Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2017

In the paper

“Prospective surveys on cardiovascular events have revealed that a high CAVI value is associated with a high frequency of cardiovascular events30).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] 30) Sato Y, Nagayama D, Saiki A, Watanabe R, Watanabe Y, Imamura H, Yamaguchi T, Ban N, Kawana H, Nagumo A, Ohira M, Endo K, Kurosu T, Tomaru T, Shirai K, Tatsuno I. Cardio-ankle vascular index is independently associated with future cardiovascular events in outpatients with metabolic disorders. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2016; 23: 596-605 source

In the paper

“The CAVI increases with age28), and patients with cerebral infarction, CVD29), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and vasculitis have high CAVI values.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] 29) Takenaka T, Hoshi H, Kato N, Kobayashi K, Takane H, Shoda J, Suzuki H. Cardio-ankle vascular index to screen cardiovascular diseases in patients with end-stage renal diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2008; 15: 339-344 source

In the paper

“The CAVI increases with age28), and patients with cerebral infarction, CVD29), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and vasculitis have high CAVI values.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] 28) Shirai K, Hiruta N, Song M, Kurosu T, Suzuki J, Tomaru T, Miyashita Y, Saiki A, Takahashi M, Suzuki K, Takata M. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) as a novel indicator of arterial stiffness: Theory, evidence and perspectives. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2011; 18: 924-938 source

In the paper

“reports of other countries have revealed that adding the result of IMT measurement does not increase the ability of risk prediction by the Framingham Risk Score33).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [33] 33) Den Ruijter HM, Peters SA, Anderson TJ, Britton AR, Dekker JM, Eijkemans MJ, Engstrom G, Evans GW, de Graaf J, Grobbee DE, Hedblad B, Hofman A, Holewijn S, Ikeda A, Kavousi M, Kitagawa K, Kitamura A, Koffijberg H, Lonn EM, Lorenz MW, Mathiesen EB, Nijpels G, Okazaki S, O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Price JF, Robertson C, Rembold CM, Rosvall M, Rundek T, Salonen JT, Sitzer M, Stehouwer CD, Witteman JC, Moons KG, Bots ML. Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements in cardiovascular risk prediction: A metaanalysis. JAMA, 2012; 308: 796-803 source

In the paper

“Categorization based on Fig. 2 and that based on Fig. 1 have been verified through simulation and found to be almost consistent.”

In the paper

“a number of cohort studies conducted in Japan have reported an increase in the incidence and mortality rates of CAD following an elevation in TC level48–54).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] 48) Kodama K, Sasaki H, Shimizu Y. Trend of coronary heart disease and its relationship to risk factors in a Japanese population: A 26-year follow-up, Hiroshima/Nagasaki study. Jpn Circ J, 1990; 54: 414-421 source
• Not checked yetcites [49] 49) Konishi M, Iso H, Iida M, Naito Y, Sato S, Komachi Y, Shimamoto T, Doi M, Ito M. Trends for coronary heart disease and its risk factors in Japan: epidemiologic and pathologic studies. Jpn Circ J, 1990; 54: 428-435 source
• Not checked yetcites [50] 50) Okamura T, Tanaka H, Miyamatsu N, Hayakawa T, Kadowaki T, Kita Y, Nakamura Y, Okayama A, Ueshima H. The relationship between serum total cholesterol and all-cause or cause-specific mortality in a 17.3-year study of a Japanese cohort. Atherosclerosis, 2007; 190: 216-223 source
• Not checked yetcites [51] 51) Tanabe N, Iso H, Okada K, Nakamura Y, Harada A, Ohashi Y, Ando T, Ueshima H, Japan Arteriosclerosis L. Serum total and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk prediction of cardiovascular events - the JALS-ECC. Circ J, 2010; 74: 1346-1356 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] 52) Wakugami K, Iseki K, Kimura Y, Okumura K, Ikemiya Y, Muratani H, Fukiyama K. Relationship between serum cholesterol and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in a screened cohort in Okinawa, Japan. Jpn Circ J, 1998; 62: 7-14 source
• Not checked yetcites [53] 53) Kitamura A, Iso H, Naito Y, Iida M, Konishi M, Folsom AR, Sato S, Kiyama M, Nakamura M, Sankai T, Shimamoto T, Komachi Y. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and premature coronary heart disease in urban Japanese men. Circulation, 1994; 89: 2533-2539 source
• Not checked yetcites [54] 54) Sugiyama D, Okamura T, Watanabe M, Higashiyama A, Okuda N, Nakamura Y, Hozawa A, Kita Y, Kadota A, Murakami Y, Miyamatsu N, Ohkubo T, Hayakawa T, Miyamoto Y, Miura K, Okayama A, Ueshima H. Risk of hypercholesterolemia for cardiovascular disease and the population attributable fraction in a 24-year Japanese cohort study. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2015; 22: 95-107 source

In the paper

“An elevated LDL-C level also increased the risk for cerebral thrombosis (except lacunar infarction) among the subtypes of ischemic stroke36).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] 36) Imamura T, Doi Y, Arima H, Yonemoto K, Hata J, Kubo M, Tanizaki Y, Ibayashi S, Iida M, Kiyohara Y. LDL cholesterol and the development of stroke subtypes and coronary heart disease in a general Japanese population: The Hisayama study. Stroke, 2009; 40: 382-388 source

In the paper

“an increased risk because of high TC levels was observed in ischemic stroke, as with in CAD58, 59).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [58] 58) Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Shinohara N, Arima H, Tanaka K, Ibayashi S, Fujishima M. Incidence and risk factors for subtypes of cerebral infarction in a general population: The Hisayama study. Stroke, 2000; 31: 2616-2622 source
• Not checked yetcites [59] 59) Cui R, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Saito I, Kokubo Y, Inoue M, Tsugane S. High serum total cholesterol levels is a risk factor of ischemic stroke for general Japanese population: The JPHC study. Atherosclerosis, 2012; 221: 565-569 source

In the paper

“Elevated TC predicts the CAD incidence and mortality in the future.”

In the paper

“Overlapping risk factors also increase the incidence and mortality rates of CAD in the Japanese45, 46).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [45] 45) Saito I, Iso H, Kokubo Y, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Metabolic syndrome and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective (JPHC) study. Circ J, 2009; 73: 878-884 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] 46) Noda H, Iso H, Saito I, Konishi M, Inoue M, Tsugane S, JPHC Study Group. The impact of the metabolic syndrome and its components on the incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke: The Japan Public Health Center-based study. Hypertens Res, 2009; 32: 289-298 source

In the paper

“Large-scale clinical studies conducted in Japan have also reported similar results41–44), in which it was evident that the occurrence of CAD in the Japanese subjects decreased as a result of treating the hyper-LDL cholesterolemia.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] 41) Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura H, Kitabatake A, Goto Y, Toyota T, Nakaya N, Nishimoto S, Muranaka M, Yamamoto A, Mizuno K, Ohashi Y, MEGA Study Group. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA study): A prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2006; 368: 1155-1163 source
• Not checked yetcites [42] 42) The Kyusyu Lipid Intervention Study Group, Pravastatin use and risk of coronary events and cerebral infarction in Japanese men with moderate hypercholesterolemia: The Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2000; 7: 110-121 source
• Not checked yetcites [43] 43) Ito H, Ouchi Y, Ohashi Y, Saito Y, Ishikawa T, Nakamura H, Orimo H. A comparison of low versus standard dose pravastatin therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular events in the elderly: The Pravastatin Anti-atherosclerosis Trial in the Elderly (PATE). J Atheroscler Thromb, 2001; 8: 33-44 source
• Not checked yetcites [44] 44) Chikamori T, Sugimoto K, Hamada T, Kitaoka H, Furuno T, Seo H, Doi Y. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering treatment in Japanese elderly patients with coronary artery disease and normal cholesterol level using 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor. J Cardiol, 2000; 35: 95-101

In the paper

“Interventions for hypercholesterolemia, including lifestyle modifications, have been clearly shown to significantly suppress CAD events according to the Western studies.”

In the paper

“For hemorrhagic strokes, in contrast with the increase in risk of occurrence at low TC levels55–57)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] 55) Nagasawa SY, Okamura T, Iso H, Tamakoshi A, Yamada M, Watanabe M, Murakami Y, Miura K, Ueshima H. Relation between serum total cholesterol level and cardiovascular disease stratified by sex and age group: A pooled analysis of 65 594 individuals from 10 cohort studies in Japan. J Am Heart Assoc, 2012; 1: e001974 source
• Not checked yetcites [56] 56) Okumura K, Iseki K, Wakugami K, Kimura Y, Muratani H, Ikemiya Y, Fukiyama K. Low serum cholesterol as a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke in men: A community-based mass screening in Okinawa, Japan. Jpn Circ J, 1999; 63: 53-58 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] 57) Cui R, Iso H, Toyoshima H, Date C, Yamamoto A, Kikuchi S, Kondo T, Watanabe Y, Koizumi A, Inaba Y, Tamakoshi A. Serum total cholesterol levels and risk of mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease in Japanese: The JACC study. Atherosclerosis, 2007; 194: 415-420 source

In the paper

“even with the same degree of hypertension, the addition of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia contributes to an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases47).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] 47) Tsukinoki R, Okamura T, Watanabe M, Kokubo Y, Higashiyama A, Nishimura K, Takegami M, Murakami Y, Okayama A, Miyamoto Y. Blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and incidences of coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke in Japanese: The Suita study. Am J Hypertens, 2014; 27: 1362-1369 source

In the paper

“there was a negative relationship between hemorrhagic stroke (primarily intracerebral hemorrhage) and a decrease in hazard ratio in the groups with high LDL-C levels40).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] 40) Noda H, Iso H, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Ohtaka E, Doi M, Izumi Y, Ohta H. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and death due to intraparenchymal hemorrhage: The Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. Circulation, 2009; 119: 2136-2145 source

In the paper

“Regarding stroke, the association between TC and hazard ratio differed because of cerebral infarction and hemorrhagic stroke (primarily intracerebral hemorrhage).”

