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Cited by 6,418Atrial Fibrillation Management and OutcomesClinical practice guidelines implementationAcute Ischemic Stroke Management

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1,040 of the 1,040 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 15 of the 814 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS

Open access
Kirchhof, Paulus, Benussi, Stefano, Kotecha, Dipak, Ahlsson, Anders, Atar, Dan, Casadei, Barbara, Castella, Manuel, Diener, Hans-Christoph, Heidbuchel, Hein, Hendriks, Jeroen, Hindricks, Gerhard, Manolis, Antonis S, Oldgren, Jonas, Popescu, Bogdan Alexandru, Schotten, Ulrich, Van Putte, Bart, Vardas, Panagiotis, ESC Scientific Document Group, Agewall, Stefan, Camm, John, Esquivias, Gonzalo Baron, Budts, Werner, Carerj, Scipione, Casselman, Filip, Coca, Antonio, De Caterina, Raffaele, Deftereos, Spiridon, Dobrev, Dobromir, Ferro, José M, Filippatos, Gerasimos, Fitzsimons, Donna, Gorenek, Bulent, Guenoun, Maxine, Hohnloser, Stefan H, Kolh, Philippe, Lip, Gregory Y H, Manolis, Athanasios, McMurray, John, Ponikowski, Piotr, Rosenhek, Raphael, Ruschitzka, Frank, Savelieva, Irina, Sharma, Sanjay, Suwalski, Piotr, Tamargo, Juan Luis, Taylor, Clare J, Van Gelder, Isabelle C, Voors, Adriaan A, Windecker, Stephan, Zamorano, Jose Luis, Zeppenfeld, Katja, Zamorano, Jose Luis, Aboyans, Victor, Achenbach, Stephan, Agewall, Stefan, Badimon, Lina, Barón-Esquivias, Gonzalo, Baumgartner, Helmut, Bax, Jeroen J, Bueno, Héctor, Carerj, Scipione, Dean, Veronica, Erol, Çetin, Fitzsimons, Donna, Gaemperli, Oliver, Kirchhof, Paulus, Kolh, Philippe, Lancellotti, Patrizio, Lip, Gregory Y H, Nihoyannopoulos, Petros, Piepoli, Massimo F, Ponikowski, Piotr, Roffi, Marco, Torbicki, Adam, Vaz Carneiro, António, Windecker, Stephan, Hayrapetyan, Hamlet G, Roithinger, Franz Xaver, Aliyev, Farid, Chasnoits, Alexandr, Mairesse, Georges H, Matičević, Daniela Loncar, Shalganov, Tchavdar, Skorić, Boško, Antoniades, Loizos, Taborsky, Milos, Pehrson, Steen, Khaled, Said, Kampus, Priit, Hedman, Antti, Poposka, Lidija, Le Heuzey, Jean-Yves, Estadashvili, Kakhaber, Bänsch, Dietmar, Csanádi, Zoltán, Keane, David, Beinart, Roy, Romeo, Francesco, Koshumbayeva, Kulzida, Bajraktari, Gani, Mirrakhimov, Aibek, Kalejs, Oskars, Nasr, Samer, Marinskis, Germanas, Dimmer, Carlo, Sammut, Mark, Grosu, Aurel, Abdelali, Salima, Hemels, Martin E W, Anfinsen, Ole-Gunnar, Średniawa, Beata, Adragao, Pedro, Dan, Gheorghe-Andrei, Mikhaylov, Evgeny N, Zavatta, Marco, Potpara, Tatjana, Slovenia, Peter Hlivak, Zupan, Igor, Arenal, Angel, Braunschweig, Frieder, Shah, Dipen, Ouali, Ag Sana, Demir, Mesut, Sychov, Oleg, Duncan, Ed·2016·European Heart Journal
DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210
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Abstract

The Task Force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC Endorsed by the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) ... ... Guidelines summarize and evaluate all available evidence on a particular issue at the time of the writing process, with the aim of assisting health professionals in selecting the best management strategies for an individual patient with a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome, as well as the risk–benefit ratio of particular diagnostic or therapeutic means. Guidelines and recommendations should help health professionals to make decisions in their daily practice. However, the final decisions concerning an individual patient must be made by the responsible health professional(s) in consultation with the patient and caregiver as appropriate. A great number of Guidelines have been issued in recent years by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), as well as by other societies and organisations. Because of the impact on clinical practice, quality criteria for the development of guidelines have been established in order to make all decisions transparent to the user. The recommendations for formulating and issuing ESC Guidelines can be found on the ESC website (http://www.escardio.org/Guidelines-&-Education/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Guidelines-development/Writing-ESC-Guidelines). ESC Guidelines represent the official position of the ESC on a given topic and are regularly updated.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from a shortened version of the paper’s full text (it is longer than we read).

