats (Kart-Teke et al., 2006) and then adapted for mice (Dere et al., 2005b).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kart-Teke et al., 2006 source
- Not checked yetcites Dere et al., 2005b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It was also reported that object information in the TOM test with interval of 3 (Barker et al., 2007), but not after 24 (Mitchell and Laiacona, 1998), hours could be “recognized” by rats.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Temporal-order preference
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell and Laiacona, 1998
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Like in primates, the PFC in rodents is considered to participate in functions such as attention, decision making and memory (Chudasama, 2011; Dalley et al., 2004; Preston and Eichenbaum, 2013).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exploration preference patterns, RD > RS (novel location over old one in recent familiar objects) and OS > OD (old location over novel one in older familiar objects), indicates an interaction between object-location and temporal-order, which demonstrates that the animals have episodic-like memory.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Episodic-like memory preference
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combined “what-where-when” memory, however, is not merely a summation of the three mnemonic components, given that “what-where-when” memory could be impaired under the circumstance of intact individual memory for “what”, “where” and “when” (details see section 4.2).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Episodic-like memory preference
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The rodent mPFC can be anatomically divided into three subareas, namely the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), prelimbic cortex (PLC) and infralimbic cortex (ILC), which are located along the dorsal – ventral axis (Dalley et al., 2004; Gabbott et al., 2005), and are reciprocally interconnected (Heidbreder and Groenewegen, 2003).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A possible explanation is that associations between distinct objects (e.g. relative inter-object locations) are processed by the mPFC, while such associative learning is not required when identical objects are applied.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to the NOP and OPP tests, the OiP test presents four distinct objects, instead of two identical objects, as the information to be learned. This test is similar to the SNOP test that applies multiple distinct objects in the sample trial and presumably requires higher memory capacity to learn than the NOP/OPP tests.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Object-in-place preference (OiP)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This implies that the mPFC is either not required for object recognition memory, or that other circuits compensate for this function when the mPFC is inactivated.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Optogenetic stimulation of the mPFC glutamatergic neurons did not affect memory for NOP and OPP, but facilitated OiP memory, which is involved in object association information by switching inter-object locations (Benn et al., 2016).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Benn et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, a neurobiological system which integrates and organizes different sources of information to form such a memory should exist (as discussed below).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Episodic-like memory preference
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The episodic-like memory paradigms (Fig.2) are dependent upon the spontaneous object exploration tests of NOP, OPP and TOM, and thus, theoretically are influenced by all the methodological factors involved in these tests.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Episodic-like memory preference
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this test, adult rats exhibit a pattern of exploration preferences, where RD > RS (where), OS > RS (when) and OS > OD.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Episodic-like memory preference
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kart-Teke et al., 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies manipulating the time interval between trials have shown that rats retain the episodic-like memory for over 2 hours (Belblidia et al., 2015), but not after 4–6 hours (Belblidia et al., 2015; Chao et al., 2014).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Episodic-like memory preference
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When administrated prior to the sample trial, microinjections into the mPFC of the DA D1/5-R agonist SKF81297 facilitated, and its antagonist SCH23390 disrupted, NOP memory tested 24 hours later (De Bundel et al., 2013; Nagai et al., 2007).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, pre-test microinfusions of muscimol into the rat ACC impaired the NOP memory tested after 24 hours, but not 20 min, implying the ACC is involved in the retrieval of NOP in a time-dependent manner (Pezze et al., 2017).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pezze et al., 2017 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The catecholaminergic systems in the PFC are involved in the processing of TOM, given that catecholamine depletion in the mPFC induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) disrupted this memory, but neither memory for NOP nor that for OPP (Nelson et al., 2011).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nelson et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This implies that the midbrain DA interplays with the mPFC in the expression of NOP memory and that the communication between a non-lesioned side of the mPFC and midbrain DA systems is necessary for object memory.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Transcranial direct current stimulation onto the PFC also increased DA levels in the hippocampus and striatum, and NOP memory was thereby improved in spontaneous hypertensive rats (Leffa et al., 2016).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leffa et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the PFC AMPA/kainate- and NMDA-R are indispensable for the encoding of specific object-location relationships, while NMDA-R engages in the learning and consolidation, but not recall, of OiP memory.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The same pre-sample PFC infusions of AP5 also impaired OiP memory tested 1 hour later, but not when given pre-test (Barker and Warburton, 2008).