In the paper

“it has not been observed in these studies that decreasing the LDL-C level adds to the risk for intracerebral hemorrhage.”

In the paper

“Recent reports by Japan have shown that35) when data from a meta-analysis that integrated personal-level data of 14,673 Japanese was used, the addition of baPWV to the classic risk factors increased the ability to predict the risk for CVD.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] 35) Ohkuma T, Ninomiya T, Tomiyama H, Kario K, Hoshide S, Kita Y, Inoguchi T, Maeda Y, Kohara K, Tabara Y, Nakamura M, Ohkubo T, Watada H, Munakata M, Ohishi M, Ito N, Nakamura M, Shoji T, Vlachopoulos C, Yamashina A; Collaborative Group for J-BAVEL (Japan Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies). Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and the risk prediction of cardiovascular disease: An individual participant data meta-analysis. Hypertension, 2017; 69: 1045-1052 source

In the paper

“As for deaths from CAD, gender differences were observed in regard to risk, and a significant increase was seen only in men38).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [38] 38) Noda H, Iso H, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Ohtaka E, Ohta H. Gender difference of association between LDL cholesterol concentrations and mortality from coronary heart disease amongst Japanese: The Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. J Intern Med, 2010; 267: 576-587 source

In the paper

“the increase in hazard ratio for the CAD incidence and mortality following an elevation in LDL-C has been validated in cohort studies involving the Japanese36–40).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] 36) Imamura T, Doi Y, Arima H, Yonemoto K, Hata J, Kubo M, Tanizaki Y, Ibayashi S, Iida M, Kiyohara Y. LDL cholesterol and the development of stroke subtypes and coronary heart disease in a general Japanese population: The Hisayama study. Stroke, 2009; 40: 382-388 source
• Not checked yetcites [37] 37) Imano H, Noda H, Kitamura A, Sato S, Kiyama M, Sankai T, Ohira T, Nakamura M, Yamagishi K, Ikeda A, Shimamoto T, Iso H. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men and women: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). Prev Med, 2011; 52: 381-386 source
• Not checked yetcites [38] 38) Noda H, Iso H, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Ohtaka E, Ohta H. Gender difference of association between LDL cholesterol concentrations and mortality from coronary heart disease amongst Japanese: The Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. J Intern Med, 2010; 267: 576-587 source
• Not checked yetcites [39] 39) Yokokawa H, Yasumura S, Tanno K, Ohsawa M, Onoda T, Itai K, Sakata K, Kawamura K, Tanaka F, Yoshida Y, Nakamura M, Terayama Y, Ogawa A, Okayama A. Serum low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein ratio as a predictor of future acute myocardial infarction among men in a 2.7-year cohort study of a Japanese northern rural population. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2011; 18: 89-98 source
• Not checked yetcites [40] 40) Noda H, Iso H, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Ohtaka E, Doi M, Izumi Y, Ohta H. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and death due to intraparenchymal hemorrhage: The Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. Circulation, 2009; 119: 2136-2145 source

In the paper

“As with LDL-C, non-HDL-C was similarly associated with the occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI), and they both had the same ability to predict MI64).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] 64) Okamura T, Kokubo Y, Watanabe M, Higashiyama A, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimasa Y, Okayama A. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in an urban Japanese cohort study: The Suita study. Atherosclerosis, 2009; 203: 587-592 source

In the paper

“non-HDL-C surpasses TC in the ability to predict the occurrence of MI51).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] 51) Tanabe N, Iso H, Okada K, Nakamura Y, Harada A, Ohashi Y, Ando T, Ueshima H, Japan Arteriosclerosis L. Serum total and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk prediction of cardiovascular events - the JALS-ECC. Circ J, 2010; 74: 1346-1356 source

In the paper

“the non-HDL-C levels of Japanese individuals with dyslipidemia was shown to be +30 mg/dL that of LDL-C74, 75).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] 75) Sugimoto K, Isobe K, Kawakami Y, Yamada N. The relationship between non-HDL cholesterol and other lipid parameters in Japanese subjects. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2005; 12: 107-110 source
• Not checked yetcites [75] 76) Chei CL, Yamagishi K, Kitamura A, Kiyama M, Imano H, Ohira T, Cui RZ, Tanigawa T, Sankai T, Ishikawa Y, Sato S, Hitsumoto S, Iso H. High-density lipoprotein subclasses and risk of stroke and its subtypes in Japanese population: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study. Stroke, 2013; 44: 327-333 source

In the paper

“an obvious increase in risk for MI was seen in the presence of hypertriglyceridemia (TG ≥ 150 mg/dL) and non-HDL-C levels of ≥ 190 mg/dL.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] 65) Okamura T, Kokubo Y, Watanabe M, Higashiyama A, Ono Y, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimasa Y, Okayama A. Triglycerides and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in an urban Japanese cohort: The Suita study. Atherosclerosis, 2010; 209: 290-294 source

In the paper

“A 9.6-year observational period in NIPPON DATA90 showed that HDL-C was significantly inversely correlated with all deaths as well as stroke-related deaths80).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [80] 81) Matsuzaki M, Kita T, Mabuchi H, Matsuzawa Y, Nakaya N, Oikawa S, Saito Y, Sasaki J, Shimamoto K, Itakura H. Large scale cohort study of the relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and coronary events with low-dose simvastatin therapy in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia. Circ J, 2002; 66: 1087-1095 source

In the paper

“The association between non-HDL-C and CAD has been reported in the results of many epidemiological surveys conducted in Japan51, 63–70).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] 51) Tanabe N, Iso H, Okada K, Nakamura Y, Harada A, Ohashi Y, Ando T, Ueshima H, Japan Arteriosclerosis L. Serum total and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk prediction of cardiovascular events - the JALS-ECC. Circ J, 2010; 74: 1346-1356 source
• Not checked yetcites [63] 63) Kitamura A, Noda H, Nakamura M, Kiyama M, Okada T, Imano H, Ohira T, Sato S, Yamagishi K, Iso H. Association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the incidence of coronary heart disease among Japanese: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). J Atheroscler Thromb, 2011; 18: 454-463 source
• Not checked yetcites [64] 64) Okamura T, Kokubo Y, Watanabe M, Higashiyama A, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimasa Y, Okayama A. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in an urban Japanese cohort study: The Suita study. Atherosclerosis, 2009; 203: 587-592 source
• Not checked yetcites [65] 65) Okamura T, Kokubo Y, Watanabe M, Higashiyama A, Ono Y, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimasa Y, Okayama A. Triglycerides and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in an urban Japanese cohort: The Suita study. Atherosclerosis, 2010; 209: 290-294 source
• Not checked yetcites [66] 66) Noda H, Iso H, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Ohtaka E, Ohta H. Association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and mortality from coronary heart disease among Japanese men and women: The Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2010; 17: 30-36 source
• Not checked yetcites [67] 67) Imamura T, Doi Y, Ninomiya T, Hata J, Nagata M, Ikeda F, Mukai N, Hirakawa Y, Yoshida D, Fukuhara M, Kitazono T, Kiyohara Y. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the development of coronary heart disease and stroke subtypes in a general Japanese population: The Hisayama study. Atherosclerosis, 2014; 233: 343-348 source
• Not checked yetcites [68] 68) Takeuchi T, Nemoto K, Takahashi O, Urayama KY, Deshpande GA, Izumo H. Comparison of cardiovascular disease risk associated with 3 lipid measures in Japanese adults. J Clin Lipidol, 2014; 8: 501-509 source
• Not checked yetcites [69] 70) Kakehi E, Kotani K, Ishikawa S, Gotoh T, Kayaba K, Nakamura Y, Kajii E. Serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the incidence of ischemic stroke in a Japanese population: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015; 27: NP535-543 source
• Not checked yetcites [70] 71) Kitamura A, Noda H, Nakamura M, Kiyama M, Okada T, Imano H, Ohira T, Sato S, Yamagishi K, Iso H. Association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the incidence of coronary heart disease among Japanese: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). J Atheroscler Thromb, 2011; 18: 454-463 source

In the paper

“there have been reports stating that the risk of and death from CAD and MI increase when the non-HDL-C levels are approximately ≥ 140 mg/dL67, 71, 72).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [67] 67) Imamura T, Doi Y, Ninomiya T, Hata J, Nagata M, Ikeda F, Mukai N, Hirakawa Y, Yoshida D, Fukuhara M, Kitazono T, Kiyohara Y. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the development of coronary heart disease and stroke subtypes in a general Japanese population: The Hisayama study. Atherosclerosis, 2014; 233: 343-348 source
• Not checked yetcites [71] 72) Tanaka F, Makita S, Onoda T, Tanno K, Ohsawa M, Itai K, Sakata K, Omama S, Yoshida Y, Ogasawara K, Ogawa A, Ishibashi Y, Kuribayashi T, Okayama A, Nakamura M. Predictive value of lipoprotein indices for residual risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death in men with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels <120 mg/dl. Am J Cardiol, 2013; 112: 1063-1068 source
• Not checked yetcites [72] 73) Noda H, Iso H, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Ohtaka E, Ohta H. Association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and mortality from coronary heart disease among Japanese men and women: The Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2010; 17: 30-36 source

In the paper

“there was a smaller number of deaths caused by intracerebral hemorrhage in the group with TC levels of ≥ 220 mg/dL even when the BP readings were within the normal range.”