TL;DR

This 2016 ESC/EACTS guideline synthesizes evidence and expert consensus for diagnosis, stroke prevention, rate/rhythm control, and integrated care in atrial fibrillation. It recommends oral anticoagulation by CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, NOACs in preference to VKAs when eligible, and symptom-directed rhythm control including catheter or surgical ablation in selected patients.

Key findings

  • AF burden is large: in 2010 an estimated 20.9 million men and 12.6 million women had AF worldwide; one in four middle-aged adults in Europe and the US will develop AF; by 2030, 14–17 million AF patients are anticipated in the European Union; 20–30% of ischaemic strokes have AF diagnosed before, during, or after the event.
  • Stroke prevention: VKA therapy reduces stroke by two-thirds and mortality by one-quarter versus control; a NOAC meta-analysis (42,411 NOAC and 29,272 warfarin patients) reduced stroke/systemic embolism by 19% (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.73–0.91), lowered mortality by 10% (RR 0.90; 95% CI 0.85–0.95), halved intracranial haemorrhage (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.39–0.59), and increased gastrointestinal bleeding (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.01–1.55). OAC is recommended for men with CHA₂DS₂-VASc ≥2 and women ≥3; NOACs are preferred over VKAs when eligible; antiplatelet monotherapy is not recommended.
  • Integrated AF care in an RCT reduced the composite of cardiovascular hospitalization and cardiovascular death over a mean 22 months (14.3% vs 20.8%; HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.45–0.93; P=0.017).
  • Catheter ablation is more effective than antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm; sinus rhythm without severely symptomatic recurrences is found in up to 70% of paroxysmal AF and around 50% of persistent AF, with severe complications in 5–7%, life-threatening complications in 2–3%, and intraprocedural death <0.2%. Concomitant AF surgery increased freedom from AF/flutter/tachycardia (RR 1.94; 95% CI 1.51–2.49) but also pacemaker implantation (RR 1.69; 95% CI 1.12–2.54).

Methods

  • Guideline development by an ESC Task Force including EHRA, EACTS, and ESO representation, based on comprehensive review of published evidence; three PICOT questions were answered by commissioned external systematic reviews, and recommendations were graded by class and level of evidence.
  • Draft recommendations were discussed in web-based conference calls, modified by consensus, and voted on online; only recommendations supported by at least 75% of task force members were included.
  • Not a primary study: no single sample or dataset; the document is an evidence synthesis and expert consensus guideline reflecting evidence available at the time of writing.

Limitations

  • Stated: gaps in evidence include rate control, which is “in dire need of better studies”; rhythm control, integrated AF management, and lifestyle modification are still developing evidence; trials are needed for LAA occlusion, severe CKD/dialysis, anticoagulation for atrial high-rate episodes, OAC after bleeding or stroke, catheter ablation in persistent/long-standing persistent AF, and other areas.
  • Stated: some recommendations are based on consensus rather than prospective data, including initiation/continuation of anticoagulation after stroke/TIA and initiation/resumption after intracranial haemorrhage.
  • Evident from the text: many recommendations are Class IIa/IIb with Level B/C evidence, and the guideline notes ongoing trials (e.g., EAST, CABANA, AXAFA, RE-CIRCUIT, ARTESiA, NOAH, LAAOS III) that will inform future practice.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210

Cites

1040 of 1040 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

428 Not checked yet · 21 No basis given · 18 Own interpretation · 4 Partly supported · 2 Supported · 2 Supported so far · 1 Mixed support · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured

Verify all 799 references — free account
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 40
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 143
173 of 173

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    External stressors such as structural heart disease, hypertension, possibly diabetes, and AF itself induce a slow but progressive process of structural remodelling in the atria.

    “External stressors such as structural heart disease, hypertension, possibly diabetes, but also AF itself induce a slow but progressive process of structural remodelling in the atria (Figure 2).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In many patients, AF progresses from short, infrequent episodes to longer and more frequent attacks.

    “In many patients, AF progresses from short, infrequent episodes to longer and more frequent attacks.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Over time, many patients will develop sustained forms of AF.

    “Over time, many patients will develop sustained forms of AF.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    AF may also regress from persistent to paroxysmal AF.

    “AF may also regress from persistent to paroxysmal AF.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    AF is often asymptomatic.