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker and Warburton, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The encoding/consolidation of TOM is dependent upon the medial prefrontal cortical AMPA/kainate- and NMDA-R, while AMPA/kainate-R, but not NMDA-R, are required for the retrieval of TOM.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings indicate that the expression of NOP memory is dependent on the mGlu5-R, but not the AMPA/kainate-R, of the mPFC.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Long-term (24 hours), but not short-term (5 min), OPP memory was deficient when a cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein, histone acetyltransferase, was reduced in the mouse PFC (Vieira and Korzus, 2015).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vieira and Korzus, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A unilateral PFC lesion combined with a midbrain DAergic systems deficiency in the unilateral hemisphere, impaired NOP (90 min interval) if the lesions were in different hemispheres, but not when they were in the same hemisphere.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chao et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, medial prefrontal cortical DNA methylation, but not histone deacetylation, is involved in OiP memory (Scott et al., 2017).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scott et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conversely, mice with PFC stroke showed impaired OPP, but not NOP, memory, along with reduced structural volume in the dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus (Zhou et al., 2016).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhou et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“EC-lesioned animals showed deficient spatial navigation in the Morris water maze (Nyakas et al., 2009; Parron et al., 2004), but not when spatial cues were provided by proximal objects located in the pool (Parron et al., 2004).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nyakas et al., 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites Parron et al., 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, infusions into the mPFC of methyllycaconitine citrate, before learning, or dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide, before the test trial, did not influence OPP (24 hours) memory (Sabec et al., 2018).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sabec et al., 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-test microinjections of MDL 11,939, a 5-HT2A-R antagonist, into the rat mPFC impaired TOM, but not NOP and OPP, all with 3 hours intervals (Bekinschtein et al., 2013).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bekinschtein et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, the prefrontal cortical D1-R underlie the learning and/or consolidation, but not retrieval, of object-location relevant information.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither α7- nor α4β2-nicotinic ACh-R seem to be significantly involved in OPP memory.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that 5HT2A-R in the mPFC are critical for memory retrieval in short-term TOM, but not for NOP and OPP.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The LEC preferentially receives projections from the perirhinal cortex, insular cortex, PLC and ILC, while the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) mainly connects with the postrhinal, occipital and parietal cortical regions in rats (Burwell and Amaral, 1998a, b; Witter et al., 2000).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burwell and Amaral, 1998a, b
- Not checked yetcites Witter et al., 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the SNOP test, impaired spatial recognition and less object exploration were found in EC-lesioned animals (Parron and Save, 2004).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parron and Save, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Projections from the perirhinal cortex to LEC and those from the postrhinal cortex to MEC are functionally different, with the former primarily sending inhibitory signals (Apergis-Schoute et al., 2007; Pinto et al., 2006; Willems et al., 2018) and the latter primarily sending excitatory ones (Koganezawa et al., 2015).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Pharmacological blockage of DA D1- and D2-R and activation of D3-R disrupt short-term object consolidation, but pharmacological activation of DA D1- and D2-R and blockage of D3-R facilitate long-term object consolidation.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
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In the paper
“The muscarinic ACh-R of the PLC/ILC are essential for the encoding/consolidation, but not retrieval, of TOM and OiP.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Lesion and inactivation studies have provided substantial evidence that TOM, OiP and episodic-like, but not NOP and OPP, memories are dependent on the mPFC.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
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In the paper
“Thus, pharmacological blockage of the prefrontal cortical DA D2- and D3-R leads to NOP deficiency and facilitation, respectively.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The results suggest that it may not be the mPFC is irrelevant to NOP processing, but rather other neural systems take over when the mPFC is dysfunctional.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
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In the paper
