The DOI matches its Crossref record; 530 of the 531 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 409 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health
Open accessAbstract
Over the past decade, the gut microbiota has emerged as a key component in regulating brain processes and behavior. Diet is one of the major factors involved in shaping the gut microbiota composition across the lifespan. However, whether and how diet can affect the brain via its effects on the microbiota is only now beginning to receive attention. Several mechanisms for gut-to-brain communication have been identified, including microbial metabolites, immune, neuronal, and metabolic pathways, some of which could be prone to dietary modulation. Animal studies investigating the potential of nutritional interventions on the microbiota-gut-brain axis have led to advancements in our understanding of the role of diet in this bidirectional communication. In this review, we summarize the current state of the literature triangulating diet, microbiota, and host behavior/brain processes and discuss potential underlying mechanisms. Additionally, determinants of the responsiveness to a dietary intervention and evidence for the microbiota as an underlying modulator of the effect of diet on brain health are outlined. In particular, we emphasize the understudied use of whole-dietary approaches in this endeavor and the need for greater evidence from clinical populations. While promising results are reported, additional data, specifically from clinical cohorts, are required to provide evidence-based recommendations for the development of microbiota-targeted, whole-dietary strategies to improve brain and mental health.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
244 Not checked yet · 20 Own interpretation · 6 Partly supported · 4 Supported · 4 No basis given · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although human data are limited to date, the relative abundance of the dietary fiber-linked Prevotella in infants at 12 mo was recently associated with child behavioral dysregulation at 2 y of age (269).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [269] Loughman, 2020, Gut microbiota composition during infancy and subsequent behavioural outcomes, EBioMedicine source
The Findings report that lower Prevotella abundance in faecal samples at 12 months was associated with more behavioural problems at two years, particularly internalizing problems. The Discussion links Prevotella carriage to dietary plant polysaccharides, supporting the description of it as dietary-fibre-linked; the study did not measure infants’ fibre intake. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Diseases of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, are associated with aberrant microbial compositions when compared with healthy controls (297).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Elderly
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [297] Vogt, 2017, Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer's disease, Sci Rep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Results report that participants with Alzheimer’s disease had a gut microbiome composition distinct from controls. The paper does not report a comparison involving vascular dementia, so it supports the Alzheimer’s disease portion but not that extension. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In patients with irritable bowel syndrome, concentrations of isovalerate and valerate were positively associated with abdominal pain and hypersensitivity (385).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [385] Zhang, 2019, Altered profiles of fecal metabolites correlate with visceral hypersensitivity and may contribute to symptom severity of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, World J Gastroenterol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the Results section on BDQ scores (page not available), isovalerate is positively correlated with abdominal-pain frequency and severity in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS; valerate is not reported as correlated with pain. Results Table 6 shows valerate associated with a lower maximum tolerable threshold to rectal distension, consistent with greater hypersensitivity, but isovalerate associated with a higher threshold. The claim also extends findings from IBS-D patients to IBS patients generally. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Other pathways through which SCFAs can influence gutbrain communication and brain function include immune, endocrine, neuronal, vagal, and other humoral pathways (360).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [360] Dalile, 2019, The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol source
Section 3 describes SCFA effects on inflammation and hormonal regulation and their interaction with vagal afferents. Figure 3 identifies immune, endocrine, vagal and humoral gut–brain pathways; Section 3.2.2 also describes neural and humoral routes by which a hormone released in response to SCFAs can influence the brain. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Studies have shown that poor dietary habits over a long period of time could lead to the potential extinction of some microbes (13,511).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] Sonnenburg, 2016, Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations, Nature source
The Abstract reports that a low-fiber diet over multiple generations caused progressive loss of gut-microbe diversity in mice colonized with human microbiota. It says taxa reduced by scarce dietary carbohydrates were at increased risk of extinction within an isolated population, supporting the claim's hedged wording. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [511] Mills, 2019, Precision nutrition and the microbiome part II: potential opportunities and pathways to commercialisation, Nutrients source
Section 4 states that poor dietary practices and insufficient fibre intake over a long period may result in the extinction of beneficial microbial lineages. This directly supports the claim's hedged wording. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
In the paper
“↑ Depressive-like behavior | (immobility time and | swimming behavior) after | HFD”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [324] Abildgaard, 2020, A diet-induced gut microbiota component and related plasma metabolites are associated with depressive-like behaviour in rats, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“↓ Anxiety-like behavior”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [316] Mika, 2018, Feeding the developing brain: juvenile rats fed diet rich in prebiotics and bioactive milk fractions exhibit reduced anxiety-related behavior and modified gene expression in emotion circuits, Neurosci Lett source
plaindirectn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Germ-free status and antibiotic | treatment abolish antiseizure | effect of KD”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [341] Olson, 2018, The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet, Cell source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Differential effect of diet at class, order, | family, genus and OTU level; 89 taxa | (16 control; 24 PUFA; 12 SFA; 37 | sugar) contribute to differences | among diets”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [325] Beilharz, 2016, The effect of short-term exposure to energy-matched diets enriched in fat or sugar on memory, gut microbiota and markers of brain inflammation and plasticity, Brain Behav Immun source
plaindirectn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ponies are more reactive and | less settled on high-starch | diet (↑ number of times pace | was changed, less time | standing and less time | investigating surroundings, | ponies were more tense, | nervous, unsure)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [339] Destrez, 2015, Changes of the hindgut microbiota due to high-starch diet can be associated with behavioral stress response in horses, Physiol Behav source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Impaired social and object | recognition in HFHS diet”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [315] Reichelt, 2020, An intermittent hypercaloric diet alters gut microbiota, prefrontal cortical gene expression and social behaviours in rats, Nutr Neurosci source
plaindirectn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“No difference in α-and β-diversity”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [340] Lyte, 2016, Resistant starch alters the microbiota-gut brain axis: implications for dietary modulation of behavior, PLoS One source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“↑ Concentration of amylolytic and total | anaerobic bacteria in HB diet; ↑ | abundance of Succinivibrionaceae in | HB diet”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [343] Destrez, 2019, Dietary-induced modulation of the hindgut microbiota is related to behavioral responses during stressful events in horses, Physiol Behav source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Performance in novel place | recognition task was | significant predictor of global | microbiome composition”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [322] Leigh, 2020, Intermittent cafeteria diet identifies fecal microbiome changes as a predictor of spatial recognition memory impairment in female rats, Transl Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Transplantation of KD | microbiota confers | antiseizure effect in absence | of KD”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [341] Olson, 2018, The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet, Cell source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“↑ depression-like behavior (↓ | sociability, sucrose | preference, self-care)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [318] Jeong, 2019, High-fat diet causes psychiatric disorders in mice by increasing Proteobacteria population, Neurosci Lett source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“↑ Seizure threshold after KD”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [341] Olson, 2018, The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet, Cell source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“↓ Shannon diversity in HFD mice”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [294] Fulling, 2020, Adolescent dietary manipulations differentially affect gut microbiota composition and amygdala neuroimmune gene expression in male mice in adulthood, Brain Behav Immun source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“↑ CD4/CD8 ratio in brain of HFD | rats”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [324] Abildgaard, 2020, A diet-induced gut microbiota component and related plasma metabolites are associated with depressive-like behaviour in rats, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is evident that the consumption of Western-style diets rich in processed, fried and sugar-rich foods and low in plant foods with their constituent fiber and polyphenols can lead to the loss of microbial diversity and function as well as the extinction of important beneficial microbes and expansion of opportunistic pathogens (13,14), with far-reaching consequences for human health.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, there has been an increasing emphasis on the role of dietary habits in supporting optimal mental health (6)(7)(8).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites (6)(7)(8)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, supplementation studies demonstrated that wholegrain products containing β-glucans (soluble nonstarch polysaccharides) support the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in humans (71) and rats (72)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary fiber
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] De Angelis, 2015, Effect of whole-grain barley on the human fecal microbiota and metabolome, Appl Environ Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Teixeira, 2018, Barley products of different fiber composition selectively change microbiota composition in rats, Mol Nutr Food Res source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both short- (37) and long-term (3) dietary habits have been recognized as one of the drivers of microbial composition and diversity”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Diet and the gut microbiota
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“indicating that dietary interventions may need to be tailored to one's individual baseline microbiota (19).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Diet and the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Johnson, 2019, Daily sampling reveals personalized diet-microbiome associations in humans, Cell Host Microbe source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is also recognized that using healthy diets to positively modulate gut-brain communication holds possibilities for both the prevention and treatment of common mental disorders (15).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Jacka, 2019, Targeting the gut to achieve improved outcomes in mood disorders, Bipolar Disord source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recent decades have seen an exponential increase in our knowledge of the impact of the gut microbiota on various aspects of human health, including brain health (2).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Cryan, 2019, The microbiota-gut-brain axis, Physiol Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although some generalizations about the impact of diet on microbiota composition can be made, recent work also suggests that the diet-microbe interaction is highly personalized and dependent on the baseline microbiota present (110)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Diet and the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Wu, 2016, Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production, Gut source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, in an animal model, specific microbial changes (e.g., increased abundance of Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria and altered ratio of bifidobacteria to enterobacteria) associated with ω-3 fatty acid supplementation were closely related to changes in behavior (142).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary lipids and fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] Robertson, 2017, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids critically regulate behaviour and gut microbiota development in adolescence and adulthood, Brain Behav Immun source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While a recent controlled feeding study in Chinese adults showed that adopting a higherfat, lower-carbohydrate diet led to unfavorable changes in gut microbiota, fecal metabolomic profiles, and plasma proinflammatory factors (130)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary lipids and fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Wan, 2019, Effects of dietary fat on gut microbiota and faecal metabolites, and their relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors: a 6-month randomised controlled-feeding trial, Gut source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Long-chain fatty acids (13-18 carbons), on the other hand, alter the abundance of Blautia, Clostridium, Coprococcus, Dialister, Lactococcus, Roseburia, or Bacteroides (119, 127-129) in animal models.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary lipids and fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Machate, 2020, Fatty acid diets: regulation of gut microbiota composition and obesity and its related metabolic dysbiosis, Int J Mol Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [127] Patterson, 2014, Impact of dietary fatty acids on metabolic activity and host intestinal microbiota composition in C57BL/6J mice, Br J Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [128] Lam, 2015, Effects of dietary fat profile on gut permeability and microbiota and their relationships with metabolic changes in mice, Obesity source
- Not checked yetcites [129] Prieto, 2018, Influence of a diet enriched with virgin olive oil or butter on mouse gut microbiota and its correlation to physiological and biochemical parameters related to metabolic syndrome, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“whereas intact cereal fibers (e.g., wholegrain cereals, barley fiber, wheat bran, and rye fiber) increase the abundance of Actinobacteria, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Lachnospira, Akkermansia, and Roseburia in humans (63,65,66,73).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary fiber
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Vanegas, 2017, Substituting whole grains for refined grains in a 6-wk randomized trial has a modest effect on gut microbiota and immune and inflammatory markers of healthy adults, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Salonen, 2014, Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men, ISME J source
- Not checked yetcites [66] Tap, 2015, Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults, Environ Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [73] Christensen, 2013, Bifidogenic effect of whole-grain wheat during a 12-week energy-restricted dietary intervention in postmenopausal women, Eur J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Compared with insoluble fiber, soluble fiber seemed to have a more pronounced effect on the microbial composition and diversity in a piglet model (76).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary fiber
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Chen, 2019, Soluble fiber and insoluble fiber regulate colonic microbiota and barrier function in a piglet model, Biomed Res Int
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, there is currently a dearth of human interventions investigating the impact of amounts and different types of dietary lipids on the gut microbiota and associated metabolites, representing an important gap in the literature.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary lipids and fatty acids
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Numerous intervention studies in humans show that reducing the consumption of carbohydrates and wholegrain cereals lowers the abundance of important butyrate-producing bacteria, including the probiotic bifidobacteria, as well as SCFAs themselves (121-123).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary fiber
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Russell, 2011, High-protein, reduced-carbohydrate weight-loss diets promote metabolite profiles likely to be detrimental to colonic health, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [122] Duncan, 2007, Reduced dietary intake of carbohydrates by obese subjects results in decreased concentrations of butyrate and butyrate-producing bacteria in feces, Appl Environ Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [123] Staudacher, 2012, Fermentable carbohydrate restriction reduces luminal bifidobacteria and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, J Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Soluble, fermentable fiber can increase microbial enzymatic capacity to degrade complex carbohydrates and produce health-promoting SCFAs, namely acetate, propionate, and butyrate (114, 118).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary fiber
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a small human study with healthy volunteers, however, short-term intake of sucralose did not elicit major changes in the gut microbiota composition (104).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Sweeteners.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Thomson, 2019, Short-term impact of sucralose consumption on the metabolic response and gut microbiome of healthy adults, Br J Nutr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, a prospective analysis of the Nurses' Health Study (n = 82,643 women) reported that total and subclasses of polyphenols found in citrus fruit were associated with a lower incidence of depression (164).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Polyphenols.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] Chang, 2016, Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of incident depression in midlife and older women, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Approximately 90-95% of polyphenols are not absorbed and thus can be degraded by intestinal microbes (83).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Polyphenols.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Duenas, 2015, A survey of modulation of gut microbiota by dietary polyphenols, Biomed Res Int source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In human intervention studies, animal-based protein elicits a more pronounced effect on microbiota composition than plant-based protein (37).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Protein and amino acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Emerging observational studies have reported an association between increased dietary intake of polyphenols and lower rates of depression (164, 165).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Polyphenols.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] Chang, 2016, Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of incident depression in midlife and older women, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [165] Godos, 2018, Dietary polyphenol intake and depression: results from the Mediterranean Healthy Eating, Lifestyle and Aging (MEAL) study, Molecules source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sucralose (i.e., Splenda) administration has been reported to elicit microbial changes (e.g., decreased total bacterial abundance; increase in Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Turicibacter, Roseburia, Akkermansia, Clostridiaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Clostridium symbiosium; decrease in Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Dehalobacterium, Erysipelotrichaceae, and bifidobacteria), specifically in animal”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Sweeteners.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Bian, 2017, Gut microbiome response to sucralose and its potential role in inducing liver inflammation in mice, Front Physiol source
- Not checked yetcites [102] Li, 2020, Sucralose promotes colitis-associated colorectal cancer risk in a murine model along with changes in microbiota, Front Oncol source
- Not checked yetcites [103] Rodriguez-Palacios, 2018, The artificial sweetener Splenda promotes gut Proteobacteria, dysbiosis, and myeloperoxidase reactivity in Crohn's disease-like ileitis, Inflamm Bowel Dis source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, significant increases in Bifidobacterium abundance were observed after kimchi consumption in obese women (56)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Fermented foods.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Han, 2015, Contrasting effects of fresh and fermented kimchi consumption on gut microbiota composition and gene expression related to metabolic syndrome in obese Korean women, Mol Nutr Food Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, in a randomized, controlled, crossover study, daily consumption of 42 g of walnuts for 3 wk in healthy volunteers increased the relative abundances of Firmicutes genera, including some butyrate producers (e.g., Faecalibacterium and Roseburia) as well as Clostridium and Dialister (61).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Nuts.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Holscher, 2018, Walnut consumption alters the gastrointestinal microbiota, microbially derived secondary bile acids, and health markers in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial, J Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Important evidence was specifically provided by earlier studies comparing the microbiota composition from children living in Burkina Faso (largely vegetarian diet) with those living in Italy consuming a typical Western diet (43).”
