The DOI matches its Crossref record; 616 of the 616 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 231 of the 600 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics
Open accessAbstract
Medical robots are invaluable players in non-pharmaceutical treatment of disabilities. Particularly, using prosthetic and rehabilitation devices with human-machine interfaces can greatly improve the quality of life for impaired patients. In recent years, flexible electronic interfaces and soft robotics have attracted tremendous attention in this field due to their high biocompatibility, functionality, conformability, and low-cost. Flexible human-machine interfaces on soft robotics will make a promising alternative to conventional rigid devices, which can potentially revolutionize the paradigm and future direction of medical robotics in terms of rehabilitation feedback and user experience. In this review, the fundamental components of the materials, structures, and mechanisms in flexible human-machine interfaces are summarized by recent and renowned applications in five primary areas: physical and chemical sensing, physiological recording, information processing and communication, soft robotic actuation, and feedback stimulation. This review further concludes by discussing the outlook and current challenges of these technologies as a human-machine interface in medical robotics.
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Claims the paper makes
141 No full text of the sources · 87 Partly supported · 85 Own interpretation · 82 No basis given · 22 Couldn’t confirm · 19 Supported so far · 16 Supported · 8 Sources not found · 8 Not checked yet · 4 Not supported · 3 Mixed support · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, another resistive sensor may analyze the changes in the contact resistance, like the quantum tunneling effect (Figure 4A).[114,115]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [114] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) describes contact-resistance sensing and Fowler–Nordheim quantum tunneling as distinct mechanisms, not tunneling as an example of contact resistance. The Fabrication and properties section (page unavailable) says the particles in its tunneling sensor cannot contact one another during compression. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [115] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“By first preprocessing EMG data, ANNs were shown to classify 17 hand gestures from 6 EMG electrodes with an accuracy of 83%,[446]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [446] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Data processing via ML technology section describes six channels of TENG sensor signals used to classify six gripped objects, not six EMG electrodes used to classify 17 hand gestures. It reports PCA followed by an SVM classifier and 97.1% accuracy, rather than an ANN and 83%. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In recent years, profiting from the academic interest and deep exploration in neuroscience, flexible implantable stimulators with various mechanisms (electrical,[521–523] optogenetic,[524,525] ultrasonic,[526,527] magnetic[528]) are being developed as non-pharmacological treatment options.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [521] source
- Partly supportedcites [522] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Introduction (pages not supplied) describe a flexible, implantable μLED probe developed for optogenetic neural stimulation. The Conclusion says its purpose is to study neural circuits; our copy does not describe the probe as a non-pharmacological treatment option. This citation supports the optogenetic-device example, but not the treatment framing. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [523] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [524] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [525] source
- Disputedcites [526] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation [528] is attached to the magnetic example. The Introduction calls the paper’s transcranial magnetic stimulation technique noninvasive, and Section II (Concept and Design) says its flexible coil conforms to the surface of the head. The paper therefore describes a flexible magnetic stimulator, but not an implantable one. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Supportedcites [527] source
The citation is attached to the electrical-stimulation part of the sentence, not to the optogenetic, ultrasonic, or magnetic mechanisms. The Background describes implantable peripheral nerve interfaces for electrical stimulation and therapeutic neuromodulation; the Abstract identifies the review’s focus as recent advances in flexible electronics for these interfaces. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“A representative example is that subjects wearing a PI/Au-based stimulating and sensing hybrid platform attempted to control a robot hand to grip a bottle both with and without electro-tactile stimulation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [599] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Electrode development section describes a 3D-printed electrode coated with graphene ink, contrary to the claimed PI/Au platform. The Application demonstration section describes electrotactile stimulation and EMG/ECG recording, not subjects controlling a robot hand to grip a bottle with and without stimulation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, optical stimulators for spinal cord are generally flexible enough to be wraparound or wire-like.[556,569–571]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [556] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “EMG recordings and light stimulation” section (page not provided) describes delivering light to the exposed spinal cord through a fiber-optic cable, which supports a wire-like means of light delivery. It does not describe a wraparound stimulator or establish that spinal-cord optical stimulators are generally flexible enough to take either form. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [569] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Design and material properties of the soft neural cuff; page not provided) describe a flexible optical cuff that wraps around a peripheral nerve. The Discussion proposes adapting it into a small flexible probe for the spinal cord, but does not establish that spinal-cord optical stimulators are generally wraparound or wire-like. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [570] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes a flexible filament implanted in the spinal epidural space, supporting the wire-like example. Its stretchable film appliqué is for a peripheral nerve, not a wraparound spinal-cord stimulator, and this device study does not establish that spinal stimulators are generally made in either form (Competing Financial Interests Statement; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Disputedcites [571] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Online Methods (Implant construction; page unavailable) describe the spinal stimulator as an LED attached directly to the bottom of a circuit board; the wire extension belongs to the brain and peripheral implants. The Surgical procedures section says the spinal implant was cemented over a hole in the vertebra, rather than wrapped around the cord or implanted as a flexible wire. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“as the structural design of a pneumatic chamber will achieve the pre-defined actuating motion (Figure 2I and 2J).[64–66]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Functionality and performance
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [64] source
The paper’s “Characteristics” passage describes chambers with different internal structures, and its “Motions” passage links those structures to distinct twisting–contraction and twisting–bending motions when actuated. This supports the claim that chamber design can produce a predetermined motion. The indexed copy provides no page number for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [65] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Implementation in robotics; page unavailable) show that the authors designed a bimorph actuator whose structure produces bending motion. That supports the general link between structural design and intended motion, but their actuator uses electrically heated composite material, not a pneumatic chamber. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The combination of soft robotics with e-skin can additionally provide the user with a safe, light, and low complexity mode of actuation without the high cognitive strain associated with its rigid and heavy counterpart.[33–35]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Simplicity and Lower Cost” and “Other Characteristics: Light Weight,” the paper describes simpler control and lighter soft actuators than hard counterparts. “Biomedical Uses” describes safe interaction with humans. These passages do not establish that combining soft robotics with e-skin reduces users’ cognitive strain. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [35] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Medical/Wearable Applications section says soft devices are compatible with tissue and contrasts them with rigid devices that can cause damage or discomfort. The Stretchable Electronics section anticipates integration with soft robots, and the paper describes lightweight grippers, but it does not establish that combining soft robotics with e-skin produces light, low-complexity actuation or reduces users’ cognitive strain relative to rigid, heavy devices. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The progression of feedback sensors, modern designs, and novel materials similarly generated broader user-acceptance of medical prosthetics.[19,20]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
- Partly supportedcites [20] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Restoring Sensation section links lack of sensory feedback to prosthesis rejection and says tactile feedback can increase a user's identification with a prosthesis. The Introduction and Restoring Sensation sections describe advances in design, sensors, and materials, but do not establish that these advances have generated broader user acceptance. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In particular, when e-skin tactile sensing communicates harmful external stimuli to the user, soft robotics can utilize its flexibility and high degree of freedom to efficiently move away and adapt to the scenario.[19,36]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion and Conclusion (page numbers unavailable) link e-skin sensing to safe interaction and say soft, compliant robots need sensory feedback for precise control. They do not say that e-skin communicates harmful stimuli to a user or that a soft robot uses high degrees of freedom to move away from them and adapt. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“By utilizing the strain signal, the subject successfully controlled the prosthetic to assist walking in real-world environments (Figure 6B).[192]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [192] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that a strain-sensor-integrated e-skin demonstrated prosthesis walking control for assistive walking in real-world environments. However, Materials and Methods specifies that a human operator, prompted by the transmitted strain signal, sent the command that triggered each swing step; it does not show the subject directly controlling the prosthesis. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Bulky piezoresistive e-skins, like sponge-based sensors, rely primarily on pressure-induced changes in the number of conductive pathways[112] or in the shape of the sensing material.[113]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [112] source
Section 2.1.2 describes a sponge-based piezoresistive sensing cell and says compression increases contact points among its inner backbones, decreasing resistance. That supports the conductive-pathway mechanism to which the first citation is attached; the separate shape-change mechanism has its own citation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [113] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction explains that pressure deforms the sensor’s microchannels, changing their cross-sectional area and electrical resistance. This supports the shape-change mechanism associated with citation [113], but the paper describes a flexible microfluidic sensor, not bulky piezoresistive e-skins generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The mechanisms of pressure sensors mentioned above, like resistive, capacitive, and optical, etc.,[172] can also be applied to flexible strain sensors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [172] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Fig. 4) demonstrate an optical flexible sensor that detects substrate deformation and external force through changes in laser output. The paper does not establish that resistive or capacitive pressure-sensing mechanisms can also be used for flexible strain sensors. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 4I, capacitive integration uses primarily pressure-sensitive capacitors directly as gate capacitors, where the change in capacitance is translated into a variation in drain current in the field-effect transistor (FET)-based device.[102,130–132]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [102] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections “Basic mechanism and device fabrication” and “Device-sensing properties” describe a pressure-deformable suspended gate: pressure changes its dielectric capacitance, producing a change in source–drain current. This supports the cited sentence’s description of the capacitive sensing mechanism in a FET-based device. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [130] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Device characterization section describes a pressure-sensitive transistor whose gate incorporates a microstructured dielectric and shows that pressure changes both its capacitance and drain current. The Pressure sensor operation section links the current response to changes in gate-dielectric capacitance, although the relationship is not always linear. This supports the cited sentence as a description of capacitive integration in a FET-based device. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [131] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results > Pressure-sensing performances of the graphene FETs (page unavailable), the paper explains that pressure compresses the air-dielectric gate gap, increasing capacitance and changing drain current. Its example uses a pressure-sensitive gate capacitance built into the FET, rather than a separate capacitor component. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [132] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Similar to the mechanism behind pressure sensing, flexible waveguides[136,153] and magnetic materials[187,188] have also been investigated for wearable strain sensing applications.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [136] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [153] source
- Supportedcites [187] source
The Communication (page unavailable) investigates flexible magnetic tunnel junctions under tensile and compressive strain and identifies a potential strain-gauge application. It also proposes wearable flexible sensors as an application. This supports the magnetic-materials portion of the citing sentence; the separate waveguides portion is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [188] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Due to its simple mechanism and convenient data collection strategy, resistive pressure sensing has been extensively applied using various recording mechanisms.[111]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [111] source
The passage labeled Abstract says piezoresistive sensors are widely used because of their simple read-out mechanism, supporting the claim about extensive use and convenient data collection. It also describes bulk piezoresistivity and contact resistance as different sensing mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 6A, a biofuel powered strain sensor was integrated onto a human elbow to capture strain signals.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [192] source
The Results section reports a strain sensor placed on the elbow and connected to the biofuel-powered electronic skin; elbow bending was monitored through changes in the sensor’s resistance (Fig. 7D–E). Materials and Methods also states that the system transmitted the strain-sensor data wirelessly. The copy does not provide page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is worth noting that some microscopic mechanisms in strain sensing, like misplace,[173,174] disconnection,[175] and crack propagation[168,176] are not available in pressure sensing.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [173] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “In plane mechanical fracture modulation enabled by 2D interlayers” section reports crack propagation during bending and its effects on electrical conductance. It does not establish that crack propagation is a strain-sensing mechanism unavailable in pressure sensing. The citations for misplace and disconnection attach to other sources, so those examples are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Could not verifycites [174] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results describe resistance changes in the MXene sensor under pressure, but do not compare strain-sensing and pressure-sensing mechanisms. A reference lists a microcrack-designed pressure sensor, but our copy does not say whether crack propagation is its sensing mechanism. Searches for misplace, disconnection, and crack propagation did not establish the claimed exclusion. (LLM, conf=0.70)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [175] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [168] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [176] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thin metal films, like Au,[210] Pt[211] are widely employed in constructing flexible temperature detectors due to their good linearity and proven success in their microfabrication technologies.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [210] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes flexible temperature sensors made from thin Au traces, and Methods > Fabrication of TCR devices details their microfabrication (page unavailable). It does not establish that Au is widely employed or attribute its use to good linearity. Pt is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence and is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Supportedcites [211] source
The citation is attached to Pt, not Au. The paper describes thin-film Pt resistors used as flexible temperature sensors, reports that their resistance changes linearly with temperature, and says they are simpler to fabricate than Si-based alternatives (Abstract; Additional information). (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Integrating the two sensors into one substrate would provide a higher spatial resolution.[104,105]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [104] source
In Results, “SCMN adjustable sensing range and area expansion” (page unavailable), the paper says that stacking different sensors on the same sensory node contributes to a high density of sensing electronics. Its “Simultaneous multiple stimuli sensing” section confirms that the network integrates temperature and pressure sensors. Together, these passages support the proposed increase in spatial resolution. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [105] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section describes pressure and temperature sensors integrated with a fingerprint sensor array. The Discussion reports high resolution for the fingerprint array, but does not say that integrating the pressure and temperature sensors increases spatial resolution. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Figure 7C shows an intrinsically stretchable rubbery electronic, which can be used to fabricate thermistors.[222]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [222] source
The ‘Strain, pressure, and temperature sensors’ section (p. 5) describes a rubbery temperature sensor whose resistance changes with temperature. That resistance-based temperature sensing supports the claim that the intrinsically stretchable electronics can be used to make thermistors. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One such example used an artificial fingertip with e-skin to acquire information about the thermal properties and surface texture of different materials.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [224] source
The Introduction states that the authors used an artificial fingertip to acquire data on materials’ thermal properties and surface texture. The Tactile Sensor section describes the BioTAC fingertip’s elastomeric skin and explains how its sensors collect thermal and vibration data. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Using machine learning, the combination of vibrational and thermal information was used to identify the group (e.g. wood, metal, plastic) and type (e.g. aluminum, copper, pine, etc.) of the material.[224]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [224] source
The Introduction describes classifiers using vibration data and thermal characteristics to identify a material’s group, such as wood, metal or plastic, and then its specific type, such as aluminium, copper or pine. The Conclusion likewise states that classification of groups and individual materials was based on combined thermal and surface-texture properties. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor has a clear advantage over other temperature sensors in that it exhibits a much simpler structure while presenting equivalently high temperature sensitivity.[215]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [215] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage labeled Abstract says NTC thermistors have a simpler structure and equivalently high sensitivity compared with IC temperature sensors. The citing sentence broadens that comparison to other temperature sensors generally, which the passage does not establish. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The most conventional multisensory model is for temperature and pressure sensors to be placed on different parts of a prosthesis (Figure 7C and 7D).[222]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [222] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Intrinsically stretchable rubbery sensors for robotic skins” (p. 5) describes temperature and pressure sensors mounted on a robotic hand. It says both were placed on the finger phalanges rather than the joints; it does not say they were placed on different parts from each other, describe a prosthesis, or characterize this arrangement as the most conventional model. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Resistive metallic temperature sensors[207] and thermistors[208] are the most commonly used sensors in flexible thermal electronics.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [207] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Design and fabrication section identifies gold serpentine resistors as temperature sensors, and Spatiotemporal cardiac measurements and stimulation explains that their resistance changes with temperature. This supports the cited example of a metallic resistive temperature sensor, but the paper does not establish that such sensors are among the most commonly used in flexible thermal electronics. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [208] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a flexible thermal sensor using a ZnO-based thermistor, supporting the citation as an example of that sensor type. The paper does not establish that thermistors are among the most commonly used sensors in flexible thermal electronics. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In Figure 7E, by taking advantage of independent thermoelectric and piezoresistive effects, a dual parameter device can simultaneously transduces temperature and pressure stimuli into separate electrical signals.[107]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [107] source
The paper’s introductory passage [2] states that independent thermoelectric and piezoresistive effects in a single MFSOTE device enable simultaneous monitoring of temperature and pressure by transducing the stimuli into separate electrical signals. The Discussion likewise describes simultaneous detection using both mechanisms without a decoupling process. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Conventional commercially available integrated-circuit components (more than ten chips) can be applied on a FPCB to serve as data processing and transmission.[83]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [83] source
The main text describes integrating more than ten conventional, commercially available integrated-circuit chips. It also says these components were consolidated on an FPCB to provide signal processing and wireless transmission; the supplied copy does not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The development of novel dual-parameter sensors that transduce different stimuli into separate signals can minimize signal interference, allowing the detection of both temperature and pressure at a single point without decoupling analysis.[107,228,229]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [107] source
The introductory section (F) states that transducing stimuli into separate signals minimizes interference and permits temperature and pressure detection in a single device without decoupling analysis. The Discussion likewise reports simultaneous detection without an additional decoupling process; the paper also discusses sensing within one pixel. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [228] source
The Results sections on piezoresistance and self-powered temperature sensing describe pressure readout through current changes and temperature readout through thermoelectric voltage. They report negligible temperature effects on pressure-related current changes and a limited pressure effect on thermoelectric voltage. The wearable-device demonstration measures both while touching one cup; it does not describe a decoupling analysis for those readings. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [229] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Recently, a fully integrated wearable sensor array for multiplexed in-situ perspiration analysis was reported, where the sodium, potassium, lactate, and glucose content of sweat can be measured simultaneously by electrochemical methods.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [83] source
The main text describing Fig. 1c identifies amperometric glucose and lactate sensors and ion-selective, potentiometric sodium and potassium sensors. The discussion of Fig. 2f reports simultaneous measurements with the integrated array, supporting the claimed multiplexed electrochemical analysis of sweat. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other mechanisms of flexible health monitoring in rehabilitation, like optoelectronic[263,264] and ultrasound[265,266] devices, can also be applied to heartbeat, pulse oximetry, blood pressure, and other on-body measurements.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Other Sensing Techniques
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [263] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract describes an ultraflexible optical sensor for photoplethysmogram monitoring and identifies pulse oximetry as an application of flexible optical sensors. The Fig. 4 caption reports blood-pulse detection at 77 beats per minute. Our copy does not establish blood-pressure measurement by this device; the ultrasound citations are separate from the citations attached to optoelectronic devices. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites [264] source
The citation is attached to optoelectronic devices, not ultrasound devices. The Results describe a flexible optical sensor worn on a finger that measures pulse rate and blood oxygen levels, supporting its use for on-body pulse and oximetry measurements. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [265] source