“The medial prefrontal cortical α7 nicotinic ACh-R underly the learning, but not consolidation and recall, of associative object-location memory, while the α4β2 nicotinic ACh-R are responsible for the retrieval, but not learning and consolidation, of this memory.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Yet, recent behavioral and electrophysiological evidence indicates that both LEC and MEC process spatial information, with local and global spatial frameworks being represented within LEC and MEC, respectively (Knierim et al., 2014; Neunuebel et al., 2013).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The whole EC is likely to engage in long-term object memory, given that EC-lesioned or inactivated animals exhibited deficits in the NOP test when tested 24 hours later (Lima et al., 2009; Nyakas et al., 2009).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, another study showed that lesions of the MEC did not disrupt memory in the OPP test, but impaired spatial memory tested by the water maze escape task and that combined lesions of the MEC and hippocampus led to a stronger impairment (Hales et al., 2014).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hales et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast, the MEC neurons fire for location in the environment and across different contexts, forming “grid-like” activities (Fyhn et al., 2004; Hafting et al., 2005).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Lesions of the LEC, on the other hand, did not affect OPP memory (Van Cauter et al., 2013; Wilson et al., 2013c), but impaired object-location recognition in a test in which two distinct objects were replaced by two identical ones, chosen from either of the explored type (Wilson et al., 2013c).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Cauter et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Wilson et al., 2013c
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Pre-test microinjections of scopolamine into the MEC also had no effect in the NOP test, but decreased the amount of object exploration (Rashid and Ahmed, 2019).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rashid and Ahmed, 2019
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Behavioral, imaging and electrophysiological recording data suggest that LEC preferentially processes object-associated information, e.g., the past and current locations of objects (Beer et al., 2013; Deshmukh and Knierim, 2011; Tsao et al., 2013; Van Cauter et al., 2013), and the context of the objects (Wilson et al., 2013b; Wilson et al., 2013c).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Strikingly, the MEC neurons respond at fixed distances and directions from objects, irrespective of location, shape and size of objects, and have been called object-vector cells (Hoydal et al., 2019).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoydal et al., 2019 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In non-spatial (what) object exploration tests, lesions of the LEC of rats spared memory in the classic NOP test (Kuruvilla and Ainge, 2017; Van Cauter et al., 2013; Wilson et al., 2013b; Wilson et al., 2013c), but impaired object memory when 3 or 4 distinct objects were used during the learning (Hunsaker et al., 2013; Kuruvilla and Ainge, 2017).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the entorhinal cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuruvilla and Ainge, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Van Cauter et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Wilson et al., 2013b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Post-sample infusions of anisomycin into the hippocampal CA1 area impaired long-term (24 hours), but not short-term (3 hours), NOP memory when it was infused within 3, but not 6, hours after the sample trial (Rossato et al., 2007), whereas no effect was reported (Balderas et al., 2008).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rossato et al., 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Rats with hippocampus lesions exhibited intact NOP tested in the same environment, but not in different one.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Piterkin et al., 2008 source
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In the paper
“The ventral hippocampus is also involved in NOP memory, as muscimol infusions led to NOP deficits (Neugebauer et al., 2018), albeit this was not supported by a lesion study (Broadbent et al., 2004).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neugebauer et al., 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, the hippocampus is undoubtedly important for NOP memory when the retention is over 10 minutes (Cohen and Stackman, 2015), while its involvement likely depends on contextual novelty (Kim et al., 2014; Oliveira et al., 2010; Yi et al., 2016), features of context (Piterkin et al., 2008), and probably allocentric signals (Langston and Wood, 2010) (see below).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Interestingly, post-sample infusions of muscimol and the GABAa-R antagonist bicuculline into the dorsal hippocampus respectively facilitated and disrupted long-term NOP memory in a less-habituated environment, but not after sufficient habituation (Kim et al., 2014; Oliveira et al., 2010).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the hippocampus is likely involved in NOP consolidation and/or retrieval.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Hippocampal CA1 firing rates were enhanced during NOP testing (Cohen et al., 2013) and NOP consolidation is related to an increase of the hippocampal CA3-CA1 synaptic efficacy (Clarke et al., 2010).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Pre-test muscimol microinjections into the dorsal hippocampus was reported to impair (Cohen et al., 2013; Stackman et al., 2016) or not affect (Haettig et al., 2011) NOP memory in mice.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, lesions in the dorsal dentate gyrus did not induce NOP/OPP deficits in rats (Beselia et al., 2010), and DREADD activation of GABAergic parvalbumin neurons in the dentate gyrus also showed no effect in the NOP test, but influenced anxiety-like behaviors, social novelty and contextual fear extinction in mice (Zou et al., 2016).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beselia et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Zou et al., 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For instance, in a setting of exploring three small “positionally” distinct objects, the distal CA1 and proximal CA3, which preferentially receive “what” information (Mishkin et al., 1983), were recruited during the recognition of a novel object (increased mRNA of the immediate early genes Arc and Homer1a), whereas the proximal CA3 and lower blade of dentate gyrus, but not CA1, were involved in”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoang et al., 2018 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This result implies that information about object, but not location, can be functionally compensated when the hippocampus is damaged.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Electrophysiological recordings of the hippocampal CA1 cells have shown that when the location of two objects was rotated, the CA1 firing pattern remapped, suggesting that the CA1 coordinated the altered spatial information (Lenck-Santini et al., 2005).