    “As AF is often asymptomatic, these healthcare professionals are important stakeholders to enable adequate detection of AF and to ensure consistent management.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most patients access the healthcare system initially through pharmacists, community health workers, or primary care physicians.

    “Most patients access the healthcare system initially through pharmacists, community health workers, or primary care physicians.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Age 65 years and older conveys a relatively high and continuously increasing stroke risk that also potentiates other risk factors such as heart failure and sex.

    “Importantly, age (65 years and older) conveys a relatively high and continuously increasing stroke risk that also potentiates other risk factors (such as heart failure and sex).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    All non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants have a predictable effect (onset and offset) without need for regular anticoagulation monitoring.

    “All NOACs have a predictable effect (onset and offset) without need for regular anticoagulation monitoring.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Only the higher dose edoxaban regimen has been approved for stroke prevention in AF.

    “Only the higher dose regimen has been approved for stroke prevention in AF.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Absolute contraindications to long-term OAC after a bleeding episode are rare.

    “absolute contraindications to long-1481 term OAC after a bleeding episode are rare.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many causes or triggers of major bleeding events can be treated and/or eliminated.

    “Many causes or triggers of major bleeding events can be treated 1483 and/or eliminated, including uncontrolled hypertension, gastrointestinal ulcers, and intracranial aneurysms.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Between 5% and 15% of AF patients will require stenting at some point in their lives.

    “Between 5% and 15% of AF patients will require stenting at some point in their lives.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Rate control is often sufficient to improve AF-related symptoms.

    “Rate control is an integral part of the management of AF patients, and is often sufficient to improve AF-related symptoms.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    All available rate control therapies have the potential for adverse effects.

    “All available therapies have the potential for adverse effects and patients should initially be treated with a low dose and uptitrated to achieve symptom improvement.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Amiodarone has a wide array of extracardiac adverse effects.

    “The wide array of extracardiac adverse effects associated with amiodarone renders it a reserve agent in patients whose heart rate cannot be controlled with combination therapy (e.g.beta-blocker or verapamil/diltiazem combined with digoxin).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    AV nodal ablation renders patients pacemaker-dependent for the rest of their lives.

    “AV nodal ablation renders patients pacemaker-dependent for the rest of their lives, limiting AV nodal ablation and pacing to patients whose symptoms cannot be managed by rate controlling medication or by reasonable rhythm control interventions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The stroke risk estimated from non-ablation atrial fibrillation cohorts is applicable to patients after catheter ablation.

    “the expected stroke risk has been adopted from nonablation AF cohorts.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    General anticoagulation recommendations are appropriate for patients after catheter ablation regardless of the presumed rhythm outcome.

    “In the absence of controlled trial data, OAC after catheter ablation should follow general anticoagulation recommendations, regardless of the presumed rhythm outcome.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many channelopathies and inherited cardiomyopathies are associated with AF.

    “Many channelopathies and inherited cardiomyopathies are associated with AF.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Both shortening as well as prolongation of the atrial action potential have been demonstrated as likely mechanisms underlying AF in these diseases.

    “Both shortening as well as prolongation of the atrial action potential have been demonstrated as likely mechanisms underlying AF in these diseases.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is no clear link between detected mutations and specific outcomes or therapeutic needs in AF.

    “Furthermore, there is no clear link between detected mutations and specific outcomes or therapeutic needs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The role of detraining for AF in human athletes is unknown.

    “but the role of detraining for AF in human athletes is unknown.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    AF in pregnant women is rare and is usually associated with pre-existing heart disease.

    “AF in pregnant women is rare and is usually associated with pre-existing heart disease.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Beta-blockers, verapamil, diltiazem, and digoxin all carry a US Food and Drug Administration pregnancy safety category of C, except for atenolol (category D).

    “Owing to a lack of specific data, beta-blockers, verapamil, diltiazem, and digoxin all carry a US Food and Drug Administration pregnancy safety category of C (benefits may outweigh risk), except for atenolol (category D: positive evidence of risk).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are insufficient data to comment on verapamil or diltiazem for rate control in pregnancy.

    “There are insufficient data to comment on verapamil or diltiazem, hence rate control using beta-blockers and/or digoxin is recommended.917”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    All rate control agents are present in breast milk, although levels of beta-blockers, digoxin, and verapamil are too low to be considered harmful.

    “With regards to breastfeeding, all rate control agents are present in breast milk, although levels of beta-blockers, digoxin, and verapamil are too low to be considered harmful.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    All of the information on the benefit of OAC has been in patients with AF diagnosed by ECG.