- Also stated in: § Plant-based diets. · plain
“Higher microbial richness and biodiversity was observed in children living in Burkina Faso.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Plant-based diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] De Filippo, 2010, Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Plant-based diets. · plain
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the data regarding the impact of plant-based compared with animal-based diets on the microbiota are still not conclusive, as evidenced by a human study indicating that the microbial composition was only modestly different between vegans and omnivores (110).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Plant-based diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Wu, 2016, Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production, Gut source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ultraprocessed foods (sugary beverages, snacks, and fast foods), a hallmark of the Western diet, are formulations ready for consumption, made from refined substances, are caloriedense, and rich in saturated fat, with added simple sugars, salt and other additives; they are consistently associated with poor health outcomes, including depression (207).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Western diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [207] Lane, 2020, Ultra-processed food and chronic non-communicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 observational studies, Obes Rev
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, the abundance of Dialister, Coprococcus, Megasphaera, Oscillospira, and Blautia obeum seemed to be most abundant in relation to the intake of processed food in humans (209).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Western diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [209] Davis, 2017, Gut microbiome diversity influenced more by the Westernized dietary regime than the body mass index as assessed using effect size statistic, Microbiologyopen source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, an association between fermented food consumption and abundance of bacterial taxa (e.g., Bacteroides, Pseudomonas, Dorea, Prevotella, Oscillospira, F. prausnitzii, Lactobacillus spp.) as well as microbial functional profile was reported (59).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Fermented foods.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Taylor, 2020, Consumption of fermented foods is associated with systematic differences in the gut microbiome and metabolome, mSystems source
plaincorrelationaln = 115- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Despite these promising results, a recent literature review concluded that not enough data are available yet to make inferences on any specific microbial patterns associated with a particular fermented food (196).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Fermented foods.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Stiemsma, 2020, Does consumption of fermented foods modify the human gut microbiota?, J Nutr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the past decades, the microbiota has emerged as a key player in regulating brain processes and behavior, via a bidirectional communication referred to as the microbiotagut-brain axis (2).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Impact of Microbiota on the Brain and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Cryan, 2019, The microbiota-gut-brain axis, Physiol Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these differences could also be attributed to other environmental factors, studies comparing vegetarians with nonvegetarians revealed similar microbial profiles.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Plant-based diets.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More recent human intervention studies also support the beneficial impact of a Mediterranean diet on microbiota profiles.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Mediterranean diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Jin, 2019, Metabolomics and microbiomes as potential tools to evaluate the effects of the Mediterranean diet, Nutrients source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Gutierrez-Diaz, 2016, Mediterranean diet and faecal microbiota: a transversal study, Food Funct source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Meslier, 2020, Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake, Gut source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, considerable variations were observed in the bacterial metabolome, suggesting that diet as a substrate may play a larger role in determining microbial metabolite production than in the microbial composition itself.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Plant-based diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Wu, 2016, Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production, Gut source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“another recent study analyzing samples from 115 individuals in the American Gut Project showed that people who consumed fermented plants 1 or 2 times per week or once per day had a dosedependent, significantly different gut community measured by β-diversity compared with nonconsumers.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Fermented foods.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Taylor, 2020, Consumption of fermented foods is associated with systematic differences in the gut microbiome and metabolome, mSystems source
plaincorrelationaln = 115- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is generally accepted that a Western, omnivore-type diet, high in saturated fat, animal protein, and refined carbohydrates but inadequate amounts of dietary fiber shifts the composition of the microbiota to a more diseaseassociated type (203).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Western diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [203] Albenberg, 2014, Diet and the intestinal microbiome: associations, functions, and implications for health and disease, Gastroenterology source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Mediterranean diet, characterized by high intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, olive oil, and fish, and low consumption of red meat, dairy products, and saturated fats (198), has been well known for various health benefits, including mental health and cognition (199-202).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Mediterranean diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [199] Jacka, 2017, A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the 'SMILES' trial), BMC Med source
- Not checked yetcites [200] Loughrey, 2017, The impact of the Mediterranean diet on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Adv Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [201] Psaltopoulou, 2013, Mediterranean diet, stroke, cognitive impairment, and depression: a meta-analysis, Ann Neurol source
- Not checked yetcites [202] Lassale, 2019, Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Mol Psychiatry source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, adherence to a Mediterranean diet was linked to beneficial microbiota-related metabolomic profiles, such as increased levels of SCFAs and reductions in BCFAs, bile acids, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (38,40,41).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Mediterranean diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Jin, 2019, Metabolomics and microbiomes as potential tools to evaluate the effects of the Mediterranean diet, Nutrients source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Meslier, 2020, Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake, Gut source
- Not checked yetcites [41] De Filippis, 2016, High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome, Gut source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a recent human brain imaging study, correlations were made between gut microbiota composition and brain activity patterns in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (220).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Impact of Microbiota on the Brain and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [220] Liu, 2021, Gut microbiota interacts with intrinsic brain activity of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, CNS Neurosci Ther source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews reported promising, although preliminary, evidence for the potential of probiotics to improve anxiety, depression, and subjective stress in human populations (225-228).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Impact of Microbiota on the Brain and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [225] Pirbaglou, 2016, Probiotic supplementation can positively affect anxiety and depressive symptoms: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Nutr Res source
- Not checked yetcites [226] Zhang, 2020, Efficacy of probiotics on stress in healthy volunteers: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials, Brain Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [227] Liu, 2019, Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [228] Noonan, 2020, Food & mood: a review of supplementary prebiotic and probiotic interventions in the treatment of anxiety and depression in adults, BMJ Nutr Prev Health source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, correlations have been established between the abundance of specific bacterial taxa and disease symptoms, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (221).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Impact of Microbiota on the Brain and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [221] Berding, 2018, Diet can impact microbiota composition in children with autism spectrum disorder, Front Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and human observational studies also link maternal diet during pregnancy to child emotional and cognitive outcomes (243).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [243] Borge, 2017, The importance of maternal diet quality during pregnancy on cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ Open source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Microbial colonization of the intestinal tract is a successive process throughout the course of life.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Diet Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis at the Extremes of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230] Bergstrom, 2014, Establishment of intestinal microbiota during early life: a longitudinal, explorative study of a large cohort of Danish infants, Appl Environ Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [231] Jost, 2015, Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota establishment and gut health, Nutr Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [232] Hill, 2017, Evolution of gut microbiota composition from birth to 24 weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort, Microbiome source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With increasing age, the microbiota can become more fluid once again, which is associated with frailty and accelerated aging (23,233,236).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Diet Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis at the Extremes of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Rinninella, 2019, What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases, Microorganisms source
- Not checked yetcites [233] Claesson, 2011, Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [236] O'Toole, 2018, Microbiome-health interactions in older people, Cell Mol Life Sci source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, studies using GF animals that demonstrated aberrant behavior and neurochemical profile were critical in establishing the link between the gut microbiota and brain development and processes (211-217).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Impact of Microbiota on the Brain and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [211] Diaz Heijtz, 2011, Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [212] Arentsen, 2015, Host microbiota modulates development of social preference in mice, Microb Ecol Health Dis
- Not checked yetcites [213] Neufeld, 2011, Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice, Neurogastroenterol Motil source
- Not checked yetcites [214] Bercik, 2011, The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice, Gastroenterology source
- Not checked yetcites [215] Lu, 2018, Microbiota influence the development of the brain and behaviors in C57BL/6J mice, PLoS One source
- Not checked yetcites [216] Desbonnet, 2014, Microbiota is essential for social development in the mouse, Mol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [217] Hoban, 2016, Behavioural and neurochemical consequences of chronic gut microbiota depletion during adulthood in the rat, Neuroscience source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several factors are known to influence microbial composition at different stages of life, including genetic factors, mode of delivery [vaginal birth or Caesarean section (C-section)], gestational age, exercise, medication use, living environment, and diet (237-240).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Diet Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis at the Extremes of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [237] Dominguez-Bello, 2010, Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [238] Barrett, 2013, The individual-specific and diverse nature of the preterm infant microbiota, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed source
- Not checked yetcites [239] Kumbhare, 2019, Factors influencing the gut microbiome in children: from infancy to childhood, J Biosci source
- Not checked yetcites [240] Wang, 2020, Maternal vertical transmission affecting early-life microbiota development, Trends Microbiol source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although continued development of the microbiota in adolescence has been indicated in some studies, a core, albeit individualized, microbial profile develops in adulthood that is relatively stable and resilient in the absence of extreme external stressors (e.g., dietary changes or antibiotic treatment) (233-235).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Diet Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis at the Extremes of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [233] Claesson, 2011, Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [234] Odamaki, 2016, Age-related changes in gut microbiota composition from newborn to centenarian: a cross-sectional study, BMC Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [235] Nagpal, 2018, Gut microbiome and aging: physiological and mechanistic insights, Nutr Healthy Aging source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In recent years, evidence from animal models suggests that the gut microbiota could be an underlying factor linking maternal diet to neurodevelopment (244-246).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Sanguinetti, 2019, Microbiota signatures relating to reduced memory and exploratory behaviour in the offspring of overweight mothers in a murine model, Sci Rep source
- Not checked yetcites [245] Buffington, 2016, Microbial reconstitution reverses maternal diet-induced social and synaptic deficits in offspring, Cell source
- Not checked yetcites [246] Val-Laillet, 2017, A maternal Western diet during gestation and lactation modifies offspring's microbiota activity, blood lipid levels, cognitive responses, and hippocampal neurogenesis in Yucatan pigs, FASEB J source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suggesting that consumption in early life of prebiotics, such as HMOs, supports normal neurodevelopment by altering the microbial richness, composition, and enzymatic activity.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268] Szklany, 2020, Supplementation of dietary non-digestible oligosaccharides from birth onwards improve social and reduce anxiety-like behaviour in male BALB/c mice, Nutr Neurosci source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These microbial alterations (e.g., depletion in Bifidobacterium) associated with C-section delivery could have permanent effects on behavior and cognition;”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [251] Morais, 2020, Enduring behavioral effects induced by birth by caesarean section in the mouse, Curr Biol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While the composition of the infant gut microbiota at a young age has been associated with subsequent cognitive development and behavioral outcomes later in infancy (266, 267), whether these relations are mediated by breast-feeding and early dietary intake is still being investigated.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“while very recent experimental data show that maternal microbial modulation of brain development may occur via the action of microbial metabolites (247).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [247] Vuong, 2020, The maternal microbiome modulates fetal neurodevelopment in mice, Nature source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, the first 1000 d has been seen to be critical for programming later health, including brain health (253).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Wopereis, 2014, The first thousand days—intestinal microbiology of early life: establishing a symbiosis, Pediatr Allergy Immunol source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, the timing of weaning or introduction of solid foods has been studied as an important factor for the proper development of the microbiota-host interaction, specifically the immune system, a key pathway of the gutbrain communication.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although other bioactive compounds present in breast milk, such as immunoglobulins, antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, and lactoferrin, can have microbiota-independent benefits for the infant, mediation of health benefits [such as lower incidence of immune and gastrointestinal diseases, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, as well as improved cognitive function (261, 262)] through the assembly of a”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [261] Binns, 2016, The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding, Asia Pac J Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [262] Dieterich, 2013, Breastfeeding and health outcomes for the mother-infant dyad, Pediatr Clin North Am source
- Not checked yetcites [263] Lyons, 2020, Breast milk, a source of beneficial microbes and associated benefits for infant health, Nutrients source
- Not checked yetcites [264] Sitarik, 2015, The infant gut microbiome mediates the association between breastfeeding and allergic-like response to pets in children, J Allergy Clin Immunol source
- Not checked yetcites [265] Forbes, 2018, Association of exposure to formula in the hospital and subsequent infant feeding practices with gut microbiota and risk of overweight in the first year of life, JAMA Pediatr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Investigations into the effect of high-fat or Western diets revealed that some dietinduced shifts in the microbial profile mediated behavioral and cognitive impairments in the offspring (244-246),”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Sanguinetti, 2019, Microbiota signatures relating to reduced memory and exploratory behaviour in the offspring of overweight mothers in a murine model, Sci Rep source
- Not checked yetcites [245] Buffington, 2016, Microbial reconstitution reverses maternal diet-induced social and synaptic deficits in offspring, Cell source
- Not checked yetcites [246] Val-Laillet, 2017, A maternal Western diet during gestation and lactation modifies offspring's microbiota activity, blood lipid levels, cognitive responses, and hippocampal neurogenesis in Yucatan pigs, FASEB J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Likewise, some other studies suggest that the impact of C-section on the microbial profile can last up to age 4 (250).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250] Fouhy, 2019, Perinatal factors affect the gut microbiota up to four years after birth, Nat Commun source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Critical windows or sensitive periods during brain development, in which the microbiota can have long-lasting effects on behavior, neurochemistry, and brain morphology, have been identified in animals (219).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [219] Cowan, 2020, Annual Research Review: Critical windows – the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurocognitive development, J Child Psychol Psychiatr source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The well-established notion that a healthy diet is fundamental in preserving cognitive health (298) could thus partly be mediated by the association between diet, microbiota, and inflammation.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Elderly