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lenck-Santini et al., 2005 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similar effects were found with pre-sample infusions of the protein synthesis inhibitor emetine and the mRNA synthesis inhibitor 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 1-β-D-ribofuranoside into the dorsal hippocampus, while these infusions did not influence short-term (5 min) OPP memory (Ozawa et al., 2017).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ozawa et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Pre-test intra-hippocampus infusions of muscimol also disrupted OPP memory tested 24 hours later in rats (Gaskin et al., 2011), supporting a critical role of the hippocampus in the retrieval of long-term OPP memory.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gaskin et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The dorsal, but not ventral, hippocampus has been shown to be critically involved in OPP memory (Gaskin et al., 2009a), leading to disrupted OPP memory tested 2 hours, but not 5 min, later (Tam et al., 2014).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gaskin et al., 2009a
- Not checked yetcites Tam et al., 2014 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In line with these findings, application of DREADDs by transferring excitatory- (M3Dq)- or inhibitory- (M4Di)-R into the dorsal hippocampus, led to improved long-term memory for OPP, but not NOP, in the M3Dq-activated mice, while the M4Di-activated animals showed the opposite (Lopez et al., 2016).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lopez et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, it is clear that the hippocampus plays an important role in OPP memory, which can be mediated by the hippocampal excitatory and inhibitory neurons.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“CA1 area was required in both object and location conditions, while CA3 was more recruited for OPP than NOP (Beer et al., 2013).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beer et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Post-sample activation of M3Dq selectively in the CA1 interneurons also impaired long-term OPP, but not NOP, memory in mice (Yu et al., 2018).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yu et al., 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mice with specific inactivation of the hippocampal excitatory or inhibitory neurons exhibited long-term OPP deficits, suggesting that both excitatory and inhibitory neurons are cardinal for this memory (Haettig et al., 2013).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haettig et al., 2013 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Higher c-fos expression induced by the OPP, but not NOP, test was found in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subregions (Mendez et al., 2015), while Arc mRNA imaging data showed higher involvement of CA3 in OPP than NOP (Beer et al., 2013).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During “positional” object exploration, LTD was enhanced in the CA1 region, but not dentate gyrus, while the opposite results were found during “directional” object exploration (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan, 2008).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Post-sample infusions of the DNMT inhibitor RG108 or 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine into the hippocampus impaired memory in the OiP, but not NOP, test, suggesting that hippocampal DNA methylation engages in the processing of object-place information (Scott et al., 2017).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scott et al., 2017 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, memories for NOP and OPP explicitly altered CA1 and CA3 proteomes, in which the changes of protein expression were largely consistent in CA1 across the two forms of memory, but distinct in CA3.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites von Ziegler et al., 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“mice displayed intact specific memory for “what-where-when” along with increased Arc/Arg3.1 mRNA expression in the hippocampus”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fellini and Morellini, 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“rats with the CA1 lesion showed deficits in a non-spatial temporal-order task if the inter-trial interval was 10, but not 3, seconds”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Farovik et al., 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These data suggest that the CA1 processes temporal information, irrespective of whether spatial or non-spatial stimuli are involved, while the CA3 only participates in this processing if a spatial component is present.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the “directional” object exploration setting, the mossy fibers-CA3 LTD was facilitated, but not the commissural-CA3 LTD (Hagena and Manahan-Vaughan, 2011).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hagena and Manahan-Vaughan, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Interestingly, LTD was facilitated at the commissural-associational fibers in CA3 during the “positional” object exploration test, but not at the mossy fibers from the dentate gyrus projecting to the CA3.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hagena and Manahan-Vaughan, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Imaging data also show the CA1 to be activated during both spatial and nonspatial processing, while CA3 activation codes primarily information about place (Beer et al., 2013; Beer et al., 2014).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“restraint disrupted neurogenesis and the when component”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Castilla-Ortega et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“CA3 lesioned rats exhibited intact NOP, TOM and spatial recognition memories, but were not capable of episodic-like memory in the ELM2–2 test”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li and Chao, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Rats with temporal lobe epilepsy induced by kainate treatment exhibited impaired episodic-like memory, assessed by the ELM2–2 test, along with disrupted theta coherence across the CA1 and dentate gyrus”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Inostroza et al., 2013b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Pre-sample infusion of CNQX or AP5 into the rat postsubiculum also impaired long-term OPP, but not NOP, performance”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bett et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The above results suggest that the hippocampal AMPA- and NMDA-R are important for OPP memory, while whether they account for NOP performance depends on the extent of memory load.