    “All of the information on the benefit of OAC has been in patients with AF diagnosed by ECG.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Technological advances allow ready detection of AHRE in patients with implanted devices and an atrial lead.

    “Technological advances allow ready detection of AHRE in patients with implanted devices and an atrial lead.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Patients with AHRE detected by implanted devices are at increased stroke risk.

    “Such patients are at increased stroke risk, but it is unclear whether they benefit from OAC.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The use of NOACs has not been tested in patients with creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min, and there is very little evidence on the effects of OAC in patients on haemodialysis or on other forms of renal-replacement therapy.

    “The use of NOACs has not been tested in patients with creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min, and there is very little evidence on the effects of OAC in patients on haemodialysis or on other forms of renal-replacement therapy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    At least 2% of anticoagulated patients with AF will experience a serious bleeding event per year.

    “At least 2% of anticoagulated patients with AF will experience a serious bleeding event per year.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Previous recommendations on the safe time-window in which a cardioversion can be performed in new-onset AF used ≤ 48 hours as the 'gold standard' for non-protected cardioversion.

    “Based on retrospective data, previous recommendations on the safe time-window in which a cardioversion can be performed in new-onset AF used ≤ 48 hours as the 'gold standard' for non-protected cardioversion.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Few of the studies of carotid endarterectomy vs stenting included patients with AF.

    “However, few of these studies included patients with AF.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The optimal antithrombotic therapy in the first months after biological valve replacement (including after catheter-based valve replacement) is not known.

    “The optimal antithrombotic therapy in the first months after biological valve replacement (including after catheter-based valve replacement) is not known.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    VKAs remain the mainstay during the initial postoperative period after biological valve replacement.

    “VKAs remain the mainstay during the initial postoperative period; NOACs probably deliver the same protection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    NOACs probably deliver the same protection as VKAs during the initial postoperative period after biological valve replacement.

    “VKAs remain the mainstay during the initial postoperative period; NOACs probably deliver the same protection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The safety and efficacy of NOACs in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease has not been evaluated.

    “The safety and efficacy of NOACs in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease has not been evaluated and should be studied.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Long-term recurrence rates of AF are high after successful catheter ablation.

    “In view of the long-term recurrence rates of AF, this Task Force recommends to continue OAC in AF patients after 'successful' catheter ablation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Robust data comparing rate control therapies are scant, with the majority of studies being small uncontrolled trials over short periods of follow-up.

    “Although the use of rate control therapy is very common in AF patients, robust data comparing rate control therapies are scant, with the majority of studies being small uncontrolled trials over short periods of follow-up.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A few recent randomized studies support the use of catheter or surgical ablation in patients with persistent AF and long-standing persistent AF.

    “While a few recent randomized studies support the use of catheter or surgical ablation in patients with persistent AF and long-standing persistent AF, there is a clear need for more data evaluating this intervention in adequately powered randomized trials.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PVI emerges as the most important target for catheter ablation of AF.

    “PVI emerges as the most important target for catheter ablation of AF.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many patients are in need of multiple catheter-ablation procedures, and such interventions often follow local or operator-specific protocols without clear evidence to support the choice of ablation target or intervention.

    “Many patients are in need of multiple catheter-ablation procedures, and such interventions often follow local or operator-specific protocols without clear evidence to support the choice of ablation target or intervention.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In the follow-up after initially successful catheter ablation, even when done in experienced centres, many patients will experience symptomatic recurrences of AF.

    “In the follow-up after initially successful catheter ablation, even when done in experienced centres, many patients will experience symptomatic recurrences of AF.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a surprising paucity of data evaluating different rhythm control interventions in patients with recurrent AF after catheter ablation.

    “There is a surprising paucity of data evaluating different rhythm control interventions in patients with recurrent AF after catheter ablation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The progress in rhythm control therapy and observational long-term analyses suggest that rhythm control therapy may have a prognostic benefit.

    “The progress in rhythm control therapy (catheter ablation, new antiarrhythmic drugs) and observational longterm analyses suggest that rhythm control therapy may have a prognostic benefit.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Scientific evidence on long-term results of thoracoscopic AF ablation is still limited.

    “With such rapid development and the coexistence of different techniques and lesion sets, scientific evidence on long-term results is still limited.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prospective randomized studies comparing the rate of ischaemic stroke with or without left appendage exclusion are presently lacking.

    “Exclusion of the LAA has been performed by cardiothoracic surgeons for decades, but prospective randomized studies comparing the rate of ischaemic stroke with or without left appendage exclusion are presently lacking.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    NOACs have a short plasma half-life of approximately 12 hours and improved haemostasis is expected within 12-24 hours after a delayed or omitted dose.