In the paper

“Elevation of non-HDL-C predicts the CAD incidence and mortality in the future.”

In the paper

“It has been revealed in regional and occupational cohort studies that the risk for CAD increases when HDL-C levels are < 40 mg/dL46, 53, 78, 79).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] 46) Noda H, Iso H, Saito I, Konishi M, Inoue M, Tsugane S, JPHC Study Group. The impact of the metabolic syndrome and its components on the incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke: The Japan Public Health Center-based study. Hypertens Res, 2009; 32: 289-298 source
• Not checked yetcites [53] 53) Kitamura A, Iso H, Naito Y, Iida M, Konishi M, Folsom AR, Sato S, Kiyama M, Nakamura M, Sankai T, Shimamoto T, Komachi Y. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and premature coronary heart disease in urban Japanese men. Circulation, 1994; 89: 2533-2539 source
• Not checked yetcites [78] 79) Satoh H, Tomita K, Fujii S, Kishi R, Tsutsui H. Lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a significant and independent risk for coronary artery disease in Japanese men. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2009; 16: 792-798 source

In the paper

“in the J-LIT study that involved a cohort of simvastatin users, the relative risk was 1.3 times higher in the < 40 mg/dL group than in the 40–49 mg/dL group in primary prevention81).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [81] 82) Mabuchi H, Kita T, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Nakaya N, Oikawa S, Saito Y, Sasaki J, Shimamoto K, Itakura H. Large scale cohort study of the relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and coronary events with low-dose simvastatin therapy in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease: Secondary prevention cohort study of the Japan Lipid Intervention Trial (J-LIT). Circ J, 2002; 66: 1096-1100 source

In the paper

“Meanwhile, studies concerning the association between non-HDL-C and stroke have reported varying results.”

In the paper

“A decrease in HDL-C level predicts the CAD and ischemic stroke incidence and mortality in the future.”

In the paper

“When a systolic BP of ≥ 160 mmHg overlaps with TC levels of ≥ 220 mg/dL, the adjusted hazard ratio for CAD death increased to 4.4 times that of the group with BPs < 120 mmHg and TC levels < 180 mg/dL.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [60] 60) Satoh M, Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Murakami Y, Sakurai M, Nakagawa H, Iso H, Okayama A, Miura K, Imai Y, Ueshima H, Okamura T. Combined effect of blood pressure and total cholesterol levels on long-term risks of subtypes of cardiovascular death: Evidence for Cardiovascular Prevention from Observational Cohorts in Japan. Hypertension, 2015; 65: 517-524 source

In the paper

“There have been numerous reports on the association between a high TG level and the risk for CAD not just in Europe and the US86), but also in Asia, Oceania87) and even in Japan46, 78, 88–91).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] 87) Patel A, Barzi F, Jamrozik K, Lam TH, Ueshima H, Whitlock G, Woodward M. Serum triglycerides as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. Circulation, 2004; 110: 2678-2686 source
• Not checked yetcites [87] 88) Iso H, Naito Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Okamura T, Sankai T, Shimamoto T, Iida M, Komachi Y. Serum triglycerides and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men and women. Am J Epidemiol, 2001; 153: 490-499 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] 46) Noda H, Iso H, Saito I, Konishi M, Inoue M, Tsugane S, JPHC Study Group. The impact of the metabolic syndrome and its components on the incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke: The Japan Public Health Center-based study. Hypertens Res, 2009; 32: 289-298 source

In the paper

“These surveys have also shown that a nonfasting TG level of ≥ 165 mg/dL adds to the risk for MI, exercise-induced angina, sudden death88) or ischemic CVD91).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [88] 89) Satoh H, Nishino T, Tomita K, Tsutsui H. Fasting triglyceride is a significant risk factor for coronary artery disease in middle-aged Japanese men. Circ J, 2006; 70: 227-231 source
• Not checked yetcites [91] 92) Castelli WP. Lipids, risk factors and ischaemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis, 1996; 124 Suppl: S1-9 source

In the paper

“It has been shown in epidemiological surveys in Japan that the occurrence of CAD increases when fasting TG levels of are ≥ 150 mg/dL46, 90).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] 46) Noda H, Iso H, Saito I, Konishi M, Inoue M, Tsugane S, JPHC Study Group. The impact of the metabolic syndrome and its components on the incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke: The Japan Public Health Center-based study. Hypertens Res, 2009; 32: 289-298 source
• Not checked yetcites [90] 91) Iso H, Imano H, Yamagishi K, Ohira T, Cui R, Noda H, Sato S, Kiyama M, Okada T, Hitsumoto S, Tanigawa T, Kitamura A. Fasting and non-fasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). Atherosclerosis, 2014; 237: 361-368 source

In the paper

“At present, the absolute risk of CAD (incidence and mortality rate) in Japan is very much lower than that in the Western countries96).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [96] 97) Sekikawa A, Miyamoto Y, Miura K, Nishimura K, Will-cox BJ, Masaki KH, Rodriguez B, Tracy RP, Okamura T, Kuller LH. Continuous decline in mortality from coronary heart disease in Japan despite a continuous and marked rise in total cholesterol: Japanese experience after the Seven Countries Study. Int J Epidemiol, 2015; 44: 1614-1624 source

In the paper

“there have also been reports from large-scale cohort studies involving only the Japanese that low levels of HDL-C by itself does not constitute a risk for CAD84).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] 85) Arai H, Yamamoto A, Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Yamada N, Oikawa S, Mabuchi H, Teramoto T, Sasaki J, Nakaya N, Itakura H, Ishikawa Y, Ouchi Y, Horibe H, Kita T. Serum lipid survey and its recent trend in the general Japanese population in 2000. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2005; 12: 98-106 source

In the paper

“Studies conducted in 23 countries in Asia and Oceania, including Japan, have shown that a decreased HDL-C level alone also becomes a risk factor for CAD when both the LDL-C and TG levels are within the normal range, and this is especially so in Asia83).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [83] 84) Hirata T, Sugiyama D, Nagasawa SY, Murakami Y, Saitoh S, Okayama A, Iso H, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Miyamoto Y, Yamada M, Ishikawa S, Miura K, Ueshima H, Okamura T. A pooled analysis of the association of isolated low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with cardiovascular mortality in Japan. Eur J Epidemiol, 2016; 32: 547-557 source

In the paper

“Reviews in Japan alone have shown that smoking has been consistently reported in many cohort studies103–111) to be a risk factor.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [103] 104) Irie F, Sairenchi T, Iso H, Shimamoto T. Prediction of mortality from findings of annual health checkups utility for health care programs. Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi, 2001; 48: 95-108 (in Japanese)
• Not checked yetcites [104] 105) Yamagishi K, Iso H, Kitamura A, Sankai T, Tanigawa T, Naito Y, Sato S, Imano H, Ohira T, Shimamoto T. Smoking raises the risk of total and ischemic strokes in hypertensive men. Hypertens Res, 2003; 26: 209-217 source
• Not checked yetcites [105] 106) Ueshima H, Choudhury SR, Okayama A, Hayakawa T, Kita Y, Kadowaki T, Okamura T, Minowa M, Iimura O. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke death in Japan: NIPPON DATA80. Stroke, 2004; 35: 1836-1841 source
• Not checked yetcites [106] 107) Iso H, Date C, Yamamoto A, Toyoshima H, Watanabe Y, Kikuchi S, Koizumi A, Wada Y, Kondo T, Inaba Y, Tamakoshi A, JACC Study Group. Smoking cessation and mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese men and women: The JACC Study. Am J Epidemiol, 2005; 161: 170-179 source
• Not checked yetcites [107] 108) Higashiyama A, Okamura T, Ono Y, Watanabe M, Kokubo Y, Okayama A. Risk of smoking and metabolic syndrome for incidence of cardiovascular disease--comparison of relative contribution in urban Japanese population: The Suita study. Circ J, 2009; 73: 2258-2263 source
• Not checked yetcites [108] 109) Hata J, Doi Y, Ninomiya T, Fukuhara M, Ikeda F, Mukai N, Hirakawa Y, Kitazono T, Kiyohara Y. Combined effects of smoking and hypercholesterolemia on the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease in Japanese: The Hisayama study. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2011; 31: 477-484 source
• Not checked yetcites [109] 110) Kondo T, Osugi S, Shimokata K, Honjo H, Morita Y, Maeda K, Yamashita K, Muramatsu T, Shintani S, Matsushita K, Murohara T. Smoking and smoking cessation in relation to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in 25,464 healthy male Japanese workers. Circ J, 2011; 75: 2885-2892 source
• Not checked yetcites [110] 111) Eshak ES, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Kokubo Y, Saito I, Yatsuya H, Sawada N, Inoue M, Tsugane S, JPHC Study Group. Modification of the excess risk of coronary heart disease due to smoking by seafood/fish intake. Am J Epidemiol, 2014; 179: 1173-1181 source
• Not checked yetcites [111] 112) Honjo K, Katanoda K, Horiga K. General. Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant. Research project against circulatory organ diseases, diabetes and other lifestyle habit diseases. Research on comprehensive assessment of the health and economic impacts of the tobacco initiative http://mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp/niph/search/NIDD00. do?resrchNum=201508017A 2016 (in Japanese)

In the paper

“Women generally have a higher HDL-C level than men46, 80, 85).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] 46) Noda H, Iso H, Saito I, Konishi M, Inoue M, Tsugane S, JPHC Study Group. The impact of the metabolic syndrome and its components on the incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke: The Japan Public Health Center-based study. Hypertens Res, 2009; 32: 289-298 source
• Not checked yetcites [80] 81) Matsuzaki M, Kita T, Mabuchi H, Matsuzawa Y, Nakaya N, Oikawa S, Saito Y, Sasaki J, Shimamoto K, Itakura H. Large scale cohort study of the relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and coronary events with low-dose simvastatin therapy in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia. Circ J, 2002; 66: 1087-1095 source
• Not checked yetcites [85] 86) Sarwar N, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G, Sigurdsson G, Wareham N, Bingham S, Boekholdt SM, Khaw KT, Gudnason V. Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 western prospective studies. Circulation, 2007; 115: 450-458 source