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“its effects are likely independent of NMDAR as transgenic mice with selective NMDAR knockout in vasopressin 1b neurons showed intact social and object memories”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams Avram et al., 2019 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“exercise improved it and the where index of the ELM2–1 test”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Castilla-Ortega et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“NMDA-R GluN1 and GluN2A levels were elevated in the hippocampus, but not in the PFC, after habituation to an open field and exploration in the NOP sample trial, while they did not change after the NOP test”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cercato et al., 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Post-sample AP5 infusion into the hippocampus impaired OPP, while pre-test AP5 infusion had no influence”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yamada et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“inactivation of the CA3/dentate gyrus spared the when component, but not the where component”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barbosa et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Transgenic mice with vasopressin 1b knockout exhibited deficient sociability and social novelty assessed by the three-chambered social test, and impaired when memory in the ELM2–1 test.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeVito et al., 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“NOP memory and hippocampal LTP were both impaired even several weeks later by a single systemic administration of MK-801, a NMDA-R blocker, in rats”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wiescholleck and Manahan-Vaughan, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but not NOP”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker and Warburton, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Yamada et al., 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
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In the paper
“Glutamate plays an important role in hippocampal plasticity and object memory.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“suggesting that the treatment influenced consolidation of information, but not retrieval processes”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yamada et al., 2017 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“post-sample hippocampal infusions of GluA23Y or G2CT that interfered with the GluA2/AMPA-R removal, reinstated the forgotten OPP long-term memory and did not influence new OPP learning”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Migues et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Memory consolidation induced by contextual novelty was modulated by the DA release from the locus coeruleus, rather than ventral tegmental area, which is dependent on the hippocampal DA D1/5-R, but not adrenergic-R”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Takeuchi et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the hippocampal DA D1/2-R are key for the performance of location novelty, but not object novelty.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the hippocampal DA D1-, D2- and D3-R are involved in NOP consolidation in a bidirectional manner, while D1-R showed variable effects.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Systemic post-sample administration of fluoxetine recovered long-term OPP memory, activated Akt/GSK-3β signaling in the hippocampus and increased hippocampal LTP in mice”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yi et al., 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“TCB-2 also enhanced the hippocampal glutamate levels and the mean firing rate of CA1 neurons”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hippocampal DA D1/5-R mediate long-term NOP memory, while their roles in OPP memory are dependent on the extent of memory strength.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This facilitation effect was blocked by pre-sample trial infusions of SCH23390, but not of the β-adrenergic-R antagonist propranolol, into the dorsal hippocampus”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kempadoo et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This suggests that the CA1 NMDA signaling is essential for the processing of spatial, but not temporal, information in an episodic-like context.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Place et al., 2012 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Application of JWH-018, a synthetic cannabinoid 1/2-R agonist, decreased potassium-evoked glutamate and GABA release and LTP in hippocampus slices”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barbieri et al., 2016 source
- Not checked yetcites Basavarajappa and Subbanna, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hippocampal ACh-R play key roles in memory consolidation, with nicotinic and muscarinic ACh-R being related to facilitation and disruption of mnemonic storage, respectively.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“co-application of choline and NMDA/glycine caused larger currents than the application of NMDA/glycine alone; choline enhanced NMDA-R-mediated LTP of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC)”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“long-term NOP memory was also not influenced when the injection was made 160 min after the sample trial or 90 min before the test trial”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Balderas et al., 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intervention with the interaction between the nicotinic α7 ACh-R and NMDA-R blocked these effects in vitro, and disrupted NOP memory in mice”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Post-sample microinjections of scopolamine into the hippocampus disrupted NOP memory after 90 min, but not 24 hours”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Balderas et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similar effects were found by the CA1 infusion of the cannabinoid 1-R agonist ACEA, but not the cannabinoid 2-R agonist JWH-015 or palmitoylethanolamide, an endogenous fatty acid amide with affinity to cannabinoid-R GPR55 and GPR119, suggesting a role of hippocampal cannabinoid 1-R in NOP consolidation”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke et al., 