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [298] Sarris, 2015, Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry, Lancet Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, dietary intake could be an important driver of healthy microbiota-brain communication.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Childhood and adolescence period
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Feeding high-fat, high-sucrose, or high-caloric diets results in unfavorable changes in the microbiota composition (e.g., an increase in the abundance of Firmicutes and a decrease in the abundance of Bacteroidetes, and higher percentages of Clostridiales and Bacteroidales) with adverse effects on cognition and behavior, as evidenced by decreases in memory function, poorer cognitive flexibility, or”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [313] Jørgensen, 2014, A possible link between food and mood: dietary impact on gut microbiota and behavior in BALB/c mice, PLoS One
- Not checked yetcites [314] Magnusson, 2015, Relationships between diet-related changes in the gut microbiome and cognitive flexibility, Neuroscience source
- Not checked yetcites [315] Reichelt, 2020, An intermittent hypercaloric diet alters gut microbiota, prefrontal cortical gene expression and social behaviours in rats, Nutr Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Besides physiological repercussions, an immature microbiota as a consequence of undernutrition in early childhood has been proposed to be causally related to neurological abnormalities (281).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Childhood and adolescence period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [281] Goyal, 2015, Feeding the brain and nurturing the mind: linking nutrition and the gut microbiota to brain development, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent review has highlighted the benefits of whole fruit and vegetables, mostly attributed to their polyphenol and MAC content, on the microbiota and associated diseases, such as obesity and colonic inflammation (16).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Using Whole-Diet Approaches to Manipulate the Gut Microbiota and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Han, 2020, Whole food-based approaches to modulating gut microbiota and associated diseases, Annu Rev Food Sci Technol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“one study demonstrated that ω-3 fatty acid and vitamin A supplementation reversed microbial disturbance and impairments in novel object recognition, as well as alterations in hippocampal and prefrontal cortex BDNF levels elicited by social instability stress in an animal model (293).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Childhood and adolescence period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Provensi, 2019, Preventing adolescent stress-induced cognitive and microbiome changes by diet, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“while emerging trial data show that improving dietary habits can improve depressive symptoms (301).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Using Whole-Diet Approaches to Manipulate the Gut Microbiota and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [301] Firth, 2019, The effects of dietary improvement on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Psychosom Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At the other extreme of life, in elderly populations, the microbiota again undergoes a shift, affecting aspects of host health such as frailty, inflammatory status, and cognitive function (233, 234).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Elderly
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [233] Claesson, 2011, Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [234] Odamaki, 2016, Age-related changes in gut microbiota composition from newborn to centenarian: a cross-sectional study, BMC Microbiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There are now extensive observational data across many different countries and cultures linking healthy dietary patterns to a reduced risk of common mental illnesses, particularly depression (202),”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Using Whole-Diet Approaches to Manipulate the Gut Microbiota and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [202] Lassale, 2019, Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Mol Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the human European Project on Nutrition in Elderly People (NU-AGE) cohort, adherence to the Mediterranean diet in elderly subjects was associated with microbial taxa that were positively correlated with markers of healthy aging, including improved cognitive function (300).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Elderly
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [300] Ghosh, 2020, Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: the NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries, Gut source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In an animal study, shifting the microbiota composition with inulin supplementation was able to reverse neuroinflammatory impairments associated with middle age (299).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Elderly
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [299] Boehme, 2020, Mid-life microbiota crises: middle age is associated with pervasive neuroimmune alterations that are reversed by targeting the gut microbiome, Mol Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Findings from human cohorts point to the importance of adequate nutrition and diet quality for adolescent brain and mental health (291, 292).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Childhood and adolescence period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [291] Reichelt, 2017, The impact of junk foods on the adolescent brain, Birth Defects Res source
- Not checked yetcites [292] Jacka, 2010, Associations between diet quality and depressed mood in adolescents: results from the Australian Healthy Neighbourhoods Study, Aust N Z J Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Multiple mechanisms of the microbiota-brain communication have been proposed (2).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Proposed Mechanisms Underlying Dietary Manipulation of Gut-Brain Communication
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Cryan, 2019, The microbiota-gut-brain axis, Physiol Rev source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, SCFA receptors, mainly free fatty acid receptors (349) and monocarboxylate transporters (350, 351), have been discovered in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system, indicating direct signaling potential.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Bonini, 1997, Molecular cloning and tissue expression of a novel orphan G protein-coupled receptor from rat lung, Biochem Biophys Res Commun source
- Not checked yetcites [350] Vijay, 2014, Role of monocarboxylate transporters in drug delivery to the brain, Curr Pharm Des source
- Not checked yetcites [351] Kekuda, 2013, Monocarboxylate 4 mediated butyrate transport in a rat intestinal epithelial cell line, Dig Dis Sci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Lastly, a recent study demonstrated that a microbiota composition induced by a high-fat diet and plasma metabolites linked to the microbiota were associated with and predictive of depressive-like behavior in rats (324).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [324] Abildgaard, 2020, A diet-induced gut microbiota component and related plasma metabolites are associated with depressive-like behaviour in rats, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that SCFAs can directly influence brain homeostasis and behavior.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In another small-scale study in healthy female volunteers, consumption for 4 wk of a fermented milk product containing 5 probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp.lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, two strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis) altered the activity of extensive brain networks (i.e., primary interoceptive and somatosensory regions, a cluster”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [345] Tillisch, 2013, Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity, Gastroenterology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Lastly, butyrate and, to a lesser extent, other SCFAs can also act as a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) (357).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [357] Stilling, 2014, Microbial genes, brain & behaviour—epigenetic regulation of the gut-brain axis, Genes Brain Behav source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although convincing evidence from human studies is emerging, the limited number of research studies available makes it difficult to provide evidence-based recommendations for the use of specific diets in improving mental health or to treat some symptoms of disease (7).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Adan, 2019, Nutritional psychiatry: towards improving mental health by what you eat, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, changes in neurochemistry (e.g., reduction in BDNF in the hippocampus), neuronal activity (e.g., increased c-Fos activity in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala), and signaling [e.g., altered γ -aminobutyrate (GABA)], increase in brain inflammation [e.g., increased microglia, expression of inflammatory genes, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap)] and gene expression related to”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [316] Mika, 2018, Feeding the developing brain: juvenile rats fed diet rich in prebiotics and bioactive milk fractions exhibit reduced anxiety-related behavior and modified gene expression in emotion circuits, Neurosci Lett source
- Not checked yetcites [317] Beilharz, 2018, Cafeteria diet and probiotic therapy: cross talk among memory, neuroplasticity, serotonin receptors and gut microbiota in the rat, Mol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [318] Jeong, 2019, High-fat diet causes psychiatric disorders in mice by increasing Proteobacteria population, Neurosci Lett source
- Not checked yetcites [319] Hassan, 2019, High-fat diet induces depression-like behaviour in mice associated with changes in microbiome, neuropeptide Y, and brain metabolome, Nutr Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a population of older adults at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, microbial changes after consumption of a modified Mediterranean diet correlated with improved biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in the cerebrospinal fluid (333)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [333] Nagpal, 2019, Modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet modulates gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in association with Alzheimer's disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment, EBioMedicine source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most human intervention studies have focused on probiotic and prebiotic supplementation to manipulate the microbiota and investigate the effect on brain function and mental health (327, 328).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [327] Allen, 2016, Bifidobacterium longum 1714 as a translational psychobiotic: modulation of stress, electrophysiology and neurocognition in healthy volunteers, Transl Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [328] Wang, 2019, Bifidobacterium longum 1714 strain modulates brain activity of healthy volunteers during social stress, Am J Gastroenterol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, in a recent study, alterations in microbial composition and metabolites that were associated with behavioral, neurochemical, and brain structural changes were observed after intermittent fasting in a diabetic mouse model (320).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [320] Liu, 2020, Gut microbiota mediates intermittent-fasting alleviation of diabetes-induced cognitive impairment, Nat Commun source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, differences in Coprobacter elicited by varying lengths of exposure to the cafeteria diet was identified as a predictor of performances in spatial recognition memory (322).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [322] Leigh, 2020, Intermittent cafeteria diet identifies fecal microbiome changes as a predictor of spatial recognition memory impairment in female rats, Transl Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that a dietary intervention could lead to bacterial changes with potential protective properties.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While the exact mechanisms of how these microbially derived neurotransmitters influence host brain function are still being uncovered, the vagus nerve, the immune system, and the regulation of peripheral availability of precursors for the synthesis of neurotransmitters have been proposed as candidate pathways (2).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Cryan, 2019, The microbiota-gut-brain axis, Physiol Rev source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, several preliminary clinical intervention studies have reported that probiotic and prebiotic interventions can modulate tryptophan-kynurenine metabolites.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Likewise, SCFAs can mediate the differentiation and activation of immune cells such as cytokines, dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells (363).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [363] Correa-Oliveira, 2016, Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids, Clin Transl Immunol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High levels of isovalerate have been correlated with depressive mood and cortisol levels in human studies (384).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [384] Szczesniak, 2016, Isovaleric acid in stool correlates with human depression, Nutr Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some taxa within the intestinal microbiota possess the enzymatic capacity (i.e., proteases) to degrade dietary protein (e.g., Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus), which could play especially important roles in protein-rich, low-fiber diets, in which microbial energy harvest shifts from carbohydrate to protein sources (373, 374).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [373] Macfarlane, 1988, Contribution of the microflora to proteolysis in the human large intestine, J Appl Bacteriol source
- Not checked yetcites [374] Davila, 2013, Re-print of “Intestinal luminal nitrogen metabolism: role of the gut microbiota and consequences for the host”, Pharmacol Res source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“potentially indicating a role of SCFAs in Parkinson's disease symptomology.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, at high concentrations both metabolites can disrupt neurotransmission and induce cognitive impairment (394).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [394] Szalardy, 2012, Manipulating kynurenic acid levels in the brain—on the edge between neuroprotection and cognitive dysfunction, Curr Top Med Chem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Microbial-derived BCFAs, isovalerate, and isobutyrate have been linked to epithelial physiology and the mucosal immune system (380, 382, 383).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [380] Aguirre, 2016, Diet drives quick changes in the metabolic activity and composition of human gut microbiota in a validated in vitro gut model, Res Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [382] Blachier, 2007, Effects of amino acid-derived luminal metabolites on the colonic epithelium and physiopathological consequences, Amino Acids source
- Not checked yetcites [383] Abdallah, 2020, Gastrointestinal interaction between dietary amino acids and gut microbiota: with special emphasis on host nutrition, Curr Protein Pept Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, it is likely that the reach of these neurotransmitters can go beyond the local effects and could have important implications for CNS functioning (378).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [378] O'Mahony, 2015, Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis, Behav Brain Res source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, it was recently reported that microbial metabolism of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan (precursor of 5-HT), tyrosine, and phenylalanine (both precursors of dopamine) and their catabolites was associated with impaired short-term and working memory in mice that received a microbial transplant from obese human subjects (379).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [379] Arnoriaga-Rodriguez, 2020, Obesity impairs short-term and working memory through gut microbial metabolism of aromatic amino acids, Cell Metab source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Other metabolites of tryptophan metabolism, kynurenines, have also been implicated in a range of neurobiological functions (392).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [392] Schwarcz, 2012, Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology, Nat Rev Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway has been linked to several brain disorders, including depression (395), schizophrenia (396, 397), and ASD (398).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [395] Kruse, 2019, Kynurenine metabolism and inflammation-induced depressed mood: a human experimental study, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
- Not checked yetcites [396] Pedraz-Petrozzi, 2020, Effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia—a systematic review, J Neuroinflammation source
- Not checked yetcites [397] Barry, 2009, Kynurenine pathway in psychosis: evidence of increased tryptophan degradation, J Psychopharmacol source
- Not checked yetcites [398] Gevi, 2016, Urinary metabolomics of young Italian autistic children supports abnormal tryptophan and purine metabolism, Mol Autism source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority (95%) of 5-HT in the body is produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells from dietary tryptophan.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Tryptophan metabolism, specifically the main pathways leading to the production of 5-HT, kynurenine, and indole derivatives, appears to be closely regulated by the gut microbiota (378, 387).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Likewise, in GF mice the administration of an SCFA mixture resulted in microglia activation and motor deficits (369), hallmark symptoms of Parkinson's disease”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [369] Sampson, 2016, Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson's disease, Cell source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Several microbes have the capability of producing neurotransmitters from dietary protein, including GABA, norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-HT (377).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [377] Portune, 2016, Gut microbiota role in dietary protein metabolism and health-related outcomes: the two sides of the coin, Trends Food Sci Technol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, recently it was shown that SCFAs can attenuate signaling through the ghrelin receptor, a key GPCR at the interface of mood and food intake (365).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [365] Torres-Fuentes, 2019, Short-chain fatty acids and microbiota metabolites attenuate ghrelin receptor signaling, FASEB J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In animal models, for example, propionate (although directly administered to the brain intracerebroventricularly or in high concentrations) can induce autism-like behaviors (366, 367)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [366] MacFabe, 2015, Enteric short-chain fatty acids: microbial messengers of metabolism, mitochondria, and mind: implications in autism spectrum disorders, Microb Ecol Health Dis