In the paper

“These reports have also pointed out the increasing incidence rate of CAD in some regions in Japan98, 99)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] 99) Takii T, Yasuda S, Takahashi J, Ito K, Shiba N, Shirato K, Shimokawa H. Trends in acute myocardial infarction incidence and mortality over 30 years in Japan: Report from the Miyagi-AMI Registry Study. Circ J, 2010; 74: 93-100 source
• Not checked yetcites [99] 100) Miida T, Nishimura K, Okamura T, Hirayama S, Ohmura H, Yoshida H, Miyashita Y, Ai M, Tanaka A, Sumino H, Murakami M, Inoue I, Kayamori Y, Nakamura M, Nobori T, Miyazawa Y, Teramoto T, Yokoyama S. A multicenter study on the precision and accuracy of homogeneous assays for LDL-cholesterol: Comparison with a beta-quantification method using fresh serum obtained from non-diseased and diseased subjects. Atherosclerosis, 2012; 225: 208-215 source

In the paper

“for hemorrhagic stroke (primarily intracerebral hemorrhage), the incidence and mortality rates are instead higher at low LDL-C and TC levels.”

In the paper

“An increase in TG level, whether fasting or nonfasting, predicts the CAD and ischemic stroke incidence and mortality in the future.”

In the paper

“In addition, the relative risk was higher at 1.6 times in secondary prevention82).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] 83) Huxley RR, Barzi F, Lam TH, Czernichow S, Fang X, Welborn T, Shaw J, Ueshima H, Zimmet P, Jee SH, Patel JV, Caterson I, Perkovic V, Woodward M. Isolated low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 23 studies in the Asia-Pacific region. Circulation, 2011; 124: 2056-2064 source

In the paper

“The risk increases even when the number of cigarettes smoked per day is less than five102).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [102] 103) Kono S, Ikeda M, Tokudome S, Nishizumi M, Kuratsune M. Smoking and mortalities from cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke in male Japanese physicians. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 1985; 110: 161-164 source

In the paper

“the positive correlation between a higher incidence rate of CAD and high levels of LDL-C, TC, non-HDL-C and TG, or low levels of HDL-C, has been shown not just in epidemiological surveys conducted in Europe and the US but also in Japan.”

In the paper

“there have been reports and such revealing that the LDL-C and TC levels of the Japanese have been on the rise because of recent westernization of lifestyle habits.”

In the paper

“Among the different types of stroke, the association with cerebral infarction has been found to be almost similar to that with CAD.”

In the paper

“Despite a normal range of HDL-C, the association between TG and CAD was still observed in several of these studies86–89).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] 87) Patel A, Barzi F, Jamrozik K, Lam TH, Ueshima H, Whitlock G, Woodward M. Serum triglycerides as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. Circulation, 2004; 110: 2678-2686 source
• Not checked yetcites [87] 88) Iso H, Naito Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Okamura T, Sankai T, Shimamoto T, Iida M, Komachi Y. Serum triglycerides and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men and women. Am J Epidemiol, 2001; 153: 490-499 source
• Not checked yetcites [88] 89) Satoh H, Nishino T, Tomita K, Tsutsui H. Fasting triglyceride is a significant risk factor for coronary artery disease in middle-aged Japanese men. Circ J, 2006; 70: 227-231 source
• Not checked yetcites [89] 90) Okamura T, Kokubo Y, Watanabe M, Higashiyama A, Ono Y, Nishimura K, Okayama A, Miyamoto Y. A revised definition of the metabolic syndrome predicts coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke after adjusting for low density lipoprotein cholesterol in a 13-year cohort study of Japanese: The Suita study. Atherosclerosis, 2011; 217: 201-206 source

In the paper

“there has been no data showing that low-tar, low-nicotine tobacco decreases the risk for these diseases.”

In the paper

“As a result of this change, the TC levels of the Japanese have already reached the levels in the US, or even higher97).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] 98) Kitamura A, Sato S, Kiyama M, Imano H, Iso H, Okada T, Ohira T, Tanigawa T, Yamagishi K, Nakamura M, Konishi M, Shimamoto T, Iida M, Komachi Y. Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke and their risk factors in Japan, 1964 to 2003: The Akita-Osaka study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008; 52: 71-79 source

In the paper

“a metaanalysis of cohort studies in Japan have shown that for abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA), the relative risk is 3.89 times higher for men and 4.30 times for women113).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [113] 114) Cui R, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Imano H, Ohira T, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Relationship of smoking and smoking cessation with ankle-toarm blood pressure index in elderly Japanese men. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 2006; 13: 243-248 source

In the paper

“Smoking increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes to 1.4 times117)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [117] 118) Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda E, Hashimoto H, Nagai R, Yamakado M. Association between cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome, and carotid arteriosclerosis in Japanese individuals. Atherosclerosis, 2005; 181: 381-388 source

In the paper

“Blood pressures that exceed the optimal reading (i.e., systolic BP (SBP) < 120 mmHg and diastolic BP (DBP) < 80 mmHg) increase the risk for developing CVD, stroke, MI, CKD, etc.”

In the paper

“it has been reported that BP measurements at home and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) can predict the incidence of cardiovascular events better than in-clinic BP measurements.”

In the paper

“Although the absolute risk of CAD among Japanese diabetic patients is thought to be 30–70% compared to that of diabetic Europeans and Americans130, 131)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [130] 131) Nakajima K, Yamasaki Y, Kusuoka H, Izumi T, Kashiwagi A, Kawamori R, Shimamoto K, Yamada N, Nishimura T. Cardiovascular events in Japanese asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: A 1-year interim report of a J-ACCESS 2 investigation using myocardial perfusion imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2009; 36: 2049-2057 source
• Not checked yetcites [131] 132) Nesto RW, Phillips RT, Kett KG, Hill T, Perper E, Young E, Leland OS, Jr. Angina and exertional myocardial ischemia in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: Assessment by exercise thallium scintigraphy. Ann Intern Med, 1988; 108: 170-175 source

In the paper

“the risk for metabolic syndrome increases in accordance with the number of cigarettes smoked118).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [118] 119) Craig WY, Palomaki GE, Haddow JE. Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: An analysis of published data. BMJ, 1989; 298: 784-788 source

In the paper

“The Hisayama study reported that the incidence rate of CAD and cerebral infarction in diabetic patients were both high after adjusting multiple factors, such as gender and age.”

In the paper

“users still inhale and exhale the aerosol generated by heating the tobacco leaves and additives, including nicotine120).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [120] 121) Uchiyama S, Senoo Y, Hayashida H, Inaba Y, Nakagome H, Kunugita N. Determination of chemical compounds generated from second-generation e-cigarettes using a sorbent cartridge followed by a two-step elution method. Anal Sci, 2016; 32: 549-555 source

In the paper

“In NIPPON-DATA80, diabetic patients showed significantly higher risk of 2.8 times for death from CAD than non-diabetic subjects127).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [127] 128) Fujishima M, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Ohmura T, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Ohmori S, Yoshitake T. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease in a prospective population survey in Japan: The Hisayama study. Diabetes, 1996; 45 Suppl 3: S14-16 source

In the paper

“The CIRCS study also showed that the incidence rate of cerebral infarction for diabetic patients was higher at 1.9 times in men and 2.2 times in women as compared to non-diabetics129).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [129] 130) Yokoyama H, Matsushima M, Kawai K, Hirao K, Oishi M, Sugimoto H, Takeda H, Minami M, Kobayashi M, Sone H. Low incidence of cardiovascular events in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care settings: A prospective cohort study (JDDM 20). Diabet Med, 2011; 28: 1221-1228 source

In the paper

“Hypertension is an important risk factor for cerebro- and CVD, such as cerebrovascular disease and CAD, as well as heart failure, CKD and many more.”

In the paper

“The association with PAD has also been shown in cohort studies, including the Framingham Study.”

In the paper

“Among all deaths from these causes, subjects with grade-I hypertension made up the highest proportion123).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [123] 124) Sasaki J, Kita T, Mabuchi H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Nakaya N, Oikawa S, Saito Y, Shimamoto K, Kono S, Itakura H; J-LIT Study Group. Gender difference in coronary events in relation to risk factors in Japanese hypercholesterolemic patients treated with low-dose simvastatin. Circ J, 2006; 70: 810-814 source

In the paper

“DM is an important risk factor for ASCVD125, 126).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [125] 126) Vaccaro O, Stamler J, Neaton JD. Sixteen-year coronary mortality in black and white men with diabetes screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Int J Epidemiol, 1998; 27: 636-641 source
• Not checked yetcites [126] 127) Kadowaki S, Okamura T, Hozawa A, Kadowaki T, Kadota A, Murakami Y, Nakamura K, Saitoh S, Nakamura Y, Hayakawa T, Kita Y, Okayama A, Ueshima H. Relationship of elevated casual blood glucose level with coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in a representative sample of the Japanese population. NIPPON DATA80. Diabetologia, 2008; 51: 575-582 source

In the paper

“various carcinogens have been reported to be found in the aerosol, regardless of whether electronic cigarettes contain nicotine121)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [121] 122) Shimamoto K, Ando K, Fujita T, Hasebe N, Higaki J, Horiuchi M, Imai Y, Imaizumi T, Ishimitsu T, Ito M, Ito S, Itoh H, Iwao H, Kai H, Kario K, Kashihara N, Kawano Y, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Kimura G, Kohara K, Komuro I, Kumagai H, Matsuura H, Miura K, Morishita R, Naruse M, Node K, Ohya Y, Rakugi H, Saito I, Saitoh S, Shimada K, Shimosawa T, Suzuki H, Tamura K, Tanahashi N, Tsuchihashi T, Uchiyama M, Ueda S, Umemura S; Japanese Society of Hypertension Committee for Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JS source

In the paper

“DM is a strong risk factor for ASCVD.”