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Application of the nicotinic α7 ACh-R agonist FRM-17874 facilitated NOP in rats and dose-dependently enhanced the theta oscillation induced by electrical stimulation in the rodent hippocampus”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stoiljkovic et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mice with selective knockout of cannabinoid 1-R in the GABAergic neurons, exhibited disruption of NOP (30 min) memory, and facilitation of spontaneous IPSC in the CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Albayram et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“knockdown of the cannabinoid 1-R-interacting protein 1 in the mouse hippocampus increased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus and improved NOP memory”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“infusions of scopolamine and physostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, into the hippocampal CA3 area impaired and enhanced spatial and object recognition, respectively”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hunsaker et al., 2007b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“NE modulates multiple functions, including arousal, attention, stress, and learning and memory”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-test infusions of scopolamine into the dorsal CA1 area did not affect NOP memory, but reduced the overall object exploration time”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rashid and Ahmed, 2019
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different subtypes of hippocampal 5-HT-R play distinct roles in object recognition, whereby 5-HT1A-, 5-HT1B- and 5-HT2A-R are involved in facilitation of consolidation, while 5-HT4-R seems to impair the processing of object consolidation and/or retrieval.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The locus coeruleus located in the brainstem is a cluster of adrenergic neurons that release NE across the central nervous system.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The G-protein-coupled cannabinoid 1-R is enriched in axonal terminals in the brain, while cannabinoid 2-R is mainly, but not exclusively, expressed in the periphery system”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lu and Mackie, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Lutz et al., 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The endocannabinoid system critically mediates development, synaptic plasticity, cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lu and Mackie, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Lutz et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inactivating the atypical protein kinase C isoform M zeta (PKMζ) in the dorsal hippocampus abolished memory for OPP, but not NOP”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hardt et al., 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The RGS14 gene knockout mouse exhibited improved NOP memory and facilitation of LTP in the CA2, but not CA1, area.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lee et al., 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cannabinoid 1-R in the hippocampus play distinct roles in the modulation of NOP and OPP memory, as evidenced by memory being impaired and improved through pharmacological activation and blockage of the R, respectively.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Object exploration also increased the expression of the immediate-early genes Nr4a1 and Nr4a2, while intra-hippocampal knockdown of either one impaired long-term OPP (24 hours) memory”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McNulty et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increased expression of BDNF in the hippocampal CA1 with the transduction of AAV9-BDNF, elevated the phosphorylation level of CaMKII, CREB, tropomyosin receptor kinase (TrkB) and p38 MAPK, and facilitated long-term OPP, but not NOP, memory”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2017b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This effect is dependent upon the ERK/MAPK pathways, given that facilitated LTP in the CA2 was blocked by U0126, a MEK inhibitor”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lee et al., 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The functions of hippocampal neurotransmitter systems are governed by different subtypes of receptors.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hippocampal DA, ACh and NE bi-directionally modulate NOP and OPP memories, while glutamate, 5-HT, histamine and cannabinoids are also engaged.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“inhibition of d-amino acid oxidase through d-serine modulation, augmented NMDA-R-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus ex vivo and improved long-term NOP memory in vivo”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hopkins et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Post-sample hippocampal infusions of histone acetylase inhibitors decreased histone acetylation and impaired NOP memory”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A direct hippocampus-PFC pathway originates from the ventral hippocampal CA1 area and subiculum onto the mPFC, while sparse projections from the intermediate third of the hippocampus also exist”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > The pathways between the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cenquizca and Swanson, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Jay and Witter, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Expression of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and the immediate-early gene zif268 were increased after object exploration, and post-trial intra-hippocampal inhibition of NF-kB or zif268 impaired NOP memory”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zalcman et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Disrupted long-term OPP, but not NOP, memory, along with impaired hippocampal LTP and reduced histone H2B, H3 and H4 acetylation, were found in the CREB-binding protein-flox mice microinjected with AAV-Cre into the dorsal hippocampus to produce hippocampal CREB-binding protein depletion”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barrett et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There are strong multi-synaptic (indirect pathway) connections between the mPFC and hippocampus, but monosynaptic projections (direct pathway) also exist”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > The pathways between