- Not checked yetcites [367] El-Ansary, 2012, Etiology of autistic features: the persisting neurotoxic effects of propionic acid, J Neuroinflammation source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and elevated levels of fecal SCFAs have been reported in humans with ASD (221, 368).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [221] Berding, 2018, Diet can impact microbiota composition in children with autism spectrum disorder, Front Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [368] Wang, 2012, Elevated fecal short chain fatty acid and ammonia concentrations in children with autism spectrum disorder, Dig Dis Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other prebiotic dietary components, such as polyphenols, may also modulate kynurenine metabolism (402, 403).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [402] Gostner, 2015, Regular consumption of black tea increases circulating kynurenine concentrations: a randomized controlled trial, BBA Clin source
- Not checked yetcites [403] Min, 2015, Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses autoimmune arthritis through indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase expressing dendritic cells and the nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 antioxidant pathway, J Inflamm source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similar results were reported in a randomized controlled trial of resistant dextrin in a sample of women with type-2 diabetes mellitus (401).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [401] Farhangi, 2018, A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of resistant dextrin, as functional food, in women with type 2 diabetes: targeting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system, Clin Nutr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although many important beneficial functions (e.g., antioxidative effect) have been linked to indoles, overproduction of these metabolites resulted in anxiety-and depression-like behavior in animals (404).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [404] Jaglin, 2018, Indole, a signaling molecule produced by the gut microbiota, negatively impacts emotional behaviors in rats, Front Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, two randomized controlled trials in people with clinical depression reported an altered kynurenine:tryptophan ratio and kynurenine concentrations after receiving a probiotic intervention compared with placebo (399, 400).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [399] Rudzki, 2019, Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299v decreases kynurenine concentration and improves cognitive functions in patients with major depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
- Not checked yetcites [400] Kazemi, 2019, Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial, Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using linear discriminant analysis, Zhang et al. (503) identified 43 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that discriminated between rats that were susceptible and those that were resistant to a fermented milk product intervention.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang et al. (503) Zhang, 2016, Ecological robustness of the gut microbiota in response to ingestion of transient food-borne microbes, ISME J source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, many studies do not adequately capture information on habitual dietary intakes prior to commencement of interventions (515).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [515] Leeming, 2019, Effect of diet on the gut microbiota: rethinking intervention duration, Nutrients source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Bile acids, which are generated by hepatic and bacterial enzymes to aid in lipid digestion, may be involved in the fat-microbiota interaction effect on brain function (406).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Bile acids.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [406] Jena, 2018, Dysregulated bile acid synthesis and dysbiosis are implicated in Western diet-induced systemic inflammation, microglial activation, and reduced neuroplasticity, FASEB J source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a prebiotic supplementation study, participants with high fiber intake at baseline showed a greater microbial response in response to an inulin-type fructan prebiotic than those with low habitual fiber intake (513).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [513] Healey, 2018, Habitual dietary fibre intake influences gut microbiota response to an inulin-type fructan prebiotic: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, human intervention study, Br J Nutr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several other studies have reported that the baseline diet of an individual predicted the systemic and microbial responses to the diet intervention (70,514).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In fact, the extent of the beneficial systemic effect of certain nutrients (e.g., polyphenols) depends on the ability of an individual's microbiota phenotype to convert the nutrients into bioavailable compounds (507).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [507] Espin, 2017, The gut microbiota: a key factor in the therapeutic effects of (poly)phenols, Biochem Pharmacol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“recent experimental data suggested that shifts in the gut microbiota induced by a Western diet resulted in neuroinflammation and reduced synaptic plasticity via dysregulation of bile acid synthesis, and disruption of TGR5 signaling (406).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Bile acids.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [406] Jena, 2018, Dysregulated bile acid synthesis and dysbiosis are implicated in Western diet-induced systemic inflammation, microglial activation, and reduced neuroplasticity, FASEB J source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, a combined dietary-probiotic approach led to a greater reduction in anxiety symptoms, as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, than each intervention alone in a small-scale study (512).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [512] Colica, 2017, Evidences of a new psychobiotic formulation on body composition and anxiety, Mediators Inflamm source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the microbial enzymatic capacity to respond to healthy diets (i.e., high-fiber diets) could be missing.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As presented in Table 2, studies investigating the impact of whole-diet approaches on the gut microbiota and behavioral or cognitive outcomes have started to provide evidence to decipher potential correlational or causal relations between the diet-microbiota-brain crosstalk.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Correlation analysis revealed that diet-induced changes in the microbiota were associated with biochemical and behavioral outcomes and gene expression changes (314, 316).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [314] Magnusson, 2015, Relationships between diet-related changes in the gut microbiome and cognitive flexibility, Neuroscience source
- Not checked yetcites [316] Mika, 2018, Feeding the developing brain: juvenile rats fed diet rich in prebiotics and bioactive milk fractions exhibit reduced anxiety-related behavior and modified gene expression in emotion circuits, Neurosci Lett source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Baseline bacterial richness and diversity might be another important predictor of the success of a dietary intervention (66,504).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Tap, 2015, Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults, Environ Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [504] Salonen, 2014, Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men, ISME J source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“success of a dietary intervention was also shown to be contingent on the presence of a group of microbes and microbe-microbe interactions.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang et al. (503) Zhang, 2016, Ecological robustness of the gut microbiota in response to ingestion of transient food-borne microbes, ISME J source
- Not checked yetcites [70] Kovatcheva-Datchary, 2015, Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of Prevotella, Cell Metab source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Other microbial metabolites are being discovered to mediate the gut-brain communication, including bioactive molecules produced from the metabolism of polyphenols and phenolic compounds as well as phytates (413).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Other metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [413] Pasinetti, 2018, The role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism of polyphenols as characterized by gnotobiotic mice, J Alzheimers Dis source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, there is substantial interindividual variability in the rate and concentration of the bioactive metabolite urolithin A following consumption of the pomegranatederived polyphenols ellagic acid, punicalagin, and ellagitannin (508).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [508] Cerda, 2005, Identification of urolithin A as a metabolite produced by human colon microflora from ellagic acid and related compounds, J Agric Food Chem source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A further example is the isoflavone metabolite equol, which has considerable estrogenic properties, but upwards of half of the population lack the microbiota composition to produce it (509).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [509] Mayo, 2019, Equol: a bacterial metabolite from the daidzein isoflavone and its presumed beneficial health effects, Nutrients source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in order for an individual to respond to a dietary intervention, administration of the missing microbes may be necessary.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Which microbial enzymatic repertoire is required for a dietary intervention to be successful depends on the nutrients present in the study diet (70,494,510).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Kovatcheva-Datchary, 2015, Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of Prevotella, Cell Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [494] Chumpitazi, 2015, Randomised clinical trial: gut microbiome biomarkers are associated with clinical response to a low FODMAP diet in children with the irritable bowel syndrome, Aliment Pharmacol Ther source
- Not checked yetcites [510] Rossi, 2018, Volatile organic compounds in feces associate with response to dietary intervention in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A direct effect of diet on tryptophan metabolites in humans was demonstrated in a recent pilot study, in which consumption of a Mediterranean and fastfood diet differentially affected tryptophan metabolites ( 205).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [205] Zhu, 2020, Human gut microbiome composition and tryptophan metabolites were changed differently by fast food and Mediterranean diet in four days: a pilot study, Nutr Res source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, although the benefit of increasing plant and reducing ultraprocessed foods applies to all, studies continue to highlight variability in individual metabolic responses to particular foods, influenced by individual microbiota variations.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, although the benefit of increasing plant and reducing ultraprocessed foods applies to all, studies continue to highlight variability in individual metabolic responses to particular foods, influenced by individual microbiota variations.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Lastly, results from an in vitro follow-up study using fecal lysate from high-fatdiet-fed mice suggest that the LPS components from Gramnegative bacteria induced by the high-fat diet contributed to the disturbance of neuronal cell function in vivo (318).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [318] Jeong, 2019, High-fat diet causes psychiatric disorders in mice by increasing Proteobacteria population, Neurosci Lett source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sense, dietary recommendations for both mental and gut health are concordant with those for most other health states.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, hippocampal neuroinflammation induced by a high-fructose diet was suppressed by administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic in mice (342).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [342] Li, 2019, Dietary fructose-induced gut dysbiosis promotes mouse hippocampal neuroinflammation: a benefit of short-chain fatty acids, Microbiome source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the fact that the success of a dietary intervention in human cohorts can in part be dependent on the baseline microbiota composition hints at the importance of the microbiota in mediating diet benefits even in human populations.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An added benefit of adopting dietary improvement as a treatment strategy for mental health is its cost-effectiveness, given the compelling economic evaluations of 2 landmark trials investigating the efficacy of a Mediterranean-style dietary intervention on reducing depression symptoms (522, 523).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [522] Chatterton, 2018, Economic evaluation of a dietary intervention for adults with major depression (the “SMILES” trial), BMC Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [523] Segal, 2020, Cost effectiveness and cost-utility analysis of a group-based diet intervention for treating major depression—the HELFIMED trial, Nutr Neurosci source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Likewise, the beneficial effect of intermittent fasting on cognitive impairment in a diabetic mouse model was partially abrogated after administration of an antibiotic cocktail (320).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [320] Liu, 2020, Gut microbiota mediates intermittent-fasting alleviation of diabetes-induced cognitive impairment, Nat Commun source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, transferring microbiota from mice fed a high-fat diet to conventional mice resulted in altered behavior and increased neuroinflammation even when the recipient mice were fed a normal chow diet (518).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [518] Bruce-Keller, 2015, Obese-type gut microbiota induce neurobehavioral changes in the absence of obesity, Biol Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This likely relates to the positive benefit of dietary improvement for overall health and functioning, including the chronic conditions that are so commonly comorbid with mental disorders.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a recent study, it was revealed that the microbiota is required for the antiseizure effect of the ketogenic diet (341).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [341] Olson, 2018, The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet, Cell source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that many different dietary patterns have been linked to improved mental wellbeing reinforces the fact that individual components of the diet may be less important to mental health than overall dietary patterns high in plant foods and low in ultraprocessed foods.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 119
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“SCFAs, specifically butyrate, have been implicated in gastrointestinal (main energy source of colonocytes, supporting gut barrier function) and metabolic (glucose homeostasis, lipid oxidation) health, exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, and can influence central functioning (as outlined in detail below) (119, 120).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary fiber
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [119] Machate, 2020, Fatty acid diets: regulation of gut microbiota composition and obesity and its related metabolic dysbiosis, Int J Mol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and §4 (Monounsaturated Fatty Acids; page unavailable) say SCFAs supply energy to colonocytes and link butyrate and SCFAs to metabolic health. §5 links a butyrate-producing bacterium to an anti-inflammatory effect. The paper does not establish the claimed immunomodulatory or central-function effects of SCFAs; the passages also do not substantiate the specific gut-barrier, glucose-homeostasis, or lipid-oxidation mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [120] Blaak, 2020, Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health, Benef Microbes source
The Introduction identifies butyrate as an important fuel for colonocytes, while the Discussion describes SCFA support for gut-barrier function. The sections on mucosal immunity, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure address the claimed immune and metabolic effects; the gut-brain-axis section describes signalling to the brain. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Likewise, an increased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio (41) and decreases in protective SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., F. prausnitzii) (89, 204) are often observed.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Western diet.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [41] De Filippis, 2016, High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome, Gut sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports decreased abundance of the SCFA-producing genus Lachnospira in subjects with cholesterol gallstones and in patients with HIV, tentatively linking such decreases to disease. It mentions Faecalibacterium but does not report a decrease in F. prausnitzii or establish that such decreases are often observed. The Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [89] Agus, 2016, Western diet induces a shift in microbiota composition enhancing susceptibility to adherent-invasive E. coli infection and intestinal inflammation, Sci Rep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says a Western diet decreases protective SCFA-producing bacteria, and the Results report lower SCFA concentrations in mice fed that diet. Our copy does not identify F. prausnitzii as a bacterium that decreased or establish that such decreases are often observed. The Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio has a separate citation in the citing sentence and is not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [204] Ganesan, 2018, Causal relationship between diet-induced gut microbiota changes and diabetes: a novel strategy to transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in preventing diabetes, Int J Mol Sci source
The citation to this paper is attached to the decrease in protective SCFA-producing bacteria, not the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. Section 6 identifies F. prausnitzii as a butyrate producer with anti-inflammatory potential and reports that its count was significantly decreased in diabetic individuals (page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In piglets, early weaning stress impairs intestinal barrier function (271) and increases inflammation (272) and oxidative stress (273).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [271] Moeser, 2017, Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: implications for lifelong gut health in pigs, Anim Nutr source
Citation (271) is attached to the intestinal-barrier claim, not the inflammation or oxidative-stress claims, which have separate citations. In “Weaning and immediate alterations in GI barrier function,” the review reports that weaning in pigs breaks down intestinal barrier function and increases permeability. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [272] Pie, 2004, Weaning is associated with an upregulation of expression of inflammatory cytokines in the intestine of piglets, J Nutr source