- Partly supportedcites [266] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract describes a wearable, skin-conformal ultrasonic device that continuously monitors blood-pressure waveforms. The Results (‘Dynamic hemodynamics monitoring’) also report heart-rate measurements. Our copy does not show this ultrasonic device measuring pulse oximetry, so it supports only part of the measurement list attributed to it. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent advancements in soft and nanomaterials have opened up more options for flexible recording electrodes, like conductive polymers (e.g., PEDOT)[302,312] and nanomaterial composites (metal-based, CNT, graphene)[313–317].”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [302] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes flexible PEDOT:PSS/glycerol electrodes and says they are promising for neurophysiological recording (Abstract, page unavailable). It does not establish the claim about metal-based, CNT, or graphene nanomaterial composites, and recording is presented as a prospective use rather than a demonstrated function. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Supportedcites [312] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory passage (labelled Abstract in our copy) describes increasingly flexible polymer probes and the use of PEDOT to improve small recording sites. Its study description reports a mechanically compliant composite recording electrode, and its discussion identifies carbon-nanotube composites as a more flexible future option. These passages support the broad claim about conductive polymers and nanomaterial composites as options for flexible recording electrodes. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [313] source
- Partly supportedcites [314] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusion describe a stretchable gold-nanowire/PDMS composite cuff electrode, supporting the metal-based nanomaterial example. But the paper develops and tests that electrode for peripheral nerve stimulation, not recording. Its Introduction mentions recording with other flexible electrodes, which does not establish recording use for this device. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [315] source
- Supportedcites [316] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited paper is an example of the graphene-based flexible recording electrode covered by the graphene part of the citing sentence. Its Abstract describes a graphene-based electrode array for neurophysiological recording and identifies flexibility as important for neural interfaces; the citation need not support the separate PEDOT or CNT examples. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [317] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introductory section identifies conducting polymers, carbon-nanotube composites, nanowires and graphene as material options for flexible neural electrodes. The fabrication section describes the paper’s own flexible graphene recording electrodes, supporting its use as an example of that development. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent advances in wireless charging and self-powered technologies have been established to limit the number of times a user must undergo replacement surgery.[326]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [326] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5, “Wearable Self-Charging Power Units” (page unavailable), says self-charging units address the inconvenience of frequently recharging or replacing wearable power supplies. Section 6.2 describes wireless power delivery for a battery-free wearable sensor. Neither passage says these technologies reduce replacement surgeries; the paper focuses on wearable, non-invasive devices. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, the high spatial and temporal resolution of ECoG and LFPs can provide finer and more accurate control signals for prostheses as the neuronal areas can be recorded independently at a higher density.[333,334]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [333] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion describe high-density ECoG recordings from sensorimotor areas that enabled online control of individual prosthetic fingers; Methods §2.1 specifies the dense electrode array. The paper does not establish the claim about LFPs or explicitly show that high spatial and temporal resolution makes control signals more accurate. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [334] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says ECoG has greater spatial specificity and bandwidth than EEG, and IV. Future Directions suggests higher-resolution ECoG arrays may better localize cortex involved in hand and finger movements. But II. Methods only defines LFPs; the paper does not extend the resolution or prosthetic-control claim to LFPs, nor does it say independently recording areas at higher density yields finer, more accurate control signals. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Thus, the vast number of studies on different interface locations and various probing devices to record electrophysiological signals have established the foundation of user-communication with prosthetics.[24,286,287]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] source
The ‘Sensor modalities for motion intention estimation’ section describes sensing user intent through cortical and neuromuscular activity using methods that range from noninvasive sensors to implanted electrode arrays. The ‘Supraspinal neural activity’ and ‘Peripheral neural activity’ sections give examples of electrodes on the scalp, in the motor cortex, and over muscles for recording signals relevant to prosthetic control. No page numbers were provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Supportedcites [286] source
The Conclusions describe multiple interface technologies for acquiring signals at different sites and state that existing interfaces have been used to record motor commands and evoke sensations. The Discussion and future work section likewise describes diverse interfaces for acquiring peripheral nerve signals for prosthetic control. These passages support the citing sentence’s broad characterization; page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [287] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The penetrating electrodes are mostly rigid enough to maintain their structural integrity in the muscle.[367,368]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [367] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Materials and Methods section (IMES technical description; page unavailable) describes electrodes on a ceramic-packaged implant, and the Results (Animal experiments; page unavailable) report that implanted devices operated without problems and did not migrate in chronic animal studies. Those observations support stability of this particular implant in muscle, but the paper does not establish that penetrating electrodes are mostly rigid or that rigidity maintains their structural integrity. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Partly supportedcites [368] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes stiff electrodes, and the Discussion identifies several more rigid electrode arrays. Neither section says that penetrating electrodes are mostly rigid or that their rigidity maintains structural integrity in muscle. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As another representative type of flexible structures, the mesh structure also distinguishes it for both inserted and superficial neural implants owing to its stretchability and adaptability.[301,348–350]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [301] source
- Partly supportedcites [348] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Abstract (page unavailable) says mesh designs improve conformal coverage, and it describes mesh electrode arrays placed on the exposed brain. It does not establish their use as inserted, penetrating neural implants or attribute the improvement specifically to stretchability. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [349] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [350] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In this type, spiral means that the ability to circumscribe the nerve, which somewhat limits the variation in nerve diameter (nerve growth), unless the electrodes are stretchable spiral cuffs.[302,361]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [302] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports that a cuff electrode’s inner diameter was outgrown by a rat sciatic nerve, constraining and deforming it (Abstract; page unavailable). This supports the concern about nerve growth, but the passages do not identify the cuff as spiral or establish that making a spiral cuff stretchable would remove that limitation; the paper also reports constraint from an elastic cuff substrate. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Could not verifycites [361] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and discussion and Mechanical cycling passages describe commercially available nerve cuffs connected to stretchable LCE cables. They do not address spiral cuffs, whether they circumscribe a nerve, or whether cuff stretchability accommodates changes in nerve diameter (searched: spiral cuff, circumscribe, nerve growth, diameter). (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Any delay beyond 300 milliseconds will further result in a user-perceived lag.[432]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Time delay in feedback sensors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [432] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6.3 (p. 23) discusses microsecond delays in vacuum-tube circuits, not a threshold for user-perceived lag. A search for 300 milliseconds and human perception found no passage in our copy supporting the claimed threshold. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As demonstrated in Figure 9D, a high-density epidermal sensing array consisting of 17 mesh electrodes is integrated on the residual limbs to record EMG signals for prosthetic applications.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Non-invasive methods
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [388] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on speech recognition reports EMG recorded from the neck using an epidermal device. The device-design section describes a pair of electrophysiological electrodes, not a 17-mesh-electrode array; our copy does not report placing such an array on residual limbs for prosthetic applications. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Surface EMG is therefore, in principle, a low-cost and specific way of detecting what the patient wants the prosthetic to do.[400,401]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Non-invasive methods
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [400] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction mentions EMG as a technique used with patients who have neural-system disorders, but does not describe surface EMG as a way to detect intended prosthetic actions. The Discussion’s lower-cost finding concerns the paper’s EOG graphene sensors, not EMG. Searches for surface EMG, prosthetic control, patient intention, and cost found no passage establishing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Could not verifycites [401] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (page unavailable) says EMG was recorded to rule out overt movements during motor imagery, not to detect intended prosthetic actions. The paper describes EEG and EOG as the signals used to control the hand exoskeleton. Searches for EMG-based intent detection and cost found no passage addressing whether surface EMG is a low-cost, specific way to detect what a patient wants a prosthetic to do. (LLM, conf=0.75)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The user's intentions can be extracted from the activation of the remnant muscles.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Researchers have developed various versatile epidermal electrodes with high performance that can universally measure EEG, EMG, EOG, and ECG through placing electrodes on different areas of the skin.[25,414]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Non-invasive methods
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.2 (page not provided) describes skin-contacting electrodes used to monitor ECG, EMG, and EEG, with placement depending on the target body part. It does not mention EOG or establish that the same versatile, high-performance epidermal electrodes can universally measure all four signals simply by changing placement. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [414] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Sensor designs, system configurations, and wireless, battery-free modes of operation” section (Fig. 1A; page not provided) describes skin-interfaced electrodes recording ECG on the chest. The paper describes a separate foot-mounted optical sensor for PPG, but the passages do not support measuring EEG, EMG, or EOG by moving the electrodes to other skin areas. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Referring to another brain (ECoG) recording, ultrathin film electrode arrays are a promising and widely adopted option for electrodes used on the surface of the cortex, owing to its high recording density in a non-penetrating fashion.[296,343–346]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [296] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not provided) describes flexible, non-penetrating subdural arrays as capable of high-resolution ECoG recording, and the fabrication section describes the paper’s ultrathin, high-resolution device. It does not establish that ultrathin, high-density arrays were widely adopted; the Abstract instead says clinically used subdural electrodes were larger and more widely spaced. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [343] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results describe the NeuroGrid as a 4-μm-thin array with densely spaced electrodes, and the Abstract reports recording from the cortical surface without penetrating it. The Discussion presents it as a promising approach for surface recording. The paper calls the NeuroGrid novel, however, and does not establish that ultrathin film arrays were widely adopted. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [344] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes ultrathin, flexible surface μECoG arrays as capable of dense neural sampling with little tissue injury, supporting their promise as non-penetrating cortical electrodes. The Results report a high-density, 1008-electrode array. Neither passage establishes that such arrays are widely adopted. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [345] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Abstract describes a high-density, stretchable grid that records from the cortical surface in rats; its fabrication description gives a thickness of approximately 80 μm. This supports the surface-recording and high-density aspects, but the paper does not establish that ultrathin film arrays are widely adopted for ECoG. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [346] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results describe a 4-by-4 electrode array on a thin PET film, and the imaging section reports placing it on the cortical surface to record electrical activity without penetrating the cortex (pages not supplied). The Discussion calls high-density arrays a future fabrication possibility, rather than establishing that ultrathin-film ECoG arrays are already widely adopted or that high recording density explains their adoption. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“To verify the feasibility of the device, the arrays were implanted over sensorimotor cortices in monkeys, which presents a stable long-term recording. (Figure 8C).[347]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [347] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Interfaces with the Peripheral Nerve” section discusses recording instability in peripheral-nerve electrode arrays, not multiplexed arrays implanted over monkey sensorimotor cortices. Searches for monkey sensorimotor implants and stable long-term recording found no passage addressing the claimed experiment. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For these cable-like peripheral nerves, the flexible cuff electrodes (both spiral[356,357] and helical[358,359] shaped) are the most common ones that must be mentioned.[360]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [360] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Extra-neural interfaces” section identifies helical and spiral cuff designs and says cuff interfaces are the most common *among extra-fascicular types*. It does not establish that they are the most common peripheral-nerve electrodes overall or explicitly describe these designs as flexible. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Currently, various soft mechanical[76,460] and thermal actuators[106,461] have been extensively adopted as artificial muscles and heat sources in prosthetic actuation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [76] source
The Abstract (page not provided) describes a neuroprosthetic hand whose soft fingers move under pneumatic actuation, supporting this paper as an example of soft mechanical actuation in a prosthesis. The citation is attached to “soft mechanical”; the separate thermal-actuator citations are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [460] source
- Partly supportedcites [106] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results describe electroresistive thermal actuators that heat a prosthetic skin layer, and the section on SiNR mechanical sensors reports that the heater can maintain body temperature. This supports the thermal-actuator example, but this paper does not establish that various actuators have been extensively adopted across prosthetic applications. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [461] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Despite these issues, prosthetic actuation has repeatedly been shown to enhance rehabilitation recovery through assisted motion actuation[458] and heat therapy[203] after paralysis, muscle injury, or loss of limb.[459]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [458] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [203] source
- Could not verifycites [459] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to “heat therapy.” Section 2.3 describes a heated glove providing thermal feedback and a potential surgical ablation tool, not heat therapy for rehabilitation. The Discussion likewise reports no recovery outcomes; searches for rehabilitation and heat therapy found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For medical robotics, CNNs can be applied to textile-based tactile sensors to classify human poses, motions, and other user interactions (Figure 11A–11C).[160,444]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [160] source
- Partly supportedcites [444] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not provided) report classifying hand movements for a myoelectric prosthetic hand, supporting the medical-robotics movement-classification aspect. Section 4.2 (page not provided) specifies a multilayer perceptron, while the Conclusions specify EMG sensors; the paper does not support the claim about CNNs, textile-based tactile sensors, or classification of poses and other user interactions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The human hand can achieve various dexterous gestures with almost 23 degrees of freedoms (DOFs).[454]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [454] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background discusses prosthetic devices with 10 and 16 degrees of freedom, and Methods > Data and training describes 3- and 4-DoF prosthetic controllers; neither gives a degree-of-freedom count for the human hand. Searches for “23-DoF” and human-hand degrees of freedom found no passage supporting the claimed figure or its link to dexterous gestures. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Another promising neuromorphic design for communication is artificial sensory neurons, which have already been applied to measure tactile, noxious, and mechanical stimuli.[440]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial sensory neurons
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [440] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Abstract describes an artificial sensory neuron that detects touch patterns through a pressure sensor, supporting tactile and mechanical stimuli. It does not report detecting noxious stimuli; its reference to pain being alleviated by gentle strokes is an analogy for how two tactile inputs interact, not a noxious-stimulus measurement. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“After touching a baby doll using a robotic hand with the e-skin, the heat transfer to the baby doll is then captured with an infrared camera, which is similar to that of human natural hand (Figure 14C).[106]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [106] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The SiNR mechanical sensors section says the artificial skin was heated to about 36.5 °C to mimic body temperature and that heat transfer to the baby doll was captured with an IR camera. The Figure 5 caption says heat remained after the prosthetic hand was removed. Our copy does not report a comparison of that heat transfer with a natural human hand. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, some subjects wearing prostheses with sensory feedback reported that stimulation eliminates phantom pains in the artificial limbs.[157,519]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [157] source
The section headed “Subjects reported that sensory feedback eliminated pain in the phantom hand” (p. 6) reports that phantom-pain episodes eventually disappeared for subject 1 and that subject 2 had no further episodes after sensory stimulation began. The claim accurately presents these as subjects’ reports, rather than a proven general effect. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [519] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Flexible heaters, like a graphene-AgNP-based heater, can also be combined with traditional Chinese medicine to treat arthritis.[514]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [514] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Fabrication of MOSD) and Methods (MOSD fabrication and characterization; page numbers unavailable) describe a polyurethane shape-memory device with mini-LEDs for nerve stimulation. Searches for graphene-AgNP heaters, traditional Chinese medicine, and arthritis found no passage addressing their combination or its use to treat arthritis. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Various soft conductive materials such as thin metal,[106] conductive polymers,[508] nanomaterials,[509] etc. can be thermally actuated in the form of resistors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [106] source
The citation is attached to the thin-metal example, not the separate conductive-polymer or nanomaterial examples. The Results describe electroresistive heaters that provide thermal actuation, and the Fabrication of Au-based devices section identifies their resistive conduction paths as thin Au/Cr metal layers. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [508] source
- Supportedcites [509] source
Citation [509] is attached to “nanomaterials,” not to the other material types in the sentence. The Introduction (page unavailable) gives metallic nanowire meshes in Joule-heated garments as an example of conductive nanomaterials used for heating, consistent with resistive heating. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These flexible stimulators function by releasing (electrical and optical) signals into the brain,[272] spinal cord,[522] and periphery nerves[529] to achieve neural modulation for associated sensory perception and motor rehabilitation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [272] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section on eliciting somatosensory percepts through cortical stimulation describes electrical stimulation of the brain to evoke sensations and discusses optogenetic stimulation as a possible approach. It does not establish that flexible stimulators deliver both electrical and optical signals to the brain for sensory perception and motor rehabilitation; the optical approach is presented as prospective. In the printed sentence, this citation is attached to the brain, not the spinal-cord or peripheral-nerve claims. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [522] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Device Architecture and Results sections describe flexible probes that deliver light to brain tissue and evoke neuronal activity in mouse brain slices. The paper describes electrical recording, not delivery of electrical stimulation, and does not establish sensory-perception or motor-rehabilitation outcomes. The spinal-cord and peripheral-nerve portions of the citing sentence have separate citations and are not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [529] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For instance, flexible deep brain needles or wires offers the most widely adopted carrier for optogenetic localization of cellular-scale stimulation in brain.[342,563–568]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [342] source
- Partly supportedcites [563] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes flexible, cellular-scale optoelectronic devices inserted into deep brain tissue using releasable needles for localized optogenetic stimulation (Abstract; page not provided). It does not say that flexible needles or wires are the most widely adopted carrier; the needles described are used for insertion, while the devices deliver the light. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [564] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Main Text describes flexible implanted probes that control the spatial location of optogenetic stimulation. It does not say that flexible deep-brain needles or wires are the most widely adopted carrier; the Introduction instead calls tethered optical fibers the simplest and most common method. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [565] source
- Partly supportedcites [566] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that skull-anchored optic fibers or head stages deliver light for brain optogenetics. It does not establish that flexible deep-brain needles or wires are the most widely adopted carriers, or that they provide cellular-scale localization; the device studied here targets the spinal cord. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [567] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [568] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the recent decade, various nanomaterials[301,345,534,535] and conductive polymers[536–538] have also made their way into implantable stimulation electrodes, which have higher charge injection capacity (1~15 mC cm−2) compared to conventional materials (Pt 0.05~0.15 mC cm−2, TiN 0.9 mC cm−2).[39]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [301] source
- Could not verifycites [345] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The electrode-characterization passage (labeled Abstract; page unavailable) reports ≈2.7 mC cm−2 as areal capacitance and describes stability during electrical stimulation, not charge injection capacity. Our copy does not give the claimed 1–15 mC cm−2 range or the Pt and TiN comparison values; searches for charge injection capacity and those materials found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [534] source
- Partly supportedcites [535] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The charge-injection passage (labeled Abstract in our copy; page unavailable) reports 3.9 mC cm−2 for a conducting-polymer electrode and says it outperformed many common electrode materials. It does not give the claimed Pt range of 0.05–0.15 mC cm−2 or TiN value of 0.9 mC cm−2, or establish the 1–15 mC cm−2 range for nanomaterials and conductive polymers generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [536] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [537] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [538] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Most of these neural interfaces can be somehow flexible to improve mechanical compliance for adapting to the morphology of the peripheral nerve and improving biocompatibility.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [357] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not specified) says soft, stretchable materials can better match nerve tissue mechanically, and that mechanical adaptability can reduce compression-induced immune responses. It does not establish that most peripheral-nerve interfaces are flexible or can be made flexible. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [455] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [550] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [551] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Faradic electrodes based on oxides of iridium (IrOx) tend to have a higher charge capacity compared to titanium-derived electrodes due to their excellent electrochemical properties.[532,533]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [532] source