the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rajasethupathy et al., 2015 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Longer learning of the sample trial of the NOP test increased hippocampal histone H3 acetylation and persistence of NOP memory, which could be prevented by NF-kB inhibition”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Federman et al., 2013 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Post-sample intra-hippocampus BDNF infusions were found to compensate OPP deficits induced by anisomycin, and hippocampal BDNF infusions facilitated long-term OPP memory”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ozawa et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By contrast, the opposite information flow was found after correct answers together and with stronger alpha/beta oscillations”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brincat and Miller, 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The levels of NMDA GluN1-, GluN2-, mGlu1-, mGlu2/3- and DA D1-R were higher, but GABAA-R was lower, in the ventral than dorsal hippocampus, while mGlu5-, GABAB- and DA D2-R were unchanged across the hippocampus”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > The pathways between the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dubovyk and Manahan-Vaughan, 2018
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the PFC-hippocampus theta oscillations were enhanced after an error made in a paired associative learning task, and were primarily directed by the PFC to hippocampus information flow”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brincat and Miller, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The nucleus reuniens (NR) in the medial thalamus, the perirhinal cortex and LEC are mutually connected with the PFC and hippocampus”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > The pathways between the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The intermediate and ventral hippocampus send projections to the mPFC, which presumably transfers hippocampus-relevant information to the PFC.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > The pathways between the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theta oscillations in the hippocampus precede those in the PFC during the onset of contextual exploration, while the prefrontal cortical theta precedes that in the hippocampus during the onset of object exploration”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Place et al., 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This illustrates that the PFC-hippocampal projections generate an oscillatory synchronization and supports the concept of a directional pathway of hippocampus towards the PFC as focal for information processing”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Siapas et al., 2005 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the ventral CA1 cells required stronger afferent stimulation to elicit action potentials, showed lower neuronal excitability and attenuated LTP induced by theta burst stimulation than the dorsal CA1 cells”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > The pathways between the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dubovyk and Manahan-Vaughan, 2018
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the LEC-CA1 pathway is recruited for the processing of exploration of familiar objects and of object-recency, while the pathway of LEC-dentate gyrus-CA3 is activated for the processing of recognition of novel objects and for object-recency”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > The pathways between the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The interplay between the mPFC and medial thalamus is also critical for TOM and OiP, but not NOP, tests”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > The pathways between the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cross et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a subpopulation of single NR and LEC neurons sends axonal collaterals to both mPFC and hippocampus, implicating that the NR and LEC can directly and simultaneously modulate the activities of mPFC and hippocampus”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > The pathways between the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoover and Vertes, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Varela et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the posterior-dorsal CA1 to PFC pathway was crucial for the memory for temporal-order, but not for NOP, OPP and OiP.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“This pathway is also engaged in the processing of object-associated identity, location and context information, but not in NOP, OPP and TOM (Chao et al., 2016a).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chao et al., 2016a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disconnecting the PFC-CA1 and PFC-CA3 pathways revealed differential effects on episodic-like memory, indicating distinct functional roles of the PFC-CA1 versus -CA3 pathways.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“Retrieval of OiP memory was dependent on the PFC-hippocampus AMPA-R, but not NMDA-R (Barker and Warburton, 2015).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker and Warburton, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“The NR-lesioned rats exhibited intact NOP, OPP and short-term OiP memories, but long-term OiP memory was impaired.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker and Warburton, 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the ELM4–2 test, inactivation of the posterior-dorsal CA1 to PFC pathway impaired the when, but not where, component of episodic-like memory, while inactivation of the intermediate CA1-PFC pathway disrupted the where, but not when, component.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
In the paper
“In contrast, the intermediate CA1 to PFC pathway was important for OiP memory, but not for NOP, OPP and temporal-order.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent human imaging studies shed light on the distinct but complementary characteristics of CA1 and CA3 in episodic memory (Copara et al., 2014; Dimsdale-Zucker et al., 2018).”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results reveal that, although the CA1-PFC pathway was preserved, episodic-like and associated spatial memories were still impaired, which highlights the role of the interplay between the PFC and CA3 in the processing of episodic information.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
The paper relies on this without support.