Citation 272 is attached to the increase in inflammation, not the separate barrier-function or oxidative-stress claims. The Discussion reports a transient increase in intestinal inflammatory-cytokine expression in weaned piglets and concludes that weaning is associated with an early inflammatory response. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked yetcites [273] Yin, 2014, Development of an antioxidant system after early weaning in piglets, J Anim Sci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Generally, breast-fed infants harbor a less diverse and species-rich microbiota that is dominated by Bifidobacterium species, whereas the microbiota of formulafed infants is functionally more similar to that of an adult and is often enriched in microbial taxa such as Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Peptostreptococcaceae, Akkermansia, Veillonella, and C. difficile (256, 257).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [256] Vandenplas, 2020, Factors affecting early-life intestinal microbiota development, Nutrition sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [257] Davis, 2017, The role of early life nutrition in the establishment of gastrointestinal microbial composition and function, Gut Microbes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Altering the timing of weaning could result in a pathological imprinting of the immune response and increased susceptibility to later immunopathologies (270).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [270] Al Nabhani, 2019, A weaning reaction to microbiota is required for resistance to immunopathologies in the adult, Immunity source
In “A critical time window for the weaning reaction” (page unavailable), the paper reports that delaying weaning delayed the reaction and that a milk-only diet maintained until four weeks of age prevented it. In “The weaning reaction prevents pathological imprinting through the induction of Tregs” (page unavailable), it reports that absence of the reaction in mice led to pathological immune imprinting and greater susceptibility to inflammatory disease in adulthood. Together, these findings support the claim’s qualified wording. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Supplementing children with moderate acute malnutrition with a microbiota-directed complementary food prototype shifted the microbiota as well as markers of neurodevelopment toward that of healthy children, indicating that the immature microbiota is causally linked to unhealthy growth and development, but can be rescued by microbiota-targeted food therapy (282).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Childhood and adolescence period
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [282] Gehrig, 2019, Effects of microbiota-directed foods in gnotobiotic animals and undernourished children, Science sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“↓ Microbial diversity (observed OTUs | and Shannon's diversity) after Caf | diet”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions and Future Directions · plain
“Deficits in place recognition task”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [317] Beilharz, 2018, Cafeteria diet and probiotic therapy: cross talk among memory, neuroplasticity, serotonin receptors and gut microbiota in the rat, Mol Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions and Future Directions · plain
In the paper
“↑ α-Diversity and changes in | β-diversity”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions and Future Directions · plain
“↑ spatial | memory after intermittent | fasting”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [319] Hassan, 2019, High-fat diet induces depression-like behaviour in mice associated with changes in microbiome, neuropeptide Y, and brain metabolome, Nutr Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions and Future Directions · plain
In the paper
“↑ Concentration of total anaerobic, | amylolytic and lactate-utilizing | bacteria in colon after HB diet (no | difference in cecum); cellulolytic | bacteria not different in colon”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [339] Destrez, 2015, Changes of the hindgut microbiota due to high-starch diet can be associated with behavioral stress response in horses, Physiol Behav source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“8 wk of high-fructose changed | microbial structure of community | but not α-diversity”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [342] Li, 2019, Dietary fructose-induced gut dysbiosis promotes mouse hippocampal neuroinflammation: a benefit of short-chain fatty acids, Microbiome source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“↓ Spatial recognition (novel | place recognition task) in Caf | but not cycle diet”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [322] Leigh, 2020, Intermittent cafeteria diet identifies fecal microbiome changes as a predictor of spatial recognition memory impairment in female rats, Transl Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is generally accepted that the consumption of a highfiber diet promotes an increase in bacterial diversity and leads to a bloom in the growth of beneficial bacteria (i.e., Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., Akkermansia sp., Faecalibacterium sp., Roseburia sp., Bacteroides sp., and Prevotella) as well as a reduction in potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae) (63)(64)(65)(”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary fiber
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Vanegas, 2017, Substituting whole grains for refined grains in a 6-wk randomized trial has a modest effect on gut microbiota and immune and inflammatory markers of healthy adults, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Walker, 2011, Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota, ISME J source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Salonen, 2014, Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men, ISME J source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Variations in macronutrient ratios, amounts, and types are large drivers of the effect on microbiota composition (111), with specific microbes thriving on selective macronutrients, thereby increasing their abundance.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Macronutrients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Bear, 2020, The role of the gut microbiota in dietary interventions for depression and anxiety, Adv Nutr source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The core gut microbiota in adulthood is relatively stable, but environmental factors have been identified that can shape the gut microbial community (23,35,36).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Diet and the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Rinninella, 2019, What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases, Microorganisms source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Martinez, 2013, Long-term temporal analysis of the human fecal microbiota revealed a stable core of dominant bacterial species, PLoS One source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Yatsunenko, 2012, Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography, Nature source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the study of whole-dietary approaches represents a more realistic path to the development of new dietary interventions and could inform national healthy eating guidelines and policies.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, it has become clear that diet is one of the key factors involved in shaping the gut microbiota, having marked effects on microbial diversity, as well as the abundance and metabolic capacity of specific microbes (3)(4)(5).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites (3)(4)(5)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, ω-3 fatty acids have been proposed to restore the eubiotic state in pathological conditions by increasing the beneficial bifidobacteria and decreasing enterobacteria, which in turn supports an anti-inflammatory environment through the production of SCFAs and suppression of endotoxemia (81,141).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary lipids and fatty acids
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results from animal studies show that medium-chain fatty acids (7-12 carbons) increase the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Prevotella and decrease the abundance of Clostridium histolyticum or Helicobacter (119, 124-126).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary lipids and fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Machate, 2020, Fatty acid diets: regulation of gut microbiota composition and obesity and its related metabolic dysbiosis, Int J Mol Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [124] Zhou, 2017, Effects of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota composition in C57BL/6J mice, J Agric Food Chem source
- Not checked yetcites [125] Djurasevic, 2018, Beneficial effect of virgin coconut oil on alloxan-induced diabetes and microbiota composition in rats, Plant Foods Hum Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [126] Patrone, 2018, Differential effects of coconut versus soy oil on gut microbiota composition and predicted metabolic function in adult mice, BMC Genomics source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, high SFA intake has been shown to be associated with reduction in total bacterial abundance in humans (95) and in microbial diversity and richness (95,96), as well as an increase in proinflammatory bacteria (e.g., Bilophila wadsworthia) (96)(97)(98) in mice.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary lipids and fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Roytio, 2017, Dietary intake of fat and fibre according to reference values relates to higher gut microbiota richness in overweight pregnant women, Br J Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [96] Devkota, 2012, Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10−/− mice, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [97] Zhuang, 2017, Arachidonic acid sex-dependently affects obesity through linking gut microbiota-driven inflammation to hypothalamus-adipose-liver axis, Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, healthier polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., omega-3 PUFAs) promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, including butyrate producers such as Lactobacillus, Lachnospira, Roseburia, and Bifidobacterium (81), and are correlated with higher microbial diversity as well as taxa from the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae (82).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary lipids and fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Watson, 2018, A randomised trial of the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements on the human intestinal microbiota, Gut source
- Not checked yetcites [82] Menni, 2017, Omega-3 fatty acids correlate with gut microbiome diversity and production of N-carbamylglutamate in middle aged and elderly women, Sci Rep source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Human consumption of resistant starch led to significant increases in Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, and Eubacterium, while decreasing some Ruminococcus strains (74,75).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary fiber
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Martínez, 2010, Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects, PLoS One source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Alfa, 2018, A randomized trial to determine the impact of a digestion resistant starch composition on the gut microbiome in older and mid-age adults, Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The benefits of ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids for central functioning range from enhanced memory, mood, attention, and cognitive performance to a reduced risk of developing depression and regulation of stress sensitivity (131-138).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Dietary lipids and fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Dauncey, 2009, New insights into nutrition and cognitive neuroscience: symposium on ‘Early nutrition and later disease: current concepts, research and implications”, Proc Nutr Soc source
- Not checked yetcites [132] Fontani, 2005, Cognitive and physiological effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy subjects, Eur J Clin Invest source
- Not checked yetcites [133] Horikawa, 2018, Longitudinal association between n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and depressive symptoms: a population-based cohort study in Japan, Nutrients source
- Not checked yetcites [134] Hamazaki, 2000, Anti-stress effects of DHA, Biofactors source
- Not checked yetcites [135] Yehuda, 2000, Fatty acid mixture counters stress changes in cortisol, cholesterol, and impair learning, Int J Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [136] Denis, 2013, Omega-3 fatty acids and brain resistance to ageing and stress: body of evidence and possible mechanisms, Ageing Res Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [137] Firth, 2019, The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, World Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [138] Firth, 2020, A meta-review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders, World Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although earlier human studies indicated detrimental effects on microbial diversity and composition (99, 100) and a more recent study linked consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners to a “dysbiosis” [an increasingly redundant term in microbiome research (171)] and a decrease in butyrate concentration (172), some reports have concluded that no clear effects of sweeteners on the microbiota can be”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Sweeteners.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Frankenfeld, 2015, High-intensity sweetener consumption and gut microbiome content and predicted gene function in a cross-sectional study of adults in the United States, Ann Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [100] Suez, 2014, Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [172] Farup, 2019, Are nonnutritive sweeteners obesogenic? Associations between diet, faecal microbiota, and short-chain fatty acids in morbidly obese subjects, J Obes source
- Not checked yetcites [170] Lobach, 2019, Assessing the in vivo data on low/no-calorie sweeteners and the gut microbiota, Food Chem Toxicol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several human and animal studies have indicated that consumption of fruit and vegetables leads to increased microbial diversity and function, a shift in the abundance of bacterial phyla, growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and reduction in potentially harmful bacteria, including E. coli and Enterococcus (51)(52)(53)(54)(55).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Fruits and vegetables.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Paturi, 2017, Short-term feeding of fermentable dietary fibres influences the gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity in rats, Int J Food Sci Technol source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Guglielmetti, 2013, Differential modulation of human intestinal Bifidobacterium populations after consumption of a wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) drink, J Agric Food Chem source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Duque, 2016, An exploratory study on the influence of orange juice on gut microbiota using a dynamic colonic model, Food Res Int source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effect of nut consumption on gut microbiota concluded that nut consumption shapes the microbiota at the genus level (e.g., increases in Clostridium, Dialister, Roseburia, and Lachnospira, decrease in Parabacteroides); however, the specific effects depend on the type and amount of nut consumed and the duration of”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Nuts.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [184] Creedon, 2020, Nuts and their effect on gut microbiota, gut function and symptoms in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Nutrients source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, iron supplementation in a cohort of Kenyan children increased the abundance of pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, C. perfringens, and Salmonella, potentially contributing to gut inflammation (156)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Diet and microbiota-gut-brain axis 5
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] Jaeggi, 2015, Iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in Kenyan infants, Gut source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Switching to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet reduces the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and increases colonic protein fermentation and metabolites detrimental to health, such as branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) and concentrations of phenylacetic acid and Nnitroso compounds (121).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Protein and amino acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Russell, 2011, High-protein, reduced-carbohydrate weight-loss diets promote metabolite profiles likely to be detrimental to colonic health, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In another recent human study, consumption of a fermented dairy drink for 4 wk increased the abundance of a few specific genera (e.g., Holdemania, Gordonibacter, Lactobacillus, an unclassified Mollicutes (RF-9), and two unclassified genera from Clostridiales), and enriched some functions of the resident microbes (195).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Fermented foods.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [195] Alvarez, 2020, Safety and functional enrichment of gut microbiome in healthy subjects consuming a multi-strain fermented milk product: a randomised controlled trial, Sci Rep source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent systematic review concluded that significant changes can be observed after pulse consumption, but that results are inconsistent, especially in humans (185).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Pulses.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] Marinangeli, 2020, A systematic review of the effect of dietary pulses on microbial populations inhabiting the human gut, Benef Microbes source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, it has been shown that emulsifier consumption by germ-free (GF) animals (107) and animals with a highly restricted microbiota (180) did not elicit the same detrimental health effects, suggesting that microbial modulation may be required for the adverse effects of emulsifiers on host health.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Emulsifiers.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Chassaing, 2015, Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [180] Chassaing, 2017, Dietary emulsifiers directly alter human microbiota composition and gene expression ex vivo potentiating intestinal inflammation, Gut source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent systematic review summarizing the evidence available from human and animal studies on the impact of vitamin D on the gut microbiota suggests that vitamin D status or supplementation can modulate microbiota composition; but with inconsistent data, especially from human studies, no trend is emerging yet (147).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Vitamins and minerals.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Waterhouse, 2019, Vitamin D and the gut microbiome: a systematic review of in vivo studies, Eur J Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the other hand, an 8 wk intervention with 56.7 g of almonds in young adults revealed an increase in α-diversity measures and a decrease in B. fragilis abundance (62).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Nuts.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Dhillon, 2019, Almond snacking for 8 wk increases alpha-diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome and decreases Bacteroides fragilis abundance compared with an isocaloric snack in college freshmen, Curr Dev Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Polyphenols display a “prebioticlike” effect, increasing the growth of beneficial bacterial strains, such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, while reducing the number of potential pathogens, such as C. perfringens and C. histolyticum in a dose-dependent manner (83,84).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Polyphenols.