- Could not verifycites [533] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) compares the stimulation charge capacity of CNT yarn electrodes with platinum-iridium wires. Searches for iridium oxide (IrOx), titanium-derived electrodes, and their electrochemical properties found no passage comparing the materials named in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Fortunately, optogenetic stimulation does not lead to muscle fatigue as prolonged and irregular electrical stimulation does.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [556] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The sections on light-induced diaphragmatic EMG activity and spinal plasticity report that breathing activity could persist after intermittent photostimulation, but they do not assess muscle fatigue. Searches for fatigue and electrical stimulation found no passage comparing fatigue under optical and prolonged, irregular electrical stimulation. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“With the advances of materials science and manufacturing technologies, flexible light-emitting diodes (LED) [562] and microscale, inorganic LED (μ-ILED)[563] with biocompatibility have been reported to facilitate the progress in optogenetic stimulation for central and peripheral nervous system.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [562] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes implantable microscale inorganic LEDs for wireless optogenetic stimulation in the brain, and its Optoelectronic Design section describes soft components intended to minimize tissue damage. Its introduction also mentions optoelectronic stimulation of peripheral nerves, but does not establish that the μ-ILED devices reported here were used for peripheral stimulation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [563] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Abstract describes biocompatible, mechanically compliant microscale inorganic LEDs and demonstrates their use for optogenetic stimulation in the mammalian brain. It does not report stimulation of the peripheral nervous system. The separate citation for flexible LEDs is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The wraparound peripheral nerve interface can reduce foreign body reactions caused by insertion.[58,302,551,554]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] source
- Partly supportedcites [302] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that the wraparound MorphE interface had no significant increase in the ED1 inflammatory-response marker relative to sham controls, while conventional cuffs did. This supports reduced inflammation in this rat comparison, but not the claim that the reaction was caused by insertion: the paper points instead to implant detachment and chronic compression, rather than an initial injury. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [551] source
- Could not verifycites [554] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Surgical Procedure and Optical Fiber Implant Sites in Midbrain sections describe an optical fiber inserted into monkeys’ midbrains, not a wraparound peripheral nerve interface. The No Sign of Toxicity in the Brain by NIr section reports mechanical damage and gliosis along the fiber tract, but does not test whether a wraparound design reduces insertion-related foreign-body reactions. Searches for wraparound and peripheral nerve interfaces found no passage addressing that comparison; page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The first is penetrating microelectrodes with low-charge/phase thresholds, high-charge density thresholds and smaller surface area, which are more suitable for stimulating specific functional areas in a selective and high spatial resolution way.[543,544]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [543] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion link smaller electrode dimensions to potentially higher spatial resolution, and the introductory passage calls for high charge-transfer capacity in cortical microelectrodes. But these points concern the paper’s surface-based porous graphene arrays, not penetrating microelectrodes. The copy does not establish the claimed low charge-per-phase thresholds, high charge-density thresholds, or superior selectivity of penetrating electrodes. (LLM, conf=0.81)
- Partly supportedcites [544] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that intracortical microstimulation can provide somatosensory feedback and contrasts it with cortical surface stimulation, which may affect a large brain volume. It does not establish that penetrating microelectrodes have the stated charge thresholds or smaller surface area, or that they are more suitable for selective, high-spatial-resolution stimulation. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Therefore, miniaturization or cuff shape is still the mainstream design of peripheral nerve optical stimulators[572–575].”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [572] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Optical nerve cuff construction” section describes a spiral cuff-shaped optical stimulator, so the paper supports cuff shape as an example of peripheral nerve stimulator design. It does not establish that cuff-shaped or miniaturized designs are the mainstream. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [573] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [574] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [575] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Integrating epidermal electrodes, which provide opportunities in intimate, long-term interfaces to the human body,[602] on amputees’ remaining extremities has been tested in some studies.[603]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [602] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Design and self-assembly and In vivo implantation sections describe probes implanted in mouse brains, not epidermal electrodes tested on amputees’ remaining extremities. Searches for epidermal electrodes, amputees, and residual limbs found no passage addressing that claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [603] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, a fully implantable, battery-free wireless optoelectronic devices for spinal optogenetics is illustrated in Figure 15I. [569] This device design avoids the tethered operation in traditional optic fiber implants.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [569] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes this paper’s battery-free, fully implantable wireless device, and the Results say wireless operation removes the need for physical handling. But the device studied is a cuff for peripheral nerves, not a spinal optogenetics implant; the References identify a separate Samineni et al. (2017) paper with the spinal-device title. This paper therefore supports the wireless, untethered design in general, but not the attribution of the spinal device to this study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Figure 16D presents a noninvasive electrical stimulation system consisting of a TENG array for power supply and a ball-shaped electrode array for current simulation. Subjects wearing the system can identify different virtual spatial patterns by spatio-temporal varying electrical stimulation (Figure 16E and 16F).[604]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [604] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Whereas, the frequency and amplitude of the vibration are keys to generate different types of sensory information in the vibration stimulus.[360]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [360] source
The “Vibro-tactile stimulation” section states that vibration frequency and amplitude produce different types of sensory information. It also notes that other parameters can convey feedback, which does not conflict with the claim that frequency and amplitude are key parameters. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In this high frequency vibration stimulation, piezoelectric stimulators based on the inverse piezoelectric effect are also a good alternative.[595–597]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [595] source
- Could not verifycites [596] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion of stimulation electrodes (Figure 2a; page not supplied) says that electrical current can produce a vibration-like sensation. Searches for piezoelectric stimulators, the inverse piezoelectric effect, and high-frequency vibration found no passage assessing them as an alternative. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [597] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Consequently, many integrated flexible stimulation systems can also perform electrophysiological recording.[52]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory description (section E; page not provided) describes a compliant integrated probe that combines light delivery with long-term neural recording. The in vivo electrophysiology methods also report recording signals during optical stimulation. This supports the capability for the system studied, but not the broader claim that many flexible stimulation systems have it. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The multiple performance of the device often has an implicated relationship, the optimization of one performance may bring another performance limitation (such as sensitivity vs. range,[112] accuracy vs. softness[35] etc.)”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [112] source
The citation is attached to the accuracy-versus-softness example, not the sensitivity-versus-range example. The Introduction identifies compliant components as a safety strategy and names low positioning accuracy as a limitation, supporting the claimed possible trade-off. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [35] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The concluding discussion says soft robots are difficult to model and control, particularly when they must retain a desired body configuration, and calls for matching softness to the capabilities required. This supports a softness–control trade-off, but the paper does not establish the specific accuracy-versus-softness relationship attributed to citation [35]. The sensitivity-versus-range example is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.80)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“To eliminate these issues, some potential mass-processing technologies are emerging, such as laser-based processing,[249,617] roll-to-roll printing,[618,619] inkjet printing,[620] and other technologies for flexible electronics that offer excellent and consistent performance while ensuring fast, low-cost manufacturing.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [249] source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [617] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [618] source
- Not matchedcites [619]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [620]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, the long-term impact of these materials on the human body remains an uncertainty limiting the actual long-term commercial application of the devices in HMI.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [607] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) says biocompatibility warrants study because printed materials may contact skin for multiple days, and warns that leached metal ions could harm human tissue. The Results (page not provided) report a seven-day cell-viability test, but the paper does not say that uncertain long-term effects limit commercial HMI applications. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [608] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Currently, some temperature-sensitive e-skins can outperform the human skin in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and detection range.[205,206]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through dual sensory communication and flexible robotic actuation, e-skin and soft robotics devices can restore the user’s lost sensory awareness in the extremity, allowing the patient to see the limb as an extension of their body rather than a lifeless mechanical appendage.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“For implantable devices, noble metals such as platinum (Pt) and gold (Au) play an important role in neural interface electrodes due to their chemical stability in physiological environments.[51]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Chemical biocompatibility
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For many prostheses, the same sensory information can be acquired through the users’ stump.[19]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, using flexible lightweight materials, a prosthetic system weighing 300 grams was developed that mimics a commercially available prosthetic device that weighs more than 400 grams.[76]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Comfort and convenience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For devices that are not chemically biocompatible, the last commonly used technique is to completely seal the device in biocompatible material, like polyimide (PI) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).[59]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Chemical biocompatibility
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the combination of electroactive polymer (EAP) actuator and hydraulic structure can improve actuation capability[62,63]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Functionality and performance
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“By using simple and accurate signal gathered from non-invasive and visible sensors, gesture control strategy has become an intuitive and reliable control method for prosthetics.[146]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [146]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Flexible strain sensors prove to be promising alternatives to monitor these mechanical signals owing to their stretchability, durability, and lightweight nature.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Nanomaterials[177,178] and liquid metals[179] can be used as electrodes owing to their stable conductivity under tensile strain.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Achieving a high integration density of sensing arrays is dependent on the fabrication process, materials, and the data acquisition method.[128]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [128] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although most studies mention durability and functionality, for many devices this is just a theoretical prediction or proof of concept.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“On the other hand, piezoresistive sensors can be connected to the source or drain of the FET, where the drain current of the FET varies with the applied pressure (Figure 4J).[48,77,133–135]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Piezoelectric materials, like BaTiO3,[183] zinc oxide (ZnO),[184] PVDF,[185,186] can be utilized to fabricate strain sensors by converting strain readings into voltage signals.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“An attractive approach to address this issue is to have transistors that maintain the sensing unit state integrated around the device to control and amplify the signal, namely the “active matrix”.[129]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [129] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In the past decade, various flexible e-skin sensors that mimic the functions and features of human skin have already been integrated onto medical robotics to sense external information[86] for rehabilitation applications.[87]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Collecting information from the patient during rehabilitation, specifically strain[89] and pressure,[90] can inform the therapist in real-time about the accuracy of the movement as well as the physiological status.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This hybrid robotic skin can turn inanimate objects into soft robots by estimating their current position.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [200] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, the potential fatigue and psychological tension during the rehabilitation process can cause temperature variations due to sweat evaporation.[226]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [226] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 6G, an implantable capacitive multifunctional sensor was designed to measure pressure and strain signals under the skin.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [204] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One important lesson learned from studying the natural perception of human skin is that the identification of materials is inseparable from accurate temperature perception.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A noteworthy example to detect bending angles, an essential part of its self-perception, is flexible capacitive sensors alongside soft actuators.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [200] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The design of these strainers provide a new paradigm for in vivo biomechanical measurements.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 6D, a stable flexible strain gauge based on the “island and gap” structure of aligned CNT thin films was recently demonstrated.[175]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [175] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the field of medical rehabilitation, monitoring body temperature at different locations can reflect the body's state (both physiological and psychological) in real time.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [226] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In particular, flexible strain sensors can sense the stretching and relaxation of prosthetics like the human body's mechanoreceptors located on the muscles, skin, and tendons.[197]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [197] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using this strain gauge for hand rehabilitation, a data glove can be fabricated to accurately detect the motion of each finger individually.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [175] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In addition to monitoring external strain on the human skin, recently in vivo strain sensing has been investigated to monitor inner tissue, e.g. tendons and muscle recovery, by continuously providing real-time and long-term information for rehabilitation surveillance.[179,204]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Figure 6E presents an EGaIn based-strain sensor that can be applied on top of the ankle to measure the joint’s angle to provide feedback on the foot’s motion during rehabilitation.[201]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [201] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Conductive nanomaterial-filled polymers[212,213] are a promising candidate for flexible PTC temperature sensors, where the volume changes as the material progresses through the melting point of crystalline regions, thus affecting the resistance.[214]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“On the skin, respiratory waves and pulses can also contribute to slight stretches, which can be captured by sensitive strainers for health monitoring during rehabilitation.[94,202,203]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Some remarkable designs based on biomaterials and structures have superior temperature response properties, offering another method for thermal perception.[97]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [97] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The mechanism of resistive metallic temperature detectors relies on the linearity between resistance and temperature found in metals.[209]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [209] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the demonstration, it can provide real-time thermal information, force directions, and strain graphics in various tactile motions (shear, pinch, spread, torsion; Figure 7G).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [230] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this regard, sweat can potentially communicate to the user about health and rehabilitation progress, informing the user when to rehydrate and replenish electrolytes.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, flexible sensors attached to prostheses and human skin generally require compliant flexible characteristics, which places a limit on the thickness of e-skins.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another promising multimodal detection method based on machine learning is the “cross-reactive” sensor matrix. Instead of responding to certain specific stimuli like conventional “lock and key” sensors, this sensor has the ability to respond to a wide range of stimuli.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [231] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These dual-monitoring devices greatly enriches the external information that can be acquired by prosthetic haptics.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In addition to conventional electrochemical biosensing techniques, the transistor-based approach, including field-effect transistors (FET) and organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) also show great promise owing to their ability for in situ amplification of the detected signal.[235,236]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The change in the resistive or dielectric properties of these materials as they absorb moisture is used to reflect the humidity in the air.[256–258]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Other Sensing Techniques
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Existing flexible humidity sensors are mainly fabricated by accommodating different transducing materials, such as graphene, CNT, and MoS2, on flexible substrates.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Other Sensing Techniques
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chemical sensors for prosthetic and robotic applications have been less investigated than mechanical and thermal sensors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“The first stretchable e-skin that decoupled temperature and strain in a single parameter is shown in Figure 7F.[230] The e-skin has a simple electrode-electrolyte-electrode structure, where two variables (temperature and strain) are”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [230] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Firstly, the brain acts as the source of motor intention, which is essential to reduce the delay time between conscious action and robotic actuation.[332]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [332] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such bioelectrical signals propagating through the nervous system can be detected both in vivo and on the skin’s surface (using electrodes).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Implantable electrodes that are embedded under the skin or inserted into the target tissue, especially around deep or delicate tissues, are more accurate than non-invasive electrodes as they obtain substantially more biological signals.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As impedance adds noise to the signal, lower impedance electrodes are expected to have a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) overall.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Biocompatibility is the determining factor for the safety and stability of implants in long-term chronic operation (see section 2).[304]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [304] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apart from the biocompatibility, the requirements of implantable sensing neural interfaces for good performance lie primarily in the device impedance, and hence conductivity and capacitance.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Utilizing these electrophysiological signals to capture and decode the movement intention can provide a natural way to control prosthetics.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Traditional commercial implantable neural interfaces (e.g., Utah electrodes[306] and Michigan electrodes[307]) typically contain noble metals[308] (high conductivity and chemical stability), and silicon-based materials[309] (ideally suited to existing microfabrication techniques) as electrodes.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, low electrode impedance combined with the distributed capacitance between the electrodes and the recording amplifier will enhance the high-frequency response performance of the electrode.[305]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [305] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Various adapted peripheral electrodes have been proposed, such as implants around the nerve (cuff electrodes[351] and flat interface nerve electrodes (FINE)[352]), longitudinally through the nerves (wire[353] and longitudinal interfascicular electrodes (LIFE)[354]), and through the nerves via shafts (such as transverse interfascicular multichannel electrodes (TIME)[355]).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“For example, Figure 8J demonstrates a TENG-powered ECG recording system conformed around a pig heart. Owing to the triboelectric material, which couples the contact electrification and electrostatic induction mechanism in the heartbeat (Figure 8K), and the structure, the device successfully performed real-time wireless cardiac monitoring (Figure 8L).[382]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [382] source
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, flexible dry epidermal electrodes based on conductive materials and stretchable structures overcame these drawbacks.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Non-invasive methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Conventional BMIs with probe-like morphology for LFP recordings are generally small and rigid.[338]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [338] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Specifically, users prefer a modality-matched feedback system where vibrations are felt as vibrations and temperature is felt as heat.[19]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Sensory relay in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In one representative example, an ultrasonic backscattering concept-based neural dust demonstrated stable wireless ENG and EMG recording from the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle respectively (Figure 8G).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [372] source
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Integrating artificial intelligence into these neurons, researchers further developed a neuromorphic tactile processing system (NeuTap) that acquires tactile sensory information with a 0.4% accuracy for spatiotemporal features.[442]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial sensory neurons