In the paper

“Hypertension at middle age also increases the risk for dementia when one reaches old age122).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [122] 123) Fujiyoshi A, Ohkubo T, Miura K, Murakami Y, Nagasawa SY, Okamura T, Ueshima H. Blood pressure categories and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease according to age group in Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res, 2012; 35: 947-953 source

In the paper

“the age-adjusted incidence rate of acute MI (100,000 person-years) was 35.7 for women, and this was one-third the figure of 100.7 for men163).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [163] 164) Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare. Vital statistics of Japan. 2014 http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?lid= 000001137965 (in Japanese)

In the paper

“and also have a higher risk for recurrence of cerebral infarction140, 141).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [140] 141) Shinohara Y, Gotoh F, Tohgi H, Hirai S, Terashi A, Fukuuchi Y, Otomo E, Itoh E, Matsuda T, Sawada T, Yamaguchi T, Nishimaru K, Ohashi Y. Antiplatelet cilostazol is beneficial in diabetic and/or hypertensive ischemic stroke patients. Subgroup analysis of the cilostazol stroke prevention study. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2008; 26: 63-70 source
• Not checked yetcites [141] 142) Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg, 2007; 45 Suppl S: S5-67 source

In the paper

“In terms of absolute risk, aging enhances the risk for ASCVD and death from it much more than any other risk factors160–162).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [160] 161) NIPPON DATA80 Research Group. Risk assessment chart for death from cardiovascular disease based on a 19-year follow-up study of a Japanese representative population. Circ J, 2006; 70: 1249-1255 source
• Not checked yetcites [161] 162) Nishimura K, Okamura T, Watanabe M, Nakai M, Takegami M, Higashiyama A, Kokubo Y, Okayama A, Miyamoto Y. Predicting coronary heart disease using risk factor categories for a Japanese urban population, and comparison with the Framingham risk score: The Suita study. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2014; 21: 784-798 source
• Not checked yetcites [162] 163) Rumana N, Kita Y, Turin TC, Murakami Y, Sugihara H, Morita Y, Tomioka N, Okayama A, Nakamura Y, Abbott RD, Ueshima H. Trend of increase in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in a Japanese population: Takashima AMI registry, 1990-2001. Am J Epidemiol, 2008; 167: 1358-1364 source

In the paper

“The risk for ASCVD, such as MI, and death from it increases as one moves up to the next age category.”

In the paper

“Traditional risk factors, such as BP, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism, are exacerbated in CKD.”

In the paper

“The risk for PAD is as much as three to four times higher in diabetic patients142)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [142] 143) Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G, Rami T, Brancati FL, Powe NR, Golden SH. Meta-analysis: Glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med, 2004; 141: 421-431 source

In the paper

“The risk of CVD begins to increase since impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) state144).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [144] 145) Ikeda F, Doi Y, Ninomiya T, Hirakawa Y, Mukai N, Hata J, Shikata K, Yoshida D, Matsumoto T, Kitazono T, Kiyohara Y. Haemoglobin a1c even within non-diabetic level is a predictor of cardiovascular disease in a general Japanese population: The Hisayama study. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2013; 12: 164 source

In the paper

“Women have a lower risk for MI and MI-related death than men.”

In the paper

“the JPHC study has shown that lacunar infarction, atherothrombotic infarction and thromboembolic infarction occur more often in diabetic patients than non-diabetic subjects136).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [136] 137) Donahoe SM, Stewart GC, McCabe CH, Mohanavelu S, Murphy SA, Cannon CP, Antman EM. Diabetes and mortality following acute coronary syndromes. JAMA, 2007; 298: 765-775 source

In the paper

“Aging is the strongest risk factor for ASCVD, such as CAD and cerebrovascular disease.”

In the paper

“CKD is a high-risk condition for ASCVD.”

In the paper

“prognosis of CAD in diabetic patients is worse than in non-diabetic subjects137–139)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [137] 138) Takara A, Ogawa H, Endoh Y, Mori F, Yamaguchi J, Takagi A, Koyanagi R, Shiga T, Kasanuki H, Hagiwara N. Long-term prognosis of diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction in the era of acute revascularization. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2010; 9: 1 source
• Not checked yetcites [138] 139) Kuramitsu S, Yokoi H, Domei T, Nomura A, Watanabe H, Yamaji K, Soga Y, Arita T, Kondo K, Shirai S, Ando K, Sakai K, Iwabuchi M, Nosaka H, Nobuyoshi M. Impact of post-challenge hyperglycemia on clinical outcomes in Japanese patients with stable angina undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2013; 12: 74 source
• Not checked yetcites [139] 140) Hillen T, Coshall C, Tilling K, Rudd AG, McGovern R, Wolfe CD. Cause of stroke recurrence is multifactorial: Patterns, risk factors, and outcomes of stroke recurrence in the south london stroke register. Stroke, 2003; 34: 1457-1463 source

In the paper

“The incidence rate of cerebral infarction increased significantly following the HbA1c level was ≥ 5.5–6.4%145).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [145] 146) Saito I, Kokubo Y, Yamagishi K, Iso H, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Diabetes and the risk of coronary heart disease in the general Japanese population: The Japan public health center-based prospective (JPHC) study. Atherosclerosis, 2011; 216: 187-191 source

In the paper

“The two hours glucose level post glucose load was more strongly associated with the risk for CAD than the fasting level in subjects with IGT147, 148).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [147] 148) DECODE Study Group. Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: Comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria. Arch Intern Med, 2001; 161: 397-405 source
• Not checked yetcites [148] 149) Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Diabetes as risk factor for incident coronary heart disease in women compared with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts including 858,507 individuals and 28,203 coronary events. Diabetologia, 2014; 57: 1542-1551 source

In the paper

“this risk increases by 26% with every 1% increase in the HbA1c level143).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [143] 144) Tominaga M, Eguchi H, Manaka H, Igarashi K, Kato T, Sekikawa A. Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 1999; 22: 920-924 source

In the paper

“The recent CREDO-Kyoto study has also reported that a family history of CAD contributes to the occurrence of major cardiovascular events at a young age174).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [174] 175) Hirano K, Yamashita S, Nakajima N, Arai T, Maruyama T, Yoshida Y, Ishigami M, Sakai N, Kameda-Takemura K, Matsuzawa Y. Genetic cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency is extremely frequent in the omagari area of Japan. Marked hyperalphalipoproteinemia caused by CETP gene mutation is not associated with longevity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1997; 17: 1053-1059 source

In the paper

“Similar results have also been reported in studies in Japan.”

In the paper

“A family history of CAD is a risk factor for developing CAD.”

In the paper

“The MEGA study, a primary prevention trial involving the use of statin41), showed that the incidence rate of cardiovascular events for the group that underwent diet therapy was 2.1/1,000 person-years.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] 41) Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura H, Kitabatake A, Goto Y, Toyota T, Nakaya N, Nishimoto S, Muranaka M, Yamamoto A, Mizuno K, Ohashi Y, MEGA Study Group. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA study): A prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2006; 368: 1155-1163 source

In the paper

“It is evident in epidemiological studies and intervention trials conducted in the Western countries that the incidence rate of cardiovascular events is higher in patients with CAD than in primary prevention patients177–179).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [177] 178) Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Keech A, Simes J, Barnes EH, Voysey M, Gray A, Collins R, Baigent C; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: Meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet, 2012; 380: 581-590 source
• Not checked yetcites [178] 179) Fulcher J, O’Connell R, Voysey M, Emberson J, Black-well L, Mihaylova B, Simes J, Collins R, Kirby A, Colhoun H, Braunwald E, La Rosa J, Pedersen TR, Tonkin A, Davis B, Sleight P, Franzosi MG, Baigent C, Keech A; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’(CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: Meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet, 2015; 385: 1397-1405 source
• Not checked yetcites [179] 180) Matsuzaki M, Kita T, Mabuchi H, Matsuzawa Y, Nakaya N, Oikawa S, Saito Y, Sasaki J, Shimamoto K, Itakura H; and the J-LIT Study Group. Large scale cohort study of the relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and coronary events with low-dose simvastatin therapy in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia: Primary prevention cohort study of the Japan Lipid Intervention Trial (J-LIT) . Circ J, 2002; 66: 1087-1095 source

In the paper

“The mortality rate of ischemic heart disease was lower in the women than men in all age groups.”

In the paper

“However, the mortality rate of ischemic heart disease for women starts increasing when they reach the 60s.”

In the paper

“A history of noncardiogenic cerebral infarction is a high-risk condition for cerebrovascular disease and CAD.”