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In mice, animal-based protein increases potential detrimental gut microbes, e.g., Peptostreptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Turicibacter, or Escherichia (92), and plant-based protein boosts the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, and Lactobacillus and lowers the abundance of pathogens such as Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens (37,42,80).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Protein and amino acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Kostovcikova, 2019, Diet rich in animal protein promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage response and exacerbates colitis in mice, Front Immunol source
- Not checked yetcites [37] David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Tomova, 2019, The effects of vegetarian and vegan diets on gut microbiota, Front Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [80] Singh, 2017, Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health, J Transl Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent human intervention study, flavonoid-rich orange juice reduced depressive symptoms significantly compared with flavonoid-low orange cordial and enriched bacterial genera belonging to the Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, and Bacteroidaceae families (167).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Polyphenols.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [167] Park, 2020, Flavonoid-rich orange juice intake and altered gut microbiome in young adults with depressive symptom: a randomized controlled study, Nutrients source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent mouse study, kefir administration increased the abundance of L. reuteri, Eubacterium plexicaudatum, and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, and decreased Lachnospiraceae bacterium 3_1_46FAA, Propionibacterium acnes, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and shifted the functional potential of the gut microbiota toward the production of neuroactive metabolites (58).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Fermented foods.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] van de Wouw, 2020, Distinct actions of the fermented beverage kefir on host behaviour, immunity and microbiome gut-brain modules in the mouse, Microbiome source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is well appreciated that the gut microbiota can synthesize certain vitamins, most notably vitamin K and B-group vitamins [e.g., cobalamin (B 12 ), folate, and riboflavin (144, 145)], some of which might be directly absorbed.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Vitamins and minerals.
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In mice, navy bean and black bean flours increased the abundance of Prevotella, S24-7, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens and SCFA production, and decreased the abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus, Oscillospira, Coprococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Coprobacillus, Parabacteroides, Adlercreutzia, and others compared with the basal diet.Some bean-specific changes were also observed, with black bean flour”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Pulses.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [188] Monk, 2017, Navy and black bean supplementation primes the colonic mucosal microenvironment to improve gut health, J Nutr Biochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“fermented soybean milk resulted in a decrease in coliform organisms and C. perfringens as well as increases in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (57).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Fermented foods.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Cheng, 2005, Effect of fermented soy milk on the intestinal bacterial ecosystem, World J Gastroenterol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar to the Western diet, high-fat diets in animal studies reproducibly change gut microbial community structure, decreasing the overall microbiota diversity and beneficial bacteria (e.g., A. muciniphila, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus) and increasing the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and the abundance of Enterobacteriales, Clostridium cluster XVIa, Mollicutes, and B. wadswort”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Western diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Hildebrandt, 2009, High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity, Gastroenterology source
- Not checked yetcites [91] Bisanz, 2019, Meta-analysis reveals reproducible gut microbiome alterations in response to a high-fat diet, Cell Host Microbe source
- Not checked yetcites [206] Turnbaugh, 2009, The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: a metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice, Sci Transl Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Greater microbial diversity as well as higher abundance of health-promoting bacterial taxa (i.e., Clostridium cluster XIVa, F. prausnitzii, Roseburia, Eubacterium, B. thetaiotaomicron, Parabacteroides distasonis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Bifidobacterium longum) have been associated with consumption of the Mediterranean diet (38)(39)(40).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Mediterranean diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Jin, 2019, Metabolomics and microbiomes as potential tools to evaluate the effects of the Mediterranean diet, Nutrients source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Gutierrez-Diaz, 2016, Mediterranean diet and faecal microbiota: a transversal study, Food Funct source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Meslier, 2020, Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake, Gut source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These food components are detrimental to the microbiota and some studies have described consequences of ultraprocessed food consumption for gut microbial composition (208).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Western diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [208] Lane, 2020, The effect of ultra-processed very low-energy diets on gut microbiota and metabolic outcomes in individuals with obesity: a systematic literature review, Obes Res Clin Pract source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the other hand, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were more abundant in Italian children, with an overrepresentation of Enterobacteriaceae (e.g., Shigella and Escherichia).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Plant-based diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] De Filippo, 2010, Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More recently, a small pilot crossover study in humans showed a detrimental impact on the gut microbiota and associated metabolites within 4 d of adopting a Westernstyle diet, with increases in bile-tolerant microbes, including Collinsella, Parabacteroides, and B. wadsworthia, as well as increases in TMAO and decreases in the metabolites indole-3-lactic acid and indole-3-propionic acid (205).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Western diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [205] Zhu, 2020, Human gut microbiome composition and tryptophan metabolites were changed differently by fast food and Mediterranean diet in four days: a pilot study, Nutr Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, characteristic patterns in the gut microbiota for these types of diets include high bacterial richness, increased numbers of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Eubacterium rectale, Roseburia, Prevotella, F. prausnitzii, and Anaerostipes, but lower abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto, C. perfringens, C. histolyticum, and Odoribacter (42,(45)(46)(47)(48)(49).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Plant-based diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Tomova, 2019, The effects of vegetarian and vegan diets on gut microbiota, Front Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Liszt, 2009, Characterization of bacteria, clostridia and Bacteroides in faeces of vegetarians using qPCR and PCR-DGGE fingerprinting, Ann Nutr Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Losasso, 2018, Assessing the influence of vegan, vegetarian and omnivore oriented westernized dietary styles on human gut microbiota: a cross sectional study, Front Microbiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, members of the Lachnospiraceae family (related to Clostridium clostridioforme, C. bolteae, C. celerecrescens, or C. sphenoides), Ruminococcus, and Bacteroides were negatively associated with processed food groups (e.g., processed meat and savory snacks), whereas Lachnospiraceae (Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans), Blautia, and Clostridium were positively associated with processed food”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Western diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [210] Matsuyama, 2019, Dietary intake influences gut microbiota development of healthy Australian children from the age of one to two years, Sci Rep source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Long-term consumption of a Western diet in humans and animals can lead to the extinction of beneficial microbes, decrease bacterial diversity, and drive the microbiota to a predominant Bacteroides-driven enterotype (13,14,116,88).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Western diet.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Sonnenburg, 2016, Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Vangay, 2018, US immigration westernizes the human gut microbiome, Cell source
- Not checked yetcites [116] Precup, 2019, Gut Prevotella as a possible biomarker of diet and its eubiotic versus dysbiotic roles: a comprehensive literature review, Br J Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the specific microbial composition depends on the degree of adherence to a plant-based diet, generally favorable microbial patterns have been observed.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Plant-based diets.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More specifically, these children had a microbial profile specialized for indigestible polysaccharide metabolism, enriched in Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, with Prevotella, Xylanibacter, and Treponema exclusively represented in their microbiota compared with children from Italy.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Plant-based diets.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] De Filippo, 2010, Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“During the prenatal period, maternal factors, including diet, not only influence the offspring's microbial profile but may also exert lasting effects on infant cognition and behavior.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Animal studies have demonstrated that administration of probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus plantarum, L. rhamnosus, B. longum) can have anxiolytic and antidepressive effects (222, 223) and can impact aspects of cognitive function (224).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Impact of Microbiota on the Brain and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] Abildgaard, 2017, Probiotic treatment reduces depressive-like behaviour in rats independently of diet, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
- Not checked yetcites [223] Barros-Santos, 2020, Effects of chronic treatment with new strains of Lactobacillus plantarum on cognitive, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in male mice, PLoS One source
- Not checked yetcites [224] Ni, 2019, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium improves physiological function and cognitive ability in aged mice by the regulation of gut microbiota, Mol Nutr Food Res source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Establishing direct links between the gut microbiota and brain function in humans is more difficult and of correlational nature.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Impact of Microbiota on the Brain and Behavior
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Especially in the first years of life the microbial community is dynamic and some bacteria that become part of the adult microbiota already colonize the gut during the first months of life (230-232).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Diet Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis at the Extremes of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230] Bergstrom, 2014, Establishment of intestinal microbiota during early life: a longitudinal, explorative study of a large cohort of Danish infants, Appl Environ Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [231] Jost, 2015, Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota establishment and gut health, Nutr Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [232] Hill, 2017, Evolution of gut microbiota composition from birth to 24 weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort, Microbiome source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Likewise, in nonhuman primates, an unhealthy diet during pregnancy has been linked to poorer cognitive outcomes, enhanced stress responses, and behavioral disruptions in the offspring (242),”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [242] Sullivan, 2014, Maternal high fat diet consumption during the perinatal period programs offspring behavior, Physiol Behav source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the other hand, another recent meta-analysis and systematic review concluded that the current evidence from human trials does not support the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and fermented food in affecting cognitive function, although the quality and quantity of the available data limit firm conclusions (229);”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Impact of Microbiota on the Brain and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [229] Marx, 2020, Prebiotics, probiotics, fermented foods and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“for example, there is lack of studies investigating the same strain of probiotic or type of prebiotic, and probiotic-and prebiotic-specific effects are often observed.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Impact of Microbiota on the Brain and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [229] Marx, 2020, Prebiotics, probiotics, fermented foods and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) can be fermented by the resident microbes, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria (260).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260] Bode, 2012, Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama, Glycobiology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In human studies, early introduction of solid food was associated with a higher risk of obesity (274, 275) or immunological diseases (276).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Pluymen, 2018, Early introduction of complementary foods and childhood overweight in breastfed and formula-fed infants in the Netherlands: the PIAMA birth cohort study, Eur J Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [275] Differding, 2020, Potential interaction between timing of infant complementary feeding and breastfeeding duration in determination of early childhood gut microbiota composition and BMI, Pediatr Obes source
- Not checked yetcites [276] Nwaru, 2013, Timing of infant feeding in relation to childhood asthma and allergic diseases, J Allergy Clin Immunol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At birth, neonates are exposed to the first large number of microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and differences in the microbiota composition based on birth mode have been reported.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Following birth, colonization of the infant gut is majorly determined by the early feeding mode, with distinguishable microbial compositions between breast-and formula-fed infants (254, 255).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [254] Ku, 2020, Microbiome study of initial gut microbiota from newborn infants to children reveals that diet determines its compositional development, J Microbiol Biotechnol source
- Not checked yetcites [255] Matsuyama, 2019, Breastfeeding: a key modulator of gut microbiota characteristics in late infancy, J Dev Orig Health Dis source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, naturally born infants are exposed to the mother's vaginal bacteria, whereas babies born by C-section are first introduced to bacteria of the mother's skin, the hospital environment, or the healthcare workers (237).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [237] Dominguez-Bello, 2010, Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Animal studies have shown that this early exposure to microbes is essential for neurodevelopment and that some behavioral effects related to a missing or altered microbiota cannot be reversed later in life or can only be reversed during a specific period of time (218, 245, 252).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [218] Sudo, 2004, Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice, J Physiol source
- Not checked yetcites [245] Buffington, 2016, Microbial reconstitution reverses maternal diet-induced social and synaptic deficits in offspring, Cell source
- Not checked yetcites [252] Clarke, 2013, The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner, Mol Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Supplementation with oligosaccharides from birth in a mouse model modulated the microbiota composition and diversity, increased saccharolytic and decreased proteolytic fermentation while also resulting in improved social and anxiety-like behavior (268),”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268] Szklany, 2020, Supplementation of dietary non-digestible oligosaccharides from birth onwards improve social and reduce anxiety-like behaviour in male BALB/c mice, Nutr Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“however, some of these microbial and behavioral alterations could be reversed by supplementation with a prebiotic mixture (galactooligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide), suggesting that microbiota-targeted diet interventions could be used to alleviate some of the negative effects associated with Csection (251).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [251] Morais, 2020, Enduring behavioral effects induced by birth by caesarean section in the mouse, Curr Biol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Human milk harbors a unique microbial community, including commensal, mutualistic, and probiotic bacteria, some of which can be found as first colonizers of the neonatal gut (258, 259).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [258] Cabrera-Rubio, 2012, The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [259] Solis, 2010, Establishment and development of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria microbiota in breast-milk and the infant gut, Anaerobe source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although these differences can dissipate a few weeks or months after birth (248), it has been suggested that some microbes acquired during the first years of life will be important residents of the adult microbiota (249).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Prenatal period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [248] Chu, 2017, Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery, Nat Med source
- Not checked yetcites [249] Litvak, 2019, The founder hypothesis: a basis for microbiota resistance, diversity in taxa carriage, and colonization resistance against pathogens, PLoS Pathog source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Due to the known profound effects of the microbiota on host development, accelerated maturation of the gut microbiota has been proposed as a contributing pathway to the detrimental effects of early weaning on host processes (275).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [275] Differding, 2020, Potential interaction between timing of infant complementary feeding and breastfeeding duration in determination of early childhood gut microbiota composition and BMI, Pediatr Obes source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These associations are observed across the age range, including in early adolescence, which represents the primary age of onset for mental disorders (292, 310).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Using Whole-Diet Approaches to Manipulate the Gut Microbiota and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [292] Jacka, 2010, Associations between diet quality and depressed mood in adolescents: results from the Australian Healthy Neighbourhoods Study, Aust N Z J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [310] Jacka, 2011, A prospective study of diet quality and mental health in adolescents, PLoS One source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescence is also a critical time period for neuroanatomical change and maturation, which translates into behavioral development, including cognitive function, social cognition, and executive function (285, 286).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Childhood and adolescence period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [285] Blakemore, 2006, Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [286] Burnett, 2011, The social brain in adolescence: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a mouse model of adolescence, exposure to a cafeteria diet for 21 d resulted in decreased species evenness (measured by the Shannon diversity index) and abundance of Roseburia, Turicibacter, and Enterorhabdus, and, although no behavioral manifestations were observed, altered gene expression involved in neuroimmunity and neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala (294).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Childhood and adolescence period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [294] Fulling, 2020, Adolescent dietary manipulations differentially affect gut microbiota composition and amygdala neuroimmune gene expression in male mice in adulthood, Brain Behav Immun source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unhealthy eating or dieting with failure to meet recommended intake of fruits and vegetables and excess intake of fat or high-sugar foods and drinks can be characteristic of the adolescent period (288-290).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Childhood and adolescence period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [288] Larson, 2007, Trends in adolescent fruit and vegetable consumption, 1999-2004: project EAT, Am J Prev Med source