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [442]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The drawback to using these algorithms is that the input features to the ML models might not be readily available.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Meanwhile, SVMs have been successfully used by soft robotics in tactile sensing to identify objects with an accuracy of 98.1%.[448]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [448]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The benefit of CNNs over other ML algorithms (such as ANNs), however, is that there is little preprocessing required on (most) imaging data as the information will inevitably be compressed later inside the network.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Recently, an asynchronously coded e-skin (ACES) was developed that can simultaneously transmit information from 10,000 sensors using only a single wire with a latency period of 1 millisecond (Figure 10C and 10D).[433]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Time delay in feedback sensors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [433] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This results in the natural decline of the ML accuracy over time.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In medical robotics, the KNN algorithm has been shown to outperform other ML techniques (including SVMs) for proprioception sensing when training a soft robotic hand to recognize its bending and twisting angles.[199]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [199] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another issue commonly overlooked in ML applications is sampling enough data points across all gender, race, age, and sexuality.[449]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [449] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“as well as 5 hand gestures from 8 EMG electrodes with an accuracy of 98.7%.[447]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [447] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Despite performing well in training groups, in practice, Rekognition was found to preferentially label innocent people in minority groups as potential criminals.[450]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [450]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, most commercial prostheses have only about 4 DOFs[455,456] due to the complexity of computing control signals for multiple rigid motors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [455] source
- Not matchedcites [456]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In order to amplify the force output, a lot of studies have focused on the structural design of EAPs, like parallel connections[491] and hydraulic amplification.[62,492]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In these devices, cables in the forms of variable length tendons are embedded in soft or rigid skeletons to provide a controlled deformation.[482,483]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [482] source
- Not matchedcites [483]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intimate conformal contact with the skin promoting heat transfer between heaters and skin.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Soft-robotic systems therefore show great potential in medical and wearable applications.[462–464]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Through the integration of the device with the gait sensing module, the system has the potential to improve hemiplegic gait after stroke (Figure 13F).[496]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [496] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Figure 13E shows the design and control of a wearable robotic device powered by pneumatic artificial muscles in ankle-foot rehabilitation which provides active assistance without restricting natural DOFs at the ankle joint.[495]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [495] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dedicated tendon driven actuating systems are suitable for bi-directional actuation in foot rehabilitation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the actuation stress, strain, and efficiency of EAPs (aforementioned in section 2.1.4) are problematic in applications to prosthetics, especially for ionic polymer actuators.[490]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [490]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The field of soft wearable robotics offers an opportunity for rehabilitation, especially in motion therapy.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thermal actuators provide an additional dimension beyond mechanical and electronic for HMI.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The combination of two planes of HASEL actuators with simultaneous capacitance measurements can be used to reflect the actuation state of the robotic arm (Figure 12I).[62]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Combining the actuating ability of dielectric elastomer actuators and all–soft matter hydraulic architectures, the output force of hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic (HASEL) actuators can be greatly amplified.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Exosuits produce gait-restorative joint torques by transmitting mechanical power from waist-mounted body-worn or off-board actuators to the wearer through the interaction of textile anchors and cable-based transmission (Figure 13D).[494]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [494] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Most flexible thermoactuators are based on the Joule effect.[413,497,498]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Due to its sensing and actuating abilities, the soft hand has been successfully applied in grasping and HMI scenarios (Figure 12B and 12C).[153]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [153] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Soft pneumatic actuators can be deformed in a controlled manner through inflation or evacuation of special structures[469] or external binding modes (fiber shells).[470]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, stimulation modalities can transmit biopotential electrical, optical, or mechanical signals to the body for sensation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, compared to rigid thermoelectric coolers, the performance of all flexible Peltier cooling devices is far from adequate for HMI use.[510]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [510] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, implantable electrical stimulators are widely deployed because of signal compatibility.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Electrical signals are the predominant form of nerve excitation in the human body.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Peltier cooling is a promising solution for the challenge.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In rehabilitation therapy, stimulations have also been prescribed to treat disabilities caused by neurological disorders through neural modulation, such as deep brain stimulation for paralysis and Parkinson's disease.[305,520]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The device is based upon a thermally conductive elastomer backbone and thermoelectric materials connected with stretchable interconnecting electrode, which enables heat transfer under maximum stretching over 230%.[501]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [501] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The capacitive type relies mainly on the double-layer charge at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces to inject charge”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [305] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“With the aid of medical imaging and genetic labelling technologies, epidural and subdural electrical stimulators could be integrated on spinal cord for sensory feedback and motor function modulation in forms of linear-type probes and paddle-type probes.[86]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Electrode material is a decisive factor in the electrical performance of implantable stimulation electrodes.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Figure 15C shows a paddle like neural implants named “e-dura”, which can have long-term biological integration in the central nervous system of spinal cord.[548]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [548] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Finally, this e-dura was effectively exploited to restore locomotion of a rat after spinal cord injury (Figure 15D).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [548] source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Utilizing a deposited layer of Mg embedded in insulting polymer to deliver electrical stimuli from the receiver antenna to the tissue, the system successfully enhanced neuroregeneration and functional recovery in rodent models (Figure 15F).[303]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [303] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the considerable surface area of nanomaterials can enhance charge injection capabilities.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nanomaterials can constitute percolation networks that can adapt to the deformation of neural tissue while maintaining high electrical performance.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The intrinsic mechanical elasticity, favorable charge storage and injection capacity of conductive polymers provide an unparalleled option for faradic electrical stimulators.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the variability and over time drift of skin impedance also present perplexing challenges for electrotactile stimulation at the same time.[598]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [598] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emerging noninvasive tactile stimulation methods, like transdermal electrical, mechanical stimulation, thermal feedback (introduced in section 6.2.2), provide alternative solutions to stimulate the human body for prosthetic and rehabilitation applications.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These mechanisms are able to output significantly larger forces and deformation for static force stimulation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, for fully implantable optogenetic stimulators, the mass and size of the devices have a nonnegligible effect on the animal’s freedom of movement and behavior by preventing animals from entering small enclosures or engaging in normal social interactions with others.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It has the potential to replace mechanical haptic displays owing to several advantages, such as small and thin size, lightweight and rapid responsiveness.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Figure 15K and 15L demonstrate a wireless optogenetic devices weigh 20–50 mg, which is two orders of magnitude smaller and lighter than previously reported wireless optogenetic systems.[574]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [574] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From a physiological point of view, the type of perception evoked by the feedback depends mainly on the different mechanical stimulation parameters.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Flexible epidermal electrotactile display is another haptic interface that provides stimulation by applying an electric current through the skin surface.[430]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [430] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, a matrix composed of 15 SMA-based plasters can be attached to human skin, and the user can perceive different touch patterns through the tangential and shear forces generated by SMAs and changes in the location of working units.[584]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [584] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the need for coils and permanent magnets, which are usually rigid, always makes such stimulators occupy a large volume.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the low response speed and hysteresis of fluidic and heat-induced deformation stimulators limit both mechanisms to stimulate the skin in the form of high frequency vibrations.[585]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [585] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Perception of the residual limb can be elicited by mechanical stimulation, such as vibration and static force stimulation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For arraying stimulators, the feedback stimulation can be achieved with continuous temporal and spatial variation.[578]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [578] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TENGs provide a potential solution to achieve self-powered, wireless electrical stimulation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This combination therapy can achieve independent rehabilitation without a guide.[158]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [158] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For medical rehabilitation, system integration is also critical to achieve precise treatment and assess rehabilitation efficacy.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such stimuli can be further converted into electrophysiological signals through artificial synapses, which are then fed back into the body through flexible stimulators.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interface issues for signal relay are a major challenge in HMI robotics, specifically for mechanical and electrical components.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evaluation of optogenetic stimulation relies mainly on real-time recording of the in situ electrophysiological signals.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the aid of soft robotic hand motions, flexible e-skins can then acquire various signals from the exterior environment.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 191
- Probably not a substantial claim. 137
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“The advantage of this method is its small size, fast response time, and good linearity.[106,217]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [106] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on SiNR sensors (page unavailable), the paper describes the diode temperature sensors’ nonlinear characteristics as an advantage, contrary to the claimed advantage of good linearity. Its statement that sensors have a linear and fast response concerns SiNR strain gauges, not the p–n-junction temperature sensors; the cited passages also do not establish small size as an advantage of the junction method. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [217] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, some diseases of the locomotor system provoke abnormal elevations of metabolites and biomarkers, such as L-dopa in Parkinson’s disease[246–248] uric acid in gout,[45] which are very important evaluation factors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [246] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes levodopa as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, not as a metabolite or biomarker abnormally elevated by the disease. Searches for elevated L-dopa, biomarker concentrations, and related terms found no passage addressing that claim. The separate gout example is cited to another source, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Disputedcites [247] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Levodopa Monitoring > Abstract passages describe L-dopa as a medication for Parkinson’s disease, not a biomarker elevated by the disease. The on-body study reports increased sweat L-dopa after fava-bean consumption and almost zero concentration without it. The gout example has a separate citation and is not assessed against this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [248] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Abstract supports monitoring L-Dopa levels to guide Parkinson’s disease treatment. It does not support the claim that Parkinson’s disease itself causes L-Dopa to rise: the reported increase followed an oral L-Dopa tablet, and the measurements were made in healthy volunteers. Uric acid in gout is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Due to their breathability, these aforementioned 2D porous materials facilitate the outflow and evaporation of sweat and are not only comfortable to wear but also do not cause much skin irritation.[75]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Comfort and convenience
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [75] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (page unavailable) reports that the paper’s perforated e-skin lets sweat and vapor pass through and caused no skin irritation in a one-week forearm test. The Introduction describes its low mass as suitable for imperceptible wear. These findings support the claim for this specific e-skin, but not for 2D porous materials generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Together, e-skin and soft robotics can therefore alleviate problems such as limited functionality,[37] heavy weight,[19] and poor aesthetic design.[31]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
- Partly supportedcites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation [31] is attached to the aesthetic-design part of the sentence. The Prosthetic Hands and Fingers section describes robotic or bionic prostheses with life-like, aesthetically pleasing outer shells, supporting the possibility of improved appearance. It does not establish that e-skin and soft robotics together produce that improvement. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Coating hydrogels on electronics[55] or mixing conductive materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs),[56] ionic liquids,[57] or conductive polymers[58] into the gel can help maintain biocompatibility while also preserving the electronic properties.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Chemical biocompatibility
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [55] source
The citation [55] supports the hydrogel-on-electronics approach, not the separately cited claims about mixing conductive materials into gels. In Results and Discussion, under “Hydrogel electronics,” the paper describes bonding a biocompatible PVA hydrogel to an electronic sensor-and-heater patch, placing the gel at the tissue interface while demonstrating autonomous electronic operation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [56] source
For the CNT portion marked [56], the Experimental Methods describe adding CNTs to GelMA hydrogel, and the Results and Discussion report lower impedance than pristine GelMA at physiologically relevant frequencies. The cardiomyocyte viability section reports higher cell viability on CNT-GelMA and no observed CNT cytotoxicity during seven days of culture. This paper does not need to support the separately cited examples of ionic liquids or conductive polymers. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As a material whose features resemble water-rich tissue in the human body, hydrogels can greatly reduce the inflammatory response of foreign objects, regulate cell or protein attachment, and prevent device failure in vivo,[52] which is important for implants.[53,54]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Chemical biocompatibility
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Assessment of the foreign body response’ section (page not specified) reports a substantially reduced response to implanted hydrogel hybrid probes after 1, 3, and 6 months. The paper also reports stable recording performance in mice, but it does not establish that hydrogels generally prevent device failure in vivo. Its Discussion presents cell-adhesion enhancers as a possible future addition, not a demonstrated ability to regulate cell or protein attachment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [53] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory passage (indexed as Abstract; page unavailable) says hydrogels resemble human tissues and may serve as coatings for long-term bio-integration. Its discussion of device reliability concerns robust hydrogel–component interfaces under deformation, not prevention of failure in vivo. The copy does not report reduced foreign-body inflammation or regulation of cell or protein attachment. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [54] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Advancing the state of the art in implanted electrodes’ section says hydrogels or other soft coatings can help clear inflammatory factors, and that functionalized surface coatings can regulate cell or protein attachment (page unavailable). It does not say hydrogels greatly reduce inflammation or prevent device failure in vivo; its examples of attachment control include PEG and ECM coatings. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“To make the replacement from current rigid electronics, e-skin requires a low mechanical modulus (high stretchability),[28–30] aesthetic appearance,[31] low-cost,[32] lightweight design,[29] large-scale fabrication techniques,[32] self-healing properties,[30] and be thermally stable.[29]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) contrasts low-modulus, compliant flexible electronics with bulky, rigid systems, and §2.2 identifies modulus and stretchability as important for skin contact. §2.5 describes an ultra-lightweight wearable device. The paper does not establish thermal stability as a requirement for e-skin; the citing sentence attaches this source to that point as well. Its other listed properties are assigned to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] source
- Partly supportedcites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction’s “Aesthetics” section says soft-tissue prostheses should look realistic and aesthetically pleasing. The cited paper discusses prosthetic materials, however, not aesthetic appearance as a requirement for e-skin replacing rigid electronics. In the citing sentence, this source appears attached only to “aesthetic appearance,” not to the other listed properties. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Additional shortcomings include their limited environmental feedback, power supply, and failure to autonomously respond appropriately to external (possibly dangerous) stimuli.[24]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] source
The review reports that relatively few active lower-limb prosthetic and orthotic devices explicitly sense and adapt to their environment (Explicit environmental sensing), and that many portable powered devices operate near their continuous-performance limits (Conclusions). Its Safety mechanisms section says users may need to handle trips and slips themselves until advanced balance-recovery controls are developed. Together, these passages support the cited summary of shortcomings, in the context of the devices reviewed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Notably, 3D flexible electronics maintain conductivity while gaining an extra dimension and thus more sophisticated functions that 2D electronics do not offer (Figure 3E and 3F).[70–72]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Functionality and performance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [70] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Route to morphable 3D mesostructures and electronics’ section (page unavailable) reports unchanged transistor characteristics after a 3D shape change, while its LED example shows that electrical connectivity can change with the assembly route. The ‘Morphable 3D radio frequency electronic devices’ section describes shape-dependent functions, including a circuit that switches between a filter and an inductor. These examples support retained electrical operation and added reconfigurable functions, but not the blanket claims that conductivity is always maintained or that 2D electronics cannot offer those functions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [71] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Inspired by Wind-Dispersed Seeds” (page unavailable), the paper describes converting planar electronic precursors into 3D fliers and reports electrical properties consistent with devices made on planar wafers. It also demonstrates functional 3D fliers, but does not establish the broader claim that 3D flexible electronics offer more sophisticated functions unavailable to 2D electronics. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Prosthetics can be controlled by neural electrophysiological signals (will be further discussed in section 4) and mechanical signals such as gestures[189,190] or body movements.[191]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [189] source
- Partly supportedcites [190] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion section reports that sensors detecting finger bending and gestures transmitted signals to control a robotic hand. It does not identify that hand as a prosthesis. This citation is attached to the gesture-control part of the sentence, not the separate claims about neural signals or body movements; the gesture mechanism is supported, but its application to prosthetics is not established by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [191] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (“Wearable closed-loop HMI system”; page unavailable) shows that sensors detect shoulder and hand movements and use those signals to control a robotic hand. The paper calls it a robotic hand with prosthetic skin, not a prosthesis used by a person, so it supports movement-based control but not that application specifically. Citation [191] is attached to “body movements,” not to the separate claim about neural electrophysiological signals. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Compared with resistive sensors, capacitive sensors have excellent linearity with lower power consumption.[119]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [119] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (p. 5) state that the capacitive sensor had better linearity than the resistive sensor, and Figure 2 (p. 3) reports a linear capacitive response. Our copy does not report lower power consumption for the capacitive sensor; a search for power consumption found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the transparency based on polymers, or nanomesh materials, also contributes to greater aesthetic properties of flexible devices.[77,78]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Comfort and convenience
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] source
- Partly supportedcites [78] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Introduction (pages not provided) describe transparent polymer-based elastomers for flexible electronics and explain that a lack of transparency hinders optical applications. They do not say transparency improves a device’s aesthetic properties or discuss nanomesh materials. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Thermocouples can generate a potential difference under different temperature between different materials based on the thermoelectric (Seebeck) phenomenon.[216]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [216] source
The Introduction states that thermocouples use the Seebeck effect and generate a voltage proportional to the temperature difference between their measurement point and open ends. It also describes their two arms as being made of conductors, semiconductors, or a combination, supporting the claim about different materials. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In medical rehabilitation, temperature sensing is commonly used to monitor the body, which can be a reference for health.[225,226]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [225] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on continuous exercise monitoring describes axillary temperature as a marker of health and performance and demonstrates its measurement during exercise. The Discussion identifies rehabilitation as a possible application for full-body monitoring, but does not say temperature sensing is commonly used in rehabilitation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [226] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For measuring spatial temperature gradients, an organic active matrix with polymer PTC sensor pads was fabricated on a PI substrate, which exhibits a bending insensitivity and high spatial resolution (Figure 7A and 7B).[103]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [103] source
The Results describe a 12 × 12 organic active matrix with polymer PTC sensor pads fabricated on a polyimide substrate and report temperature-gradient mapping at about 5-mm resolution. The Significance section calls the approach high-spatial-resolution, while the Results report very little change in the sensor’s thermal response after bending. The bending test was on the sensor film, rather than explicitly on the complete active-matrix sheet. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“As a heat source and sensor, the human hand can effectively perceive the heat dissipation ability for fluid flow rate sensing[223] and identifying the thermal characteristics of surface materials.[224]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [223] source