    “NOACs have a short plasma half-life of approximately 12 hours and improved haemostasis is expected within 12-24 hours after a delayed or omitted dose.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Dialysis clears dabigatran but is not effective for the other NOACs.

    “Dialysis clears dabigatran but is not effective for the other NOACs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Coagulation tests do not provide much information in patients on NOACs, except for activated partial thromboplastin time in the case of dabigatran.

    “Coagulation tests do not provide much information in patients on NOACs, except for activated partial thromboplastin time in the case of dabigatran.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    More specific coagulation tests do exist, including diluted thrombin time (HEMOCLOT).

    “More specific coagulation tests do exist, including diluted thrombin time (HEMOCLOT) for”
51 of 51

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Research works printed but not linked: 12

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  3. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, 1991, Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study, Final results. Circulation, 84, 527
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Authors
Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castella, M., Diener, H.-C., Heidbuchel, H., Hendriks, J., Hindricks, G., Manolis, A. S., Oldgren, J., Popescu, B. A., Schotten, U., Van Putte, B., Vardas, P., ESC Scientific Document Group, Agewall, S., Camm, J., Esquivias, G. B., Budts, W., Carerj, S., Casselman, F., Coca, A., De Caterina, R., Deftereos, S., Dobrev, D., Ferro, J. M., Filippatos, G., Fitzsimons, D., Gorenek, B., Guenoun, M., Hohnloser, S. H., Kolh, P., Lip, G. Y. H., Manolis, A., McMurray, J., Ponikowski, P., Rosenhek, R., Ruschitzka, F., Savelieva, I., Sharma, S., Suwalski, P., Tamargo, J. L., Taylor, C. J., Van Gelder, I. C., Voors, A. A., Windecker, S., Zamorano, J. L., Zeppenfeld, K., Zamorano, J. L., Aboyans, V., Achenbach, S., Agewall, S., Badimon, L., Barón-Esquivias, G., Baumgartner, H., Bax, J. J., Bueno, H., Carerj, S., Dean, V., Erol, Ç., Fitzsimons, D., Gaemperli, O., Kirchhof, P., Kolh, P., Lancellotti, P., Lip, G. Y. H., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Piepoli, M. F., Ponikowski, P., Roffi, M., Torbicki, A., Vaz Carneiro, A., Windecker, S., Hayrapetyan, H. G., Roithinger, F. X., Aliyev, F., Chasnoits, A., Mairesse, G. H., Matičević, D. L., Shalganov, T., Skorić, B., Antoniades, L., Taborsky, M., Pehrson, S., Khaled, S., Kampus, P., Hedman, A., Poposka, L., Le Heuzey, J.-Y., Estadashvili, K., Bänsch, D., Csanádi, Z., Keane, D., Beinart, R., Romeo, F., Koshumbayeva, K., Bajraktari, G., Mirrakhimov, A., Kalejs, O., Nasr, S., Marinskis, G., Dimmer, C., Sammut, M., Grosu, A., Abdelali, S., Hemels, M. E. W., Anfinsen, O.-G., Średniawa, B., Adragao, P., Dan, G.-A., Mikhaylov, E. N., Zavatta, M., Potpara, T., Slovenia, P. H., Zupan, I., Arenal, A., Braunschweig, F., Shah, D., Ouali, A. S., Demir, M., Sychov, O., & Duncan, E.
Affiliations
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author
Benussi, Stefano
ORCID
Venue
European Heart Journal
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2016-08-27
Volume
37
Issue
38
Pages
2893-2962
ISSN
  • 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-9645
DOI
10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210
OpenAlex
W3004050106
Semantic Scholar
1f0d7a31a8bbb5720b0fa33e3a83fce3ac52dd89
Cited by
6,418
References
1,040
Citations by year
2026: 126 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 277 · 2023: 322 · 2022: 430 · 2021: 786 · 2020: 1265 · 2019: 1105 · 2018: 1073 · 2017: 781 · 2016: 65
FWCI
831.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
  • Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
  • Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
  • Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
  • Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2015-13-006, CDF-2015-08-074)
  • British Heart Foundation (FS/13/43/30324, RG/11/15/29375)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Keywords
atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation management, anticoagulation, stroke prevention, cardioversion, catheter ablation, rhythm control, rate control, risk-benefit assessment
MeSH terms
Atrial Fibrillation, Cardiology, Europe, Humans, Societies, Medical

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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