- Not checked yetcites [289] Moreno, 2010, Trends of dietary habits in adolescents, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [290] Schneider, 2000, International trends in adolescent nutrition, Soc Sci Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, animal studies demonstrated that early exposure to some dietary components shifted the microbiota composition, which could favor systemic inflammation and influence the brain, such as altering blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability (277).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Infancy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [277] Marungruang, 2018, Impact of dietary induced precocious gut maturation on cecal microbiota and its relation to the blood-brain barrier during the postnatal period in rats, Neurogastroenterol Motil source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, microbial diversity decreases and numbers of beneficial bacteria (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, Clostridium cluster XIVa, F. prausnitzii) reduce, whereas facultative anaerobes and opportunists or even proinflammatory pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia spp., Enterobacteriaceae spp., Bacteroides spp., C. difficile, etc.) increase when compared with younger individuals (235, 295, 296).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Elderly
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] Nagpal, 2018, Gut microbiome and aging: physiological and mechanistic insights, Nutr Healthy Aging source
- Not checked yetcites [295] Salazar, 2017, Nutrition and the gut microbiome in the elderly, Gut Microbes source
- Not checked yetcites [296] Askarova, 2020, The links between the gut microbiome, aging, modern lifestyle and Alzheimer's disease, Front Cell Infect Microbiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While the effects of probiotics and prebiotics on the microbiota and mood or cognition have been more widely studied (12), investigations into whole-food and diet approaches are scarce.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Using Whole-Diet Approaches to Manipulate the Gut Microbiota and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Long-Smith, 2020, Microbiota-gut-brain axis: new therapeutic opportunities, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, poor dietary habits (such as the Westernstyle diet), intake of low-quality, processed, or high-fat/sugar foods and malnutrition (over-and undernutrition) can be related to poorer mental health (305, 306), impaired cognitive function (298), and increased risk of developing anxiety (307), depression (292, 308, 309), or other mental illnesses.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Using Whole-Diet Approaches to Manipulate the Gut Microbiota and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] O'Neil, 2014, Relationship between diet and mental health in children and adolescents: a systematic review, Am J Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [306] Lai, 2014, A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [298] Sarris, 2015, Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry, Lancet Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While some evidence from preclinical studies shows the triangular relation between diet, microbiota, and brain/behavior, similar studies in human populations are lacking and most clinical studies investigating the effect of diet on anxiety, depression or cognition did not explore microbiota compositional changes (199, 311, 312).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Using Whole-Diet Approaches to Manipulate the Gut Microbiota and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [199] Jacka, 2017, A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the 'SMILES' trial), BMC Med source
- Not checked yetcites [311] Parletta, 2019, A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: a randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED), Nutr Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [312] Martinez-Lapiscina, 2013, Mediterranean diet improves cognition: the PREDIMED-NAVARRA randomised trial, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extended maturations can pose an additional sensitive period for microbial priming of the maturing adolescent brain and provide opportunities to improve adolescent mental wellbeing (219, 287).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Childhood and adolescence period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [219] Cowan, 2020, Annual Research Review: Critical windows – the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurocognitive development, J Child Psychol Psychiatr source
- Not checked yetcites [287] Neufeld, 2016, What’s bugging your teen?—The microbiota and adolescent mental health, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Transfer of fecal samples from undernourished children to GF mice elicited metabolic and immune dysregulations in the mouse model similar to those observed in the human host, suggesting that the manifestations of malnutrition could in part be attributed to the absence of certain beneficial microbes (280).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Childhood and adolescence period
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [280] Smith, 2013, Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor, Science source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the Mediterranean diet is the dietary pattern most studied in regard to health outcomes, including mental health (201), traditional dietary patterns from many parts of the world (e.g., the Norwegian and Japanese diets) also show protective associations (302, 303) and are correlated with reduced risk of developing depression or Alzheimer's disease as well as a general slowing of cognitive”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Using Whole-Diet Approaches to Manipulate the Gut Microbiota and Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [302] Munoz, 2008, Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with better mental and physical health, Br J Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [303] Opie, 2017, Dietary recommendations for the prevention of depression, Nutr Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [201] Psaltopoulou, 2013, Mediterranean diet, stroke, cognitive impairment, and depression: a meta-analysis, Ann Neurol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the existing literature, a clear interaction between diet and the microbiota-brain communication across the lifespan emerges.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Elderly
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, SCFAs can stimulate neurotrophic factors [nerve growth factor, BDNF, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (352)] or neurotransmitter synthesis [glutamate, glutamine, and GABA (353)], thus regulating the growth, survival, differentiation, and excitability of neurons and synapses in the CNS (352) and playing an important part in learning, memory, stress, and mood.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [352] Moris, 2003, Neurotrophic factors: basis for their clinical application, Neurologia
- Not checked yetcites [353] Frost, 2014, The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism, Nat Commun source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, the microbiota composition was rescued prior to cognitive changes and the positive effects of β-glucan were eliminated with antibiotic treatment (321), suggesting a potential causal relation between diet-induced microbial alterations and cognitive function.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [321] Shi, 2020, β-Glucan attenuates cognitive impairment via the gut-brain axis in diet-induced obese mice, Microbiome source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the NU-AGE cohort, Mediterranean diet-induced increases in microbial taxa were associated with improved cognition and reduced risk of frailty and inflammation in elderly individuals who followed a customized Mediterranean diet for 12 mo (300).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [300] Ghosh, 2020, Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: the NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries, Gut source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among the interventional studies using whole-dietary approaches published to date, only one included healthy adults as volunteers, and reported improved nutritional behaviors and intrapersonal emotional competence following a diet rich in inulin-type fructans (331).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [331] Hiel, 2019, Effects of a diet based on inulin-rich vegetables on gut health and nutritional behavior in healthy humans, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While there is existing evidence from clinical interventions showing improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms following dietary manipulation (199, 311, 326), these studies have not, to date, collected gut microbiota data.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [199] Jacka, 2017, A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the 'SMILES' trial), BMC Med source
- Not checked yetcites [311] Parletta, 2019, A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: a randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED), Nutr Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [326] Francis, 2019, A brief diet intervention can reduce symptoms of depression in young adults—a randomised controlled trial, PLoS One source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Likewise, even short-term diet exposure (2 wk) shifted the microbiota composition in a way that was associated with inflammationrelated pathways and memory deficits (325), indicating rapid effects on microbiota and brain function.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [325] Beilharz, 2016, The effect of short-term exposure to energy-matched diets enriched in fat or sugar on memory, gut microbiota and markers of brain inflammation and plasticity, Brain Behav Immun source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In juvenile rats, positive correlations between a diet-linked increase in Lactobacillus and mRNA expression of neuronal activation and serotonin (5-HT) receptors were described (316), suggesting that effects of diet on brain chemistry are mediated by certain microbes.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [316] Mika, 2018, Feeding the developing brain: juvenile rats fed diet rich in prebiotics and bioactive milk fractions exhibit reduced anxiety-related behavior and modified gene expression in emotion circuits, Neurosci Lett source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a pilot study with 47 healthy young medical students, consumption of a fermented milk drink containing L. casei strain Shirota was able to reduce physical symptoms of stress such as abdominal pain or cold symptoms, prevented the increase in salivary cortisol observed in the placebo group, and could potentially normalize stress-induced aberration in tryptophan metabolism and improve 5-HT”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [344] Kato-Kataoka, 2016, Fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota prevents the onset of physical symptoms in medical students under academic examination stress, Benef Microbes source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, B. longum 1417 modulated resting neural activity as well as neural responses to social stress, while supplementation with β-galactooligosaccharide reduced the salivary cortisol awakening response, a biochemical measure of stress, and improved emotional information processing (329), and an oligofructose-enriched inulin improved memory and mood in healthy volunteers (330).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [329] Schmidt, 2015, Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers, Psychopharmacology (Berl) source
- Not checked yetcites [330] Smith, 2015, An investigation of the acute effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on subjective wellbeing, mood and cognitive performance, Nutrients source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, prior treatment with a probiotic (VSL#3, containing 3 strains of bifidobacteria, 4 strains of lactobacilli, and 1 strain of Streptococcus) was able to prevent dietinduced cognitive deficits in the hippocampal-dependent place recognition task and rescue specific bacterial taxa that were decreased by exposure to a cafeteria diet (317).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [317] Beilharz, 2018, Cafeteria diet and probiotic therapy: cross talk among memory, neuroplasticity, serotonin receptors and gut microbiota in the rat, Mol Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Likewise, strong associations between increased behavioral reactivity and a microbial profile elicited by a high-starch diet, as well as more settled behaviors associated with microbes promoted by a highfiber diet, were observed in horses (323).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [323] Bulmer, 2019, High-starch diets alter equine faecal microbiota and increase behavioural reactivity, Sci Rep source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, SCFAs, specifically butyrate, were also shown to enhance BBB integrity by increasing occludin expression (355, 356), thereby protecting the brain from potential neurotoxic factors.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [355] Li, 2016, Sodium butyrate exerts neuroprotective effects by restoring the blood-brain barrier in traumatic brain injury mice, Brain Res source
- Not checked yetcites [356] Sun, 2016, Antidepressant-like effects of sodium butyrate and its possible mechanisms of action in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress, Neurosci Lett source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recently, the administration of microbial metabolites that were found to be differentially increased after intermittent fasting resulted in improved cognitive function, partially supporting a causal role for microbial metabolites in improving cognition in animals (320).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [320] Liu, 2020, Gut microbiota mediates intermittent-fasting alleviation of diabetes-induced cognitive impairment, Nat Commun source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an animal model, administration of SCFAs reduced behavioral deficits (depressive-like behavior), stress responsiveness and intestinal permeability associated with psychosocial stress (354)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [354] van de Wouw, 2018, Short-chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites that alleviate stress-induced brain–gut axis alterations, J Physiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In another recent animal study, supplementation with the prebiotic β-glucan abrogated microbiota alterations and cognitive impairment as well as microglia activation and neuroinflammation induced by a high-fat, fiber-deficient diet (321).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from preclinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [321] Shi, 2020, β-Glucan attenuates cognitive impairment via the gut-brain axis in diet-induced obese mice, Microbiome source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an obese population, a nutrition education program focusing on the gut microbiota (increase in fiber-containing and fermented foods) resulted in a decrease in the depression score and an increase in selfrated health, as well as an increase in α-diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria such as B. bifidum and S. thermophilus (332).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [332] Uemura, 2019, Obesity and mental health improvement following nutritional education focusing on gut microbiota composition in Japanese women: a randomised controlled trial, Eur J Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kynurenine can cross the BBB and be further metabolized to neuroactive glutamatergic products, such as kynurenic and quinolinic acid.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While a direct effect of intestinally produced 5-HT on the brain is unlikely as it cannot penetrate the BBB, stimulation of vagal afferents and regulation of the immune responses could be potential signaling pathways (388, 389).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, the production of 5-HT can affect peripheral tryptophan availability and, thus, indirectly affect brain 5-HT levels, suggesting that peripheral alterations in 5-HT can affect the central 5-HT signaling system (390, 391).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [390] Muller, 2016, The serotonin system in autism spectrum disorder: from biomarker to animal models, Neuroscience source
- Not checked yetcites [391] Elliott, 2019, Role of tryptophan in microbiota-induced depressive-like behavior: evidence from tryptophan depletion study, Front Behav Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“BCFAs could be especially important microbial messengers in scenarios of high-protein, low-complex carbohydrate (i.e., dietary fiber) consumption, as studies have shown that consumption of these diets can increase the microbial production of BCFAs (121, 380, 381).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Russell, 2011, High-protein, reduced-carbohydrate weight-loss diets promote metabolite profiles likely to be detrimental to colonic health, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [380] Aguirre, 2016, Diet drives quick changes in the metabolic activity and composition of human gut microbiota in a validated in vitro gut model, Res Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [381] Hald, 2016, Effects of arabinoxylan and resistant starch on intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomised crossover study, PLoS One source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SCFAs also activate vagal afferents in the gastrointestinal tract (364), transducing electric signals to modulate neurotransmitter levels in the brain and brain function.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [364] Lal, 2001, Vagal afferent responses to fatty acids of different chain length in the rat, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These metabolites serve as important bioactive messengers in the microbiota-brain communication and can be modulated by dietary intake, specifically protein.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As an antagonist to the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, kynurenic acid is usually neuroprotective, whereas quinolinic acid acts as an agonist to the NMDA receptor and exerts neurotoxic effects (393).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [393] Stone, 2001, Kynurenic acid antagonists and kynurenine pathway inhibitors, Expert Opin Investig Drugs source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The effect of SCFAs on inflammation can be mediated by improvement of the intestinal barrier (361), thereby potentially preventing immune molecules and bacterial LPS translocating into the periphery and thus reducing systemic inflammation and ultimately neuroinflammation (362).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [361] Bach Knudsen, 2018, Impact of diet-modulated butyrate production on intestinal barrier function and inflammation, Nutrients source
- Not checked yetcites [362] Leigh, 2020, Diet, inflammation and the gut microbiome: mechanisms for obesity-associated cognitive impairment, Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Microbial proteolytic activity not only influences the availability of amino acids to the host (375), but also results in the production of bioactive metabolites [e.g., neurotransmitters, BCFAs, amines, phenols, and indoles (376)].”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375] Metges, 2000, Contribution of microbial amino acids to amino acid homeostasis of the host, J Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [376] Macfarlane, 1992, Estimation of short-chain fatty acid production from protein by human intestinal bacteria based on branched-chain fatty acid measurements, FEMS Microbiol Ecol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“HDACs have been implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders [e.g., depression and schizophrenia (358)] and HDAC inhibitors could be potential cognitive enhancers in anxiety-and fear-related disorders (359).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > SCFAs.