- Supportedcites [224] source
Citation [224] is attached to identifying the thermal characteristics of surface materials, not to fluid-flow-rate sensing [223]. The Background and Related Research section explains that a finger’s temperature creates heat flow to or from a contacted material, which its nerves detect, and that this reveals thermal conductivity and diffusivity useful for material identification. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Whereas the forward voltage in PN junction temperature sensors can vary with temperature, converting the heat into electrical signals in the diodes and transistors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [106] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Characterization of SiNR temperature sensors’ section (page unavailable) describes p–n-diode sensors calibrated by plotting voltage at a fixed current against temperature. This supports the temperature-dependent voltage claim for diodes, but the cited passages do not establish it for transistors. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [217] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Researchers demonstrated the sensor’s functions by using a robotic hand equipped with e-skin to grab and measure the temperature of different cups. (Figure 7D)”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [222] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Intrinsically stretchable rubbery sensors for robotic skins” (pp. 5–6), the paper describes temperature sensors on a robotic hand touching hot and cold cups and records their responses. It says the hand touched the cups, but does not establish that it grabbed them. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Long-term monitoring of body temperature by using flexible temperature sensors is convenient and can effectively prevent medical abnormalities such as foot ulcers.[227]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [227] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes wearable sensors intended to monitor body, skin, and ulcer temperature, and says a temperature rise can warn of ulcer onset. But the Introduction says continuous wearable ulcer-temperature monitoring was not yet available, while the Conclusion (page unavailable) says the sensors still needed clinical validation. The paper therefore does not establish that convenient long-term monitoring with these sensors effectively prevents foot ulcers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Sweat detection can respond in real-time to changes in the volume and rate of sweat loss,[241,242] as well as the concentration of various ions and metabolites in the body.[45,243–245]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [241] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes real-time sweat-biomarker sensing, and the Results section on aquatic and dryland athletes reports measurements of sweat volume, rate, and chloride concentration. It does not demonstrate real-time measurement of changes in all these quantities: the Methods say volume and chloride readings were taken after exercise. The Results discuss metabolite testing as a potential application, not a demonstrated measurement. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [242] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] source
- Supportedcites [243] source
The citation is most relevant to the sentence’s claim about analyte concentrations, rather than the separately cited claim about sweat volume and rate. The Introduction (page unavailable) says wearable sensors can analyze sweat electrolytes and metabolites, while the Results describe a sensor that responds to changes in sodium concentration. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [244] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes real-time measurement of local sweat volume and rate, and the Results section on smartphone-based analysis describes measuring sweat volume and chloride concentration. The cited paper does not establish detection of various metabolites or measurement of ion and metabolite concentrations in the body; its demonstrated chemical measurement is sweat chloride. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [245] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, adding chemical sensing capability to prostheses can prevent users from being exposed to harmful chemicals, such as organophosphate pesticide residues in agricultural products, and subsequently reduce the potential risk of harm.[239]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [239] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says organophosphate pesticide residues in agricultural products pose a health threat and that remote robotic sampling can avoid placing people in unsafe environments. The study equips robotic manipulators with chemical sensors, not prostheses worn by users, so it does not establish that adding sensing to prostheses prevents users’ exposure or reduces their risk of harm. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition to monitoring patient fatigue, sweat sensing can also be used for psychological applications by monitoring the level of stress hormones such as cortisol and norepinephrine.[249,250]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [249] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes sensing cortisol in sweat for stress monitoring, and the Conclusion proposes applications in mental-health monitoring while noting that the study tested only physical stress stimuli. The cited paper does not support monitoring norepinephrine or patient fatigue. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [250] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although chemical sensing is not sufficiently developed for prosthesis, in the field of health monitoring, sweat chemical sensing (including electrochemical and optical modalities) is well-studied and highly relevant to rehabilitation exercises.[240]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [240] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The State-of-the-Art Wearable Sweat Sensors section (page unavailable) describes electrochemical and optical sweat sensing and its use in fitness and health monitoring. It does not assess whether chemical sensing is sufficiently developed for prostheses or establish that sweat sensing is highly relevant to rehabilitation exercises; its exercise discussion concerns fitness monitoring. (LLM, conf=0.87)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In recent years, with the popularity of smartphone cameras, the quantitative measurement of color is highly attractive for in-home monitoring of optical sensors.[237]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [237] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Hybrid, battery-free, skin-mounted system for sweat sensing; page unavailable) say a smartphone camera captures images for colorimetric analysis, and Materials and Methods (Data collection and analyses; page unavailable) describes using those images to determine sweat chloride and pH. The paper does not establish that smartphone-camera popularity makes quantitative color measurement attractive for in-home monitoring of optical sensors generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Motor intention originates from the primary motor cortex of the brain and is transmitted from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system in the form of electrophysiological signals, which are translated into mechanical contractions of the muscles.[269]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [269] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that the interface derived motor commands from neuronal activity in primary motor cortex (M1). It does not establish that motor intention originates there or describe signals traveling from the central to the peripheral nervous system and producing muscle contractions; the interface instead bypassed the body. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Due to new sensing mechanisms, e-skin can exhibit greater functionality beyond the human skin, such as proximity[259,260] and magnetic field sensing,[261,262] which can be seen as complements to the natural skin capabilities, allowing HMI devices to obtain richer information about the external environment.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Other Sensing Techniques
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [259] source
The Introduction describes a deformable electronic-skin sensor that detects a nearby finger using projected electric fields and explicitly calls this proximity sensing. The citing sentence attaches separate citations to magnetic-field sensing, so that capability is not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [260] source
- Supportedcites [261] source
The Introduction describes an e-skin with magnetic functionality that provides complementary information channels and enables touchless interaction with virtual objects. It also explains that its magnetic field sensors function as proximity sensors, supporting the cited example of sensing beyond natural touch. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [262] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“PPG uses optical differences between the vascular and other tissues or oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin to measure heart rate,[263] blood oxygen,[267] and other in-depth cardiovascular information.[268]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Other Sensing Techniques
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [263] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation [268] is attached to “other in-depth cardiovascular information.” In the Ultraflexible organic photodetectors section (page not specified), the paper says reflected light tracks blood-vessel volume pulsation, but it reports calculating pulse rate and does not identify other in-depth cardiovascular measurements. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [267] source
The citation [267] is attached to the blood-oxygen part of the sentence. The Abstract states that pulse oximetry uses PPG at two wavelengths to measure oxygen saturation by distinguishing oxyhemoglobin from deoxyhemoglobin; the Analytical Models section describes calculating saturation from those optical signals. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites [268]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Subcutaneous invasive electrophysiological signals can be derived through brain interfaces,[270–272] using electrocorticography (ECoG)[273,274] on the cortical surface as well as local field potentials (LFP)[275,276] extracted from electrodes inserted into the cortex.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [270] source
The Abstract (page not provided) describes ECoG as recorded by subdural electrodes on the cortical surface and LFP as recorded by a small electrode in the brain. This supports the cited distinction between the two recording locations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [271] source
- Supportedcites [272] source
The review’s opening section describes implanted intracortical electrode arrays used to read out neural signals through brain–machine interfaces. That supports the claim at this citation’s placement, [270–272], which follows “brain interfaces”; the ECoG and LFP details carry separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [273] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [274] source
- Supportedcites [275] source
The citation to this paper is attached to the brain-interface portion of the sentence; ECoG and LFP have separate citations. The Methods describe an intracortical microelectrode array implanted in motor cortex and neural signals recorded through the interface, supporting the cited example of invasive signal acquisition. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [276] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Common wearable techniques include electroencephalography (EEG),[281,282] surface electromyography (sEMG),[283,284] and electrooculography (EOG),[285] which capture the electrical activity of the brain, muscles, and eye movements respectively.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [281] source
This citation is attached to EEG, so the sEMG and EOG portions are not attributed to this paper. The Introduction describes EEG as a noninvasive neural signal, and Materials and Methods (Frequency-Domain Electrical Source Imaging; page unavailable) relates scalp-recorded EEG to cortical current density, supporting the description of EEG as capturing brain electrical activity. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [282] source
- Not matchedcites [283]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [284]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [285] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, ECoG electrodes are generally placed on the surface of the cerebral cortex and can collect signals without penetrating the tissue, with a larger recording area with relatively less damage to the brain.[270]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [270] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage labeled Abstract describes ECoG as recording with subdural grid electrodes on the cortical surface, in contrast to electrodes placed in the brain for LFP recordings. This supports surface recording without penetrating brain tissue, but our copy does not establish a larger recording area or relatively less brain damage. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recently, there has been a focus on wireless transmission of data and energy for flexible implants, which can reduce messy wires and improve user mobility and social interaction.[325]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [325] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Limitations of tethered systems” section reports that, compared with untethered mice, mice with fiber tethers had reduced mobility and social interaction. The paper also discusses flexible components for wireless implants, but the cited behavioral comparison concerns animals; it does not establish improved mobility or social interaction for human implant users. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Compared to commercially available rigid electrodes based on silicon wafers and rigid packaging, flexible electrodes are also more biocompatible (details described in section 2) and can adapt to the complex tissue geometries of the human body,[293–295] such as sulci in the cerebral cortex,[296,297] bundled peripheral nerves,[298] and stretching motions on the skin.[299]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [293] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says that subcellular electrode designs such as carbon fiber arrays reduce mechanical mismatch and inflammatory impact, which supports part of the biocompatibility rationale. It does not establish a comparison between flexible and rigid electrodes or say that flexible electrodes conform to complex tissue geometries. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Not matchedcites [294]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [295] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 3) say the soft electrodes can be adapted to the anatomy of cortical, spinal, and peripheral-nerve tissues, and the technology description (p. 4) calls their materials biocompatible. The paper does not establish that they are more biocompatible than rigid silicon-wafer electrodes, nor does it demonstrate adaptation to human anatomy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [296] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not provided) says flexible, non-penetrating subdural arrays minimize irritation and injury to brain tissue compared with penetrating arrays. Electrode array fabrication and testing (page not provided) shows that this flexible device can fold to access cortical sulci. The paper does not establish a comparison with commercially available silicon-wafer electrodes and rigid packaging, or show that flexible electrodes adapt to complex tissue geometries throughout the human body. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [297] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says flexible neural probes comply with brain tissue, and the Results (Long-term chronic stability of Neurotassels; page unavailable) report less neuronal cell loss around Neurotassels than around silicon probes in mice. This supports a brain-implant biocompatibility advantage, but the paper does not establish that flexible electrodes adapt to complex geometries throughout the human body. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [298] source
The citation is attached specifically to peripheral nerves as an example of tissue geometry that a flexible electrode can accommodate. In Results > Peripheral nerve interface design and fabrication (page unavailable), the paper describes a low-stiffness thin-film array and a nanoclip tailored to nerve dimensions. It supports that peripheral-nerve example; the broader biocompatibility comparison is associated with other citations in the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Apart from the conductive functional materials, the insulative packaging materials are also a critical part of sensing recorders. Many popular insulating soft materials have been used for packaging sensing electrodes,[318] such as PI,[319,320] PDMS,[321,322] hydrogel,[323,324] etc., as they have suitable mechanical, dielectric and biological properties.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [318] source
- Supportedcites [319] source
The Introduction (p. 2) identifies several flexible materials used for neural probes and describes polyimide’s insulation, mechanical, and biocompatibility properties. The Flexible polyimide probes section (p. 3) reports applying a second polyimide layer to insulate the probes, directly illustrating the cited point about insulating materials used around sensing electrodes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [320] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [321] source
- Not matchedcites [322]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Various electrodes, with different materials, shapes, and characteristics, can be places on or in the human brain, peripheral nerves, and muscles to record ECoG,[300] LFP,[301] ENG[302] and EMG[303] respectively.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [300] source
Citation [300] is attached to ECoG, not to the separate LFP, ENG, or EMG examples. The paper’s Abstract describes intracranial ECoG electrodes used in clinical epilepsy monitoring and reports that its own electrode arrays recorded ECoG from the cortical surface in animal models. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [301] source
- Partly supportedcites [302] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe electrodes implanted around rat sciatic nerves and electrophysiological recording of evoked compound action potentials. This supports peripheral-nerve monitoring, the portion linked to citation [302], but the recording electrodes were placed in the rat hind paw; the paper does not establish ENG recording from electrodes on or in human peripheral nerves. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As invasive brain monitoring electrodes, ECoG and LFPs play an important role in examining motor intention and elucidating the fundamental pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease.[330,331]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [330] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes using ECoG to study motor movement and imagery, supporting the motor-intention portion of the claim. The Methods describe epilepsy as the reason participants had electrodes implanted, not as a disorder whose pathogenesis was investigated. The paper does not establish the claimed role for LFPs or investigate Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [331] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes cortical and subcortical field potentials as probes of neural synchronization, and the Results use those recordings to decode motor states in people with Parkinson’s disease. The paper does not establish that they examine motor intention or elucidate the fundamental pathogenesis of epilepsy; epilepsy is mentioned in the Introduction as a condition treated with implanted stimulation devices. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“With further evolution of processing technology, these materials can be fabricated into ultra-thin and ultra-fine forms, thus enabling high-density integration, as well as endowing some flexibility.[310,311]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [310] source
The Design and characteristics section (page not provided) describes fabricated NeuE structures about 0.9 μm thick, with interconnect widths as small as 1 μm. It also says higher-resolution fabrication could increase channel integration without sacrificing flexibility, supporting the attributed connection between finer fabrication, integration and flexibility. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [311] source
The Results and Discussion describe lithographic processing of an ultrathin silicon-nanomembrane structure in a flexible electronic platform. They also report a 64-site active matrix and explain how small features and the dual-sided design enable high resolution and effective use of area for electronics. The claim is supported for the silicon-based materials studied here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Unlike static neural implants mentioned above, in vivo ECG recording equipment on the surface of the heart is subjected to dynamic movement.[375–378]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [375] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Biological modulation section (page unavailable) describes flexible devices contacting a rat heart’s surface while the heart contracted, supporting the dynamic-movement aspect. But Methods: Isolated heart (page unavailable) says the heart was removed for these ECG experiments; the paper does not establish an in vivo cardiac recording setup or the comparison with static neural implants. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Supportedcites [376] source
The Abstract describes cardiac recording devices designed for the curved, moving surfaces of beating hearts. The Results (Cardiac mapping in animal heart models) also state that the platform was demonstrated in vivo. The comparison with static neural implants is framing in the citing sentence, rather than a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [377] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Assembly of a fully viscoelastic device and in vivo validation” (page not provided), the paper reports that an electrode array recorded ECG on a mouse heart and remained in place as the heart continued to beat. This supports the dynamic-movement point, but the paper does not characterize neural implants as static or establish the stated contrast. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [378] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As materials and manufacturing processes evolve, more micro-wires are becoming flexible alternatives to microneedle arrays, which are able to remain relatively stationary as the brain moves, improving signal stability while reducing tissue damage.[339–342]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [339] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 3) says the fine carbon fibers are much more compliant than conventional tungsten microwires and may reduce biological response; the Abstract (p. 1) likewise describes reduced inflammation as a promise of the technology. The paper does not show that the electrodes remain stationary as the brain moves or that this improves signal stability. Its in vivo recording demonstration was acute, so it does not establish reduced tissue damage over time. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [340] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe chronically implanted microwire arrays, and the Results report stable recordings over recording sessions and viable single-unit recordings 18 months after implantation (page unavailable in our copy). The Discussion contrasts slow microwire implantation with the Utah array. The paper does not establish that the microwires flex to remain stationary as the brain moves, or that this mechanism improves signal stability or reduces tissue damage; its reference to design flexibility concerns which microwires the circuit board can accommodate. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [341] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes thin, flexible polymer probes as an alternative to rigid electrode arrays and says their flexibility should improve biocompatibility. The Threads section describes a design intended to minimize tissue displacement. The paper does not say these probes remain relatively stationary as the brain moves or that this improves signal stability; it also does not demonstrate reduced tissue damage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [342] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, surface electrodes generally are more flexible,[364,369] whose morphology in the limited space between this epimysium and the skin is either 1D or 2D thin electrode layers[370,371] or very tiny electrodes (millimeter or even sub-millimeter level).[369,372]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [364] source
- Partly supportedcites [369] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Epimysial recordings section (p. 4) describes a flexible, 20 µm-thick electrode substrate with submillimeter detection sites, supporting this paper as an example of a thin, flexible electrode. It does not establish that surface electrodes generally are more flexible than other electrodes; its devices are epimysial electrodes mounted on muscle. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [370] source
- Partly supportedcites [371] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results describe a flexible printed circuit board with 0.2 × 0.2 mm recording pads that contact nerve or muscle, and a mote placed on a muscle surface beneath the replaced skin. This supports the cited example of a tiny surface-contact electrode, but does not establish that surface electrodes are generally more flexible than other electrodes. The 1D/2D morphology clause cites other sources, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [372] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, ENG signals have a low signal-to-noise ratio and limited stability.[363]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [363] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Materials and methods section (Figure 2 description; page unavailable) says LIFE signals commonly have quite low signal-to-noise ratios. The Discussion (page unavailable) describes the interface as quite stable during the trials and says long-term stability still needs investigation, so it does not establish the claimed limited stability. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The bending stiffness of this implant is comparable to that of a neuron’s axon, enabling biocompatible high-resolution LFP recording.[310]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [310] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Design and characteristics section states that the NeuE interconnect’s calculated bending stiffness is comparable to a neuron’s axon. The Summary and outlook reports negligible immune response, and Stable single-unit recording following implantation reports stable recordings of individual neurons. Our copy does not establish high-resolution local field potential (LFP) recording; its recording results concern single-unit spikes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In vivo Vagus nerve stimulation was carried out on a rabbit to demonstrate the validity of the device (Figure 8F).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [358] source