All behaviors are motivated and guided by positive and negative outcomes (reinforcers).
“However, all behaviors are “motivated” and guided by positive and negative outcomes (reinforcers).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The methodological factors in the NOP test apply to the TOM test.
“The methodological factors in the NOP test are suggested to apply to the TOM test as well.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The TOM test is designed for animals to remember both sets of objects while forming differential memory decay for each one.
“The TOM test is designed for animals to remember both sets of objects, while forming differential memory decay for each one.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rodent behavioral tasks used in the cited studies (NOP, OPP, ELM2-1, ELM2-2, etc.) validly measure the cognitive constructs they are said to measure, including episodic-like memory.
“episodic-like memory”
The authors state this as an assumption.
If two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere should lead to a functional deficit.
“The basic proposition of the disconnection approach is that, if two brain areas interact for a specific function, disrupting one of the areas in one hemisphere combined with a simultaneous disruption of the other area in the opposite hemisphere (i.e. disconnecting the circuit at two different levels) should lead to a functional deficit.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
An impairment of one of the components (what, where, when) should cause a failure of episodic memory.
“given that, by logic, an impairment of one of the components should cause a failure of episodic memory.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The mPFC has an integrative role in object, place and time information [114, 115] as well as reward-regulated mechanisms of spatial learning [116, 117].”
From The extracellular matrix and perineuronal nets in memory (2022) · cites this paper as [114]
In the citing paper
“research in these studies shows that damage to the hippocampus is associated with defects in episodic-related memory functions in monkeys [112] and rodents [66,113,114].”
From Is episodic-like memory like episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [66]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > Basic concepts and methodological factors for measuring object-, place-, time- and episodic-memory based on object exploration > Episodic-like memory preference
“Studies manipulating the time interval between trials have shown that rats retain the episodic-like memory for over 2 hours (Belblidia et al., 2015)”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > References
“Belblidia H, Abdelouadoud A, Jozet-Alves C, Dumas H, Freret T, Leger M, Schumann-Bard P, 2015 Time decay of object, place and temporal order memory in a paradigm assessing simultaneously episodic-like memory components in mice.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus as a memory system > The role of the medial prefrontal cortex
“Both the PFC AMPA/kainate- and NMDA-R are indispensable for the encoding of specific object-location relationships, while NMDA-R engages in the learning and consolidation, but not recall, of OiP memory.”
§ The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties > The functional hippocampal-cortical network of episodic memory > Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
“the AMPA-R, but not NMDA-R, in the PFC are essential for the learning and memory of object-place associations”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chao, O. Y., de Souza Silva, M. A., Yang, Y.-M., & Huston, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Yi-Mei
- Huston, Joseph P.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 113
- Pages
- 373-407
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7302494
- OpenAlex
- W3015373542
- Semantic Scholar
- 572bae24f9319a147be915b0ff86782fa9bdc65f
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 447
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, episodic-like memory, object memory, spatial memory, temporal memory, memory circuits, top-down control, neurotransmitter systems, rodents
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Exploratory Behavior, Hippocampus, Neural Pathways, Rodentia, Prefrontal Cortex, Recognition, Psychology, Mice, Rats, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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