• Also stated in: § Risk Factor Assessment · plain

  “[Statement]A history of noncardiogenic cerebral infarction is a high-risk condition for cerebrovascular disease and CAD. (Evidence level: E-1b)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [184] 185) Goto S, Ikeda Y, Shimada K, Uchiyama S, Origasa H, Kobayashi H, J-TRACE Investigators. One-year cardiovascular event rates in Japanese outpatients with myocardial infarction, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. -results from the Japan Thrombosis Registry for Atrial Fibrillation, Coronary, or Cerebrovascular Events (J-TRACE). Circ J, 2011; 75: 2598-2604 source
• Not checked yetcites [185] 186) Kitagawa K, Hougaku H, Yamagami H, Hashimoto H, Itoh T, Shimizu Y, Takahashi D, Murata S, Seike Y, Kondo K, Hoshi T, Furukado S, Abe Y, Yagita Y, Sakaguchi M, Tagaya M, Etani H, Fukunaga R, Nagai Y, Matsumoto M, Hori M, OSACA2 Study Group. Carotid intima-media thickness and risk of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. Results of the osaka follow-up study for carotid atherosclerosis 2 (OSACA2 Study). Cerebrovasc Dis, 2007; 24: 35-42 source

In the paper

“It was reported in the Framingham Study that if at least one parent has CAD, the age-adjusted odds ratio for the risk of developing CAD is 2.6 for men and 2.3 for women.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [168] 169) Myers RH, Kiely DK, Cupples LA, Kannel WB. Parental history is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease: The Framingham study. Am Heart J, 1990; 120: 963-969 source

In the paper

“After adjusting all the variables in the multivariate analysis, the ratios were 2.0 and 1.7 for men and women, respectively168).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [168] 169) Myers RH, Kiely DK, Cupples LA, Kannel WB. Parental history is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease: The Framingham study. Am Heart J, 1990; 120: 963-969 source

In the paper

“the incidence rate of cardiovascular events was ≥ 15/1,000 person-years in the JCAD182) and CREDO-Kyoto studies183), which are registry studies involving patients with CAD.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [182] 183) Furukawa Y, Taniguchi R, Ehara N, Ozasa N, Haruna Y, Saito N, Doi T, Hoshino K, Shizuta S, Morimoto T, Imai Y, Teramukai S, Fukushima M, Kita T, Kimura T; CREDO-Kyoto Investigators. Better survival with statin administration after revascularization therapy in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease: Perspectives from the CREDO-Kyoto registry. Circ J, 2008; 72: 1937-1945 source
• Not checked yetcites [183] 184) Uchiyama S, Goto S, Matsumoto M, Nagai R, Origasa H, Yamazaki T, Shigematsu H, Shimada K, Yamada N, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ikeda Y, REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health Registry Investigators. Cardiovascular event rates in patients with cerebrovascular disease and atherothrombosis at other vascular locations: Results from 1-year outcomes in the Japanese REACH Registry. J Neurol Sci, 2009; 287: 45-51 source

In the paper

“most studies relating to family history have concluded that a family history of CAD is an independent risk factor for CAD.”

In the paper

“A history of CAD poses a higher risk compared to primary prevention.”

In the paper

“The J-LIT study in Japan has shown that a family history of CAD increases the relative risk of developing CAD by three times173).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [173] 174) Furukawa Y, Ehara N, Taniguchi R, Haruna Y, Ozasa N, Saito N, Doi T, Hoshino K, Tamura T, Shizuta S, Abe M, Toma M, Morimoto T, Teramukai S, Fukushima M, Kita T, Kimura T, CREDO-Kyoto Investigators. Coronary risk factor profile and prognostic factors for young Japanese patients undergoing coronary revascularization. Circ J, 2009; 73: 1459-1465 source

In the paper

“hypercholesterolemia (e.g., TC or non-HDL-C) was not included as a risk factor in any of the assessment tool in which the outcome was stroke or cerebral infarction.”

In the paper

“The results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials involving the use of statins revealed that a 20–30% decrease in LDL-C level lowers the risk for CAD by approximately 30%347, 348).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [347] 348) Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, Kirby A, Sourjina T, Peto R, Collins R, Simes R, Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet, 2005; 366: 1267-1278 source
• Not checked yetcites [348] 349) Saiki Y, Otsuka T, Kato K, Kawada T. A proposal for the optimal management target for serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in low-risk Japanese workers. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2016; 23: 422-430 source

In the paper

“Many epidemiological studies in Japan and other countries have revealed that excessive intake of cholesterol and animal fats (saturated fatty acids) results in increased serum LDL-C levels.”

In the paper

“We have not accumulated enough evidence from clinical studies in Japan to establish a similar reference for selecting patients for statin therapy.”

In the paper

“ASCVD is developed by various environmental factors such as excessive total energy intake and insufficient physical activity in addition to genetic predisposition.”

In the paper

“The ratio of stroke to CAD in the Hisayama study was approximately 2: 1”

In the paper

“If they both have the same blood pressure, then the patient on medication is at a higher risk345).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [345] 346) Okamura T, Sugiyama D, Tanaka T, Dohi S. Worksite wellness for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Japan: The current delivery system and future directions. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 2014; 56: 515-521 source

In the paper

“the fact that it does not include information on LDL-C or HDL-C”

In the paper

“However, no risk scores that consider whether the patient is taking any medicines for control of dyslipidemia or diabetes are available in Japan, the USA, or Europe.”

In the paper

“Excessive total energy intake and insufficient physical activity are the primary causes of metabolic syndrome, inducing the accumulation of visceral fat, abnormal glucose metabolism, elevated blood pressure and increased triglyceride levels, and decreased HDL-C levels.”

In the paper

“In addition, the risk scores have been basically created assuming that they apply to patients with risk factors, including dyslipidemia, that are not being treated.”

In the paper

“The validity of an LDL-C management target has been partially confirmed by the systematic review data (see Chapter 4, CQ17).”

In the paper

“among stroke cases, the percentage of atherothrombotic cerebrovascular disease in which LDL-C was a risk factor is approximately 20%36)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] 36) Imamura T, Doi Y, Arima H, Yonemoto K, Hata J, Kubo M, Tanizaki Y, Ibayashi S, Iida M, Kiyohara Y. LDL cholesterol and the development of stroke subtypes and coronary heart disease in a general Japanese population: The Hisayama study. Stroke, 2009; 40: 382-388 source

In the paper

“employees of large companies have an extremely low incidence rate of MI compared to the general population346).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [346] 347) Fager G, Wiklund O. Cholesterol reduction and clinical benefit. Are there limits to our expectations? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1997; 17: 3527-3533 source

In the paper

“only two articles included both MI and coronary intervention as the outcomes, which also included both LDL-C and HDL-C as predictive indicators”

In the paper

“Hardly any cohort studies conducted in Japan have demonstrated that dyslipidemia was a risk factor for stroke342)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [342] 343) Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, Goldberg AC, Gordon D, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, McBride P, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC, Watson K, Wilson PW, Eddleman KM, Jarrett NM, LaBresh K, Nevo L, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Tomaselli GF, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular source

In the paper

“If non-HDL-C levels are used for screening in the general population, then it should also be noted that the difference between the non-HDL-C and LDL-C levels would be < 30 mg/dL, at approximately 20 mg/dL349, 350).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [349] 350) Kuwabara K, Harada S, Sugiyama D, Kurihara A, Kubota Y, Higashiyama A, Hirata T, Nishida Y, Kawasaki M, Takebayashi T, Okamura T. Relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the general population. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2016; 23: 477-490 source
• Not checked yetcites [350] 351) Hirata T, Sugiyama D, Nagasawa SY, Murakami Y, Saitoh S, Okayama A, Iso H, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Miyamoto Y, Yamada M, Ishikawa S, Miura K, Ueshima H, Okamura T, Evidence for Cardiovascular Prevention from Observational Cohorts in Japan (EPOCH-JAPAN) Research Group. A pooled analysis of the association of isolated low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with cardiovascular mortality in Japan. Eur J Epidemiol, 2017: 32: 547-557 source

In the paper

“The Suita score permits detailed risk assessment by specific dyslipidemia values because it includes five LDL-C level criteria in contrast to the Hisayama score, which includes two levels.”

In the paper

“However, this management target cannot be applied to patients with FH or familial type Ⅲ hyperlipidemia.”

In the paper

“the fact that its predicted outcome is death and not CAD incidence”

In the paper

“A meta-analysis found that in other countries, the implementation of smokefree legislation decreased the number of cases of ACS and stroke352).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [352] 353) Stead LF, Buitrago D, Preciado N, Sanchez G, Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T. Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013: CD000165 source

In the paper

“Metabolic syndrome is significant because it is a high risk of ASCVD even if the levels of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and elevated blood pressure are relatively mild323–327).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [323] 324) Hunt KJ, Resendez RG, Williams K, Haffner SM, Stern MP, San Antonio Heart Study. National cholesterol education program versus world health organization metabolic syndrome in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study. Circulation, 2004; 110: 1251-1257 source
• Not checked yetcites [324] 325) Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M, Taskinen MR, Groop L. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care, 2001; 24: 683-689 source
• Not checked yetcites [325] 326) Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA, 2002; 288: 2709-2716 source
• Not checked yetcites [326] 327) Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, Rinfret S, Schiffrin EL, Eisenberg MJ. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010; 56: 1113-1132 source
• Not checked yetcites [327] 328) Takeuchi H, Saitoh S, Takagi S, Ohnishi H, Ohhata J, Isobe T, Shimamoto K. Metabolic syndrome and cardiac disease in Japanese men: Applicability of the concept of metabolic syndrome defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III to Japanese men--the Tanno and Sobetsu study. Hypertens Res, 2005; 28: 203-208 source

In the paper

“Smoking is an independent risk factor for ASCVD”

In the paper

“The difference between the diagnostic criteria in Japan and the joint statement by Western academic societies329) is whether they are based on visceral fat accumulation or not.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [329] 330) Hiuge-Shimizu A, Kishida K, Funahashi T, Ishizaka Y, Oka R, Okada M, Suzuki S, Takaya N, Nakagawa T, Fukui T, Fukuda H, Watanabe N, Yoshizumi T, Nakamura T, Matsuzawa Y, Yamakado M, Shimomura I. Absolute value of visceral fat area measured on computed tomography scans and obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors in large-scale Japanese general population (the VACATION-J study). Ann Med, 2012; 44: 82-92 source