The Results section (“Vagus nerve stimulation”) explicitly says that in vivo experiments on a rabbit were carried out to demonstrate the twining electrodes’ practical biomedical implications. It also reports electrical stimulation of the rabbit’s right vagus nerve with the electrode and a resulting decrease in heart rate. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“While in vitro and on-body artificial sensory neurons can communicate to batches of afferent cells using optical methods, they currently lack the ability to selectively connect with individual neurons (Figure 10A).[426,427]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Sensory relay in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [426] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Methodology > Sensory feedback system passages describe prosthetic-hand feedback through auditory cues, not optical communication with afferent cells. Searches for artificial sensory neurons, optical methods, and selective connections to individual neurons found no passage addressing the claim in our copy; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [427] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The problem with inaccurate communication channels in medical robotics is that it goes against visual cues from the user leading to cognitive confusion,[428] which is the number one reason why 40% of amputees reject wearing a prosthetic device.[19]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Sensory relay in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [428] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation to this paper follows the claim that cognitive confusion is the leading reason 40% of amputees reject prostheses. The Introduction discusses the lack of sensory feedback, and Materials and Methods describes experiments with one amputee, but neither reports a rejection rate or identifies cognitive confusion as a reason for rejection (searched: 40%, rejection, abandonment, visual cues). (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“CNNs have additionally been shown to detect Alzheimer’s disease in MRI images.[445]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [445] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses convolutional neural networks only as classifiers for hand-gesture recognition. The Method and Conclusions describe an ANN using surface EMG signals, not MRI images. Searches for Alzheimer’s disease and MRI found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“It is worth noting, most single tendon drive does not have the ability to actuate bidirectionally (no”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [486] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes electro-ionic soft actuators as artificial muscles, and the Results (page unavailable) discuss their bending performance. Searches for single-tendon drives, bidirectional actuation, multiple cables, and agonist–antagonist muscles found no passage addressing the claimed limitation or cable requirement. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Could not verifycites [487] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section describes a string attached to the motor’s rotor to measure torque, but does not discuss single-tendon drives. The Results and discussion passages concern dielectric-elastomer actuation, not whether tendon drives require multiple cables for bidirectional motion or recovery. Searches for tendon, cable, bidirectional actuation, and agonist–antagonist muscles found no passage addressing the claim; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, these skin-like thermal actuators can be used for prosthetic applications,[106,502] AR/VR feedback thermal stimulators,[191,503,504] and thermal therapy in rehabilitation.[505–507]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [106] source
This citation is attached to “prosthetic applications,” not the separately cited AR/VR or rehabilitation uses. The section on SiNR mechanical sensors with site-specific sensitivity describes stretchable thermal actuator arrays for prosthetic devices and artificial skin, including heaters that can maintain body temperature. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Could not verifycites [502] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Results describe conformal thermal actuators used to heat skin at low levels and measure thermal transport; the Introduction says the experimental heating was below the human sensory threshold. The Discussion mentions dermatological studies and monitoring, but our copy does not address prosthetic use, AR/VR thermal feedback, or rehabilitation therapy (searched: prosthetic applications, feedback, rehabilitation, and therapeutic heating). (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Supportedcites [191] source
This source is cited for prosthetic applications, not the separately cited AR/VR and rehabilitation uses. In Results, “Wearable closed-loop HMI system,” the paper describes a temperature sensor on a prosthetic robotic hand controlling a soft thermal stimulator on human skin. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [503] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [504] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [505] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [506] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [507] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The name is a generic term, because the “tendon” can be powered by many sources, such as shape memory alloys (SMAs),[479] SMPs,[480] and thermo-responsive polymers[481].”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [479] source
Citation [481] is attached specifically to the thermo-responsive polymer example, not to the preceding shape-memory examples. The paper’s Abstract (page unavailable) describes polymer fiber muscles controlled by heat and a demonstration of joint manipulation, supporting their use as a thermally powered tendon-like actuator. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [480] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [481] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Broadly speaking, there are two types of pneumatic actuators: PAM-pneumatic artificial muscles (known as McKibben actuators) for linear actuation[471–473] and FEA- fluidic elastomer actuators, which are composed of low durometer rubber and driven by relatively low air pressure (3–8 psi) for bending.[474–476]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [471]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [472] source
The citation to this paper is attached to the FEA description. Section 2.1.4 describes FEAs as low-durometer rubber actuators driven at 3–8 psi, focuses on bending designs, and says they can be powered pneumatically. The preceding PAM claim has separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites [473]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [474] source
- Not matchedcites [475]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [476]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“These two actuation methods can be applied to gloves, exoskeletons, and foot orthoses, providing a new paradigm for rehabilitation devices.[459]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [459] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2.3 describes an electrically heated nitrile glove that provides thermal feedback, not pneumatic or tendon actuation. Searches for pneumatic and tendon actuation, exoskeletons, foot orthoses, and rehabilitation found no passage addressing the attributed claim. The copy provides no page number for Section 2.3. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast to soft pneumatic actuators that demand gas supplements and tendon driven actuators that require motors, EAP actuators are activated directly through electrical signals.[488,489]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [488] source
- Partly supportedcites [489] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says traditional pneumatic or hydraulic actuators require external compressors or pumps to supply pressurized fluid, and describes electrically responsive actuators. It does not discuss tendon-driven actuators or establish that they require motors; its electrically powered examples also do not substantiate the statement about EAP actuators as a class. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Endowing e-skins with”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [502] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes conformal thermal sensors for measuring skin temperature and thermal transport, while the Methods study healthy volunteers. Neither those passages nor the additional searches for amputees, prostheses, and social touch address whether temperature-enabled e-skins improve social interaction or prosthesis acceptance. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Common substrate materials include PI and hydrogel, which can remain chemically inert in vivo while also providing sufficient dielectric strength to prevent discharge breakdown.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [515] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion sections on specificity, invasiveness, and heating risks discuss implantable optical devices and electrode insulation, but not PI or hydrogel substrates. Searches for those materials, chemical inertness, dielectric strength, and discharge breakdown found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Many studies have shown that feedback stimulation has the potential to not only regain tactile and thermal sensation in amputees,[106,518] but also improve their accuracy and confidence in manipulating the prosthesis, such as grasping objects.[157,455]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [106] source
The Abstract describes a prosthetic skin with tactile and temperature sensors and nerve-stimulation electrodes, and says it offers mechanical and thermal skin-like perception. The section on relaying sensory signals to peripheral nerves identifies enabling amputees to feel external stimuli as the goal. This supports the cited potential to restore sensation; the separate claim about manipulation accuracy and confidence is attached to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [518] source
- Supportedcites [157] source
The functional-performance results report that sensory feedback improved cherry-plucking success and significantly increased the subject’s self-reported confidence. The Discussion likewise reports improved fine-grasp performance and confidence. These passages support the prosthesis-manipulation clause; the separately cited thermal-sensation clause is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [455] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Stimulation holds tremendous promise for prosthetic information feedback[86,515] and rehabilitation.[329,516,517]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] source
- Supportedcites [515] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies prosthetic feedback about limb position and force as an application for closed-loop optogenetic stimulation. It also envisions therapeutic uses, including restoring function for people with foot drop or hand tremor. These passages support the claim as a statement of promise, not demonstrated clinical benefit. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [329] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [516] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [517] source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Optogenetic stimulation is based on opsins that are sensitive to light signals and only expressed in certain types of cells.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [555] source
The Extended Data Figure 2 caption reports that the channelrhodopsin construct was targeted to PV-positive interneurons and that its expression was observed only in PV-positive cells. The Methods’ optogenetic stimulation protocol describes delivering light to manipulate those neurons. In this study, the cell-type restriction was achieved through Cre-dependent targeting. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“By genetically engineering these proteins into target neurons and controlling the light around them, these neurons can be activated or inhibited, which is particularly important for sensory and motor recovery and rehabilitation.[555]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [555] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (AAV vectors; Optogenetic stimulation protocol, page unavailable) describe expressing channelrhodopsin-2 in targeted mouse neurons and manipulating them with light. The paper supports light-driven activation, but does not establish light-driven inhibition or a role in sensory and motor recovery or rehabilitation; its Discussion instead concerns amyloid reduction in mouse models. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Some Utah electrodes also use flexible substrates to improve their adaptability to complex surface.[544]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [544] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Materials and methods section describes an ECoG grid made from a silicone sheet with platinum electrodes, but does not identify it as a Utah electrode or say the sheet improves adaptability to complex surfaces. Searches for Utah electrodes and flexible substrates found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although the second type, thin film flexible electrical stimulators, are available in non-inserted way on the cortical surface to reduce damage to brain tissue, the array density of such devices is much smaller than the first, and they are more suitable for stimulation of relatively large brain areas.[545,546]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Many studies have delved into the relationship between optogenetic stimulation and neurological disorders and control, such as Parkinson's,[557] Alzheimer's,[558] spinal cord injuries,[559] and somatosensory nociception,[560,561] which have indistinguishable relationship with prosthetic control, feedback, and human movement rehabilitation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [557] source
- Supportedcites [558] source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [559] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, stimulation of the spine can suppress pain and restore movement in paralyzed patients.[549]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [549] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and discussion section (‘Stimulation of the distal stump to alleviate muscular atrophy’; page unavailable) reports improved motor function after stimulation of injured sciatic nerves in rats. It does not establish that spinal cord stimulation suppresses pain or restores movement in paralyzed patients. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation can excite nerve cells and inhibit them, whereas electrical stimulation only excites nerves.[556]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [556] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says light activation of channelrhodopsin-2 can create action potentials in neurons, supporting the excitation part. The passages do not establish that optogenetic stimulation can inhibit nerve cells or that electrical stimulation only excites nerves. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition, the combination of hydrogels and conductive polymers is a hot area of research since the former has mechanical properties similar to those of nerves and can provide a hydrophilic interface that reduces the adhesion of non-specific proteins.[58,539–542]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [539] source
- Partly supportedcites [540] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes conducting-polymer hydrogels as promising because their high water content resembles tissue, and the Discussion says the resulting gels can be tuned to mimic biological tissue at soft interfaces such as the brain. The paper does not specifically establish a match to nerve mechanics or say that a hydrophilic interface reduces nonspecific protein adhesion; searches for protein adsorption and adhesion found no supporting passage. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Could not verifycites [541] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes carbon-fiber arrays on polyimide, and the Discussion and Conclusion addresses their use as nerve electrodes. Searches for hydrogels, conductive polymers, hydrophilic interfaces, and non-specific protein adhesion found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [542] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Afferents and efferent projections from the spinal grey matter also carry somatosensory and motorial information.[515]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [515] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses stimulation of peripheral nerves and motor units, while the Results describe nerve stimulation and muscle-state feedback. Searches for afferent and efferent projections and spinal grey matter found no passage in our copy describing the claimed sensory and motor pathways. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Based on NFC data and power transmission, the device could be implanted over the mouse spinal cord in a minimally invasive way without impeding movement of the mouse (Figure 15J).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [569] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) confirms NFC powering and communication. The Results and implantation methods (pages unavailable) describe a subcutaneous base station over the thoracic vertebral column, a cuff around the sciatic nerve, and no detected gait or coordination impairment compared with sham surgery. The paper does not report implanting the cuff over the spinal cord; it discusses spinal-cord placement only as a possible future adaptation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition to haptic feedback, electrical stimulation is also attractive pain relief and sensory-motor control for prosthetics and orthotics.[599,601]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [599] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that TENS electrodes are used for pain relief and that electrotactile stimulation can provide sensory feedback relevant to controlling prosthetic devices. It does not address orthotics or establish electrical stimulation as a method of sensory-motor control for them. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [601] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (“Fully integrated ET system for augmented tactile sensations”; page unavailable) says the electro-tactile system could be applied to an artificial limb to give its user more information during operation. That supports a potential sensory-feedback application for prosthetics, but our copy does not describe pain relief, orthotics, or sensory-motor control beyond that proposed feedback. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This radio frequency-based optogenetics device and its successful operation for up to four weeks represent a novel stride into closed-loop wireless optogenetic modulation for expediting the adoption of optogenetics technologies in clinical applications (Figure 15H).[566]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [566] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results describe an RF-powered, single-µ-ILED spinal device and report robust operation for more than four weeks, although average in-vivo survival was nearly three weeks. The device layout does not include a photodetector, and the Discussion presents sensing and wireless data transmission as possible future adaptations, not demonstrated closed-loop operation. The paper does not establish clinical adoption. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“To solve the issue of insufficient stimulation force, multi-layer stacking structure,[592] or hydraulic pressure to amplify the force have been proposed.[63,593,594]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [592] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited paper discusses pneumatic actuators and notes that increasing air pressure increases fingertip force (5.1.1 Normal Indentation, p. 9). Its discussion of actuator choice (4.1 Form Factor, p. 6) does not address hydraulic pressure as a force-amplification method. Searches for hydraulic force amplification and multi-layer stacking found no passage supporting those proposed solutions. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] source
- Could not verifycites [593] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusion describe amplification of vibration in a polymer-film touch button, not amplification of stimulation force. Searches for hydraulic pressure and force-amplifying multilayer stacks found no supporting passage; the multilayer actuator listed in the References concerns low-voltage operation. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [594] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The device description and Methods describe a thin PZT actuator-and-sensor array, while Supplementary Figure S7 describes pressure induced by an actuator’s expansion. Searches for hydraulic force amplification and multilayer stacking found no passage proposing either approach to address insufficient stimulation force. The copy therefore does not verify the claim attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Optogenetics was initially applied in rodent models to control neural circuits in the brain, but recent research efforts have shown great promise in modulating the activity of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.[556]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [556] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and conclusion (page numbers unavailable) show that light stimulation of ChR2-expressing spinal neurons in injured rats restored diaphragmatic activity, supporting the spinal-cord portion of the claim. The paper does not establish that optogenetics was initially applied to brain circuits in rodents or show modulation of peripheral nervous system activity; diaphragmatic muscle activity is an outcome, not evidence of direct peripheral nervous system modulation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, in this demonstration, the facts that the parameters of the applied current on the skin determines the tactile stimulation comfort, and stimulation with a large current will induce muscle contractions were also verified.[599]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [599] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the Application demonstration > Electrical stimulation section (page unavailable), the authors increased current to identify comfortable thresholds and stopped when stimulation became uncomfortable or caused muscle twitching. This supports a relationship between current amplitude and comfort, and shows twitching can occur, but it does not establish that a large current will always cause muscle contractions or test the effects of multiple current parameters on comfort. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The result illustrates that subjects with force feedback were able to stop grasping at any desired level of gentle touch, while those without force feedback cannot.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [599] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Application demonstration section measures electrotactile perception and comfort thresholds, while the Discussion and conclusion describes a proof of concept for reusable electrodes. Neither reports a grasping experiment comparing subjects with and without force feedback; searches for stopping grasping at a desired gentle-touch level and for a feedback-versus-no-feedback comparison found no such result in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Electrical stimulation roughly includes two types, one with voltage control, which is capable of reducing skin burns feeling during stimulation, and the other with current control, which is relatively insensitive to differences in the feature of the skin interface.[360,599,600]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [360] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Electro-tactile stimulation section describes voltage- and current-regulated stimulation and says changes in interface impedance and load might not affect the current under current regulation. It says voltage regulation can minimize the chance of skin burns, not the feeling of burning during stimulation. Its two-type distinction is also specific to electro-tactile stimulation rather than electrical stimulation generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [599] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Application demonstration > Electrical stimulation section (page unavailable) reports using a constant-current stimulator, supporting the existence of current-controlled stimulation. It does not compare current and voltage control, say that voltage control reduces skin-burn sensations, or establish that current control is relatively insensitive to skin-interface differences. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Could not verifycites [600] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on network hubs and the Discussion address brain-network findings in children with epilepsy, not electrical stimulation. Searches for voltage control, current control, skin burns, and skin-interface features found no passage addressing the claim in our copy; no page numbers were provided. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, the large conformal attachment of prosthetic skin,[149] sweat trap between the wearable sensor and the skin,[75] and fixation of neural implants.[420]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [149] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited paper supports the part of the sentence concerning large-area, conformable attachment: Related Work (p. 1) discusses skin modules covering robot surfaces, and “Mounting and Covering Robot Surfaces With Robot Skin” (p. 5) describes fastening skin patches to a robot. It does not establish the claimed problem for prosthetic skin attached at a human-device interface. The sweat-trap and neural-implant examples have separate citations and are not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [75] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to the sweat-trapping example, not the prosthetic-skin or neural-implant examples. The Introduction says sweat accumulates at the interface between electronic skin and human skin, impairing long-term sensing and adhesion; the Discussion describes sweat-permeable channels as a solution. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Could not verifycites [420] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation [420] is attached to the fixation of neural implants, not the preceding examples of prosthetic skin or wearable sensors. The Introduction (p. 2) discusses neural coding as a communication channel, and the Results (p. 14) discuss synthetic tests of that method. A search for implant fixation and related terms found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed interface problem. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Promisingly, some prospective systematic works have been reported.[76,153]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [76] source
The Applications on amputees section describes an original study using standardized hand-function tests to compare a soft neuroprosthetic hand with a rigid one in two participants. That systematic experimental evaluation supports citing the paper as an example of the works reported; the sentence does not attribute a specific result to it. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [153] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“biofuel cells,[615] piezoelectric,[122] triboelectric,[127] solar[616] and other self-powered methods are prominent representatives of power supply for low-energy devices, truly enabling the user to move freely.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [615] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [122] source
- Partly supportedcites [127] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Structure and working mechanism; page unavailable) show that the paper’s textile sensor generates an electrical signal through triboelectrification, supporting the citation’s triboelectric example. The paper does not show that this sensor supplies power to another low-energy device or that it enables unrestricted movement; its Results note that motion can affect pulse signals. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The on-body test of this system showed excellent results: after 15 minutes of training, the amputee was able to use the flexible prosthetic system to perform a range of precise gripping and social tasks, demonstrating tremendous potential for future applications.[76]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [76] source