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lastly, a large research focus has also been placed on the microbial production of trimethylamine (TMA) from dietary choline.Once absorbed, TMA is converted to TMAO, which has been implicated in various chronic diseases, especially those related to the circulatory system [e.g., stroke (386)].”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Metabolites from protein degradation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [386] Farhangi, 2020, Gut microbiota-associated metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and the risk of stroke: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis, Nutr J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Microbially derived secondary bile acids are hypothesized to be interkingdom signaling molecules due to their ability to influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota as well as host physiology (407, 408).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Bile acids.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [407] Ridlon, 2015, The human gut sterolbiome: bile acid-microbiome endocrine aspects and therapeutics, Acta Pharm Sin B source
- Not checked yetcites [408] Joyce, 2016, Bile acid modifications at the microbe-host interface: potential for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical interventions in host health, Annu Rev Food Sci Technol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, bioavailability and some biological activity might also be dependent on conversion by the gut microbiota (413), which is the case in the interaction between polyphenols, microbiota, and associated beneficial effects (507).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [413] Pasinetti, 2018, The role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism of polyphenols as characterized by gnotobiotic mice, J Alzheimers Dis source
- Not checked yetcites [507] Espin, 2017, The gut microbiota: a key factor in the therapeutic effects of (poly)phenols, Biochem Pharmacol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some reports suggest that bile acids can cross the BBB, whereas other bile acid conjugates have been shown to signal directly to the brain as neuroactive ligands, either by binding to farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) present in the CNS or indirectly by binding these receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and initiating a signaling cascade (411).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Bile acids.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [411] Mertens, 2017, Bile acid signaling pathways from the enterohepatic circulation to the central nervous system, Front Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In rats, bile acids were also demonstrated to increase permeability of the BBB (412), which could increase the flow of other neuroactive metabolites or neurotoxins into the brain and affect brain function and behavior.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Bile acids.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [412] Quinn, 2014, Bile acids permeabilize the blood brain barrier after bile duct ligation in rats via Rac1-dependent mechanisms, Dig Liver Dis source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, ferulic acid, a phenolic compound found in plant stems and various herbs, is broken down by the esterase activity of Lactobacillus spp.into 4-vinylguaiacol and hydroferulic acid (414) and further converted into caffeic and vanillic acids.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Other metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [414] Knockaert, 2012, Carrot β-carotene degradation and isomerization kinetics during thermal processing in the presence of oil, J Agric Food Chem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An increase in indole-3-lactic acid and indole-3-propionic acid, which have been shown to confer beneficial effects on neuronal cells, was observed after the Mediterranean diet, but these metabolites were decreased after the fast-food diet.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, indoles increase the expression of inflammation-associated genes by binding to certain receptors (e.g., aryl hydrocarbon receptor) and can bind to 5-HT receptors to impact behavior and gut motility (405).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Tryptophan metabolites.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [405] Tomberlin, 2017, Indole: an evolutionarily conserved influencer of behavior across kingdoms, Bioessays source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, an individual response to fiber could depend on the initial target bacterial levels and those individuals with the lowest fiber intakes and a limited microbial richness at baseline potentially might have the most to gain from increasing fiber intake and exhibit greater microbiota changes (505).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [505] Jefferson, 2019, The effects of intact cereal grain fibers, including wheat bran on the gut microbiota composition of healthy adults: a systematic review, Front Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, abnormal bile acid metabolism was described in neurological diseases, suggesting a role for the transformation of bile acids by gut microbiota as a factor in Alzheimer's disease development/progression and cognitive decline (409, 410).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Bile acids.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [409] MahmoudianDehkordi, 2019, Altered bile acid profile associates with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease—an emerging role for gut microbiome, Alzheimers Dement source
- Not checked yetcites [410] Bhargava, 2014, Gut microbiome and multiple sclerosis, Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, a relatively stable microbiota might benefit from a stable diet, whereas an unstable microbiota could mean a flexible response to dietary intervention and constant re-evaluation of the optimal diet (506).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [506] Hughes, 2019, The role of the gut microbiome in predicting response to diet and the development of precision nutrition models. Part II: results, Adv Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a human intervention study, network complexity analysis revealed that in nonresponders the negative interactions between microbial species increased after the intervention, meaning that more species competed for the same substrate, whereas in responders the positive interactions between species and the complexity of interactions increased after the intervention (70).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Responders and Nonresponders to Dietary Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Kovatcheva-Datchary, 2015, Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of Prevotella, Cell Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, although there is some evidence for the use of probiotics as supplements, manipulating the microbiota through diet might be more feasible in the longer term and an economically cheaper solution than probiotic supplementation.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The authors not only showed that GF status or antibiotic treatment abolished the antiseizure effect of the ketogenic diet, but fecal transplant of a microbiota induced by the ketogenic diet also elicited seizure protection.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [341] Olson, 2018, The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet, Cell source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the evidence from intervention studies in humans is limited, the existing data consistently support increasing the intake and variety of plant foods and reducing or eliminating ultraprocessed foods.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thereby, the missing microbes do not necessarily have to be supplied by probiotic supplements, but could be consumed through food products containing beneficial bacteria, such as fermented foods.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, dietary studies in animal models may not always be translatable to human populations as animal diet formulations used in the studies often provide doses that are outside of the daily intake in human populations, so that the translational capacity of these studies should be considered.”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from animal models of diet-microbiota-gut-brain interactions are informative about human biology.
“Animal studies investigating the potential of nutritional interventions on the microbiota-gut-brain axis have led to advancements in our understanding of the role of diet in this bidirectional communication.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Chemical properties of different fibers determine the location of metabolism within the gastrointestinal tract, leading to specific microbial changes in response to their ingestion.
“More specifically, the chemical properties (e.g., polymerization, solubility, and viscosity) of different fibers determine the location of metabolism within the gastrointestinal tract, leading to specific microbial changes in response to their ingestion.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adequate maternal nutrition is key to the development of the growing fetus and nutrient inadequacies are established causes for neurological abnormalities.
“Adequate maternal nutrition is key to the development of the growing fetus and nutrient inadequacies are established causes for neurological abnormalities (e.g., low folate intake and neural tube defect).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Microbiota underdevelopment due to inadequate nutrition can have overarching consequences.
“Microbiota underdevelopment due to inadequate nutrition can have overarching consequences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of research studies investigating factors that predict the effect of diet interventions on cognitive outcomes.
“While advances in predicting an individual's response to a diet intervention have been made, there is a lack of research studies investigating factors that predict the effect on cognitive outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no clear consensus yet as to how dietary patterns direct host responses.
“Extensive characterization of baseline dietary habits will also be crucial, as there is no clear consensus yet as to how dietary patterns direct host responses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Dietary fiber is fermented by the gut microbiota, supporting the growth and activity of SCFA-producing bacteria and increasing the production of SCFAs.
“Inaccessible to the host, dietary fiber is fermented by the gut microbiota, supporting the growth and activity of SCFAproducing bacteria and increasing the production of SCFAs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SCFAs can directly or indirectly signal to the brain, influencing brain physiology and behavior.
“In turn, SCFAs can directly or indirectly signal to the brain, influencing brain physiology and behavior.”
The paper relies on this without support.
ω-3 fatty acids or polyphenols are potent modulators of brain physiology and can be neuroprotective.
“On its own, these nutrients are potent modulators of brain physiology and can be neuroprotective.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Microbial extinction is partly attributed to unhealthy eating patterns, such as increased consumption of processed and fried food and low fiber intake.
“Given the increasing knowledge that microbial extinction is partly attributed to unhealthy eating patterns, such as increased consumption of processed and fried food and low fiber intake, it may be that future nutritional interventions will combine dietary approaches with specifically designed probiotics in order for the dietary intervention to be effective.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There has been little human research investigating the diet-microbiota-brain interaction thus far.
“While preclinical studies have begun to elucidate the diet-microbiota-brain interaction, there has been little human research investigating this intricate relation thus far.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Dietary factors that increase the relative abundance of these anti-inflammatory and other health-promoting bacteria include prebiotics such as oligosaccharides and polyphenols some of which have prebiotic-like effects [42].”
From Role of diet and its effects on the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Is Microbiota Modulating the Effect of Diet on Brain and Behavior?
“as a moderator, the effect of the diet on the host response is not dependent on the microbiota, but the microbiota could strengthen the relation (Figure 3).”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
“(A) In the moderating relation, diet could strengthen or weaken the microbiota-brain interaction”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Evidence from human trials
“microbial changes after consumption of a modified Mediterranean diet correlated with improved biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in the cerebrospinal fluid (333)”
§ Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health > Conclusions and Future Directions
“Changes in AD biomarkers | postintervention were not | reported”
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Park, J. M., Shin, J. M., Lee, D. K., Lee, S., Paik, S. H., & Lee, B. H. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/5879089 · Cited by 199
RetractedDiet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
Hills, A. P., Byrne, N. M., Lindstrom, R. C., & Hill, J. O. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000345030 · Cited by 9,526
Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography
Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F. E., Manary, M. J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Baldassano, R. N., Anokhin, A. P., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11053 · Cited by 7,815
Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome
MetaHIT Consortium (additional members), Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, E., Le Paslier, D., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Fernandes, G. R., Tap, J., Bruls, T., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09944 · Cited by 7,548
Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes
Wu, G. D., Chen, J., Hoffmann, C., Bittinger, K., Chen, Y.-Y., Keilbaugh, S. A., Bewtra, M., Knights, D., Walters, W. A., Knight, R., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208344 · Cited by 6,513
Gibson, G. R., Hutkins, R., Sanders, M. E., Prescott, S. L., Reimer, R. A., Salminen, S. J., Scott, K., Stanton, C., Swanson, K. S., Cani, P. D., et al. (2017) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75 · Cited by 5,634
Self-citationDe Filippo, C., Cavalieri, D., Di Paola, M., Ramazzotti, M., Poullet, J. B., Massart, S., Collini, S., Pieraccini, G., & Lionetti, P. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005963107 · Cited by 5,579
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286
Self-citationDominguez-Bello, M. G., Costello, E. K., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Fierer, N., & Knight, R. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1002601107 · Cited by 4,774
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Salonen, 2014, Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men, ISME J, 8, 2218, 10.1038/ismej.2014.63 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Marx, W., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Solmi, M., Furukawa, T. A., Firth, J., Carvalho, A. F., & Berk, M. (2023) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-023-00454-1 · Cited by 910
Self-citationMcGuinness, A. J., Davis, J. A., Dawson, S. L., Loughman, A., Collier, F., O’Hely, M., Simpson, C. A., Green, J., Marx, W., Hair, C., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01456-3 · Cited by 502
Self-citationGut liver brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions
Yan, M., Man, S., Sun, B., Ma, L., Guo, L., Huang, L., & Gao, W. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01673-4 · Cited by 314
Feeding gut microbes to nourish the brain: unravelling the diet–microbiota–gut–brain axis
Schneider, E., O’Riordan, K. J., Clarke, G. A., & Cryan, J. F. (2024) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-024-01108-6 · Cited by 317
Self-citationRole of diet and its effects on the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental disorders
Horn, J., Mayer, D. E., Chen, S., & Mayer, E. A. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01922-0 · Cited by 193
Metadata
- Authors
- Berding, K., Vlckova, K., Marx, W., Schellekens, H., Stanton, C., Clarke, G., Jacka, F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F.
- Affiliations
- APC Microbiome Institute (IE)
- Barwon Health (AU)
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- University College Cork (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Cryan, John F
- ORCID
- Venue
- Advances in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1239-1285
- ISSN
- 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-8313
- PMC
- PMC8321864
- OpenAlex
- W3135540293
- Semantic Scholar
- db109b4969b0b2de7340698f449b604779d91d52
- Cited by
- 451
- References
- 531
- Citations by year
- 2026: 130 · 2025: 120 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 2.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- T-Stór (Teagasc) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- APC Microbiome Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (12/RC/2273 P2)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, microbiota-gut-brain axis, diet, mental health, microbial metabolites, immune pathways, neural pathways, metabolic pathways, dietary intervention, brain health
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Brain, Diet, Humans, Mental Health, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