In the paper

“The use of effective drugs to treat nicotine-dependence (e.g., nicotine patches, nicotine gum, and varenicline)356, 357) combined with counseling for psychological dependence increase the success rate of smoking cessation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [356] 357) Cahill K, Lindson-Hawley N, Thomas KH, Fanshawe TR, Lancaster T. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016: CD006103 source
• Not checked yetcites [357] 358) Aubin HJ, Farley A, Lycett D, Lahmek P, Aveyard P. Weight gain in smokers after quitting cigarettes: metaanalysis. BMJ, 2012; 345: e4439 source

In the paper

“The effects of smoking are not dependent on age or gender102).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [102] 103) Kono S, Ikeda M, Tokudome S, Nishizumi M, Kuratsune M. Smoking and mortalities from cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke in male Japanese physicians. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 1985; 110: 161-164 source

In the paper

“Weight reduction by diet and exercise therapy is expected to provide relatively rapid improvement in moderate abnormalities of plasma lipids, glucose and blood pressure caused by obesity, even if the BMI is within the range of obesity369).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [369] 370) Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Kushner RF, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Stevens J, Stevens VJ, Wadden TA, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, Jordan HS, Kendall KA, Lux LJ, Mentor-Marcel R, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC, Tomaselli GF, AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American source

In the paper

“Limiting total energy intake and maintaining an appropriate body weight is effective in improving serum lipid levels. (Evidence level: 1, recommendation level: A)”

In the paper

“The reduction of visceral fat is expected to normalize the multiple abnormalities in plasma lipids, glucose and blood pressure caused by obesity312).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [312] 313) Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J, IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome--a new worldwide definition. Lancet, 2005; 366: 1059-1062 source

In the paper

“These lifestyle abnormalities result in ASCVD such as myocardial infarction.”

In the paper

“The “5A approach,” i.e., Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange can be effective in such cases in a short time354).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [354] 355) The Japanese Circulation Society, The Japan Lung Cancer Society, Japanese Cancer Association, The Japanese Respiratory Society. Standard procedure for smoking cessation treatment. vol. 6, 2014 (in Japanese)

In the paper

“However, subjects with metabolic syndrome sometimes have elevated plasma LDL-C levels.”

In the paper

“For the management of metabolic syndrome with excess visceral fat accumulation, however, the benefits of lifestyle modification and behavioral therapy are evident.”

In the paper

“The rate of successful smoking cessation increases by 1.7 times if physicians advise their patients to quit smoking, compared with not doing so353).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [353] 354) US Department of Health and Human Services: Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008Update. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63952/.pdf

In the paper

“There is no clear evidence of setting total energy intake to improve serum lipid levels.”

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of RCTs revealed that lifestyle and weight-loss intervention including diet in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes resulted in a reduction of TC, LDL-C, and TG as well as an increase in HDL-C level in the subjects that achieved a weight loss of > 5% over 1 year375).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [375] 376) Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Comparison of effects of long-term low-fat vs high-fat diets on blood lipid levels in overweight or obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet, 2013; 113: 1640-1661 source

In the paper

“There is no direct evidence that diet alone, by decreasing the total energy intake, suppresses ASCVD.”

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 25 RCTs that compared aerobic exercise for training periods of at least 15 minutes for ≥ 8 weeks with nonexercise control reported that exercise therapy significantly increased the HDL-C levels612).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [612] 614) Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in men: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Mens Health Gend, 2006; 3: 61-70 source

In the paper

“The amount of daily physical activity, leisure time physical activity and physical fitness level have been found to be negatively correlated with morality due to cerebrovascular disease and cancer, as well as all-cause mortality in studies conducted worldwide596–606) and cohort studies in Japan577).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [596] 598) Leon AS, Myers MJ, Connett J. Leisure time physical activity and the 16-year risks of mortality from coronary heart disease and all-causes in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Int J Sports Med, 1997; 18 Suppl 3: S208-215 source
• Not checked yetcites [597] 599 Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Butler J, Yancy CW, Fonarow GC. Association of physical activity or fitness with incident heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Heart Fail, 2015; 8: 853-861 source
• Not checked yetcites [598] 600) Lakka TA, Venalainen JM, Rauramaa R, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 1994; 330: 1549-1554 source
• Not checked yetcites [599] 601 Blair SN, Kohl HW, Paffenbarger RS, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA, 1989; 262: 2395-2401 source
• Not checked yetcites [600] 602) Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med, 2002; 346: 793-801 source
• Not checked yetcites [601] 603) Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Arch Intern Med, 2004; 164: 1092-1097 source
• Not checked yetcites [602] 604) Church TS, Cheng YJ, Earnest CP, Barlow CE, Gibbons LW, Priest EL, Blair SN. Exercise capacity and body composition as predictors of mortality among men with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2004; 27: 83-88 source
• Not checked yetcites [603] 605) Kokkinos P, Myers J, Kokkinos JP, Pittaras A, Narayan P, Manolis A, Karasik P, Greenberg M, Papademetriou V, Singh S. Exercise capacity and mortality in black and white men. Circulation, 2008; 117: 614-622 source
• Not checked yetcites [604] 606) Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Maki M, Yachi Y, Asumi M, Sugawara A, Totsuka K, Shimano H, Ohashi Y, Yamada N, Sone H. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 2009; 301: 2024-2035 source
• Not checked yetcites [605] 607) Durstine JL, Grandjean PW, Davis PG, Ferguson MA, Alderson NL, DuBose KD. Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise: A quantitative analysis. Sports Med, 2001; 31: 1033-1062 source

In the paper

“Six reported a significant increase in HDL-C levels, which was the most frequently observed effect of exercise on serum lipids577, 607–613).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [577] 579) Aune D, Norat T, Leitzmann M, Tonstad S, Vatten LJ. Physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol, 2015; 30: 529-542 source
• Not checked yetcites [607] 609) Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Walking, lipids, and lipoproteins: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prev Med, 2004; 38: 651-661 source
• Not checked yetcites [608] 610) Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 2004; 13: 1148-1164 source
• Not checked yetcites [609] 611) Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Exercise, lipids, and lipoproteins in older adults: A meta-analysis. Prev Cardiol, 2005; 8: 206-214 source
• Not checked yetcites [610] 612) Kodama S, Tanaka S, Saito K, Shu M, Sone Y, Onitake F, Suzuki E, Shimano H, Yamamoto S, Kondo K, Ohashi Y, Yamada N, Sone H. Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med, 2007; 167: 999-1008 source
• Not checked yetcites [611] 613) Kuhle CL, Steffen MW, Anderson PJ, Murad MH. Effect of exercise on anthropometric measures and serum lipids in older individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 2014; 4: e005283 source
• Not checked yetcites [612] 614) Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in men: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Mens Health Gend, 2006; 3: 61-70 source
• Not checked yetcites [613] 615) Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: Another look at a meta-analysis using prediction intervals. Prev Med, 2009; 49: 473-475 source

In the paper

“Clinical trials have confirmed that the effects of statins on the reduction of cardiovascular events can improved by administering statins with more potent LDL-C-lowering effects177, 631).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [177] 178) Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Keech A, Simes J, Barnes EH, Voysey M, Gray A, Collins R, Baigent C; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: Meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet, 2012; 380: 581-590 source
• Not checked yetcites [631] 633) Natsuaki M, Furukawa Y, Morimoto T, Nakagawa Y, Ono K, Kaburagi S, Inada T, Mitsuoka H, Taniguchi R, Nakano A, Kita T, Sakata R, Kimura T, CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG registry cohort-2 investigators. Intensity of statin therapy, achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and cardiovascular outcomes in Japanese patients after coronary revascularization. Perspectives from the CREDO-Kyoto registry cohort-2. Circ J, 2012; 76: 1369-1379 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of international trials reported that the risk for ASCVD was significantly decreased in patients with an LDL-C reduction of ≥ 50%, regardless of the LDL-C level achieved635).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [635] 637) Robinson JG, Farnier M, Krempf M, Bergeron J, Luc G, Averna M, Stroes ES, Langslet G, Raal FJ, El Shahawy M, Koren MJ, Lepor NE, Lorenzato C, Pordy R, Chaudhari U, Kastelein JJ, ODYSSEY LONG TERM Investigators. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med, 2015; 372: 1489-1499 source

In the paper

“Meta-analyses conducted by the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration on large-scale clinical trials using statins confirmed that a decrease in the incidence of cardiovascular events was proportionate to the decrease in LDL-C level, regardless of pretreatment LDL-C level and individual absolute risk177–179, 348).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [177] 178) Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Keech A, Simes J, Barnes EH, Voysey M, Gray A, Collins R, Baigent C; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: Meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet, 2012; 380: 581-590 source
• Not checked yetcites [178] 179) Fulcher J, O’Connell R, Voysey M, Emberson J, Black-well L, Mihaylova B, Simes J, Collins R, Kirby A, Colhoun H, Braunwald E, La Rosa J, Pedersen TR, Tonkin A, Davis B, Sleight P, Franzosi MG, Baigent C, Keech A; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’(CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: Meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet, 2015; 385: 1397-1405 source
• Not checked yetcites [179] 180) Matsuzaki M, Kita T, Mabuchi H, Matsuzawa Y, Nakaya N, Oikawa S, Saito Y, Sasaki J, Shimamoto K, Itakura H; and the J-LIT Study Group. Large scale cohort study of the relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and coronary events with low-dose simvastatin therapy in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia: Primary prevention cohort study of the Japan Lipid Intervention Trial (J-LIT) . Circ J, 2002; 66: 1087-1095 source
• Not checked yetcites [348] 349) Saiki Y, Otsuka T, Kato K, Kawada T. A proposal for the optimal management target for serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in low-risk Japanese workers. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2016; 23: 422-430 source