In “Applications on amputees,” the paper reports that a subject with transradial amputation mastered the soft hand’s functions after 15 minutes of training. The same section describes precise object-handling tasks and interactions such as shaking hands; the Conclusion states the system’s potential for future applications. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As an exemplary case, a soft EMG controlled pneumatic neuroprosthetic with ionic capacitive sensors and flexible stimulators was developed to reduce manufacturing costs and achieve lightweight actuation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [76] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Conclusion describe a lightweight, potentially low-cost, pneumatically actuated hand controlled by EMG signals. The Design section describes ionic hydrogel-elastomer capacitive touch sensors and electrical stimulators, but does not say the stimulators are flexible. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Currently, some integrated work can enhance space utilization,[599] reduce manufacturing costs,[155] and achieve in-situ information sensing, processing, and actuating simultaneously for more accurate therapy.[548,605]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [599] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes the paper’s electrode as low-cost, and “Environmental and financial cost” reports a $0.45 material cost per electrode and potential savings from reuse. It does not establish that integration reduces manufacturing costs; its comparison concerns long-term use versus disposable electrodes, and it excludes equipment costs. The paper does not report simultaneous in-situ sensing, processing, and actuation for therapy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [155] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [548] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [605] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In a system, they can work independently, but, ideally, each part can form a closed-loop system that is interlinked to perform more precise and complex tasks.[76,153]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [76] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Design section (page unavailable) describes an interlinked system: EMG control, touch sensors and electrical stimulation let the user adjust the hand’s grasp in a closed loop. It says the hand’s degrees of freedom can be independently controlled, but does not establish that the devices work independently, that each part forms its own closed loop, or that this arrangement enables more precise and complex tasks. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [153] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with the keyword “rehabilitation robotics” in PubMed’s annual academic articles skyrocketing from 191 to 772 papers in 2010 and 2020 respectively.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To verify the linear actuating ability of a single-unit planar HASEL actuator, a 4kg object lifting experiment at 69% linear actuation strain was exhibited (Figure 12H).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of this, pneumatic and tendon-actuation are currently the most suitable forms of wearable rehabilitation in soft robots.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Generally, porous structures have a high stretchability and breathability (See Figure 3G and 3H), which can facilitate conformal and comfortable attachment to the skin.[73]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Comfort and convenience
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To replace the current metal designs, soft robotic materials therefore require the ability to withstand rapid exposure to extreme temperatures and toxic chemicals as well as continuous deformations and elongations.[38]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the late 20th century, researchers found that over long periods of time guided exercises had a significant improvement in restoring lost brain function and mobility.[14]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Initially proposed in science fiction movies, the first tangible application of e-skin for prosthetics occurred in 1974 with minor sensory feedback incorporated onto a robotic arm.[26]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In addition, self-healing can be achieved by leveraging the bonding properties of the relevant materials,[67] while biodegradability is mainly achieved by using inherently unstable materials.[68,69]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Functionality and performance
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite the recent improvements to the material, design, and functionality of medical robotics, as well a $6.39 billion dollars market,[23] up to 40% of limb impairment patients still option out of using artificial replacements.[19]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As an example, conductive polymers and hydrogels have considerable charge storage and injection capabilities. Because of this, they are commonly used in electrostimulation electrodes,[58] electrophysiological recording electrodes, and nano-percolation networks that maintain statistical stability of impedance under deformation conditions.[44,60]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Functionality and performance
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The chemical composition of flexible devices should be adaptable to various biochemical environments (biofluids like sweat and interstitial fluid) to ensure user safety and prevent device failure, especially in biological fluids containing various erosive ions and attacking immune cells.[50]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Chemical biocompatibility
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bending strains decrease linearly with thickness, making inherently inelastic materials flexible when fabricated into ultrathin films or wires (on the nanometers/micrometers scale).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Mechanical biocompatibility
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Proper conformability can reduce damage to the device and body during tissue displacement and motion artifacts while also improving patient comfort and outcome.[39]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Mechanical biocompatibility
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The common issues cited are the unnatural feel, poor functionality, and heavy weight of the device.[19]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In such scenarios, e-skin sensing can achieve autonomous electronic rehabilitation by monitoring the patient in real-time, providing a promising solution for the development of personalized rehabilitation science.[93,94]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, some drawbacks, like large hysteresis,[116] large confounding temperature sensitivity,[117] and varying pressure sensitivity[118] have limited the performance of resistive sensors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Piezoelectric and triboelectric have their unique advantages in dynamic force measurements, i.e. high-frequency measurement, and self-power supply.[121–123]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In rehabilitation, the absence of supervision may lead to incorrect patient posture, which reduces the efficiency of rehabilitation and can even aggravate a disability.[88]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Piezoelectric and triboelectric strain sensors are two other major types of stretchable strain sensors.[180–182]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the major drawbacks of these two sensing mechanisms are the unreliable static sensing performances and drift in long-term measurements.[108]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Pressure sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to rigid devices, the manufacturing precision and integration density of flexible devices are still in their infancy.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“At the current stage, e-skin can mimic or surpass human skin performance in mechanical and thermal sensing (as shown in Table 1) and functionalities in terms of various chemical,[91] physiological, and proximity sensing[92] to deliver accurate and diversified information to users.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The manufacturing cost of materials and structures is the key in determining the device’s price. Many materials and structures are already costly for proof of concept in the lab.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Materials and Structures > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Thermal perception for prosthetics can complement pressure sensing for extracting more tactile information from the environment, which not only informs the amputee about the environment thermographically, but can also prevents the user from danger or potential device failure due to extreme heat or cool.[220,221]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Simultaneous detection of thermal and mechanical signals is challenging due to the coupling problem; however, it is possible.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This device was fabricated with biodegradable materials, which avoids the need for surgical extraction.[204]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [204] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike large strain measurements of joint angles, measuring the strain from small muscle deformations requires a high sensitivity.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 6C, to demonstrate the proprioceptive ability, the bend angle of a foam integrated with the robotic skin was calculated from the dimension of the device and the electrical signals.[200]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [200] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, both types mentioned above cannot intrinsically measure two signals simultaneously at one point, resulting in a waste of valuable space at key locations (like fingertips).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Soft actuators lack this ability because of their continuous mode of motion, making the application of flexible strain sensors on soft actuators extremely attractive.[37,198,199]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Strain sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Moreover, some optical temperature sensors use infrared (IR) thermography[218] and colorimetric techniques with thermochromic liquid crystals that can be used to record the temperature more intuitively[219] and have already been applied to measure the temperature of the human body.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providing real-time monitoring of human motions and physiological signatures provides rich data for the field of disability rehabilitation, which is conducive to the formulation of personalized rehabilitation strategies to achieve better rehabilitation results.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another potential solution is to measure pressure and temperature in a single parameter, which is more efficient data collection.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Electrophysiological signals carry a wealth of information about the human body.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“While the skin has receptors for sensing mechanical and thermal information, there are no specific receptors that sense humidity. Rather, the human brain is able to”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Other Sensing Techniques
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As an example, organic flexible LEDs and photodiodes are driving the application of photoplethysmogram (PPG) in the wearable sector.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Other Sensing Techniques
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“where two variables (temperature and strain) are derived from analyzing the ion relaxation dynamics: the charge relaxation time of the capacitance as a strain-insensitive feature to measure absolute temperature, and the normalized capacitance as a temperature-insensitive extrinsic feature to measure strain.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [230] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Electrochemical methods are attractive due to their high sensitivity, low response time, and long-term stability.[232]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [232] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One is based on the colorimetric method, whose principle and structure are simple, but more difficult to reach high sensitivity.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Integrating in-situ sensing, on-site processing, and data transmission together, chemical sensing platforms can achieve the goal of continuous, real-time sensing of ions and metabolites, which is crucial to obtain more comprehensive knowledge about a wearer’s well-being.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, fabrication of large area e-skins is challenging. Most of the existing research on flexible sensors are miniaturized proof-of-concept.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Normally, ultra-thin e-skins have better mechanical compliance, but their mechanical strength decreases significantly with their thickness.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there are enormous quantities and types of chemicals in the environment (e.g., gases, food, toxins, etc.), where rapid and accurate identification of these substances could provide the user with essential information about the environment.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such mechanisms, which may require intelligent cross-sensor algorithms, are not available in the current e-skin.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Other Sensing Techniques
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many cases, the sensing capabilities of each have surpassed human skin in terms of function and performance, which is crucial for the development of artificial limbs with the same or better sensory function as human limbs.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The last method is the fluorescence approach, where the wavelength of the light emitted is larger than the wavelength received, which is more sensitive and suitable for trace substance measurement.[238]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [238] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From a bionic perspective, human skin does not have accurate chemical sensing capabilities, but rather uses mechanoreceptors to sense chemical contact and nociceptors to perceive chemical damage.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirdly, the principles of bionics have not been fully developed and applied to electronic skin, like moisture detection.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Large-area fabrication must still comply with conformal design from 2D to 3D, signal crosstalk handling, the self-healing requirement, as well as the low preparation costs (time and money).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Utilizing machine learning methods to directly analyze the coupled multimodal data, these devices can achieve a certain degree of decoupling. This approach greatly reduces the complexity of the sensor mechanism and structure.[231]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Thermal sensing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [231] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the chemical and biomolecular information collected by the e-skin from the human body could greatly benefit the design of next-generation HMI toward personalized robotic rehabilitation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Sensing > Chemical sensing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Beyond these, as the recorders directly interface with the brain, they circumvent the communication and control channels in peripheral nerves and muscles, which is of great significance for patients with damaged peripheral nervous systems or other severe spinal cord injuries.[335]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [335] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-invasive electrophysiological recording is also widely accepted and can be extracted on the skin’s surface.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Another popular detection technique for electrophysiological signals captured via invasive and wearable devices is electrocardiogram (ECG),[288,289] which cannot be used for prosthetic control, but does provide auxiliary information for disability rehabilitation monitoring.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Specifically, recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of piezoelectric,[327] near field communication (NFC),[328] and ultrasonic technologies[329] in power supply and data transmission.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LFP recorders mostly use microelectrodes to penetrate directly into the cerebral cortex, which capture more accurate and deeper brain signals.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Of the two, non-invasive sensors are more extensively researched and is generally preferred by many patients.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Invasive recording techniques routinely use peripheral in vivo tissues with electroneurography (ENG)[277,278] and electromyography (EMG),[279,280] which can record peripheral nerve activity and muscle electrical signals respectively.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, given the damage of the surgery to the human body, fully implantable non-removable devices should be operational for a long period of time (ideally lasting a full human lifetime) to avoid the surgery associated with frequent battery replacement.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-invasive electrophysiological recording techniques are more common than invasive procedures as their convenience and safety can relieve users from the risk of surgery.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Non-invasive methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this signal loop, on-site signal processing is beneficial to reduce the loss of sensing information and filter noise as well as improve the transmission efficiency and enable the system to be fully portable.[416]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Non-invasive methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [416] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The primary function of the somatosensory nervous system is to act as a communication pathway between environmental bodies and our perception of the world.[421]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [421] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The microscopic size of these “dust” also opens up the possibility of injectable implantation, which greatly reduces the difficulty and expense of implantation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, implantable electrodes are more specialized and require special structures to adapt to in vivo tissues, while in contrast, electrical recordings from epidermal electrodes tend to be universal.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A proper encapsulation ensures, on the one hand, that rejection by the body is minimized and, on the other hand, that the body fluid environment does not erode the device.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast to surface EMG, implantable EMG has many advantages, such as higher signal quality, less movement artifacts, and the ability to record small and deep muscle activity.[364]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [364] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In recent years, the rapid emergence of PPG is a potential alternative monitoring solution for ECG, as it can obtain superficial vascular information through infrared optical signals, while being placed comfortably around the finger, ear, or forehead in a non-contact way.[268]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [268]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The floating movement of the device in the body environment will directly lead to the failure of the record, and even cause infection, resulting in life danger.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Due to its low Young's modulus and excellent stretchability, the flexible electrode can form a relatively stable combination with the skin, which can effectively reduce the contact impedance in measurement and increase the SNR (by reducing movement artifacts).[93]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Non-invasive methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As the most common brain signal in clinical applications, EEG has been widely utilized in prosthetics and other HMI applications.[285,399]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Non-invasive methods
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the heartbeat is an autonomic response without intend control, thus, ECG signals cannot be applied to control prosthetics.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Electrophysiological recording > Invasive modalities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In electrocutaneous stimulation for grip intensity, amplitude modulation is the most important parameter for accurate association and comprehension of the received stimuli; however, amplitude modulation is also known to be susceptible to sensation adaptations.[431]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Sensory relay in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [431] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The inherently soft and stretchable skeletal muscles, including the muscle bellies and tendons, are the natural mechanical actuators in the human body.[452]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [452] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In practice, CNNs use multiple filters to extract different key features within a photo.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Communicating external sensory information to a patient is an important step in establishing a connection between the user and their phantom limb.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ML and other neuromorphic architectures offer a way to speed up this processing time, which is currently limited by electronic interference and the von Neumann bottleneck.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through advancing communication channels in rehabilitation robotics and prosthetics, medical robotics can be fully integrated into the user’s daily routine, allowing for higher user acceptance of many therapeutic technologies.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Recognizing that there is a racial, gender, sexuality, and age component in medical data reaffirms the need to account for such factors in ML applications in medical robotics to prevent the algorithm from finding a local optimum that overfits the majority of the population while underperforming on minority groups.[449,451]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike convolutional neural networks, the support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor algorithms classify data by first grouping the points into different subcategories.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the data needs preprocessing to first extract useful features in the correct format.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Support vector machines segment the space by defining a boundary plane to maximally separate the greatest number of similar points (specifically focusing on the edge points at the boundary).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Convolutional neural networks are used for extracting information from photos by interpreting (classifying) different features inside an image.[443]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [443] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inability to formally postulate whether ML will enhance the accuracy in a dataset beforehand partly stems from the possibility of bad and misused data present in the input samples.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Artificial intelligence (AI), specifically machine learning (ML), in data communication can enhance the accuracy and reduce the volume of sensory information needed, uncovering hidden – possibly overlapping – features present in the data.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Through the leverage of joints, changes in length and tension of the muscles are translated into rotational movements and forces.[453]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [453] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, EEG, EMG, and ECG data outputs a semi-continuous flow of points, most of which are not relevant or hidden by noise.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In practice, when trained across the whole population, ML models preferentially mislabel people from minority groups, but when applied to each individual subgroup the models maintains their high accuracy.[451]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [451] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the most common being convolutional neural networks (CNN), support vector machines (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and artificial neural networks (ANN).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are two main routes researchers can take in relaying sensory feedback information: invasive contact with the nervous system and external stimulating the user’s limb.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the input points (the features) cannot be well separated into different groups, one can further apply a kernel function to remap the data into a higher dimension where it is easier for boundary lines to section off the information.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Down-sampling is achieved by convolving (sliding) different matrix filters across the photo and remapping the data into a new array that can be used to identify different features inside the image.[443]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [443] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“CNNs have also been widely used to analyze and identify tactile maps generated from grabbing onto objects as well as quantifying their weight (Figure 11D and 11E).[148]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, there is no formal proof that any ML algorithm will enhance the classification accuracy of medical data above randomly guessing.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although motor-driven prostheses are precise and adaptable, their low mechanical compliance, high stiffness, and heavy weight are substantially different to natural human limbs, which may lead to physiological and psychological rejection of prostheses by amputees.[457]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [457] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When stimulating the user in response to an external impulse, matching the feedback modality of the stimulus (when possible) results in a lower cognitive effort for the user to recognize and react to the event.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When multiple signals are provided to the patient at once, minimizing the idle time between data processing and user relay is important to maintain spatiotemporal information about the signal as well as match the expectation from visual cues.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In practice, the final accuracy of these models is highly dependent on the feature extraction and preprocessing methods chosen, as clean data (good features) yields a high accuracy.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During classification, CNNs extract quantifiable information from these images (which are represented by a matrix of numbers) by first downsizing or sectioning off key areas of the photo into smaller matrices,[443] where each color pixel is represented by three integer RGB values ranging from 0 to 255.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [443] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, the k-nearest neighbors algorithm classifies incoming data by minimizing the (weighted) distance between each testing group’s points (i.e., each point is classified with the closest group’s label while minimizing the total error).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is worth noting that similar analysis can be performed using artificial neural networks, just by extracting the key features first (without using a matrix filter).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For sensory data in medicine, a common application of CNNs is to diagnose patients from an EEG, EMG, or ECG recording.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Soft robotics allow for flexible artificial actuation and can act as the base for flexible sensing electronics (as discussed above) for prosthetic and rehabilitation applications.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In literature, SNNs have been used in dynamic neuromorphic asynchronous processors with an insignificant time delay, outperforming other modern von Neumann architectures in accessing stored data.[439]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Time delay in feedback sensors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [439] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such prejudice is actually quite common in many other AI-based facial recognition platforms used in industry, despite racial bias in ML being well-documented in the literature.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The limited communication line between the two units leads to the well-known von Neumann bottleneck: the inherent idle time in receiving information from computer memory due to the small transfer rate between the CPU and stored memory.[434]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Time delay in feedback sensors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [434] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main issue with the current rigid and metal-based medical devices is that they carry a risk of causing irritation or damage to the human body, which can negatively affect rehabilitation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In comparison, flexible heaters perform better than rigid heaters, mainly due to the difference in conformability between the two and the skin contact interface.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, the softness of the pneumatic prosthesis brings uncertainty in modeling and control.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Compared with pneumatic actuating methods, tendon driven grippers have a higher grasping speed and strength.[484,485]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cable-like actuators are more suitable to mimic natural muscles in this complex scenario owing to their simple structures.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A soft robo’s ability to adapt to curved and irregular surfaces is crucial in hand rehabilitation for people with grasping pathologies.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although various soft actuators have been proven to be effective as artificial muscles, some of their features constrain their deployment in wearable rehabilitation applications, such as their heavy weight, slow actuation, dangers associated with high operating voltages, and thermal irritation of thermally activated polymers.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these rehabilitation strategies based on soft devices look promising, the portability issue still overshadows their development.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In contrast to the rigid robotic hands with limited DOFs, pneumatic soft hands can achieve continual deformation with a simple input signal, resulting in self-adaptation that is comparable to the high DOFs in human hands.[477,478]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some diseases, like stroke, poliomyelitis, will induce hemiparetic gait and inhibit movement.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, issues like slow actuation also limit pneumatic applications.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pneumatic devices are complicated by air tubes, pumps, and cable actuators with motors as the power source.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The actuation of the EAP is silent, which is more analogous to human muscles than other actuation modalities.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The most attractive features of soft actuators over rigid prosthetics are their high biocompatibility and biomimicry[38] (on top of their mechanical compliance, lightweight, silence, high power-to-weight ratio, and safety), which can naturally conform to and imitate the human muscle.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each power source has its own advantages, but, unfortunately, they are all too slow for prosthetic actuation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Recently, the Peltier cooling effect has also been used for the thermal cooling in flexible devices (also known as semiconductors coolers).[499–501]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Likewise, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) at human scale can only generate relatively low force (below 100 mN) but require a high working voltage (around 1000 kV) to operate.[63]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, a soft bionic ergonomic exoskeleton robot with 7 DOFs is shown in Figure 13C to assist upper-body motions and to limit stroke complications in a natural way.[493]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [493] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these challenges are also faced by heavy and rigid devices, which are the current challenges for fully integrated wearable designs.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Partial hand paralysis is one of the most common complications in stroke patients, and mirror therapy is a promising method for hand rehabilitation in this situation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Motion actuators
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For cooling, the Peltier effect means that when there is a current through a circuit composed of different conductors, heat absorption and exothermic phenomena occur at the junctions of different conductors with different current directions, which are usually used in n-p semiconductors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, most soft materials are prone to oxidation, which reduces durability of soft actuators.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The human skin not only has the function of sensory perception, but also has the thermal actuating capability.[512]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [512] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These flexible stimulators are highly biocompatible, lightweight, safe, and portable in the form of implants or wearable devices.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These soft actuators are more compatible with the human body, making them promising in many fields, ranging from bionic prosthetics to rehabilitation HMIs.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while the faradic type is based on the redox reactions and ions movement at faradaic electrodes which provides high levels of charge for stimulation.[305]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [305] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under a constant voltage, materials with high electrical and thermal conductivity tend to achieve a fast-thermal response.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most thermal actuators are based on Joule heating, whose function is to generate a higher temperature than original state.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Existing literature has documented several types of stimulation methods, such as electrostimulation, optogenetic stimulation, and vibrostimulation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, tactile and proprioceptive restoration as well as motor rehabilitation can be achieved by stimulating the corresponding sensory and motor nerves.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to non-invasive electrical stimulators, implantable electrodes can be precisely inserted or attached to specific sensory afferent and motor efferent nerves, allowing sensory feedback and modulation therapy to be more natural and effective.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heat therapy is another promising application of thermal actuators for rehabilitation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most cases, both heating and cooling are needed in thermal feedback stimulation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the perspective of haptic restoration, stimulation is the user-input portion of the bidirectional information interface between the human body and prosthesis.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this platform, heaters can degrade the physical bonding between the nanoparticles and the drugs, and pharmacological agents loaded in the nanoparticles are thus diffused transdermally (Figure 14G).[513]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [513] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taking advantage of this heat absorption phenomenon, the cooling surface temperature can be effectively reduced.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the recovery from high to low temperature is usually a slow process. Such thermal inertia is a matter of concern.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, unlike other static devices, mechanical soft actuators are subject to long-term dynamic changes that are highly susceptible to fatigue failure of the device.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thermal actuating patch based on this material show small changes in resistance and stable heating properties during deformation. The softness of the patch ensures a firm contact with the skin and reliable heat transfer even when the wrist is flexed or extended.[503]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [503] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Besides, the flexible epidermal heater can directly feedback the thermal information perceived by the sensors on prosthesis from the outside world back to the skin of the residual limb accurately, which can also be referred to as the AR/VR in the thermal dimension.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, they have garnered the attention of academia, industry, and users.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Joule heating is the thermal effect of electric current that is commonly found in resistors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thermodynamics are no more than heating and cooling, and the electrothermal mechanism of these two modes are almost constant, i.e., the Joule thermal effect and the Peltier cooling effect.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Thermal actuators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Communication > Artificial intelligence in medical robotics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [511] source
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mechanical and thermal actuations are the two dominant types of actuation both in human body and soft artificial devices.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Actuation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The former is less invasiveness and easier to implant. But the latter one have a better stimulation effect.[547]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [547] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In spite of its appealing advantages and functions, optogenetics is still mainly exist in theoretical and animal experiments, without few practical applications to humans, currently.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Light delivery has proven to be a vexing challenge in optogenetic applications, which typically require implantable optical stimulators.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“LIFEs tend to be wire-shaped and flexible to accommodate the radial bending of cable-like nerves.[553]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [553] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“by using commercial 2D stimulation electrodes, which consist of a silicone sheet (4 cm × 4 cm in size and 1 mm thick) and 60 electrodes facing the brain (Figure 15A), researchers have found that sensory intensity, type of sensation, and evocation of sensation from a range of locations from the fingers to the upper arm can be modulated by electrical stimulation (Figure 15B).[546]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [546] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generally, nitrides and oxides of titanium (TiN and TiO2) are popular options for capacitive electrical stimulators due to their chemical inertness and high electrochemical safety limitation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Traditionally, capacitive and Faraday electrical stimulation occurs simultaneously on the surface of metal stimulating electrodes (Au and Pt).[530,531]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This spinal location allows for multitype stimulations, like electrical modulation and local drug application to alleviate the neurological defects for a long time.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [548] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As an example of TIME, a PI-Pt-IrOx stack was inserted into the peripheral nerve in a transverse manner with the aid of a pre-attached needle.[552]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Implantable stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [552] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By mimicking the mechanical properties (modulus, thickness) of human skin, most flexible wearable devices are becoming more comfortable and conformable than rigid stimulators to attach on human skin directly and evoke the sensory and motor function.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“E.g. for force stimuli, the location of the stimulus within the array, the magnitude of the force, and even the direction of the stimulus force are all relevant factors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to the stimulation principles mentioned above, electromagnetic stimulator can balance the frequency range and the magnitude of the stimulation force, whose mechanism is the based on the force applied to the conductor in a magnetic field.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conventional electrical stimulators cannot work without bulky power sources, which greatly confined their portability.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“When it comes to the high bandwidth vibro-stimulation, it is necessary to mention DEAs,[586–591] which naturally have the advantages like an extremely wide range of stimulation frequencies and easy integration at high spatial density.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [586] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [587] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [588] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [589] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [590] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [591] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Several mechanisms of micromechanical stimulation have been reported, common ones such as forces generated by fluids (hydraulic, pneumatic),[579,580] heat-induced deformation,[581–583] etc.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there are still some drawbacks that hinder its adoption, such as limited actuation force and amplitude, and the need for high operating voltage (more 1kV).”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with implantable stimulators, noninvasive stimulators needn’t any surgical intervention, which greatly enhances the convenience and safety of stimulation.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These methods also can serve as multidimensional, multisensory complements to VR/AR in HMI for a more immersive and realistic experience.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, Figure 16A shows a coin-sized (18 mm) electromagnetic exciter with a milliampere operating current, a Young's modulus of 130 kPa, close to the skin modulus, and an output amplitude of 300 μm (Figure 16B and 16C).[598]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Non-invasive stimulators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [598] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among these, the physical integration of sensors and actuators, the communication and transformation of in vivo signal-electrical signal-physical information are potentially challenges for the deepening of scientific research.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Machine learning enhanced hardware design can help limit the number of sensors and electronics needed to collect data.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under the guidance of the signal, the soft robots (prosthesis) moves and perceives external information using the e-skin mounted on the actuator.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sensors, the balance and optimization of sensitivity, linearity, response time, limit of detection, measuring range, hysteresis and other properties are constantly pursued by the academic community.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“System integration is the ultimate goal for biomimetic prosthetics and is a closed loop where all the above-mentioned device types are connected.[621]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [621]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fabrication of many flexible devices and electronics is still based on manual work, which increases the uncertainty of the device performance as well as the difficulty of mass production.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maintaining proper power supply is another important issue in HMI devices.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While for neural interfaces, impedance in recording and charge injection capability in stimulation are key properties.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There have been many outstanding examples of exploiting machine learning in the field of sensors and actuators, such as extracting motion intent from electrophysiological signals,[287,610] using haptics to identify object categories,[160,611] decoupling multimodal signals from cross-reactive sensor arrays,[231,612] and controlling soft robots[613,614].”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [287] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [610] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [160] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [611] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [231] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [612] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reason why humans are specialized in perception and movement is not only due to the excellent performance of receptors and musculoskeletons, but also because the brain is skilled in processing this raw information.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensors, recorders, artificial neurons, actuators, and stimulators are all devices that are based on soft technologies that acquire and process information from external environments and the human body.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each of these systems is thereby subjected to human movement, requiring dexterity as the devices change shape.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for example, high-density implantable electrical stimulators can easily exceed cell safety limits while achieving stimulation margins.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the differences between stimulators and sensors is that stimulators consume much more energy than sensors.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These flexible devices serve as interfaces that establish a solid foundation for the human body to obtain external information or to receive therapeutic treatment.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers are currently investigating wireless-powered and self-powered devices, which is of upmost important for invasive devices that currently require surgery for battery replacement.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Various implantable or wearable stimulators have unique advantages, and multimodal stimulation is a potentially advantageous pooling option.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Next challenge is stimulation density, due to structural, material, or fabrication limitations, the spatial density of many stimulation arrays is limited”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, flexible electrophysiological recorders capture the movement intent from human body, decodes it, and forms a prosthetic control signal.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A flexible prosthetic system has a representative flow of information with various integrated components.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For both of these examples, interface problems mainly arise in heterogeneous integration of different materials, such as for material bonding and embedding, which can be addressed by micromechanics, chemical bonding links, etc.[609]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [609] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In turn, this information is stimulated back to the body in the form of biocompatible signals through the flexible stimulator, constituting a complete closed-loop.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While many conceptual devices based on various materials have been validated in academic laboratories.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, the electrophysiological signals recorded by a flexible recorder are processed by machine learning algorithms to decode movement intentions, which can be used to control a soft robotic hand.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Actuation range, amplitude, frequency, response time are the criteria that determine the performance of soft actuators.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, tailoring the fabrication technique to such mass-producible platform or exploring new processing technologies can boost the market application of these low-cost soft devices.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traditional tethered and battery power suffer from motion restrictions and sophisticated recharging processes respectively, which are obstacles to the application of both wearable and implantable devices.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most of the hardware research is still delinked from intelligent algorithms.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is especially true in medical robotics for people with disabilities, such as prosthetic engineering, rehabilitation science and other related fields.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Soft devices involve extremely comprehensive technologies, including flexible sensing, soft actuation, brain-machine interface and other relevant domains.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These devices based on new materials and structures integrate the information flow from the human body with that from the external environment, and use ML methods for deep processing to control machines for achieving target actuation effects or feedback to humans themselves in a biocompatible form.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For wireless energy, NFCs[568] and ultrasonic[372] are good powering methods, but still need the energy transmitter, as well as receiving energy at a certain range”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for soft devices with high energy consumption, such as soft prostheses, the energy supply method still needs to be further explored.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, implantable systems for motion-related epilepsy rely on real-time acquisition and analysis of pre-seizure brain electrical signals and perform compensatory electrical stimulation to eliminate abnormal brain waves and stop the epilepsy midway.[606]”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Systematic integration
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [606] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of favorable biocompatibility, high bionic, low-cost, and safety features, soft electronics and devices, a field that has emerged in recent decades, can gradually shoulder the role of bridging the gap between the human and machines.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Prospects and Outlooks
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the potential development of flexible devices for many stimulation mechanisms is still not receiving community attention, such as acoustic stimulation, and these flexible devices can also potentially be explored as interfaces for HMI.”
§ Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics > Stimulation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
E-skin can capture thermal, humidity, physiological, chemical, and tactile sensations better than human skin while maintaining high spatiotemporal resolution under varying strain.
“Now the base of many wearable devices, e-skin has been shown to outperformed human skin in capturing thermal, humidity, physiological, various chemical, and tactile sensations while maintaining a high spatiotemporal resolution under varying degrees of strain.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recording multimodal chemical, temperature, and pressure signals can drain power and electrically interfere with sensor reading accuracy.
“Unfortunately, recording these multimodal chemical, temperature, and pressure signals can drain power and electrically interfere with the accuracy of sensor readings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The inherent limitation of wearable robotics is that electronics are not recognized as an extension of the human body, causing high cognitive effort for the user to control.
“At its core, the inherent limitation of wearable robotics is that the electronics are not recognized as an extension of the human body, resulting in a high cognitive effort for the user to control.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most existing commercial prostheses lack sensory capabilities, preventing amputees from actively and passively perceiving external information and diminishing the user's ownership of the prosthesis.
“Most existing commercial prostheses lack sensory capabilities and prevent amputees from actively and passively perceiving external information, which dramatically diminishing the user's ownership of the prosthesis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Integrating e-skins may limit their sensing performance.
“However, integrating e-skins may limit their sensing performance.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The user's intentions can be extracted from the activation of the remnant muscles.
“The exploration of electromyography for prosthesis control is based on the assumption that the user’s intentions can be extracted from the activation of the remnant muscles.[364,365]”
The paper relies on this without support.
Electrical signals are the predominant form of nerve excitation in the human body.
“Electrical signals are the predominant form of nerve excitation propagating in the human body.”
Citations
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Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human–Machine Interfaces
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Metadata
- Authors
- Heng, W., Solomon, S., & Gao, W.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, Wei
- Venue
- Advanced Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-02-25
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- e2107902-e2107902
- ISSN
- 0935-9648 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-4095
- PMC
- PMC9035141
- OpenAlex
- W4200567725
- Cited by
- 609
- References
- 615
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 165 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 42
- FWCI
- 7.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advanced Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01HL155815)
- Office of Naval Research (N00014‐21‐1‐2483, N00014‐21‐1‐2845)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX16AO69A)
- California Institute of Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Soft Robotics and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Keywords
- flexible electronics, human-machine interaction, medical robotics, soft robotics, prosthetics, rehabilitation devices, biomaterials, physiological sensing, physiological recording
- MeSH terms
- Electronics, Humans, Quality of Life, Robotics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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