In the paper

“The effectiveness of statins for preventing the first occurrence and recurrence of stroke in Japanese populations was confirmed in a sub-analysis of the MEGA study620, 621) and in the JELIS study622).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [620] 622) Tanaka K, Ishikawa Y, Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Saito Y, Matsuzawa Y, Sasaki J, Oikawa S, Hishida H, Itakura H, Kita T, Kitabatake A, Nakaya N, Sakata T, Shimada K, Shirato K, JELIS Investigators Japan. Reduction in the recurrence of stroke by eicosapentaenoic acid for hypercholesterolemic patients: Sub-analysis of the JELIS trial. Stroke, 2008; 39: 2052-2058 source
• Not checked yetcites [621] 623) Yusuf S, Bosch J, Dagenais G, Zhu J, Xavier D, Liu L, Pais P, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Leiter LA, Dans A, Avezum A, Piegas LS, Parkhomenko A, Keltai K, Keltai M, Sliwa K, Peters RJ, Held C, Chazova I, Yusoff K, Lewis BS, Jansky P, Khunti K, Toff WD, Reid CM, Varigos J, Sanchez-Vallejo G, McKelvie R, Pogue J, Jung H, Gao P, Diaz R, Lonn E, HOPE-3 Investigators. Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med, 2016; 374: 2021-2031 source
• Not checked yetcites [622] 624) Daida H, Teramoto T, Kitagawa Y, Matsushita Y, Sugihara M. The relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in high-risk patients treated with pravastatin: Main results of the APPROACH-J study. Int Heart J, 2014; 55: 39-47 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, for diabetes patients, who are a high-risk group in primary prevention, a sub-analysis of the J-LIT study results found that keeping the LDL-C level < 120 mg/dL was useful for preventing CAD incidence625).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [625] 627) Hasegawa K, Tsukamoto K, Kunimi M, Asahi K, Iseki K, Moriyama T, Yamagata K, Tsuruya K, Fujimoto S, Narita I, Konta T, Kondo M, Kimura K, Ohashi Y, Watanabe T. Control status of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors among Japanese high-risk subjects: Analyses of a Japanese health check database from 2008 to 2011. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2016; 23: 991-1003 source

In the paper

“The risk of CAD incidence plateaued at LDL-C levels ≤ 119 mg/dL, which demonstrates the importance of maintaining an LDL-C level of < 120 mg/dL624).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [624] 626) Teramoto T, Uno K, Miyoshi I, Khan I, Gorcyca K, Sanchez RJ, Yoshida S, Mawatari K, Masaki T, Arai H, Yamashita S. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and lipid-modifying therapy prescription patterns in the real world: An analysis of more than 33,000 high cardiovascular risk patients in Japan. Atherosclerosis, 2016; 251: 248-254 source

In the paper

“No increases in new-incidence cancer or non-CVD deaths were observed, which reconfirms the safety of long-term LDL-C-lowering therapy using statins.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [628] 630) Ference BA, Yoo W, Alesh I, Mahajan N, Mirowska KK, Mewada A, Kahn J, Afonso L, Williams KA, Flack JM. Effect of long-term exposure to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol beginning early in life on the risk of coronary heart disease: A Mendelian randomization analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012; 60: 2631-2639 source
• Not checked yetcites [629] 631) Cannon CP, Steinberg BA, Murphy SA, Mega JL, Braunwald E. Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes trials comparing intensive versus moderate statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006; 48: 438-445 source

In the paper

“The results of one metaanalysis revealed that the rate of change in plaque (atheroma) volume [percent atheroma volume (PAV)] correlates significantly with cardiovascular event risk641).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [641] 643) Hiro T, Kimura T, Morimoto T, Miyauchi K, Nakagawa Y, Yamagishi M, Ozaki Y, Kimura K, Saito S, Yamaguchi T, Daida H, Matsuzaki M, JAPAN-ACS Investigators. Effect of intensive statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A multicenter randomized trial evaluated by volumetric intravascular ultrasound using pitavastatin versus atorvastatin (JAPAN-ACS [Japan assessment of pitavastatin and atorvastatin in acute coronary syndrome] study). J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009; 54: 293-302 source

In the paper

“A significant difference in the risk of cardiovascular events was not seen when the LDL-C level was < 80 mg/dL.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [633] 635) Bangalore S, Fayyad R, Kastelein JJ, Laskey R, Amarenco P, DeMicco DA, Waters DD. 2013 cholesterol guidelines revisited: Percent LDL cholesterol reduction or attained LDL cholesterol level or both for prognosis? Am J Med, 2016; 129: 384-391 source

In the paper

“LDL-C is also a risk factor for atherothrombotic cerebral infarction36), and the effectiveness of statins to decrease the incidence of atherothrombotic cerebral infarction was confirmed in a Japanese population by the J-STARS study619).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [619] 621) Uchiyama S, Nakaya N, Mizuno K, Ohashi Y, Tajima N, Kushiro T, Teramoto T, Nakamura H, MEGA Study Group. Risk factors for stroke and lipid-lowering effect of pravastatin on the risk of stroke in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia: Analysis of data from the mega study, a large randomized controlled trial. J Neurol Sci, 2009; 284: 72-76 source

In the paper

“The incidence of cardiovascular events was significantly lower with the potent statin than with the standard statin.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [633] 635) Bangalore S, Fayyad R, Kastelein JJ, Laskey R, Amarenco P, DeMicco DA, Waters DD. 2013 cholesterol guidelines revisited: Percent LDL cholesterol reduction or attained LDL cholesterol level or both for prognosis? Am J Med, 2016; 129: 384-391 source

In the paper

“Epidemiology studies, however, have not found a significant correlation of serum cholesterol level and the incidence of noncardiogenic cerebral infarction38, 57, 64, 337).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [38] 38) Noda H, Iso H, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Ohtaka E, Ohta H. Gender difference of association between LDL cholesterol concentrations and mortality from coronary heart disease amongst Japanese: The Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. J Intern Med, 2010; 267: 576-587 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] 57) Cui R, Iso H, Toyoshima H, Date C, Yamamoto A, Kikuchi S, Kondo T, Watanabe Y, Koizumi A, Inaba Y, Tamakoshi A. Serum total cholesterol levels and risk of mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease in Japanese: The JACC study. Atherosclerosis, 2007; 194: 415-420 source
• Not checked yetcites [64] 64) Okamura T, Kokubo Y, Watanabe M, Higashiyama A, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimasa Y, Okayama A. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in an urban Japanese cohort study: The Suita study. Atherosclerosis, 2009; 203: 587-592 source
• Not checked yetcites [337] 338) Noda H, Iso H, Sairenchi T, Irie F, Fukasawa N, Toriyama Y, Ota H, Nose T. Prediction of stroke, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and total death based on results of annual health checkups. Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi, 2006: 265-276 (in Japanese)

In the paper

“In a long-term Japanese observational study of secondary prevention, the incidence of cardiovascular events was significantly decreased in patients whose LDL-C levels were controlled at < 100 mg/dL632).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [632] 634) Ota T, Ishii H, Suzuki S, Shibata Y, Tatami Y, Harata S, Shimbo Y, Takayama Y, Tanaka A, Kawamura Y, Osugi N, Maeda K, Kondo T, Murohara T. Impact of the statin escape phenomenon on long-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Subgroup analysis of the nagoya acute myocardial infarction study (NAMIS). Atherosclerosis, 2015; 242: 155-160 source

In the paper

“A Mendelian randomization analysis found that the risk of cardiovascular events was extremely low in patients with hypo-LDL cholesterolemia that was caused by gene mutations630).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [630] 632) Naito R, Miyauchi K, Konishi H, Tsuboi S, Ogita M, Dohi T, Kasai T, Tamura H, Okazaki S, Isoda K, Daida H. Appropriate level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2016; 23: 413-421 source

In the paper

“The long-term follow-up of large clinical trials of statins that were conducted in the 1990s, such as the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) and the Heart Protection Study (HPS)628, 629) confirmed that early initiation of LDLC-lowering therapy regardless of the plasma LDL-C level was useful for the long-term prevention of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in high-risk”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [628] 630) Ference BA, Yoo W, Alesh I, Mahajan N, Mirowska KK, Mewada A, Kahn J, Afonso L, Williams KA, Flack JM. Effect of long-term exposure to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol beginning early in life on the risk of coronary heart disease: A Mendelian randomization analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012; 60: 2631-2639 source
• Not checked yetcites [629] 631) Cannon CP, Steinberg BA, Murphy SA, Mega JL, Braunwald E. Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes trials comparing intensive versus moderate statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006; 48: 438-445 source

In the paper

“It has been proven by the study that LDL-C-lowering therapy using statins exhibits suppressive effects on cardiovascular events regardless of race623).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [623] 625) Oikawa S, Kita T, Mabuchi H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Nakaya N, Saito Y, Sasaki J, Shimamoto K, Itakura H, J-LIT Study Group. Risk of coronary events in Japanese patients with both hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus on low-dose simvastatin therapy: Implication from Japan Lipid Intervention Trial (J-LIT). Atherosclerosis, 2007; 191: 440-446 source

In the paper

“It has been reported that the risk of cardiovascular events increased in patients with the escape phenomenon (i.e., re-elevation in LDL-C level of ≥ 10% after a reduction) following the start of statin treatment634).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [634] 636) Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, Darius H, Lewis BS, Ophuis TO, Jukema JW, De Ferrari GM, Ruzyllo W, De Lucca P, Im K, Bohula EA, Reist C, Wiviott SD, Tershakovec AM, Musliner TA, Braunwald E, Califf RM, IMPROVE-IT Investigators. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med, 2015; 372: 2387-2397 source